Meters are used to account for MPs. Inventories

In accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories” (PBU 5/01 dated 06/09/01), the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories (MPI):

used as raw materials in the production of products intended for sale, performance of work, provision of services;
used for the management needs of the organization;
intended for sale.

The inventories include the following groups of current assets:

materials - part of the materials, which are objects of labor, provide, together with the means of labor and labor, the production process of the organization in which they are used once. They are entirely consumed in the production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of the products produced (work performed, services provided);
inventory and household supplies - part of the inventories used as means of labor for no more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it does not exceed 12 months;
finished products - part of the inventories intended for sale and being the end result of the production process;
goods - part of inventories acquired from legal entities for the purpose of their sale or resale without additional processing.

correct and timely documentation of all operations on the movement of material assets;
control over the receipt and procurement of material assets;
control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
systematic control over the identification of excess and unused materials and their sale;
timely settlements with suppliers of inventories.

Inventory valuation

To properly organize the accounting of inventories in organizations, a nomenclature-price tag is developed. Nomenclature is a systematic list of names of materials, spare parts, fuel and others used in a given organization. Each name of materials is assigned a numerical designation - a nomenclature number.

The nomenclature-price tag indicates the accounting price and unit of measurement of materials.

According to PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost, which includes the amount of actual costs associated with their acquisition and delivery.

The actual costs of purchasing inventories (MPI) include:

amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
customs duties ;
non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of inventories;
fees paid to the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;
costs of procuring and delivering materials to the place of their use, including insurance costs;
costs of maintaining the procurement and warehouse division of the organization, costs of transport services for the delivery of materials and materials to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of goods and materials established by the contract;
costs of bringing materials and equipment to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes;
other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories during their production by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories.

The actual cost of inventories contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital is determined based on their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization.

The actual cost of inventories received by an organization under a gift agreement or free of charge is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of materials can be calculated only at the end of the month, when the accounting department will have the components of this cost (payment documents from suppliers of materials, for transportation, loading and unloading, and other expenses).

The movement of materials occurs in the organization on a daily basis, and documents for receipts and expenditures must be completed in a timely manner. Most organizations keep current records using fixed accounting prices. These could be average purchase prices.

If purchase (contractual) prices are used in current accounting, at the end of the month the amounts and percentage of transportation and procurement costs are calculated to bring them to the actual cost.

The following methods of inventory accounting exist:

quantitative-sum;
using reports from financially responsible persons;
operational accounting (balance sheet). The most progressive and rational method of accounting for materials is operational accounting. It involves maintaining only quantity and grade records of the movement of materials in warehouses and is carried out in materials accounting cards (form M-17). The accounting department opens cards for each item number of the material and transfers them to the warehouse manager against receipt.

As materials arrive at the warehouse, the storekeeper issues a receipt order and registers it in the materials record card in the “Receipt” column.

Based on consumption documents (limit cards, requirements), the material consumption is recorded in the card.

The card displays the balance after each entry.

The storekeeper, within the time limits established by the schedule, submits primary documents to the accounting department and draws up registers for the delivery of documents for the receipt and consumption of materials (form M-13) indicating the number of documents, their numbers and groups of materials to which they belong.

As of the first day of each month, the financially responsible person transfers quantitative balances from the cards to the material balance accounting sheet (form M -14).

This statement is opened by the accounting department for the year for each warehouse. It is stored in the accounting department and issued to the storekeeper the day before the end of the month.

The accounting employee checks the accuracy of the entries made by the storekeeper in the materials accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards.

The basic principles of the operational accounting method are as follows:

efficiency and accounting reliability of quantitative accounting in the warehouse using materials accounting cards maintained by financially responsible persons;
systematic control by accounting employees directly at the warehouse over the correct and timely documentation of operations on the movement of materials and maintaining warehouse records of materials; providing accountants with the right to check the compliance of actual balances of materials with current warehouse accounting data;
accounting by the accounting department of the movement of materials only in monetary terms at accounting prices and at actual cost in the context of groups of materials and places of their storage, and in the presence of a computing installation - also in the context of item numbers;
systematic confirmation (mutual reconciliation) of warehouse and accounting data by comparing material balances according to warehouse (quantitative) accounting data, valued at accepted accounting prices, with material balances according to accounting data.

Synthetic accounting of materials

The receipt of materials into an organization can occur for various reasons and is reflected in accounting by the following entries:

purchased from suppliers: D-t 10 K-t 60 - for the purchase price, D-t 19 K-t 60 - for the amount of VAT;
from the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital: D-t 10 K-t 75/1 - at the agreed price;
free of charge from other organizations: D-t 10 K-t 98/2, sub-account “Free receipt” - at the current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting

When using gratuitously received materials for production needs (D-t 20, 23, 25, 26 K-t 10), at the same time the cost of consumed materials is included in other income and is reflected in accounting by posting: D-t 98/2 K-t 91;

scrap waste: D-t 10 K-28;
waste from the liquidation of fixed assets (at current market value): D-t 10 K-t 91.

The release of materials from the warehouse is carried out for various purposes and is reflected in the following transactions:

for the manufacture of products: D-t 20, 23 K-t 10;
for the construction of fixed assets: D-t 08 K-t 10;
for repair of fixed assets: D-t 25, 26 K-t 10;
external sales

Accounting for the sale of materials is kept on account 91 “Other income and expenses.” The account is active-passive, has no balance, and in terms of economic content is operational and effective.

The debit of account 91 reflects:

actual cost of materials sold: D-t 91 K-t 10;
amount of VAT accrued on materials sold: D-t 91 K-t 68;
expenses for the sale of materials: D-t 91 K-t 70, 69, 76. The loan reflects:
proceeds from sales at selling prices, including VAT: D-t 62 K-t 91.

By comparing the turnover on account 91, the financial result from the sale is determined.

If the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover (debit balance), we get a loss. It is written off to account 99 “Profit and Loss” by posting: D-t 99 K-t 91.

If the debit turnover is less than the credit turnover (credit balance), it is written off by posting: D-t 91 K-t 99.

The chart of accounts provides for account 10 “Materials” and subaccounts.

Organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products can open separate sub-accounts for account 10 to account for seeds, feed, pesticides, and mineral fertilizers.

When registering special equipment and special clothing received at the warehouse, the following entries are made in accounting: D-t 10/10 K-t 60 - for the purchase price, D-t 19 K-t 60 - for the amount of “input” VAT.

The transfer of the specified material assets into operation is formalized by posting: D-t 10/11 K-t 10/10.

The actual cost of materials consumed is recorded in order journals 10, 10/1 in correspondence: D-t 20, 23, 25, 26, 08, 91 K-t 10.

Methods for accounting for materials procurement

In accordance with PBU 5/01, materials are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The formation of the actual cost of materials can be carried out in the following ways:

the actual cost is formed directly on account 10 “Materials”;
using accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials”.

If an organization keeps records of the procurement of materials on account 10 “Materials”, then all data on actual expenses incurred during procurement is collected in the debit of account 10 “Materials”.

This method of forming the actual cost of materials is advisable to use only in organizations that:

a small number of supplies of materials during the period;
small range of materials used;
All data for the formation of the cost of materials, as a rule, arrives at the accounting department at the same time.

If accounting for the procurement of materials in an organization is carried out in the second way, all costs associated with the purchase of materials, based on the suppliers’ settlement documents received by the organization, are recorded as the debit of account 15 and the credit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” etc.: D-t 15 K-t 60, 76, 71.

The posting of materials actually received at the warehouse is reflected by the entry:

D-t 10 K-t 15 - at discount prices.

The difference between the actual cost of acquisition and the cost of materials received at accounting prices is written off from account 15 to account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”:

D-t 16(15) K-t 15(16) - reflects the deviation of the accounting price from the actual cost of materials.

When using the second method of accounting for the procurement of an organization, current accounting of the movement of materials is carried out at accounting prices.

Whether to use account 15 to account for procurement operations or keep it directly on account 10 “Materials” is up to the organization itself to decide when choosing an accounting policy for the coming year.

Typical operations for accounting for the procurement of materials on account 10 “Materials”

No.	Contents of operations	Debit	Credit
1	The purchase price of materials is reflected based on the invoice and invoice of the supplier	10	60
2	VAT on capitalized materials (transport costs, remuneration of the intermediary organization) is taken into account.	19	60 (76)
3	Transport costs for the purchase of materials are reflected (based on the invoice of the transport organization)	10	76
4	The costs of paying for the services of an intermediary organization are reflected (based on the intermediary’s invoice)	10	76

Accounting for transportation and procurement costs

Transportation and procurement costs(TZR) are included in the actual cost of materials. These include the costs of purchasing materials, in addition to their purchase price.

Every month, accounting determines the amount of transportation and procurement costs, which is the difference between the actual cost of materials and their cost at the accounting price.

The amounts of transportation and procurement costs are distributed between the materials consumed and those remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage of transportation and procurement costs is determined, and then multiplied by the cost of materials consumed and those remaining in the warehouse.

The percentage of transportation and procurement costs is determined by the formula:

(Amount of inventory at the beginning of the month + Amount of inventory for materials received for the month) / (cost of materials at the beginning of the month at the discount price + cost of materials received during the month at the discount price) x 100%.

Transport and procurement work is accounted for on the same account as materials (account 10), on a separate subaccount.

Amounts of transportation and procurement expenses for disposed, spent valuables are written off to the same accounts as the spent valuables, at accounting prices in correspondence:

D-t 20, 25, 26, 28 K-t 10 TZR

If an organization uses account 15 to record operations for the procurement of materials, then the amount of deviation of the actual cost from the accounting price is taken into account on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”

The percentage of deviations of the actual cost from the book price of materials is calculated in the same manner as transportation and procurement costs.

The amounts of deviations accumulated on account 16 are written off in the prescribed manner to the debit of production accounts: D-t 20, 25, 26, 28 K-t 16,

D-t 20, 25, 26, 28 K-t 16 - if the accounting price exceeds the actual cost of the reversal entry.

Accounting for materials in accounting

There are several methods of analytical accounting of materials in accounting: grade, method of accounting by item numbers and operational accounting (balance) method.

Varietal method. For each type and grade of materials, the accounting department opens cards for quantitative and total accounting, in which, on the basis of primary documents, transactions of receipt and consumption of materials by quantity and amount are recorded. Analytical accounting in accounting duplicates warehouse accounting on materials accounting cards. At the end of the month and on the inventory date, the cards calculate the totals for receipts and expenses for the month and determine the remaining materials. Based on these data, turnover sheets of analytical accounting are compiled, opened for financially responsible persons. The final data for all turnover sheets of analytical accounting must coincide with the turnover and balances on the corresponding synthetic accounts.

Method of accounting by item numbers. Primary documents on the receipt and consumption of materials are received by the accounting department, here they are grouped by item numbers, and at the end of the month, the final data on the receipt and consumption of each type of material are calculated and recorded in the turnover sheets in physical and monetary terms for each warehouse in the context of the corresponding synthetic accounts and subaccounts.

More progressive is the operational accounting (balance) method of accounting for materials. With this method, at least once a week, an accounting employee checks the accuracy of the entries made by the storekeeper in the materials accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves.

At the end of the month, the warehouse manager transfers quantitative data on balances on the first day for each item number of materials from the materials accounting cards to the balance sheets of materials (balance sheets).

In accounting, material balances are taxed at fixed accounting prices and their totals are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole.

With the balance method of accounting, the primary documents received by the accounting department on the movement of materials, after they have been checked and taxed, are laid out in a control file separately by receipt and expense in the context of warehouses and item groups of materials. Based on the submitted document files, group turnover sheets are compiled in total terms for each warehouse.

The data from these statements is verified with the cost data of the statement of balances and with the totals of entries in the synthetic accounting registers.

When using computers, all the necessary registers for the balance method of accounting for materials (group turnover sheets, balance sheets, balance sheets) are compiled on machines.

The main register for analytical accounting of the movement of materials in accounting is statement No. 10 “Movement of material assets (in monetary terms).” The statement consists of three sections:

“Movement in general plant warehouses (at discount prices)”;
“Received at general plant warehouses and the balance of the enterprise at the beginning of the month (according to synthetic accounts and accounting groups) - at accounting prices and actual costs”;
“Expense and balance at the end of the month (at accounting prices and actual costs by accounting groups of materials).”

Statement No. 10 allows you to:

control of the safety of materials at their storage locations;
accounting for receipts and balances of materials in the context of synthetic accounts and groups of materials (according to accounting prices and actual costs);
accounting for the actual cost of the final consumption of materials.

Statement No. 10 is filled out on the basis of document delivery registers, materials flow statements, workshop production reports, and invoice requirements.

Accounting for receipt of materials and settlements with suppliers

Production stocks of materials are replenished through their supply by supplier organizations or other organizations on the basis of contracts.

Suppliers, simultaneously with the shipment, issue settlement documents to the buyer (payment request, invoice), waybill, receipt for the railway waybill, etc. Settlement and other documents are received by the buyer's marketing department. There they check the correctness of their filling out, their compliance with the contracts, register them in the logbook of incoming goods (form No. M-1), accept them, i.e. give consent to payment.

After registration, payment documents receive an internal number and are transferred to the accounting department for payment, and receipts and invoices are transferred to the forwarder for receipt and delivery of materials.

From this moment on, the organization’s accounting department begins to settle payments with suppliers. As the cargo arrives at the warehouse, a receipt order is issued, then, when registered, it is submitted to the accounting department, where it is taxed and attached to the payment document. As the bank pays for this document, the accounting department receives an extract from the current account indicating that funds have been written off in favor of the supplier.

If signs are detected that raise doubts about the safety of the cargo, the forwarder, when accepting the cargo at the transport organization, may require an inspection of the cargo. In the event of a shortage of places or damage to the container, a commercial report is formed, which serves as the basis for filing a claim against the transport organization or supplier

Accounting for settlements with suppliers of inventory items is carried out on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”. Passive, balance, settlement account.

The credit balance on account 60 indicates the amount of debt the enterprise owes to suppliers and contractors for unpaid invoices and uninvoiced deliveries:

loan turnover - the amount of accepted supplier invoices for the reporting month;
debit turnover - the amount of paid supplier invoices.

Accounting for settlements with suppliers of inventory items is kept in journal order No. 6. This is a combined register of analytical and synthetic accounting. Analytical accounting is organized in the context of each payment document, receipt order, and acceptance certificate. Journal order No. 6 is opened with the amounts of unfinished settlements with suppliers at the beginning of the month. It is filled out on the basis of accepted payment requests, invoices, receipt orders, acts of acceptance of materials, and bank statements.

Order journal No. 6 is maintained in a linear positional manner, which makes it possible to judge the status of settlements with suppliers for each document.

Amounts at accounting prices are recorded regardless of the type of values received - as a total amount, and for payment requests - by type of materials (main, auxiliary, fuel, etc.). The amount of claims is recorded on the basis of materials acceptance certificates. Based on bank statements, a note is made regarding the payment of each payment document.

The amounts of shortages identified during the acceptance of material assets are debited to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount 2 “Settlements for claims” and is reflected in journal order No. 6 in correspondence: D-t 76/2 K-t 60.

Organizations also use the services of water and gas suppliers, repair contractors, etc. For these payments for services, a separate journal-order No. 6 is maintained.

At the end of the month, the indicators of both order journals are summed up to obtain the turnover for account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and transfer them to the General Ledger.

Procedure for accounting for uninvoiced deliveries

Deliveries for which material assets arrived at the organization without a payment document are considered uninvoiced. They arrive at the warehouse, writing out an act of acceptance of materials, which, when registered, goes to the accounting department. Here, the materials according to the act are valued at accounting prices, recorded in journal order No. 6 as values received at the warehouse, and in the same amount are assigned to the group of materials and to the acceptance. Uninvoiced deliveries are recorded in journal order No. 6 at the end of the month (in column B “Account number” the letter N is placed), when the possibility of receiving a payment document in a given month has disappeared. They are not subject to payment in the reporting month, since the basis for payment by the bank is payment documents (which are missing). As payment documents for this delivery are received next month, they are accepted by the organization, paid by the bank and registered by the accounting department in journal order No. 6 in a free line for a group of materials and in the “acceptance” column in the amount of the payment request, and in the balance line (unfinished calculations) the previously recorded amount at accounting prices is also reversed by group and in the “acceptance” column. Payments with the supplier will therefore be completed for this delivery. Example.

In March there was an uninvoiced delivery in the amount of 12,000 rubles.

In April, an invoice was presented for payment in the amount of 14,160 rubles. (including VAT).

In March, an entry will be made: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rubles.

In April: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rub.
D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rub.
D-t 19 K-t 60 - 2160 rub.

The procedure for accounting for materials in transit

Materials in transit are those deliveries for which the organization has accepted payment documents, but the materials have not yet arrived at the warehouse. Accepted payment documents are accepted for accounting, regardless of whether they are paid by the bank or not paid.

In journal order No. 6, payment documents are registered within a month in the column “For unarrived cargo” and in the column “Acceptance”. At the end of the month, the organization is obliged to accept these values on the balance sheet, that is, record them as belonging to a group of materials (conditionally capitalize them), but at the beginning of the next month, payments for these supplies will not be completed. When valuables are received, the accounting department will receive receipt orders from warehouses, post them to the warehouse and to the group (without acceptance, since it was already given at the time payment requests were received, and perhaps these invoices have already been paid) according to the registration line of this account in calculations completed at the beginning of the month. When journal order No. 6 is closed at the end of the month, this delivery for the group of materials will be reversed as double capitalized.

When making payments to suppliers for material assets, shortages or surpluses of the actual quantity received may be identified in comparison with the supplier's documents, which are drawn up in a deed (form No. M-7). The surplus is received according to the act and is priced at accounting prices or at contractual (selling prices), then taken into account in journal order No. 6 as a separate line as an uninvoiced supply - the marketing department informs the supplier about the surplus and asks to issue a payment request. If shortages are identified, the accounting department calculates their actual cost and makes a claim against the supplier. The amount of the railway tariff is distributed in proportion to the weight of the cargo, and the amount of markups and discounts is proportional to the cost of the cargo.

In March, there were 8,000 rubles worth of materials on the way. (excluding VAT). In April they arrived in quantities exceeding the amount indicated on the invoice by 1,500 rubles. (excluding VAT). Entries in March: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 8000 rub.

In April, reversal entry: 1) D-t 10 K-t 60 - 8000 rub. The actual receipt of materials is received by postings: 2) D-t 10 K-t 60 - 9500 rub. D-t 19 K-t 60 - 1710 rub.

Inventory inventories (MPI) are part of the property that is responsible for the production of various products, provision of services, and is also used in the management activities of an enterprise or organization.

Classification of MPZ

According to accounting regulation No. 5/01, inventories are divided into the following groups:

raw and basic materials. This group includes production facilities that are responsible for the manufacture of goods or form its basis;
auxiliary materials that act on raw materials to improve the consumer qualities of the product, or to maintain the technical equipment of the enterprise;
purchased semi-finished products. In this case, they are a kind of procurement raw materials, the processing of which produces finished products;
recurrent balances of the enterprise. This is waste materials resulting from the production of a finished product. Many enterprises incidentally produce various consumer goods from such residues;
fuels and lubricants. Which, in turn, are classified according to their purpose into: household (for heating the premises), motor (for refueling automobile and agricultural vehicles) and technical (for servicing various mechanisms);
packaging materials. Used for packaging, transportation and preservation of manufactured goods;
components for various equipment used and specialized equipment that are used to replace failed parts.

The main tasks that the accounting of material industrial inventories involves are as follows:

constant supervision of the entire production cycle;
control over product storage;
correct execution of the necessary documentation;
accurate determination of the cost of finished products;
control over surpluses or shortages of a certain group of inventories;
compliance with all standards provided for by state legislative acts.

This systematization allows for accounting reporting of income, expenses and balances of material assets in a particular organization.

Analysis of inventories

Inventory and equipment are taken into account at their actual cost. Which is the amount of money spent by the enterprise on the purchase of necessary production materials.

In addition, actual expenses can be incurred for the following purposes:

payment of funds in accordance with the agreement concluded between the organization and the supplier;
payment for all kinds of services provided and necessary information provided to the enterprise;
payment of customs taxes;
payment of non-refundable fees;
various incentives that are paid by the brokerage institution through which tangible production assets were obtained;
expenses incurred as a result of the preparation and transportation of the necessary production products;
payment for insurance of purchased inventories.

Actual expenses cannot include costs incurred when purchasing general business material assets. The real initial cost of inventories when produced directly by the enterprise is formulated by the costs associated with the production of these reserves.

If the real cost is obtained by introducing values into the authorized capital of the enterprise, then it is determined using a financial analysis carried out and agreed upon by the participants of this organization.

Inventories can be assessed in one of the following ways:

at the average initial cost;
at the original cost of each product separately;
FIFO (at cost of the 1st according to the procurement period;
LIFO (at cost of subsequent purchases according to the purchase period).

The first method of analyzing inventories is the most popular among accounting workers of organizations located in the Russian Federation.

Documentary formation of operations for moving inventories

All economic procedures must be carried out with the help of supporting documentation. This package of documents consists of primary accounting acts, which are primarily intended for accounting at the legislative level.

Basic documentation on the movement of inventories must be drawn up under the clear guidance of the first manager and chief accountant of the enterprise, who are responsible to the regulatory authorities for the correctness of their preparation.

If production assets come from manufacturers, then the warehouse manager is obliged to check the received goods for compliance with the accompanying documents of the supplier. If there are no disagreements, on the same day the warehouse manager must draw up a single copy of an act (receipt order in form No. M-I) for all goods received. If the delivered products do not coincide with the documents provided for them, the storekeeper, together with the authorized person of the supplier, draws up a report in form No. M-71 in two samples.

Also, receipt acts are drawn up when inventories are received by an enterprise from an individual working in this organization. Such valuables are mainly purchased in cash at retail outlets. Such purchases must also be confirmed by supporting documents (checks, certificates, acts).

Acts in form M-11 are issued if inventories are moved within the organization (from one site to another or from a warehouse to a workshop). In such cases, the order to issue invoices must come from supply workers.

Inventory accounting

The movement and balance of material assets is subject to mandatory accounting at the enterprise. Which is carried out by warehouse and accounting department employees.

These responsible persons, in order to legally correctly maintain records of existing valuables, must perform the following actions:

Accounting employees open warehouse cards;
after which information about the material located is entered into the card;
the completed card is transferred from the accounting department to the warehouse;
The warehouse manager records entries in the prepared cards about receipts, expenses and balances of material assets;
At the same time as the cards, the storekeeper fills out the sort accounting book.

All basic documentation for inventory accounting comes from all departments and workshops of the enterprise to the accounting department. Where, after a scrupulous check, all received accounting documents are sent to a computer.

There are two options for accounting for inventories using cards, which record all accounting transactions based on primary documents: in the first case, the accounting department creates

card exclusively for a specific variety and type of incoming products. These cards keep records both in kind and in monetary terms. After the expiration of the monthly period, such cards must be verified and correspond to the accounting cards in the warehouse;
in the second case, all negotiable documents are added according to assortment numbers. At the end of the reporting period, the final figures are calculated and subsequently entered into the statements.

Which option is more convenient is determined by each company independently. The only important thing remains a true reflection of the financial activities of the enterprise.

What is it and who should do it at the enterprise? Read about this in our material.

Synthetic or generalized accounting of inventories

Synthetic accounts that are used to account for material inventories:

004 – products accepted for commission;
003 – MPZ taken for processing;
002 – MPZ accepted for storage;
16 – discrepancy in inventory value;
15 – purchase of necessary materials;
14 – revaluation of values;
11 – agricultural animals being fattened;
10 – materials.

To keep records of purchases or procurement of material and production assets in accounting, two types of accounting are used:

the first type implies the reflection of incoming materials according to the debit “10 – materials” and credit accounts “60 – financial payments to contractors and suppliers”, “76 – repayment of credit debt”. Thus, inventories are taken into receipts regardless of the receipt of settlement documentation. And at the beginning of the reporting month, unpaid financial resources will be taken into account as a receivable debt to contractors or suppliers;
the second type determines the use of additional synthetic accounts: “15 – purchase of necessary materials” and “16 – discrepancy in the cost of inventories”.

Inventory of material assets of the enterprise

Regulatory legal acts in force in the country provide for a mandatory inventory of property. Which is carried out for the truthfulness and literacy of accounting.

During the inventory, special attention is paid to the presence and condition of inventories, which must be confirmed by relevant documents.

The legislation provides that the period for conducting the inventory can be determined personally by the head of the enterprise, except if:

the property changes owner;
annual reporting is prepared;
there are facts of damage or theft of property;
there are force majeure circumstances provided for by legislative acts.

If the inventory carried out showed a shortage of material assets, then the responsibility lies with the official exercising control over the correctness of accounting of the enterprise's inventories.

In contact with

II. Valuation of inventories

5. Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

6. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization’s actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which inventories were acquired;

costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories;

costs of maintaining the procurement and warehouse division of the organization, costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued before the inventory was accepted for accounting, if it was raised for the acquisition of these inventories;

costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. These costs include the organization’s costs of processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

7. The actual cost of inventories during their production by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products.

8. The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

9. The actual cost of inventories received by an organization under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

For the purposes of this Regulation, current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

10. The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of inventories received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are purchased in comparable circumstances.

11. The actual cost of inventories, determined in accordance with paragraphs 8 and these Regulations, also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use, listed in paragraph 6 of these Regulations.

12. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

13. An organization engaged in trading activities may include the costs of procuring and delivering goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred until they are transferred for sale, as part of sales costs.

Goods purchased by an organization for sale are valued at their cost of acquisition. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate purchased goods at their selling price with separate consideration of markups (discounts).

Information about changes:

By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n, the Regulations were supplemented with clause 13.1

13.1. An organization that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, can evaluate purchased inventories at the supplier’s price. At the same time, other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories are included in expenses for ordinary activities in full in the period in which they were incurred.

Information about changes:

By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n, the Regulations were supplemented with clause 13.2

13.2. A micro-enterprise that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize the cost of raw materials, supplies, goods, other costs for production and preparation for sale of products and goods as expenses for ordinary activities in the full amount at as they are acquired (implemented).

Another organization that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize these costs as expenses for ordinary activities in full, provided that the nature of the activity of such an organization does not imply the presence of significant material and production balances stocks. At the same time, significant balances of inventories are considered to be those balances, information about the presence of which in the financial statements of an organization can influence the decisions of users of the financial statements of this organization.

Information about changes:

By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n, the Regulations were supplemented with clause 13.3

13.3. An organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize expenses for the acquisition of inventories intended for management needs as expenses for ordinary activities in the full amount as they are acquired (implemented) ).

14. Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are taken into account in the assessment provided for in the contract.

Inventory is inventories. No company can operate without them. She acquires them, uses them in her activities, and sells them. This means that the MP must be taken into account. In this article we will tell you how to properly maintain accounting records of inventories.

In this article you will learn:

What is MPZ

Inventory is inventories. Rarely, but still use the concept of goods and materials (inventory assets). This abbreviation has been used before. That is, inventory and materials are essentially synonyms.

Inventory in accounting is the assets that an enterprise uses in business activities as:

materials and/or raw materials to produce products for sale (performance of work, provision of services).
goods for resale
assets that a company uses for management purposes.

How it will help: the provision regulates the accounting procedure for inventories acquired by the company. Take the document as a sample to confirm when and within what time frame employees submit to the primary accounting department who keeps the records.

Materials can be classified as follows (Figure 1).

Picture 1. Classification of MPZ

This way you can take materials into account. For example, open subaccounts for account 10 “Materials”. Similarly, goods for resale and finished goods can be taken into account.

These two concepts are often confused. Goods are assets that an organization has purchased in order to sell them at a premium. The company produces finished products independently. It is possible that some assets will be both finished products and goods. For example, if an organization does not have enough of its own production capacity and it purchases some from suppliers.

Read also:

How it will help: Improving the efficiency of inventory management can hardly be called one of the primary tasks of the CFO. Nevertheless, he should understand at least the basic principles, because inventories are an integral part of the company’s working capital. How to avoid unjustified costs for storing warehouse balances, how not to miss out on profits due to a lack of inventory - more details in this solution.

How it will help: when a company experiences a shortage of working capital and attracts loans, money immobilized in inventories is an unaffordable luxury. It’s even worse if these are illiquid stocks that have not been sold for a long time. The proposed solution will make it possible to dispose of stale residues in warehouses with maximum benefit, and not just dispose of them.

Accounting for materials and inventories in accounting accounts

The company keeps records of inventories in the following accounts:

Figure 2. Basic accounts for inventory accounting

Materials are sometimes recorded in off-balance sheet accounts (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Off-balance sheet accounts for accounting for inventories

Capitalization of goods and materials

The company takes into account materials according to actual cost (clause 5 of PBU 5/01). It includes all the costs the company incurred while it was delivering the material to its warehouse. For example:

contractual value of assets;
transportation costs (the organization has the right to immediately attribute costs for delivery to sales costs, if such a rule fixed in the accounting policies );
cargo insurance;
for goods – the cost of pre-sale preparation;
customs payments;
remuneration to intermediaries, etc.;

If the company operates on a common system, then VAT does not need to be included in the contract price of goods. The company will deduct the tax. But the company is in special mode VAT accounting in the cost of MPZ. Also, general business expenses are not included in the cost of inventories (clause 6 of PBU 5/01).

Organizations representing small businesses have the right to conduct simplified accounting. An exception is only for legal entities listed in Part 5 of Article 6 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ “On Accounting”: microfinance firms, law firms, etc.

Organizations that maintain simplified accounting have the right to account for inventories only at the contractual value. They can immediately charge the remaining expenses to expenses for ordinary activities in the period in which they were incurred.

If a company received tangible assets free of charge, then they must be accounted for at market value. You focus on market value if you received assets after dismantling or repairing fixed assets, during inventory, etc.

If the materials appeared as capital contribution , then take them into account at the cost, the cost specified in the decision of the general meeting of participants or the sole participant.

When an organization receives inventory, it makes entries in accounting (table).

Table. Accounting for inventories: postings

Methods for assessing inventories in accounting

After the company accepted the inventory for accounting. She begins to use them in production or core activities. That is, he writes off. In this case, the cost of inventories in accounting can be assessed using one of three methods:

1. At the cost of each unit. In this case, the company should know. how much the specific material or product that she is writing off costs. That is, when an asset is disposed of, the cost of its acquisition is written off. Most often, such accounting is carried out for expensive assets.

2. Based on the average value of assets. In this case, assets are divided into groups. For example, if a company sells sweets, then the following groups are possible: chocolates, lollipops, cookies, etc. The average cost is determined by the formula:

Inventory cost is the cost of inventories or goods at the beginning and end of the period.

Quantity of inventories – quantity of inventories at the beginning and end of the period

To determine the value of disposed assets, you need to multiply the average value by the quantity.

Most companies conduct accounting automatically - in special programs. Therefore, such indicators are rarely calculated manually.

3. At the cost of the first acquisition of inventories. In Russia it is also called the FIFO method. This name comes from the English FIFO - First In First Out, which literally means “first in - first out”. This name fully reflects the essence of the method. That is, the value of disposed assets is the value of the earliest goods received. For example, the company bought the first batch of cement at a price of 560 rubles. per bag, and the second - at a price of 600 rubles. No matter what batch the company uses the material from. first it will be written off at a cost of 560 rubles.

The organization establishes the chosen method in its accounting policies. In this case, one type of inventory (for example, raw materials) can be assessed by one method, and another type of inventory (for example, goods) - by another (clause 16 of PBU 5/01).

Accounting for disposal of inventories

The disposal of materials must be documented. For example, when releasing materials into production, a requirement-invoice M-11 or a limit-intake card M-8 are drawn up.

The following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 20.23, 25.26 Credit 10

Resale goods, like finished goods, are disposed of when a company sells them to a customer. The following entries are made in accounting:

Debit 90 Credit 43

The Company took into account the cost/asset value upon sale.

Debit 62, 76 Credit 90

The company shipped the goods to the buyer.

The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

Amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Fees paid to the intermediary organization through which inventories were purchased;

Costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories; costs of maintaining the procurement and warehouse division of the organization, costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued before the inventory was accepted for accounting, if it was raised for the acquisition of these inventories;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

(see text in the previous edition)

For the purposes of this Regulation, current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

12. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.