Presentation on the topic of Shakespeare at the Moscow Art Hall. Presentation on the topic “William Shakespeare: Life and Work” - presentation. last years of life

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William Shakespeare

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Biography

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His father, John Shakespeare, was a wealthy glover and moneylender and was often elected to various public positions, and was once even elected mayor of the city. He did not attend church services, for which he paid large fines. His mother, née Arden, belonged to one of the oldest English families. The house, built in the 16th century, is located on Henley Street in the city centre. To our contemporary eyes, the house seems simple and very small, but in those days only a very wealthy person could afford such a home. It is known that Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was a glove maker and a wool trader.

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Shakespeare House

The architecture of the house is typical of that time. On the ground floor there is a living room with a fireplace, a large hall with an open fireplace and further along the corridor - the workshop of the owner of the house. On the second floor of the house there are three bedrooms. A small cottage and the room that now houses the kitchen were added to the house later.

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London. The beginning of creativity.

It is believed that Shakespeare studied at the Stratford “grammar school”, where he received a serious education: the Stratford teacher of Latin language and literature wrote poetry in Latin. In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a local landowner, who was 8 years his senior; in 1583 daughter Suzanne was born, in 1585 twins were born: son Khemnet, who died in childhood (1596), and daughter Judith. Around 1587 Shakespeare left Stratford and moved to London. The Globe Theater, where Shakespeare's troupe worked.

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The actual dimensions of the Globe are unknown, but its plan can be reconstructed almost exactly based on scientific research carried out over the past two centuries. These data indicate that it was a three-tiered, open, high-walled amphitheater with a diameter of 97 to 102 feet (29.6-31.1 m), which could accommodate up to 3,000 spectators. The sketch by Wenceslas Hollar shows the Globe as a round building. Later, in the same form, the no longer existing theater was included in its engraved so-called. "Long Landscape" of London (1647). However, in 1997-1998. the discovery of a small part of the Globe's foundation showed that it was a polygon with 20 (or possibly 18) sides.

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Along the inner side of the theater wall there were boxes for the aristocracy. Above them there were galleries for wealthy citizens. There were three levels of seating in total. Some privileged spectators were right on the stage. At the base of the stage there was an area called the stalls (or, in the back of old inns, the yard), where, for 1p, people (groundlings) had to stand to see the performance. Groundlings ate hazelnuts during the performance - during the excavations of the Globe, many nut husks were found preserved in the mud - or oranges.

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Globus theatre"

Sometimes a tent was pulled over part of the stage - blue if they were playing a comedy, and black with gold stars if they were playing a tragedy. Streams of blood spilled onto the stage from bull bladders hidden under clothes. If a villain died, the blood was black.

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Creation.

In 1592, Shakespeare became a member of the London acting troupe of Burbage, and from 1599, also one of the shareholders of the enterprise. Under James I, Shakespeare's troupe received royal status. For many years, Shakespeare was engaged in usury, and in 1605 he became a tax farmer of church tithes.

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The Shakespearean canon includes 37 plays; 18 appeared during Shakespeare's lifetime, 36 were published in the first collected works of Shakespeare (1623, "Pericles" was not included). Attempts to establish the chronology of Shakespeare's work have been carried out since the 2nd half of the 18th century. Below is a list of Shakespeare's plays with the dates of their writing, the periodization of creativity and the genre definitions accepted in Shakespearean criticism.

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First period (1590-1594). Early chronicles: "Henry VI", part 2 (1590); "Henry VI", part 3 (1591); "Henry VI", part 1 (1592); "Richard III" (1593). Early comedies: The Comedy of Errors (1592), The Taming of the Shrew (1593). Early tragedy: Titus Andronicus (1594). Second period (1595-1600). Chronicles close to the tragedy: "Richard II" (1595); "King John" (1596). Romantic comedies: "The Two Gentlemen of Verona" (1594); "Love's Labour's Lost" (1594); "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1596); "The Merchant of Venice" (1596). The first mature tragedy: "Romeo and Juliet" (1595). Chronicles close to comedy: "Henry IV", part 1 (1597); "Henry IV", part 2 (1598); "Henry V" (1598). The pinnacle creations of Shakespeare as a comedian: “Much Ado About Nothing” (1598); "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1598); "As You Like It" (1599); "Twelfth Night" (1600).

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Third period (1600-1608). Tragedies that marked a turning point in Shakespeare’s work: “Julius Caesar” (1599); "Hamlet" (1601). "Dark Comedies" (or "problem plays"): "Troilus and Cressida" (1602); “The end is the crown of the matter” (1603); "Measure for Measure" (1604). The pinnacle of Shakespeare's tragedy: Othello (1604); "King Lear" (1605); "Macbeth" (1606). Ancient tragedies: "Antony and Cleopatra" (1607); "Coriolanus" (1607); "Timon of Athens" (1608). Fourth period (1609-1613). Romantic tragicomedies: "Pericles" (1609); "Cymbeline" (1610); "The Winter's Tale" (1611); "The Tempest" (1612). Late chronicle: "Henry VIII" (1613; possibly with the participation of J. Fletcher). Outside the canon: "Edward III" (1594-1595; authorship doubtful); "Thomas More" (1594-1595; one scene); "Two Noble Kinsmen" (1613, together with Fletcher). Some Shakespeare scholars (including Soviet ones - A. A. Smirnov) divide Shakespeare's work into three periods, combining the 1st and 2nd (1590-1600) into one.

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Shakespeare's work absorbed all the most important radiations of the Renaissance - aesthetic (synthesizing the traditions and motifs of popular romantic genres, Renaissance poetry and prose, folklore, humanistic and folk dramas) and ideological (demonstrating the entire ideological complex of the time: traditional ideas about the world order, the views of defenders of feudal -patriarchal structure and political centralization, motives of Christian ethics, Renaissance neoplatonism and stoicism, ideas of sensationalism and Machiavellianism, etc.).

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Last years of life…

In 1612, Shakespeare retired for unknown reasons and returned to his native Stratford, where his wife and daughters lived. Shakespeare's will, dated March 15, 1616, was signed in illegible handwriting, leading some researchers to believe that he was seriously ill at the time. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616.

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Burial place

Three days later, Shakespeare's body was buried under the altar of Stratford Church. On his tombstone is written the epitaph: Friend, for God's sake, not a swarm of Remains taken by this earth; He who is untouched is blessed throughout the ages, And cursed is he who touches my ashes.

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The last years of his life he retired from literary activity and lived quietly and unnoticed with his family. This was probably due to a serious illness - this is indicated by Shakespeare's surviving will, clearly drawn up hastily on March 15, 1616 and signed in a changed handwriting. On April 23, 1616, the most famous playwright of all times died in Stratford-upon-Avon.

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Memory …

A special niche was made in the church, where a sculpture of the poet was placed with a pen and a sheet of paper; the pen is changed every year.

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Interesting facts about the writer

Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, but a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words. Shakespeare introduced about 3,200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries combined. Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived. According to Ben Jonson, Shakespeare “knew a little Latin and even less Greek,” although, as his plays show, he was fluent in foreign languages ​​- French, Italian, Greek and Latin. Shakespeare's entire family - father, mother, wife, children - were illiterate. At the moment there is no information that Shakespeare himself was literate. Shakespeare's direct line was interrupted in 1670 with the death of his granddaughter Elizabeth.

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Shakespeare's works are unusually multifaceted. At one time, doubts were expressed that they could come from the pen of one person - especially such a relatively poorly educated one as the far from brilliant actor from Stratford. The celebrated plays, with their intricate plots and unforgettable characters, amaze with the depth and breadth of human feelings and reflect the author's knowledge of history, literature, philosophy, law and even court etiquette. How did this provincial, who belonged to the lower strata of society, know how aristocrats behave and lawyers speak? Perhaps the actor allowed his name to be used by an educated person who occupied a high position and wanted to keep his authorship secret?

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Despite intriguing hypotheses about a mysterious author hiding under the name of a country actor, most scholars today recognize William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon as the author of great works. Shakespeare was recognized as a genius during his lifetime, and his contemporaries did not have the slightest doubt about his authorship. It is useless to try to explain where he got the experience and talent necessary to create his masterpieces. Wouldn't it be better to be grateful to that young man who 400 years ago went to London, leaving his humble past behind him? His action made the world a much richer place.

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“He was not a man of an era, but of all times.” -Ben Jonson

If you stop loving - so now, Now that the whole world is at odds with me. Be the most bitter of my losses, But not the last drop of grief! And if it is given to me to overcome grief, do not strike from an ambush. Let the stormy night not be resolved A rainy morning is a morning without joy. Leave me, but not at the last moment, When I become weak from minor troubles. Leave it now, so that I can immediately comprehend that this grief is more painful than all adversities, that there are no adversities, but there is one misfortune - to lose your love forever.

• “He was a man for all seasons.”
• Ben Jonson

• English playwright, poet, actor of the Renaissance. In world history, he is undoubtedly the most famous and significant playwright, who had a huge influence on the development of all theatrical art. Shakespeare's stage works are still performed on theater stages all over the world today.

• Renaissance, or Renaissance(French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) - an era in the history of European culture that replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times.

• Chronological framework of the era: XIV-XVI centuries.

• William Shakespeare is born April 23, 1564 year in the English town of Stratford-upon-Avan.
• The surname "Shakespeare" can be translated from English as "spear-shaking".
• William Shakespeare's father, John, was a craftsman, merchant (wool trader), and in 1568 became mayor of Stratford.
• William's mother, Mary Ardenne, was the daughter of a farmer from Wilmcote.
• From some sources it is known that William Shakespeare studied at a grammar school.

• The architecture of the house is typical of that time. On the ground floor there is a living room with a fireplace, a large hall with an open fireplace and further along the corridor - the workshop of the owner of the house. On the second floor of the house there are three bedrooms. A small cottage and the room that now houses the kitchen were added to the house later.

• In 1582, William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway.
• In the mid-1580s, Shakespeare and his family moved to London.
• Shakespeare made money by guarding horses at the theater. This position was followed by behind-the-scenes work at the theatre.
• Only a few years later, William Shakespeare received his first small role.
• Before working in the theater, Shakespeare also had to master the profession of a school teacher.

• The GLOBE is a public theater in London.
• It operated from 1599 to 1644.
• At the entrance it was written: “The whole world is a theater, and the people in it are actors.”

• The name was borrowed from Greek mythology and refers to Hercules, who held the globe on his shoulders.
• Under King James I, the theater received the status of "Royal".

• The success of the theater largely depended on its repertoire, which was created by Shakespeare, who had been interested in literary activities for several years. Shakespeare's early experiments were alterations and "renewals" of existing plots; later he moved on to creating his own works. In the troupe, Shakespeare was more valued as a playwright than as an actor, although he remained on stage until he was forty years old.

• In 1612, Shakespeare left the theater and returned to Stratford, where he lived until his death. The last plays written by Shakespeare for his troupe date back to 1612-1613. After this, the playwright fell silent. Researchers suggest that Shakespeare was ill for the last four years of his life.
• The great playwright died at the age of 52 and was buried under the altar of the Church of the Holy Trinity in his hometown.

• "Oh, good friend, in the name of God,
• Don’t touch the ashes under this stone,
• Do not disturb the sleep of my bones;
• Damn be the one who touches them!

• Could a person from an illiterate family be a genius?
• If Shakespeare is the author, where is the evidence: there is not a single manuscript of his plays.
• This is easy to explain: the Globus Theater burned many times, during the fires the scenery, costumes, and manuscripts were burned.
• As for illiteracy, we can recall Russian self-taught writers: Maxim Gorky, Sergei Yesenin.

• Shakespeare's legacy is
• 154 sonnets,
• several small poems, poetic cycles,
• 37 plays (comedies, tragedies).

• Comedy ((Greek) - song of a cheerful crowd) is a type of drama in which the action and characters are interpreted in funny forms or imbued with the comic (Molière, Beaumarchais, Griboyedov, Gogol).
• A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines with a special rhyme pattern.
• Tragedy ((Greek) - song of the goat) is a type of drama based on a particularly intense, irreconcilable conflict that ends in the death of the hero.

• Shakespeare sharply condemns feudal foundations, the tyranny of parents, who became an obstacle to the happiness of their children and led them to death.

• The main thing for Shakespeare is the man himself, and not his origin and condition.

• Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, but a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words.
• Shakespeare introduced about 3,200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries combined.
• Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived.
• According to Ben Jonson, Shakespeare “knew a little Latin and even less Greek,” although, as his plays show, he was fluent in foreign languages ​​- French, Italian, Greek and Latin.
• Shakespeare's entire family - father, mother, wife, children - were illiterate. At the moment there is no information that Shakespeare himself was literate.
• Shakespeare's direct line was interrupted in 1670 with the death of his granddaughter Elizabeth.

• Ballet "Romeo and Juliet"

• Film
• "King Lear"

• Film "Hamlet"

• In our hearts you yourself built
• An imperishable and dazzling temple...
• J. Milton

William Shakespeare WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE is an English playwright, poet, and actor of the Renaissance. In world history, he is undoubtedly the most famous and significant playwright, who had a huge influence on the development of all theatrical art. Shakespeare's stage works are still performed on theater stages all over the world today.

William Shakespeare () William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 in the English town of Stratford-upon-Avan. The surname "Shakespeare" can be translated from English as "spear-shaking". William Shakespeare's father, John, was a craftsman, merchant (wool trader), and in 1568 became mayor of Stratford. William's mother, Mary Ardenne, was the daughter of a farmer from Wilmcote. From some sources it is known that William Shakespeare studied at a grammar school.

The architecture of the house is typical of that time. On the ground floor there is a living room with a fireplace, a large hall with an open fireplace and further along the corridor - the workshop of the owner of the house. On the second floor of the house there are three bedrooms. A small cottage and the room that now houses the kitchen were added to the house later. SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE

In 1582, William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway. In the mid-1580s, Shakespeare and his family moved to London. Shakespeare made money by guarding horses at the theater. This position was followed by behind-the-scenes work at the theatre. Only a few years later, William Shakespeare received his first small role. Before working in the theater, Shakespeare also had to master the profession of a school teacher.

The Globe Theater, where Shakespeare worked. The GLOBE is a public theater in London. It operated from 1599 to 1644. The name was borrowed from Greek mythology and refers to Hercules, who held the globe on his shoulders. Under King James I, the theater received the status of "Royal".

The works of William Shakespeare. Periods of creativity: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “The Taming of the Shrew”, “Much Ado About Nothing”; “Romeo and Juliet”; first period (1590 – 1594) – comedies “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “The Taming of the Shrew”, “Much Ado About Nothing”; chronicle plays; tragedy "Romeo and Juliet"; “King Lear”, “Hamlet”, “Othello”; second period (1594 – 1607) – tragedies “King Lear”, “Hamlet”, “Othello”; sonnets; “Cymbeline”, “The Storm”, “Winter Night”. Third period (1608 – 1612) – fairy tale plays “Cymbeline”, “The Storm”, “Winter Night”.

Literary theory Comedy (Greek)Comedy (Greek) - the song of a cheerful crowd - a type of drama in which the action and characters are interpreted in the forms of the funny or imbued with the comic (Molière, Beaumarchais, Griboyedov, Gogol). Sonnet – A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines with a special rhyme pattern. Tragedy (Greek) Tragedy (Greek) - the song of the goat - is a type of drama based on a particularly intense, irreconcilable conflict that ends in the death of the hero.

Last years of his life 1612 - Shakespeare is already rich enough to acquire a title of nobility. He buys a house in his home town of Stratford-upon-Aven and moves there. Shakespeare lived in Stratford until his death. April 23, 1616 - William Shakespeare dies at Stratford-upon-Aven on his birthday. He was buried in the church of his hometown.

Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, but a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words. Shakespeare introduced about 3,200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries combined. Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived. According to Ben Jonson, Shakespeare “knew a little Latin and even less Greek,” although, as his plays show, he was fluent in foreign languages ​​- French, Italian, Greek and Latin. Shakespeare's entire family - father, mother, wife, children - were illiterate. At the moment there is no information that Shakespeare himself was literate. Shakespeare's direct line was interrupted in 1670 with the death of his granddaughter Elizabeth.

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William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) English playwright and poet, one of the most famous playwrights in the world, author of at least 17 comedies, 11 tragedies, 5 poems and 154 sonnets.

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Biography Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family Non Sanz Droict - French. “Not without the right” Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family - “Not without the right” Shakespeare’s life is little known; he shares the fate of the overwhelming majority of other English playwrights of the era, whose personal lives were of little interest to contemporaries. There are different views on the personality and biography of Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon into a wealthy but not noble family and was a member of an acting troupe.

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In 1592, Shakespeare became a member of the London acting troupe, and from 1599, also one of the shareholders of the enterprise. Under James I, Shakespeare's troupe received royal status (1603), and Shakespeare himself, along with other old members of the troupe, received the title of valet. For many years Shakespeare was engaged in usury, and in 1605 he became a tax farmer of church tithes. The recreated Globe Theater where Shakespeare's troupe worked

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Creativity Shakespeare's literary heritage is divided into two unequal parts: poetic (poems and sonnets) and dramatic. V.G. Belinsky wrote that “it would be too bold and strange to give Shakespeare a decisive advantage over all the poets of mankind, as a poet himself, but as a playwright he now remains without a rival whose name could be put next to his name.”

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The first period (1590-1594) Based on literary techniques, it can be called a period of imitation: Shakespeare is still entirely in the power of his predecessors. In terms of mood, this period was defined by supporters of the biographical approach to the study of Shakespeare’s work as a period of idealistic faith in the best aspects of life: “Young Shakespeare enthusiastically punishes vice in his historical tragedies and enthusiastically glorifies high and poetic feelings - friendship, self-sacrifice and especially love” ( Vengerov).

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Second period (1594-1601) Around 1595, Shakespeare creates one of his most popular tragedies - Romeo and Juliet - the story of the development of the human personality in the struggle against external circumstances for the right to free love.

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Third period (1600-1609) The third period of his artistic activity, approximately covering the years 1600-1609, is called by supporters of a subjectivist biographical approach to Shakespeare’s work a period of “deep spiritual darkness.” The heroes of Shakespeare's “great tragedies” are outstanding people, in whom good and evil are mixed. Faced with the disharmony of the world around them, they make a difficult choice - how to exist in it; they create their own destiny and bear full responsibility for it.

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Fourth Period (1609-1612) In the plays of the last period, difficult trials emphasize the joy of deliverance from disasters. Slander is exposed, innocence is justified, fidelity is rewarded, the madness of jealousy has no tragic consequences, lovers are united in a happy marriage. The optimism of these works is perceived by critics as a sign of the reconciliation of their author.

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Poems and Poems In general, Shakespeare's poems, of course, cannot be compared with his brilliant dramas. But taken by themselves, they bear the imprint of extraordinary talent, and if they had not been drowned in the glory of Shakespeare the playwright, they could well have brought and did bring great fame to the author.

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Sonnets A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines. In the English tradition, which is based primarily on Shakespeare's sonnets, a certain rhyme is adopted. In total, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, and most of them were created in the years 1592-1599. The entire cycle of sonnets falls into separate thematic groups.

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Tragedies by William Shakespeare Shakespeare wrote tragedies from the beginning of his literary career. One of his first plays was the Roman tragedy Titus Andronicus, and a few years later the play Romeo and Juliet appeared. However, Shakespeare's most famous tragedies were written during the seven-year period 1601-1608. During this period, four great tragedies were created - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, as well as Antony and Cleopatra. Many researchers associated these plays with the guidelines of the genre: the main character should be an outstanding, but not devoid of vices, person, and the audience should feel certain sympathy for him. The playwright follows the doctrine of free will: the (anti) hero is always given the opportunity to extricate himself from the situation and atone for his sins. However, he does not notice this opportunity and goes towards fate. 12

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Tragedy is a dramatic genre based on the tragic collision of heroic characters and its tragic outcome, the opposite of comedy. The tragedy is marked by stern seriousness, depicts reality in the most pointed way, as a clot of internal contradictions, reveals the deepest conflicts of reality in an extremely tense and rich form, acquiring the meaning of an artistic symbol; It is no coincidence that most tragedies are written in verse.

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Tragedy "Hamlet" The tragic story of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is one of the most famous plays in world drama. Written in 1600-1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 4,042 lines and 29,551 words. The tragedy is based on the legend of Hamlet, recorded by the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, and is primarily concerned with revenge - in it the main character, Hamlet, like the other two, seeks revenge on the death of his father. Researchers believe that the plot of the play was borrowed by Shakespeare from a play by Thomas Kyd.

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The tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" "Romeo and Juliet" is a tragedy in 5 acts, telling the story of two warring families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The work dates back to 1595. The play is based on a short story by the 16th-century Italian writer Bandello, but the plot underlying both works is much more ancient: it was developed by Ovid in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. The historical accuracy of this story has not yet been established. “There is no sadder story in the world than the story of Romeo and Juliet.”

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Presentation for literature lessons in 7th grade. The life and work of William Shakespeare.

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Whoever was born under a happy star is proud of glory, title and power. But I was more modestly rewarded by fate, And for me love is the source of happiness. Under the sun, the prince's confidant, the nobleman's protégé, spread its leaves lushly. But the benevolent gaze of the sun goes out, And the golden sunflower goes out too. The military leader, the darling of victories, suffers defeat in the last battle, and all trace of his merits is lost. His destiny is disgrace and oblivion. But there is no threat to my Lifetime titles: loved, loved, loved.

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William Shakespeare was born in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon (Warwickshire) in 1564, according to legend, on April 23. The surname "Shakespeare" can be translated from English as "spear-shaking".
"Not without a right"

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It is believed that Shakespeare studied at the Stratford “grammar school”, where he received a serious education: the Stratford teacher of Latin language and literature wrote poetry in Latin. Some scholars claim that Shakespeare attended King Edward VI's school in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he studied the works of poets such as Ovid and Plautus, but the school's journals have not survived and nothing can be said for sure.

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Plays generally considered Shakespearean The Comedy of Errors (1623 - first edition, 1591 - probable year of first production) Titus Andronicus (1594 - first edition, authorship disputed) Romeo and Juliet (1597 - first edition, 1595 - probable year writing) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1600 - first edition, 1595-1596 - period of writing) The Merchant of Venice (1600 - first edition, 1596 - probable year of writing) King Richard III (1597 - first edition) Measure for Measure (1623 - first edition, 26 December 1604 - first production) King John (1623 - first edition of the original text) Henry VI (1594 - first edition) Richard II (written no later than 1595 d.) Henry IV (1598 - first edition) Love's Labour's Lost (1598 - first edition) As You Like It (writing - 1599-1600, 1623 - first edition) Twelfth Night (writing - not later 1599, 1623 - first edition) Julius Caesar (written - 1599, 1623 - first edition) Henry V (1600 - first edition) Much Ado About Nothing (1600 - first edition) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602 - first edition) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1603 - first edition, 1623 - second edition) All's well that ends well (written - 1603-1604, 1623 - first edition) Othello (creation - no later than 1605, first edition - 1622) King Lear (December 26, 1606 - first production, 1608 - first edition) Macbeth (composition - about 1606, first edition - 1623) Antony and Cleopatra (creation - 1607, first edition - 1623) Coriolanus (1608 - year of writing) Pericles (1609 - first edition) Troilus and Cressida (1609 - first publication) The Tempest (November 1, 1609 - first production, 1623 - first edition) Cymbeline (written 1609, 1623 - first edition) The Winter's Tale (1623 - only surviving edition) The Taming of the Shrew (1623 - first publication) Two Verona (1623 - first publication) Henry VIII (1623 - first publication) Timon of Athens (1623 - first publication)

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Sonnets of William Shakespeare
Sonnet - a poem of 14 lines Forms of a sonnet Italian scheme (Petrarch) - 4 + 4 + 3 + 3 The first quatrain is an exposition, a presentation of the theme. In the second quatrain, the development of the theme is given, sometimes based on the principle of opposition. The tercet provides a solution to the topic, a result, a conclusion from the author’s thoughts. The sonnet does not allow repetition of words. English form (Shakespearean) - 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 This system is simpler than Petrarch's Italian scheme. The last TWO lines are the so-called “SONNET CASTLE”.

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The basis of the internal form of a sonnet is comparison. For each topic, the poet found his own image or a whole chain of images. The more unexpected the comparison was, the higher it was valued. The comparison was often carried to the extreme degree of hyperbolism. But the poets were not afraid of exaggeration.

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The entire cycle of sonnets falls into separate thematic groups: Sonnets dedicated to a friend: 1-126 Chanting a friend: 1-26 Trials of friendship: 27-99 Bitterness of separation: 27-32 First disappointment in a friend: 33-42 Longing and fears: 43-55 Growing alienation and melancholy: 56-75 Rivalry and jealousy of other poets: 76-96 “Winter” of separation: 97-99 Triumph of renewed friendship: 100-126 Sonnets dedicated to a dark lover: 127-152 Conclusion - the joy and beauty of love: 153 -154

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Translations of sonnets In Russia, interest in the work of Shakespeare and his “Sonnets” arose in the first half of the 19th century, but the first translations were weak in aesthetic terms. The most famous are the translations made by M. Tchaikovsky (1914), S. Marshak (1948), A. Finkel, S. Stepanov, A. Kuznetsov. Translations of individual sonnets belong to the Silver Age poets V. Bryusov, N. Gumilev, B. Pasternak.

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I do not compete with the creators of odes, Who present the sky with all the earth and the blue ocean as a gift to the painted goddesses. Let them, to decorate the stanzas, repeat in verse, arguing among themselves, About the stars of the sky, about wreaths of flowers, About the treasures of the earth and sea. In love and in words - truth is my law, And I write that my dear is beautiful, Like everyone who is born of a mortal mother, And not like the sun or a clear moon. I don’t want to praise my love, - I don’t sell it to anyone!

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Exhausted from labor, I want to fall asleep and find blissful rest in bed. But as soon as I lie down, I set off on the road again - In my dreams - towards the same goal. My dreams and feelings come to you for the hundredth time on the pilgrim’s path, And, without closing my tired eyes, I see darkness that is visible to the blind. With the diligent gaze of my heart and mind I look for you in the darkness, deprived of sight. And the darkness seems magnificent, When you enter it as a light shadow. I can't find peace from love. Day and night - I'm always on the go. 27

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How can I overcome fatigue, When I am deprived of the goodness of peace? The anxiety of the day is not alleviated by the night, And the night, like the day, torments me with melancholy. Both day and night are enemies among themselves - As if they are shaking hands with each other. I work during the day, rejected by fate, And at night I don’t sleep, sad in separation. In order to win over the dawn, I compared the fine day with you and sent greetings to the dark night, saying that the stars are like you. But my next day is getting more and more difficult, And the shadow of the coming night is getting darker. 28

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In your chest I hear all the hearts that I thought were hidden in the graves. In the beautiful features of your face there is a reflection of faces that were once dear to your heart. I shed a lot of tears over them, bowing down at the grave stone, But, apparently, fate took them away for a while - And now we meet again. In you, people close and memorable to Me have found their last refuge, And everyone bows to you and gives their wasted particle to My love. I find everyone dear to me in you And I belong entirely to you - to them all

Slide 22

When I read in the scroll of dead years About fiery lips, long silent, About the beauty that composes a verse To the glory of beautiful ladies and knights, Features preserved for centuries - Eyes, smile, hair and eyebrows - They tell me that only in an ancient word Could you be completely reflected. In any line to his beautiful lady, the Poet dreamed of predicting you, But he could not convey all of you, Staring into the distance with loving eyes. And to us, to whom you are finally close, - Where can we get a voice to sound for centuries? 106

Slide 23

The fact that you are scolded is not your fault. The beautiful is doomed to rumor. He cannot be denigrated by reproach - a Crow in radiant blue. You are good, but in a chorus of slander you are valued even more highly. The worm finds the most delicate flowers, And you are as innocent as spring itself. You escaped the ambush of your youth, Or the attacker himself was defeated, But with your purity and truth you will not shut the lips of slanderers. Without this light shadow on your forehead, you would alone reign on earth! 70

Slide 24

Goodbye! I don't dare stop you. I value your love dearly. I cannot afford what I own, and I humbly give the pledge. I use love as a gift. Merits have not bought her. And that means you are free to break the voluntary condition at your whim. You gave, without knowing the price of the treasure, or without knowing, perhaps, me. And I have retained the wrongfully taken reward until this day. I was a king only in a dream. I was dethroned by awakening. 87

Slide 25

Well, I will live, accepting as a condition that you are faithful. Although you have become different, the shadow of love seems to us like love. If not with your heart, be with me with your eyes. Your look doesn't speak of change. He harbors neither boredom nor enmity. There are faces on whom crimes leave indelible marks. But, apparently, this is what the higher powers want: Let your beautiful lips lie, But in this gaze, affectionate and sweet, purity still shines. It was a beautiful apple that Eve plucked from the tree for Adam’s misfortune. 93

Slide 26

Yes, it's true: where I haven't been, Before whom I haven't made a fool of myself. How cheaply he sold wealth and insulted love with new love! Yes, it’s true: I wasn’t looking at the truth straight into the eyes, but somewhere past. But my quick glance found youth again, - Wandering, he recognized you as his beloved. It's all over, and I won't again Look for what aggravates passions, Test love with new love. You are a deity, and I am entirely in your power. Near heaven you will find me shelter On this pure, loving breast. 110

Slide 27

The beautiful is a hundred times more beautiful, Crowned with precious truth. We appreciate the aroma in tender roses, living intimately in their purple. Let the flowers where vice has built its nest have the same stem, thorns, and leaves, And the same deep purple of the petals, And the same corolla as a fresh rose - They bloom, not pleasing our hearts, And wither, poisoning us breathing. But fragrant roses have a different end: Their soul will be poured into fragrance. When the sparkle of your eyes goes out, All the charm of truth will flow into verse. 54

Slide 28

I call death. I cannot bear to see Dignity that begs for alms, A mocking lie at simplicity, Insignificance in luxurious attire, And a false verdict on perfection, And virginity rudely abused, And shame on inappropriate honor, And power in captivity in toothless weakness, And straightforwardness that is considered stupidity, And stupidity in the mask of a sage, a prophet, And inspiration in a clamped mouth, And righteousness in the service of vice. Everything I see around is disgusting... But how can I leave you, dear friend! 66

Slide 29

I reproached the early violet: The evil one steals its sweet scent from your lips, and each petal steals its velvet from you. The lilies have the whiteness of your hand, Your dark hair is in the marjoram buds, The white rose has the color of your cheek, The red rose has your ruddy fire. The third rose - white as snow, and red as dawn - has your breath. But the daring thief did not escape retribution: The worm eats him as punishment. What flowers are there in the spring garden? And everyone steals your scent or color. 99

Slide 30

Her eyes are not like stars, Her lips cannot be called corals, Her open skin is not snow-white, And a strand curls like black wire. With a damask rose, scarlet or white, the shade of these cheeks cannot be compared. And the body smells like the body smells, Not like the delicate petal of a violet. You won’t find perfect lines in her, or a special light on her forehead. I don’t know how goddesses walk, But my dear one walks on the earth. And yet she will hardly yield to those who were slandered in magnificent comparisons. 130

Slide 31

Love is blind and deprives us of our eyes. I don't see what I see clearly. I saw beauty, but every time I could not understand what was bad and what was beautiful. And if the glances turned the heart and threw the anchor into such waters, Where many ships pass, - Why don’t you give him freedom? How could a passing yard seem to my heart like a happy estate? But everything I saw was denied by my gaze, tinting the deceitful appearance with truth. Truthful light was replaced by darkness, And lies seized me like a plague. 137

Slide 32

Do not force me to justify Your injustice and deception. It’s better to conquer force with force, But don’t inflict wounds on me with cunning. Love another, but in moments of meeting You do not take your eyelashes away from me. Why be cunning? Your gaze is a striking sword, And there is no armor on your loving chest. You yourself know the power of your eyes, And, perhaps, by averting your gaze, You are preparing to kill others, Sparing me out of mercy. Oh, have no mercy! Even if your direct gaze kills me, I will be glad to die. 139

Slide 33

I do not intend to interfere with the connection of two hearts. Can betrayal put an end to immeasurable Love? Love knows no decline or decay. Love is a beacon raised above the storm, not fading in the darkness and fog. Love is the star with which the sailor determines his place in the ocean. Love is not a pathetic doll in the hands of Time, which erases the roses On fiery lips and on cheeks, And it is not afraid of time's threats. And if I am wrong and my verse lies, - Then there is no love and there are no my poems! 116

Slide 34

Tell me honestly: who do you love? You know, many people love you. But you are so carelessly ruining your youth, That it is clear to everyone that you live without love. Your fierce enemy, not knowing regret, You secretly destroy day after day, Magnificent, waiting for renewal, The house that has passed to you as an inheritance. Change - and I will forgive the insult, Warm up love in my soul, not enmity. Be as gentle as you are beautiful in appearance, And become more generous and kind to yourself. Let beauty live not only now, but repeat itself in your beloved son. 10

Slide 35

Neither my own fear, nor the prophetic gaze of the Worlds that sleepily dream of the future, know how long Love has been given to me, whose death seemed predetermined. The mortal moon survived its eclipse in spite of the lying prophets. Hope is once again on the throne, And a long peace promises blossoming for the olive trees. Death does not threaten us with separation. Let me die, but I will rise in verse. Blind death threatens only tribes that are not yet enlightened, speechless. In my poems you too will experience the crowns of tyrants and the coats of arms of nobles. 107