Definition of what an ending is. The role of endings and prepositions in a sentence. Dictionary of linguistic terms

ENDING

Completion, the end of something.

The final part of a literary work.

Part of a word that changes with declension, conjugation and when words change by gender; inflection (in linguistics).

Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012

What does ending represent?

An ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often found at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that one can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word “mainland” the ending -a indicates that this word is singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word “thinks” the ending -et indicates that this construction is third person singular.

Cases when the ending is not at the very end of the word

Some people may have difficulty determining the ending because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending may be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in a word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: cleaning up, someone, SOMETHING, let's go.

In complex cardinal numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØtenØ, fourhundred. However, you should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are derived from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousand, eight-story, three-year, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

Endings are a very significant morpheme because they completely influence the lexical meaning of the word and the entire sentence as a whole. After all, sometimes the easiest way to identify foreigners among a crowd of people is precisely because the correct use of endings in words is very difficult for them.

All endings in words can indicate the following grammatical meanings:

Number, gender and case for such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also singular and neuter); adjective (for example: clean canvas - the ending -о indicates the singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: washed linen - the ending -о also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and neuter gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -е also indicates a word in the singular, nominative case and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -о indicates a word in the singular neuter and the nominative case) ;

Only case for some pronouns (for example: there is no something - the ending -о speaks of the genitive case) and parts of numerals (there are no seven - the ending -i says that this word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers for verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I am writing - a first person singular verb);

Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - a feminine and singular verb).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise when determining the ending if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to understand what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without any endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed either by letters or sounds. that this type of ending is not expressed materially in any way, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it is imperative to designate it in the form of an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

The following types of words have a zero ending in Russian:

First person nouns in genitive and plural. For example: birds, seals, cows, pets.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of the singular masculine, for example: resourceful, individual, inclined, magnificent, detained, armed.

The zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine nouns in the third declension. For example: cockroach, parkan, felt, oven, speech, night.

Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fatherØ, motherØ, cowØ, foxØ, SerezhinØ.

Singular verbs in the imperative mood. For example: teach, watch, help, translate, ask.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spokeØ - would speakØ, listenØ - listenØ would, voteØ - voteØ would, askØ - askØ would.

People often confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, let's consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following unchangeable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, auto, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: Bordeaux, khaki, marengo, netto, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third party, for example: their, her, his;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an unchanging part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, altered;

Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All participles, since this part of speech took its indeclinability from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washed, understood, read, remembered, remembered, parsed, realized;

All auxiliary parts of speech, for example: so that, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, uh, ah, slap, bang, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in the case where -т and -ти is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, worry, act.

Also, during morphological analysis, words that do not have endings at all should not be marked in writing with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are unchangeable, unlike words with a zero ending.

How to determine the ending?

To determine the ending in any word, it is enough to simply inflect it by case. That part of the word that will change is it. This is how it is easy to identify the zero ending. Examples of words with this ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

		Singular	Plural	Immutable word
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? Why?		mirrors
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental		mirror	mirrors
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		mirrorsAH

In this example, it is noticeable how easily you can define this morpheme in words. Since the word “plisse” is not declined according to cases, it is a word without an ending, and in the word “mirror” only the root and zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, the most common words are words that use only a root and a zero ending among their morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, during morphemic analysis of which you can see a prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in the Russian language. For example: put on makeup, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, armed.

Soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that a soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not indicate any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that precedes it. If a word ends in a soft sign, then it should be considered to have a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the designs just, away, gallop there is a soft sign at the end; these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of morphemic analysis of a word

The ending is the only part of a word that changes. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to only slightly modify the word.

Minor difficulties that could arise in correctly determining the ending are to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was clarified what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.

In addition to the usual variable words in the Russian language, there are words without endings. These words refer to unchangeable parts of speech, such as gerunds and adverbs. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what an ending is.

The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, a morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, and case. Usually the ending stands at the end of a word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may appear in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed by number, case, etc. Words that do not change have no endings.

In the Russian language there are two types of parts of speech - independent and auxiliary. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech; they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent parts of speech. That's why they have endings. There are words with a lexical base without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-valued parts of speech, but they do not change over the course of historical circumstances and therefore have no endings. Prepositions complete these words.

To change the meaning of an unchangeable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee - masculine, singular. This definition comes from the adjective (black) that complements the unchangeable word.

Unchangeable words also include those borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, puree. Adverbs are one of the unchangeable full-meaning words - quickly, highly. In such words, the last letter “o” is often mistakenly considered to be the ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The participle, like everyone else, is an unchangeable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of an adverb: having restrained, having read.

Words ending in zero

Another example is words without an ending that, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to number, case, the ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases zero endings. In its initial form there is no ending.

The Old Church Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending when the form was changed, under the influence of cases and number. Col, table. Over time, the letter became obsolete and fell out of use, and words began to be written without it.

Words without endings in borrowed words

Borrowed words in many publishing houses are used as native words, for example, lie, safari, madam. But many such words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, subway. Words have vowels at the end; they are often perceived as endings. In fact, the entire word is the basis that we encounter almost every day. It is important to remember that such words do not change. Illiterate speaking: playing the piano, grandma with a coat, a roll with coffee.

Examples of words without endings

Below are words that do not have endings:

Magneto.
Veto.
Sushi.
Variety show.
Bungalow.
Balance.
Libretto.
Milady.
Casino.
Pony.
Indigo.

Words without a part of the word ending and unchangeable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings when declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word “piano” is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word “night” has the ending “and” - night when it is plural.

ENDING

ENDING, endings, wed. (book).

1. Completion, the end of something. End of work. He left without waiting for the performance to end.

2. The final part of a literary work. The ending of the novel is in the next book of the magazine. The ending follows (i.e. it will be published in the next issue of the magazine or newspaper).

3. Inflection, part of a word that changes when declension, conjugation or change of words according to gender (gram.). The ending in the word "houses" is "ami".

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Synonyms:

See what “ENDING” is in other dictionaries:

Cm … Synonym dictionary

Ending- the final part of a work printed in an issue (number, volume) of a serial publication, which was published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this publication. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

ending- ENDING, consummation, completion, end, ending FINAL, final, last, book. definitive END / END, come to an end / come to an end, come to an end / come to an end, end / end, end / end,... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

In the verse see clause...

Same as flexion... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ENDING, I, Wed. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of something. Prosperous Fr. stories. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case o. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ending- radio channel The physical location of the radio equipment antenna (ITU R F.1399). Topics: telecommunications, basic concepts Synonyms of radio channel EN radio termination ... Technical Translator's Guide

ENDING- (termination). The part of a word added to the stem when the word is grammatically modified, in both Latin and Greek... Terms of botanical nomenclature

ending- wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end continuation, modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approaching / moving away (not)… … Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

Noun, s., used. compare often Morphology: (no) what? endings, what? ending, (see) what? ending with what? ending, about what? about completion; pl. What? ending, (no) what? endings, what? endings, (see) what? endings, what? endings, oh... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

End of time. The future of humanity. Conversations with David Bohm, Krishnamurti Jiddu, Bom David. Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) is one of the most prominent spiritual teachers of the 20th century, a man who abandoned the role of the messiah out of love for truth, which he called “a country without roads.” David Bohm...
End of time. The future of humanity. Conversations between Jiddu Krishnamurti and David Bohm, Krishnamurti Jiddu. Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) is one of the most outstanding spiritual teachers of the 20th century, a man who abandoned the role of the messiah out of love for truth, which he called 171;a country without roads 187;...

Read it. Do you understand what idea is expressed in this sentence?

Daughter_listening_mom_.

Let's add parts to the words.

Daughter A listening no mom at.

Daughter at listening no mom A.

Daughter And listening ut mom at.

This part of the word that contributed its meaning is called the ending.

In order to connect words with each other in speech, we change their.

The part of the word that changes is this is the ending.

The ending is usually found at the end of the word after the root or suffix. It is distinguished by an icon that looks like a rectangular frame.

So, ending- this is a variable part of a word, with the help of which words are associated with each other.

Since the ending is the variable part of the word, the word needs to be changed.

Let's take the floor table.

It can be changed by numbers and by question commands (cases). We will highlight the part of the word that has changed.

In a word table the ending is first “invisible” and then appears; highlight the “invisible” ending with an empty frame. He is called zero ending.

So, to find the ending, the word needs to be changed by numbers or by the command of one or two questions.

Let's find the endings in the words: house, big, painted. To do this, let's change the words by numbers and by command of one or two questions.

We changed the words. In variations of the same word, only the endings are different, other parts are the same. The meaning conveyed by the ending is said to be: ending value.

For example, let's read words with a plural meaning. ( Houses, houses, big, paint, paint). The endings -a, -ov, -ie, -yat, -im indicated it.

Scientists named the meaning of the ending grammatical(from the Greek “gram” - “letter”)

Imagine that you are sculpting from plasticine. You can first make one figure from one piece, and then crush it and mold another. In your hands, a piece of plasticine changed its shape every time form.

We do the same with words when we use them in speech. The word can change, or, as scientists say, change your shape.

Every change in a word is its form. Forms of the same word often differ endings.

Let's look at the words: paint, paint, repaint, paint.

Are these changes to one word or different words?

The ending of the words is the same - -ish.

These words differ in their basics. These are different words.

The part of a word without an ending is called the stem of the word. The base is separated from the ending on the letter by an icon.

The word will help you understand this name (base) basic.

Each word has its own meaning, its own meaning. It is stored primarily in root. The meaning of the root can be supplemented by the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.

The meaning of the word is basic, which distinguishes it from other words. Therefore, that part of it that conveys meaning is called basis words.

The meaning of a word, which is conveyed by its stem, is called: meaning of stem words. Scientists called the meaning of the base lexical(from the Greek “lexis” - “word, speech”).

Let's compare the words. Which column contains different words, and which column contains changes in the form of one word?

1. birch

on a birch

under the birch

birch trees

2. birch

birch forest

birch

boletus

In the first column, the words differ in endings.

The basis of the words is the same (berez-).

When the endings are different, they are forms of the same word.

In the second column, the words have different stems (birch-, birch-, birch-, boletus-).

When words have different stems, they are different words.

These words have the same root, since they have the same root (-birch-) and the words are close in meaning.

Initial form of the word:

Read the text and find the forms of one word.

The crane is the tallest bird. The legs are long, the neck is long. The nose is long too. And the voice is loud - you can hear it three kilometers away.(According to N. Sladkov)

length s(which?)

length and I(which?)

length th(Which?)

These are forms of one word, since the endings are different.

One of the forms of the word is initial.

Every word has a first initial form, from which its changes begin. The word is usually named after it.

The initial form of the adjective answers the question which?

Which? - long, stentorian. These adjectives are in the initial form.

The initial form of a noun is the singular form. numbers that answer the questions who? or what? There are never any excuses with her.

Who? - crane, bird, what? - neck, nose, voice

The initial form of the verb answers the question: what to do? or what to do? To put a verb into its initial form, you need to execute the command of one of these questions.

What to do? - hear.

We put the words in the initial form:

Let's put the words in their initial form. First, let's ask a question and determine the part of speech.

Behind the porch - behind what?, noun, what? - porch.

Blue - which one?, adj. name, which one? - blue.

Invents - what does he do?, verb, what to do? - invent.

Will come up with - what will he do?, verb, what to do? - come up with.

You might be interested to know that not all words have endings.

For example, nouns that do not change have no endings: subway, coat, cinema, piano, highway and others.

Verbs in the initial form do not have endings. What to do? jump, carry, bake. What to do? write, bring, bake.

And other words that you will become familiar with in high school.

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Preparation for Russian language exams:

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what ENDING is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: