Analysis “The village suffering is in full swing” Nekrasov. “The village suffering is in full swing...” N. Nekrasov
The village suffering is in full swing
The opening line of the poem of the same name (1863) by N. A. Nekrasov (1821-1877).
Playfully and ironically about the peak of vigorous activity, selfless work.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: “Locked-Press”. Vadim Serov. 2003.
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See: The village suffering is in full swing. Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. M.: Locked Press. Vadim Serov. 2003 ...
- (village) foreign language: field work (hard) Wed. The village suffering is in full swing. Share you! Russian female share! It is hardly more difficult to find... Nekrasov. Strada... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary
STRADA, suffering, suffering, plural. suffering, women 1. Hard summer work during the period of mowing, reaping and harvesting grain. “The village suffering is in full swing.” Nekrasov. 2. transfer Hard work, struggle (book). “The whole life of a peasant is one of continuous suffering.”... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
suffering- y, w. Intense summer work in the field, time for such work; strenuous activity (transferable). Not only the men here are devoted to work, but even their children, pregnant women, everyone endures what they say is common suffering. // Nekrasov. Poems // ... Dictionary of forgotten and difficult words from works of Russian literature of the 18th-19th centuries
adv. to merciless. [Onisim] begins to mercilessly whip the horses. Serafimovich, On the way. The heat is unbearable; a treeless plain, fields, meadows and the expanse of heaven, the sun burns mercilessly. N. Nekrasov, Village suffering is in full swing... Small academic dictionary
1) lyu, only; prib. present scorching; prib. suffering past burnt, flax, lena, leno; nesov., pereh. 1. (unsov. scorch). Holding it over the fire, burn it, remove hair, fluff, etc. Shoot the goose. □ A red flame flutters on the ice of the river: men... ... Small academic dictionary
A, m. 1. Mowing. Taras mows and sings... The haystacks are growing. The mowing is coming to an end. I. Nikitin, Taras. The meadow has already been mowed and removed. Mowing was going on in the forest. Veresaev, In his youth. Three weeks later, the grass was already grown enough for mowing and was so thick that the mowers... Small academic dictionary
I chatter, I chatter; owls (unbearable. to dishevel). 1. Become a mess, become sticking out in different directions, confused. You can hear a cry from the next stripe, Baba's kerchiefs are disheveled, We need to rock the child! N. Nekrasov, In full swing... ... Small academic dictionary
Aya, oh; Solon, solon, solon. 1. Containing salt and having a characteristic taste imparted by it (about moisture). Salty waves. □ On this wild seaside the steep swell is muddy and salty. Bunin, Galtsiona. A strong wind blew from the side where Elena was sitting, small... ... Small academic dictionary
From the poem “To an Unknown Friend” (1866) by N. A. Nekrasov (1821 1877). Allegorically: about a people who tolerate what is intolerable for people with a developed sense of citizenship, self-esteem (ironic, disapproving). The poet himself more than once... Dictionary of popular words and expressions
Books
- Small collected works, Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseevich. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is one of the most interesting and significant figures in the history of Russian poetry. He entered literature with new poetic themes, rhythms and harmonies, proposed a new...
- Nikolay Nekrasov. Small collected works, Nekrasov N.. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is one of the most interesting and significant figures in the history of Russian poetry. He entered literature with new poetic themes, rhythms and harmonies, proposed a new...
Nekrasov’s poem “The village suffering is in full swing...” talks about the difficult lot of a Russian woman, mother, and peasant woman. One of the most popular is “The village suffering is in full swing...” (1862). The poem “The village suffering is in full swing...” was created after the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire. Nekrasov had a sharply negative attitude towards this reform.
Nekrasov’s mother, Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya, got married without receiving parental consent. They did not want to give their smart and well-mannered daughter in marriage to the lieutenant and wealthy landowner Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. As often happens in life, in the end the girl’s parents turned out to be right. Elena Andreevna saw little happiness in marriage. The horrors he saw and experienced at a young age had a strong influence on all of Nekrasov’s work.
Analysis of Nekrasov’s poem “The village suffering is in full swing...”
The action of the work takes place in the summer - the most stressful time for peasants. In the field, a woman is annoyed not only by the unbearable heat, but also by hordes of insects - buzzing, stinging, tickling. She stopped near the cradle in literally a moment of confusion caused by inhuman fatigue. It is not clear whether the woman has sweat or tears under her eyelashes. One way or another, they are destined to end up in a jug of sour kvass, plugged with a dirty rag.
Nikolai Alekseevich believed that the peasants got out of one bondage only to immediately fall into another. In the text under consideration, such thoughts are not directly expressed, but are implied. The heroine of the work is apparently a formally free woman, but has this made her hard labor any easier? For Nekrasov, the negative answer to the question is quite obvious.
It is not surprising that her features were reflected in a significant part of the female images depicted in his lyrics. Nekrasov expresses himself clearly on this matter: “Russian woman’s share! Indeed, nothing is more difficult than the fate of a Russian woman of the 19th century. The hellish peasant labor, the patience of their masters' permissiveness, the difficult rural life... who can endure all this and not grumble?
The alliteration in this stanza more accurately conveys the chirping, buzzing, and tickling of obnoxious insects than ever before. The poem is written in dactyl, with alternating feminine and masculine clauses. The male clauses in the last lines of each stanza enhance the overall impression of the poem and give it completeness. The idea of the difficult lot of Russian women runs like a red thread through the entire poem. And it is impossible not to be amazed with what love the author speaks about this woman. “Darling,” Nekrasov insists.
This theme is generally characteristic of Nekrasov’s work; its emergence is explained biographically. The poet grew up in a family where the father was a “domestic tyrant” who tormented his mother. Since childhood, Nekrasov saw the suffering of his beloved women, his mother and sister, whose marriage, by the way, also did not bring her happiness. The poet had a hard time with the death of his mother and blamed his father for it, and a year later his sister died...
It is interesting that the poet represents a peasant woman, a woman-mother, precisely against the backdrop of the harvest, the harvest, the hottest time in the village. A peasant woman, exhausted, works in the field in the very heat, and a whole column of insects “sways” above her. Added to the stress from work and the scorching sun is this “stinging, tickling, buzzing” that surrounded her on all sides.
Sing him a song about eternal patience, // Sing, patient mother!..” - Nekrasov bitterly sneers at the all-enduring and patient Russian people. It seems that every three-line (respectively, a couple of lines of quatrains) is a new sigh, full of sad images and thoughts. Some lines have an ellipsis at the end. There is no call for rebellion in the poem; rather, there is a feeling of hopelessness in it (“ruin... And the author copes with this hopelessness in the way that is customary among the common people and in folk art.
In these lines, the peasant woman is associated with the Muse, singing about the eternal patience of the Russian people (remember the poem of the same name by Nekrasov). Not everything that is felt and thought is fully expressed in these lines. The poem has a plot (for Nekrasov this is a common phenomenon), and in the first line the author shows the place and time of action. Suffice it to recall the song “Salty” from “A Feast for the Whole World” (by the way, “salty tears” are also in this poem: “are salty tears tasty, dear ...”).
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov
The village suffering is in full swing...
Share you! - Russian women's share!
Hardly any more difficult to find.
No wonder you wither before your time,
All-bearing Russian tribe
Long-suffering mother!
The heat is unbearable: the plain is treeless,
Fields, mowing and the expanse of heaven -
The sun is beating down mercilessly.
The poor woman is exhausted,
A column of insects sways above her,
It stings, tickles, buzzes!
Lifting a heavy roe deer,
The woman cut her bare leg -
There is no time to stop the bleeding!
A cry is heard from the neighboring strip,
Baba there - her kerchiefs are disheveled, -
We need to rock the baby!
Why did you stand over him in stupor?
Sing him a song about eternal patience,
Sing, patient mother!..
Are there tears, is there sweat above her eyelashes,
Really, it’s hard to say.
In this jug, plugged with a dirty rag,
They'll go down - no matter!
Here she is with her singed lips
Greedily brings it to the edges...
Are salty tears tasty, dear?
Half and half sour kvass?..
Nekrasov's mother, Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya, got married without receiving parental consent. They did not want to give their smart and well-mannered daughter in marriage to the lieutenant and wealthy landowner Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov.
Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov
As often happens in life, in the end the girl’s parents turned out to be right. Elena Andreevna saw little happiness in marriage. Her husband often brutally dealt with peasants and organized orgies with serf girls. Both his wife and numerous children got it - Nikolai Alekseevich had thirteen sisters and brothers. The horrors he saw and experienced at a young age had a strong influence on all of Nekrasov’s work. In particular, love and compassion for the mother are reflected in numerous poems dedicated to the difficult lot of a simple Russian woman. One of the most popular is “The village suffering is in full swing...” (1862).
The action of the work takes place in the summer - the most stressful time for peasants. There was a lot of work, but there were often not enough hands. The main character of the text is a peasant woman, forced to work in the field in the unbearable heat, under the rays of the scorching sun. At the very beginning of the poem, a thesis is given, which Nekrasov will later prove with the help of vivid examples:
Share you! - Russian female share!
Hardly any more difficult to find.
In the field, a woman is annoyed not only by the unbearable heat, but also by hordes of insects - buzzing, stinging, tickling. While lifting a heavy scythe, the peasant woman cut her leg, but she doesn’t even have enough time to stop the bleeding. Nearby, her little child began to cry and needed to be calmed and rocked to sleep. She stopped near the cradle in literally a moment of confusion caused by inhuman fatigue. The lyrical hero, on whose behalf the story about the unfortunate peasant woman is told, with pain and bitter irony advises her to sing to the child “a song about eternal patience.” It is not clear whether the woman has sweat or tears under her eyelashes. One way or another, they are destined to sink into a jug of sour kvass, plugged with a dirty rag.
The poem “The village suffering is in full swing...” was created after the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire. Nekrasov had a sharply negative attitude towards this reform. In his opinion, the life of a simple Russian worker has not changed much. Nikolai Alekseevich believed that the peasants got out of one bondage only to immediately fall into another. In the text under consideration, such thoughts are not directly expressed, but are implied. The heroine of the work is apparently a formally free woman, but has this made her hard labor any easier? For Nekrasov, the negative answer to the question is quite obvious.
The image of a peasant woman concentrates the features of a typical simple Russian woman, who will stop a galloping horse, enter a burning hut, cook food, and raise a child, and sometimes not just one, but several. Her only drawback, according to Nekrasov, is that she is too patient, because there are times when it is simply necessary to object and rebel. It is extremely important that the peasant woman is not just a good hardworking worker, but also a caring mother. The image of a mother who endlessly loves her child and gives him all her tenderness runs through all of Nekrasov’s work. The poet dedicated a number of works to his own mother - “A Knight for an Hour”, “Last Songs”, “Mother”, because it was she, depicted as a sufferer, a victim of a rough and depraved environment, who brightened up the difficult hours of Nikolai Alekseevich’s childhood. It is not surprising that her features were reflected in a significant part of the female images depicted in his lyrics.
The poem “The village suffering is in full swing” was written in 1862 and published in Sovremennik No. 4 for 1863. It was repeatedly set to music.
Literary direction and genre
The poem belongs to the genre of philosophical lyrics. These are thoughts about the difficult lot of the Russian peasant woman. Her work did not become easier after the abolition of serfdom.
Nekrasov knew firsthand about the difficult fate of the woman. His mother was unhappy in her marriage. The daughter of a wealthy Ukrainian landowner, who received a good education, she played the piano and had a beautiful voice, she was gentle and kind. Nekrasov’s mother suffered a lot from her husband, a rude man. She raised her many children tenderly and instilled in everyone a love of literature and people, regardless of their social status.
A realistic description of a peasant woman is traditional and typical. Her work is endless, hard and meaningless, it is associated with pain and inconvenience. Her life is meaningless.
Theme, main idea and composition
The theme of the poem is the fate of a Russian woman, whom Nekrasov calls the mother of the entire Russian tribe, thereby elevating her image to an almost divine one.
The main idea: the poem is imbued with sympathy for the unfortunate mother, for her poor child and for the entire Russian people, who, like his mother, will endure everything. But is it worth it to humble yourself and endure?
The poem consists of 9 stanzas. The first 2 stanzas are an appeal to the female lot and to the Russian woman herself.
The next 2 stanzas describe the conditions of hard female labor. They are similar to biblical punishments: unbearable heat, stinging insects and backbreaking work.
Stanzas 5 and 6 increase the tension. Even a cut leg is not a reason to stop working. Only the cry of a child makes a woman stop.
Stanza 7 – the lyrical hero’s address to his mother. She seems to have forgotten about her maternal responsibilities, so the lyrical hero bitterly calls on her to rock the child and sing to him about patience.
The penultimate stanza is about how a peasant woman drinks bitter kvass with sweat and tears, and the last one is a gentle question to the “sweetheart”, an indirect call to change a hopeless situation. The lyrical hero sympathizes with his people.
Paths and images
The first line of the poem is the time, the place of action, and the action itself. This is expressed in a metaphor: village suffering is in full swing. The word strada (hard seasonal work) immediately refers to the etymologically related word suffering. The poem begins with the fact that suffering is synonymous with the lot of a Russian woman.
The severity of this share is described using metaphors: you wither before time, the poor woman is exhausted, tears and sweat will go into the jug and will be drunk. The last metaphor is close to a symbol. A woman is filled with bitterness and salt from tears and sweat, and even does it voluntarily, involuntarily mixing it with the traditional refreshing drink - sour kvass. Strong and unpleasant tastes are also part of her torment.
The woman is described using epithets: long-suffering mother, poor woman, little leg naked, greedily brings his lips up scorched, tears salty.
Epithets characterize nature hostile to humans: heat intolerable, plain treeless, width celestial, Sun mercilessly scorches, roe deer heavy, jug, plugged dirty a rag.
Diminutive suffixes bring speech closer to song: roe deer, little leg, share, kerchiefs, rag, kvass, strip.
The seventh stanza is the culmination of the epic plot of the poem. The woman stands over the child in stupefaction. This is her true state, accompanying eternal patience (it’s not for nothing that Nekrasov rhymed these words). Double tautology in the same stanza ( patiently sing the song of eternal patience) draws attention to the main thing: thanks to this patience, the Russian tribe all-enduring, and his mother long-suffering(epithets).
Meter and rhyme
The poem is written in dactyl. In seven tercets, two lines of dactyl tetrameter alternate with a line of trimeter.
In the last two quatrains, tetrameter and trimeter dactyl also alternate. This varied meter brings the poem closer to a folk lament. This feeling is enhanced by the unusual rhyme. The rhyme pattern in the tercets is as follows: A’A’b B’V’b G’G’d E’E’d Zh’Zh’z I’I’z K’K’z. The last two quatrains are connected by cross rhyme. This is a conclusion that requires rhythmic clarity. Dactylic rhyme alternates with masculine rhyme, which is typical for folk songs.
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Nekrasov’s poems, dedicated to the fate of a peasant woman, are filled with motives of mournful sympathy, surprise and admiration for her daily feat. The poet, of course, cannot call this share happy, but there are moments of happiness and joy even in such a difficult life as the author described, for example, in the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” If a peasant family knew how to work and sought to ensure prosperity, then it was possible to achieve prosperity.
The heroine of the poem, Daria, lived in peace and harmony with her husband Proclus, was not afraid of hard work, and raised children. However, after the unexpected, early death of her husband, the peasant woman is left alone with misfortune and difficulties that are beyond the capabilities of a single woman. Plowing and sowing, working in the fields, mowing grass, reaping and threshing rye, preparing firewood in winter - this is not easy for a strong man alone. Therefore, Daria feels that she is doomed, that the family will now experience poverty, hunger, and insurmountable melancholy. The life of a young peasant woman ends tragically: tired of overwork, she falls asleep and freezes in the forest, where she went alone to chop wood.
Russian women, glorified by Nekrasov, were not weak-willed and defenseless, despite the fact that they often remained powerless under the conditions of serfdom or the traditional family structure. However, the peasant women considered it a sin to succumb to despondency; they tried not to show their fatigue to anyone, avoided heavy thoughts about their unhappy lot, and only alone with themselves could they drop their stingy tears into a jug, quenching their thirst during field work, as described in the poem “In full swing village suffering..."
Nekrasov depicts the everyday life of a peasant woman with harsh strokes:
Lifting a heavy roe deer,
The woman cut her bare leg -
There is no time to stop the bleeding!
And therefore the poet’s conclusion is disappointing:
No wonder you wither before your time,
All-bearing Russian tribe
Long-suffering mother!
The poet calls the woman a patient mother, since she has to overcome not only mortal fatigue from overwork, but also pity for the small, infant children who were taken with her into the field. Sometimes the need to abandon a child because of trips to the field or haymaking turned into a tragedy: children died, as happened in the family of Matryona Timofeevna, the heroine of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
Matryona Timofeevna was considered lucky, and therefore happy, by her fellow villagers, who noted the external beauty of this woman, her strength of character, and her intelligence. However, Matryona herself told a lot about her lot that one cannot envy: she suffered slander, and the unfair, cruel attitude of her mother-in-law towards her:
Whatever they tell me, I work,
No matter how much they scold me, I remain silent...
The birth of a child brought joy, but motherhood also brought new challenges, since no one freed her from everyday peasant labor in the field, at home, and in the forest. And yet, it was Matryona Timofeevna who earned the respect of people, because she managed to fight for the future of her family, achieved the return home of the father of the family, her husband Philip, who was illegally taken into the army.
“Russian woman’s share” is difficult, difficult, but the peasant woman depicted by N.A. Nekrasov remains beautiful both externally and in soul, with her inner world, surprising with her strong character, tempered will, and ability to raise good children, worthy citizens of the Fatherland.
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