Yellow paint. Types of dyes. Lead, iron, antimony, zinc, cadmium. Dye E104 Quinoline yellow - characteristics of the effect of a food additive on the body Use and application

Moreover, in the countries mentioned, this substance is widely used in pharmacology and cosmetics under the code name D&C Yellow.

In Russia, the use of E 104 in food products is permitted.

Yellow paints are widely used in household and industrial painting practice; for example, yellow paint for gas pipelines is even used for safety purposes as an element of their designation. However, few people know that they are obtained in different ways, as a result of which they have different characteristics. In this article we will get acquainted with the types of dyes that are used for yellow paints, their features and basic properties.

General information

The great popularity of yellow in industry is due to the fact that this color is quite bright, stands out well against the general background and attracts attention. It is for this reason that all external gas pipelines are yellow. In addition, special equipment is also painted in a similar way, as a result of which it is visible on the roads from afar.

Of course, yellow coatings are used not only to mark dangerous objects. In everyday life, these paints and varnishes are popular due to their decorative qualities. After all, this color promotes a good mood and generally evokes positive emotions.

Therefore, “solar” paints have been used by mankind since ancient times. Moreover, many methods of obtaining them, which were known thousands of years ago, are still relevant today.

Types of dyes

The most common materials for producing yellow paint coatings have always been and remain to this day metals, namely:

• lead;
• iron;
• antimony;
• zinc;
• cadmium, etc.

As a result of their treatment with oxygen, sulfur and chromic acid, a yellow dye of different shades is obtained. Of course, in addition to mineral raw materials, plant components are often used to make paint coatings of a given color, however, they are more used in painting rather than painting. Therefore, we will not consider them further.

Advice! Many home craftsmen ask experts how to get yellow paint by mixing other tones? In fact, this is impossible to do, since this color is the base color.

Below we will take a closer look at all the most common dye options.

Ocher

Earthy pigments are called ocher, since the raw material for them is ocher earth. They can be of different shades from light yellow to brown and dark yellow.

The main components of this dye are a mixture of clay and iron oxide hydrate. True, red ocher is also found on sale, however, it is most often obtained by firing yellow ocher.

It must be said that ocher is natural, which has been known since ancient times. Nowadays, it is widespread in the painting business due to a number of advantages:

• good covering power;
• color intensity;
• strength;
• the ability to accept impurities, which makes the coating cheaper. The most commonly used admixtures are gypsum, earthenware clay and feldspar;
• with dyes of other shades they produce composite tones, in particular, various shades of green;
• resistant to ultraviolet radiation and chemicals. Due to this, ocher is used in a wide variety of paint and varnish coatings - oil, adhesive, etc.

Most often, ocher is used in the manufacture of primers and putties, as well as as an additional component of composite paints and varnishes and the color of water-dispersion coatings. However, it can also be found as an independent paint for concrete facades, wooden and metal surfaces.

The price of ocher-based paint coatings is low, however, the cost largely depends on the composition of the paint coating. For example, PF-115 enamel costs about 100 rubles per liter.

Crowns

Kron is a yellow acid dye, which is a compound of chromic acid with oxides of zinc, lead, tin or lime and barite. This dye is used in powder form, which is added to drying oil or other paint base.

In terms of its performance qualities, lead crown is considered the best, which can have a shade from lemon to orange. Under the influence of alkaline solutions, these pigments turn red, resulting in yellow-red paint.

This pigment has the following qualities:

• excellent covering power;
• good color intensity;
• the ability to use cheap impurities to reduce costs;
• The shades of this pigment are distinguished by their vivid color.

For these reasons, lead crown is the most common in painting practice. Most often, this pigment is used in the manufacture of anti-corrosion paints for metal.

Note! Lead crowns are toxic, so instructions for their use require strict adherence to safety regulations.

In the photo - lead litharge

Glet

Lite is nothing more than lead oxides. Depending on the degree of oxidation, they can have different shades, however, their main color is yellow-orange. It must be said that litharge is not used as an independent paint due to the pallor of the shade.

Most often, this pigment is used in putties, as well as additives in anti-corrosion primers and various paint and varnish coatings.

Advice! You can get litharge with your own hands. To do this, you need to mix lead powder with saltpeter. When these components are heated, lead oxide is formed.

Cadmium

Cadmium rarely occurs in nature as a finished mineral, so it is most often produced artificially.

Paint coatings using this pigment are highly valued due to its following qualities:

• has color intensity and has many shades;
• has good covering power;
• is fire resistant.

Note! Before you make yellow paint by adding cadmium to it, you should make sure that it does not contain lead additives. Otherwise, the pigment will change color as a result of a chemical reaction.

These are, perhaps, all the most common yellow pigments that are used in the manufacture of paint and varnish coatings.

Conclusion

Currently, there are quite a few dyes that make it possible to obtain yellow paint. The quality of the coating largely depends on their properties, so when choosing a composition you should pay attention not only to the type of solvent, but also to the pigments that are used in it.

The video in this article contains additional useful information. If you have questions after reading the material, leave them in the comments and we will be happy to answer them.

Natural food colors are simple, environmentally friendly and useful. A person perceives 95% of information through the eyes, and making a dish more colorful means making it more attractive. Thus, the juicy burgundy color of borscht or a multi-colored salad definitely stimulates the appetite. This is precisely the basis for the demand for food coloring in cooking.

For thousands of years, people have successfully used the gifts of nature, extracting food dyes from them. Now we have incomparably more opportunities for such research - let's see how you can prepare natural food colors at home and what requirements we place on them.

Requirement 1 - Natural dye

Exclusively natural materials - extracts, squeezes and juices, decoctions and tinctures from seeds and fruits of plants, from leaves and bark. Animal materials are not used to color food - because of the bright characteristic taste, because of the difficulty of obtaining and because of the short shelf life.

Requirement 2 - Food coloring means edible

This requirement implies not only the edibility of the dye, but also a minimum of its own taste. Ideally, the dye should be completely tasteless (onion skins) or add some zest along with the color (citrus zest or coffee). The taste of the dye should not affect the taste of the final product, but this is difficult to achieve in reality - and a separate challenge when using natural dyes is the result of mixing tastes and aromas.

Requirement 3 - Coloring food

This requirement includes durability and color stability - at least for a short time, although in these parameters natural dyes are definitely inferior to synthetic ones.

How to make natural food dyes at home

The beauty of natural food colors is their availability. These are products that we eat almost every day, familiar and healthy, inexpensive and accessible. Beets, carrots, spinach, spices, bright berries and citrus fruits - this is our rich arsenal at home.

The answer to the question “what to use to make natural food dyes” is at hand in every kitchen.
We can use:
1. Freshly squeezed juices from colored products.
2. Crushed and fried their pulp.
3. Direct addition of fresh pulp to the final product.
Feel free to focus on the original color of the vegetable or fruit: if the beets are dark red, then we will not get an orange or green dye from it. Accordingly, green spinach will not give us red dye, no matter what we do with it.
However, with natural dyes the same principles of mixing paints apply as with watercolors, gouache or synthetic dyes. If you want to get an orange dye, mix red and yellow. If you need green, mix yellow and blue food coloring.

How to make red food coloring and pink food coloring

The sources that help us obtain red food coloring and pink food coloring are beets and fresh red berries (raspberries, lingonberries, cherries).
Contrary to popular belief, beets will not give us a rich red color - depending on the concentration, we will get shades from pale pink to burgundy. Grate fresh beets on a fine grater and simmer them in a small amount of water over low heat. When the beets are stewed and give off color, squeeze out the liquid through cheesecloth or a fine sieve. For brighter, longer-lasting color, add half a teaspoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice.
For a pure red, use freshly squeezed lingonberry juice, but don't forget its characteristic sour taste.
Raspberries will produce various shades of pinkish and crimson, cherries will produce darker shades of red.
If you use such natural dyes for the cream, a few drops of juice will be enough to give an interesting shade.

Natural blue food coloring

Pleasant blues and cyan colors are obtained using blueberries, blueberries or red cabbage. It would be most convenient to crush blueberries or blueberries in a sieve or mesh colander and add the resulting natural blue food coloring to the cream or dough.
Red cabbage juice produces an interesting blue or blue color. It is good to color boiled egg whites with this juice and decorate salads with it.

Yellow food coloring

Carrots, sea buckthorn, turmeric, saffron, and citrus fruits provide sunny shades of yellow and orange. Carrots are the most affordable option: grate bright carrots on a fine grater and fry them over low heat in vegetable oil. Squeeze the resulting pulp through cheesecloth or a thick sieve.
Juice from sea buckthorn berries can be added to creams or dough, it will give us the same cheerful yellow tint.
Turmeric can be found in any spice aisle and is also a good option for yellow food coloring. Pour a tablespoon of dry powder with warm water or alcohol, keep it in a dark place for a day and strain. Turmeric is a budget option for saffron; it doesn’t give such an amazing taste, but it works very well as a food coloring.

Green food coloring

Spinach gives us a soft green color. There are two options: - use freshly squeezed juice of the leaves and stems - simmer the chopped spinach in water and then rub the pulp through a thick sieve.
Green food coloring from spinach is often used to color dough.

Synthetic dyes and their imagined harm

The consumption of dyes is growing year by year, the requirements for the quality and safety of food dyes are growing even faster - and manufacturers are simply forced to meet the needs of customers.
The prototypes for many synthetic dyes are natural dyes. For example, curcumin or carotene is almost identical in composition to natural ones. In addition, the quality and safety of synthetic food dyes is monitored by the WHO International Commission; all permitted for use are included in the Food Code - the code of quality standards for food products and semi-finished products, which also includes food additives.

Synthetic food additives are easier to use than natural ones, do not require preliminary preparation or special storage conditions, can be stored for quite a long time and definitely will not change the taste of the cream or dough.
If you want to get not just pleasant shades, but bright natural colors, we offer you all types of food coloring available today: dry, gel, liquid.

Trusted manufacturers, guaranteed fresh and high-quality products, a huge selection of useful and pleasant little things for cooking - the supermarket for confectioners will do everything to make the cooking process a true pleasure for you.

Food additives E100 - E109 are yellow dyes. Formally, dyes in food products (we will leave the use of dyes for coloring non-food items, such as fabrics, outside the scope of this material) are needed only to give a colorful look to food. However, unscrupulous manufacturers can use dyes for other purposes: to hide a low-quality or expired product, to pass off one product as another, etc. Plus, not all food dyes are healthy or even harmless; some are carcinogens or food poisons or allergens.

Today, most dyes are synthetic. Natural dyes, with rare exceptions, are harmless or even beneficial.

As with any other material in the Glossary of Dietary Supplements, the following conventions apply:

The food supplement is safe for health.
♦ - the food additive is relatively safe for health. Animal studies and observations of people ingesting it (or using it in cosmetics, etc.) have shown no clear positive or negative effects.
♣ - the dietary supplement is not safe for certain groups or all people. Carefully read the description of possible effects on the body.
♠ - the food additive is inedible, unsafe or poisonous. Do not buy, use or eat products that contain it.

E100 Curcumins (curcumin and turmeric)

Bright yellow natural dyes obtained from plants of the genus Turmeric are mainly used Long turmeric (Curcuma longa) And Homemade turmeric (Curcuma domestica or turmeric). The most commonly used dietary supplements are Curcuma longa root extract (E100I, curcumin) or Curcuma domestica root powder (E100II, turmeric). In fact, E100II, in addition to the dye itself, also contains starch grains, as well as a certain amount of vegetable fats.

This food additive is not only harmless, but even exhibits a number of beneficial properties. In particular, the antitumor effect of curcumins has been proven (some types of cancer, causes apoptosis of cancer cells, source:), as for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, this has been known since ancient times, when culinary specialists noticed that adding turmeric root powder to food , in addition to changing the color, allows you to preserve it longer. Currently, turmeric root extract is being studied as a sedative.

Well, turmeric root powder has long taken pride of place in the kitchen. What's a curry without it? What kind of pilaf? And many other oriental dishes cannot do without yellow powder with a weak aroma and a slightly bitter taste?

By the way, I tried adding turmeric to the tarragon-anise tincture. It didn't ruin the weather.

However, I will bring to light a drop of tar. Ingesting curcumin or turmeric powder in very large quantities will result in vomiting and most likely hives. But it takes a lot of effort

Our advice : The food additive E100 is not only harmless, but even beneficial. Do not worry about your own health if you see this food additive on the label of a product.

E101 Riboflavins

A name familiar from childhood? Yes, these yellow crystals, poorly soluble in both alcohol and water, are nothing more than vitamin B2, a participant in many processes occurring at the biochemical level in the body. There are currently three ways to obtain this vitamin:

1. synthetic (reaction between 3,4-dimethylaniline and ribose)
2. microbiological with extraction (growing mushrooms Eremothecium ashbyi)
3. microbiologically produced (bacteria are used Bacillus subtilis that have undergone modification at the gene level).

Vitamin B 2 is necessary for our body; we get it through bread, cereals, some vegetables and meat. The lack of this vitamin primarily affects the skin and hair, mucous membranes and the thyroid gland.

One of two forms can be used as a dietary supplement: either pure riboflavin (E101I) or flavin mononucleotide (E101II or E101a) - the more soluble one, in fact, is exactly the form of vitamin B 2 that is found in living tissues. Both forms are not only harmless, but also useful (of course, within reasonable limits), but obtaining riboflavin is quite expensive, so food manufacturers rarely use it, preferring cheaper synthetic dyes, for example, tartrazine.

Our advice : The food additive E101 is not harmful, moreover, it is vital for us, as it is a vitamin. This yellow dye is our friend.

♣ E102 Tartrazine

Yellow food coloring powder, soluble in water. It is obtained synthetically (several methods have been patented, mainly products of petroleum distillation and processing of coal tar are used as raw materials). It is tautomeric (that is, it exists in two different isomeric forms that easily transform into each other), which most likely explains its color.

After a series of studies showed that the use of tartrazine in food causes allergies and skin rashes in some people, it was banned in a number of European countries. Later, the ban was lifted by an EU directive. At the moment, in addition to possibly causing an allergic reaction, it has also been established that tartrazine, especially in combination with benzoic acid and its salts (food additives E210 - E213), can lead to increased hyperactivity and decreased concentration in children of primary school and preschool age. Its consumption is also contraindicated for people suffering from chronic urticaria.

Our advice

♠ E103 Alkanine

A dye that allows you to obtain a fairly wide range of colors, from golden to dark red (color depends on concentration). Fat soluble. Method of preparation: extraction from plant roots Alkanna dyeing(Alkanna tinctoria). Irritant. Despite the fact that upon contact with mucous membranes, sensitive skin, eyes, lips it caused severe irritation, it was classified as a food additive.

After the publication of data from test experiments on animals, proving that regular consumption of alkanine in food causes cancer, it was banned for use in the EU (in 1984) and the USA (1988). In Russia it was banned for use only in 2008.

Our advice : The sale of food products with the food additive E103 in the territories of the Russian Federation and Ukraine is illegal. We recommend not only not to buy, much less eat, such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities if such a product is available for sale.

♣ E104 Quinoline yellow

Synthetic food coloring yellow-green. It exists in two modifications: water-soluble (Quinoline yellow WS, E104I) and alcohol-soluble (Quinoline yellow SS, E104II). It is quite cheap to produce, therefore it is widely used in the production of various sweets and drinks, as well as in cosmetic production.

Research has shown that the food additive E104 can cause urticaria, other types of allergies, and provoke asthma attacks in patients with asthma. It has also been established that E104, like 5 other dyes, in combination with benzoates and benzoin itself (food additives E210 - E213) can lead to increased hyperactivity and decreased concentration in children of primary school and preschool age.

Quinoline yellow is currently prohibited for use in a number of countries (USA, Norway, Japan, Australia).

Our advice : If you are allergic, exclude foods containing this food additive from your food basket. It is also not recommended for use by children under 14 years of age. For everyone else, we recommend buying them only if there is no alternative.

♠ E105 Strong yellow AB / Acid yellow G

One of the cheapest yellow synthetic dyes. Has a toxic effect on the body of mammals. Prohibited for use in the EU countries, USA, Japan, Australia. Also banned in Russia and Ukraine. However, it continues to be widely used in food production in Southeast Asian countries. Therefore, be careful when buying confectionery and drinks from China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.

This dye is also used for dyeing fabrics, both natural and synthetic. There is no information about toxic effects in this case.

Our advice : Selling food products with the food additive E105 in the Russian Federation is illegal. We recommend not only not to buy, much less eat, such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities if such a product is available for sale.

♠ E106 Sodium salt of riboflavin-5"-phosphate

Yellow dye. It is a derivative of flavin mononucleotide, i.e. food additive E101a. In fact, significantly more soluble in water than E101a. However, taking this form in food can cause irreparable harm to health, because. our gastrointestinal tract and excretory system are unable to properly metabolize this form of riboflavin. The result is a wide range of ailments: allergic reactions, kidney dysfunction, adrenal gland diseases, vision problems. That is why the food additive E106 is prohibited for use in Russia and Ukraine, the USA and Canada, as well as some European countries. It is necessary to take into account that not all European countries, for example, the UK, prohibit this food additive, and be careful when purchasing products made with its use.

This dye is also used for dyeing fabrics, but in this case it cannot be dangerous.

Our advice : Selling food products with the food additive E106 in the Russian Federation is illegal. We recommend not only not purchasing, much less consuming, such products, but also contacting the supervisory authorities regarding the availability of such products for sale.

♠ E107 Yellow 2G

Synthetic dye, has the form of a yellow powder, soluble in water. Yellow dye. Causes an allergic reaction, dangerous for asthmatics and people intolerant to aspirin. Food additive E106 is prohibited for use in Russia and Ukraine, most European countries, except Great Britain

Our advice : Selling food products with the food additive E107 in the Russian Federation is illegal. We recommend not only not to buy, much less eat, such products, but also to contact the supervisory authorities if such a product is available for sale.

Numbers of dietary supplements E108 And E109 reserved and currently not in use.

General characteristics and receipt

In fact, E 104 is the sodium salt of a sulfonated water- or alcohol-soluble form of the heterocyclic series, dissolving sulfur and phosphorus. It is considered an unsafe chemical in a number of azo dyes. This substance is soluble in both water and alcohol. The water-soluble E104 additive is called “Quinoline Yellow WS”, and the alcohol-soluble additive is called “Quinoline Yellow SS”.

Quinoline yellow dye is produced by condensing 2-methylquinoline with phthalic anhydride. Subsequently, the mixture can be sulfonated. Basically, this dye contains disodium salt of disulfonic acid. The secondary component is the sodium salt of mono- and trisulfonic acids. Yellow quinoline dye is available in the form of a powder, granules or an aqueous solution of yellow color with a lemon tint. The dye is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted from the body mainly through bile and urine.

Effect on the human body: benefits and harms

The food additive E104 has different effects on the human body. In most cases, it causes negative consequences at elevated concentrations in the blood, especially in children.

Based on the results of laboratory experiments in the UK at the University of Southampton, it is clear that the E104 food additive increases the level of normal activity in children. In addition, yellow quinoline dye leads to a number of irritations of the respiratory tract and skin, allergies, and asthma attacks in people suffering from asthma. This dye should not be used by people who are sensitive to aspirin.

The food additive E104 is a product of synthetic origin, and therefore is not characteristic of living organisms. Research has not yet confirmed the possible benefits of this supplement.

Use and application

Since the E104 additive is a dye, its purpose is to give color to industrial products, in particular yellow tones, or restore it after industrial exposure, preserving the attractive appearance of the product.

Quinoline yellow dye is used in various areas of production:

• food - for coloring fish, drinks, confectionery, sweets and chewing gum, groceries;
• perfumery – for coloring aromatic water;
• cosmetics - in the production of lipsticks, hair dyes, varnishes, toothpaste, soap and shampoos;
• medicine - to change the color of tablets and dragees (secondary substances from this dye are mainly used).

Table. The norm for the content of food additive E104 in products is in accordance with SanPin 2.3.2.1293-03 dated May 26, 2008, Appendix 3, section 3.10. Food products in the production of which only certain dyes are allowed, section 3.11. Hygienic regulations for the use of dyes

Legislation

The food additive E104 is approved in the Russian Federation and Ukraine for use in the production of various types of products.

This substance cannot be added to products in Europe, the USA, Australia, and Japan.

There are natural dyes in nature, but they are not enough for large-scale production. Therefore, manufacturers add synthetic dyes and other substances to various products that preserve their shape, thickness, color and taste. But, for example, the E104 dye is not harmless to human health, especially a child. You should avoid consuming products containing it. Additional information about the dietary supplement is in the video.