2.1.1, 3.1.1, Appendix 5

5. REPUBLICATION. (DECEMBER 1997) with AMENDMENT No. 1, adopted by Resolution of the Gosstroy of Russia dated December 2, 1993 No. 18-51, put into effect from July 1, 1994

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

This standard applies to sandy, silty, and clayey soils and establishes methods for laboratory determination of the filtration coefficient when studying soils for construction.

The standard does not apply to sandy, silty and clayey soils in a frozen state and does not establish the filtration coefficient for chemical suffusion of soils.

Explanations of the terms used in the standard are given in.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The filtration coefficient is the rate of water filtration with a pressure gradient equal to unity and a linear filtration law.

1.2. The filtration coefficient is determined on samples of undisturbed (natural) composition or disturbed composition

given density.

1.3. Selection, packaging, transportation of soil samples of undisturbed composition must be carried out in accordance with GOST 12071.

2. DETERMINATION OF THE FILTRATION COEFFICIENT OF SAND SOILS

2.1. Equipment and instruments

2.1.1. The set of equipment for determining the filtration coefficient should include:

device KF-00M;

Square laboratory scales (VLK) or laboratory scales general purpose according to GOST 24104 with a set of weights for them according to GOST 7328;

GOST 28498;

stopwatch;

screw press;

plates are flat with a smooth surface (glass, plexiglass or metal).

2.1.2. The KF-00M device, the design of which is shown in the drawing, must include:

filtration tube consisting of a straight hollow cylinder internal diameter 56.5 mm and 100 mm high with pointed edges, perforated bottom with holes measuring (2´2) mm (or 2 mm in diameter) and couplings with brass meshes, glass measuring bottle with a volume of 140 cm3 and a height of 110-115 mm with a volume scale filterable liquid; a telescopic device for saturating the soil with water and regulating the pressure gradient, consisting of a stand, a lifting screw, a bar with a pressure gradient scale from 0 to 1 with a division value of 0.02; housing with lid.

Note. To determine the filtration coefficient, it is allowed to use devices whose design is similar to KF-00M (KF-01, PKF-3 Soyuzdorniy, FV-3).

1 - cylinder; 2 - coupling; 3 - perforated bottom; 4 - brass mesh;
5- stand; 6- frame; 7 - lid; 8 - lifting screw;
9 - glass bottle with a scale for the volume of filtered liquid;
10 - bar with pressure gradient scale; 11 - test soil sample

2.1.3. The cylinder, bar with pressure gradient scale, mesh, lifting screw must be made of non-corrosive metal.

2.1.4. Measuring instruments, used to determine the soil filtration coefficient, must be verified in accordance with technical documentation.

2.2. Preparing for the test

2.2.1. The soil should be prepared for testing in the following sequence:

sand and water intended to determine the filtration coefficient are kept in the laboratory until their temperature equalizes the air temperature;

remove the filtration tube from the device body and disassemble it;

fill the cylinder with the test soil in accordance with the procedure established in paragraph , ;

water is poured into the housing and the stand is raised by rotating the lifting screw until the pressure gradient mark on the bar aligns with the upper edge of the housing cover;

place the cylinder with soil on the stand and, by rotating the lifting screw, slowly immerse it in the water contained in the body to the pressure gradient mark of 0.8 and leave it in this position until the soil is moistened. During the process of water saturation of the soil, a constant water level is maintained at the upper edge of the body;

place a brass mesh on the soil sample and place it on the cylinder; coupling, by rotating the lifting screw, lower the filtration tube to the lowest position and leave for 15 minutes.

2.2.3. Place a bottom with a brass mesh covered with circles of gauze over the cylinder with the soil sample.

Where V - cylinder volume, cm3;

r- given density, g/cm3;

w - soil moisture, fractions of a unit;

r s - density of soil particles, g/cm3

e- porosity coefficient.

If the soil mass m does not fit into the cylinder, it is compacted by compaction.

2.2.5. Filling the cylinder with the test soil in an extremely loose and extremely dense state is performed in the following order:

a cylinder with a bottom and a brass mesh covered with a circle of gauze is weighed;

to obtain a sample in an extremely loose state, the cylinder is filled with soil, pouring it from a height of 5 - 10 cm without compaction, in an extremely dense state - in layers 1 - 2 cm thick with compaction of each layer by compaction;

clean the surface of the soil sample flush with the edges of the cylinder and weigh the cylinder with soil; determine the density of the soil according to GOST 5180.

2.3. Testing

2.3.1. The soil filtration coefficient is determined in the following order:

by rotating the lifting screw, install the cylinder with the soil until the mark of the required pressure gradient on the bar aligns with the upper edge of the housing cover and add water into the housing to its upper edge. Tests are carried out with a gradual increase in pressure gradient values;

measure the water temperature;

fill a measuring glass cylinder with water and, covering its hole with a finger, turn it over with the hole down, bring it as close as possible to the cylinder with soil and, removing the finger, quickly insert it into the coupling of the filtration tube so that its neck comes into contact with the brass mesh, and small particles rise evenly into the cylinder air bubbles. If large air bubbles break into the measuring cylinder, then it must be lowered lower until small bubbles appear;

mark the time when the water level reaches the scale division of the measuring cylinder, marked with the number 10 (or 20) cm3, taking this time as the beginning of water filtration. Subsequently, the time is recorded when the water level reaches, respectively, divisions of 20, 30, 40, 50 (or 20, 40, 60, 80) cm3 or other multiple values. Four counts are taken.

2.4. Processing the results

2.4.1.Filtration coefficient K10, m/day, reduced to filtration conditions at a temperature of 10 °C, calculated by the formula

Where Vw - volume of filtered water during one measurement, cm3;

tm- average duration of filtration (based on measurements at the same water flow rates), s;

A- cross-sectional area of ​​the filtration tube cylinder, cm2 ,

J - pressure gradient;

T = (0,7 + 0,03 Tf) - amendment to bring the filtration coefficient value to the conditions of water filtration at a temperature of 10 °C, where Tf- actual water temperature during testing, °C;

2.4.2. The filtration coefficient is calculated to the second significant digit.

2.4.3. To calculate the filtration coefficient, a table of calculated data should be compiled for a constant flow of water from the cylinder certain area cross section at different pressure gradients and temperatures.

3. DETERMINATION OF FILTRATION COEFFICIENT
silty and clayey soils

3.1.Equipment and devices

3.1.1. The set of equipment for determining the filtration coefficient of clay soils should include:

a compression-filtration device that allows testing under load with a variable pressure gradient;

quadrant laboratory scales (VLK.) or general purpose in accordance with GOST 24104 with a set of GOST 7328;

thermometer with a measurement error of no more than 0.5 °C according to GOST 28498;

stopwatch;

stainless steel knife with a straight blade;

screw press;

flat plates with smooth surface(glass, plexiglass or metal).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

3.1.2. The compression and filtration device should include:

a tray with a water container and a fitting on the side; ring (cylinder) for a soil sample with a pointed lower edge;

metal filters that ensure free flow of water to the sample and its removal;

nozzle (roof) on the ring;

a piezometer with a diameter of 0.4 cm (with fast filtration up to 1 cm, with slow filtration - 0.1-0.2 cm), connected to the device through a fitting and a tee; if there are two piezometers in the device, their diameter must be the same.;

arrester - a device to prevent swelling of a soil sample when it is saturated with water;

indicator with a scale division of 0.01 mm for measuring vertical deformations of a soil sample;

mechanism of vertical load on the sample.

3.1.3. The design of the compression and filtration device must ensure:

tightness of all joints of the device;

no trapped air bubbles;

creation of a specified pressure gradient (up to 100);

supplying water to the soil sample from bottom up or top down and draining it;

centered load transfer to the soil sample;

transfer of pressure to the soil sample in steps;

constant pressure at each stage;

immobility of the ring with soil during testing;

measurement of vertical soil deformations with an accuracy of 0.01 mm;

the load on the sample created by the filter, measuring equipment and unbalanced parts is not more than 0.0025 MPa.

3.1.4. Parts of the device that come into contact with water must be made of non-corrosive material.

3.1.5. Compression and filtration devices must be calibrated at least once a year.

Indicators must be verified in accordance with technical documentation.

3.2. Preparing for the test

3.2.1. Water and soil intended to determine the filtration coefficient are kept in the laboratory until their temperature equalizes the air temperature.

3.2.2. Prepare a soil sample (), having previously lubricated inner surface rings with technical Vaseline.

Samples are taken from the remains of the cut soil to determine moisture content according to GOST 5180.

When filling the ring with soil, it is necessary to take into account in which direction relative to the natural bedding the filtration coefficient is determined.

Filter paper moistened with water and cut along the inner diameter of the ring is applied to the lower and upper surfaces of the soil.

If the set pressure is pstr(corresponding to structural strength), then the sample is loaded in pressure steps of 0.0025 MPa until compression begins according to GOST 12248.

3.2.6. Preparation of samples of clayey soil of disturbed composition

3.2.6.1. To prepare clay soil samples with specified density values, it is necessary to knead the soil with a pestle with a rubber tip until lumps larger than 2 mm disappear and determine the soil moisture content according to GOST 5180.

3.2.6.2. The mass of soil, which in the volume of the ring should provide a given density value, is calculated by.

If the value of dry soil density (pd), g/cm3 is specified, then the mass of soil in the volume of the ring is calculated using the formula

3.2.6.3. Fill the ring with prepared soil of the required mass.

If it is not possible to lay all the soil manually, then use a press.

3.2.6.4. Cover the ends of the soil sample with circles of wet filter paper and perform sequential operations step - .

3.3. Carrying out the test

3.3.1. Pour water into the piezometer and set the initial pressure corresponding to the specified pressure gradient.

The initial pressure is equal to the height of the water column from its constant level above the soil sample to the level in the piezometer.

In devices that have two piezometers connected to a lid and a tray, the initial pressure is equal to the difference in levels in the piezometers. When studying filtration in a downward flow, the piezometer connected to the top of the device should be filled to the top mark, and the piezometer connected to the bottom to the bottom mark and vice versa.

3.3.2. Open the tap(s) connecting the piezometer(s) to the device, and note the start time of water filtration.

3.3.3. The number of divisions by which the water level in the piezometer has dropped (rised) is measured at regular intervals and the water temperature with an accuracy of 0.5 °C.

The piezometer readings are made depending on the filtration rate. Counting time intervals can be 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes 1 hour, with slow filtration - twice, at the beginning and at the end of the working day. Make at least six readings.

If the water level in the piezometer decreases by one division for a time exceeding 40 s, then the piezometers should be replaced with thinner tubes.

3.3.4. After the test, determine the humidity and density of the soil according to GOST 5180.

3.4 Processing of results

3.4.1. Soil filtration coefficient ( TO 10), m/day, reduced to filtration conditions at a temperature of 10 °C, is calculated using the formula

,

Where S- observed drop in water level in the piezometer, measured from the initial level, cm;

H 0 - initial pressure, cm;

Dimensionless coefficient determined by ;

t - time of water level drop, s;

A n is the cross-sectional area of ​​the piezometer, cm2;

AK- ring area, cm2;

h- height of the soil sample equal to the height of the ring, cm;

T= (0,7+0,03 Tf) - correction to bring the filtration coefficient value to the conditions of water filtration at a temperature of 10 °C, where Tf- actual water temperature during the experiment, °C;

864 - conversion factor (from cm/s to m/day).

3.4.2. The filtration coefficient is calculated for each piezometer reading.

The arithmetic mean of the individual calculated values ​​is taken as the filtration coefficient of the soil sample.

The filtration coefficient is expressed to the second significant digit.

3.4.3. To calculate the filtration coefficient, auxiliary tables are compiled, divided into two factors:

AND (5)

ANNEX 1

Information

TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS

Pressure gradient- the ratio of the difference in water pressure to the length of the filtration path.

Soil mass- a property of a body or substance that characterizes its inertia and ability to create a gravitational field (scalar quantity).

Soil density- mass per unit volume of soil.

Dry soil density- the ratio of the mass of dry soil (excluding the mass of water in its pores) to its original volume.

Soil particle density- the mass of a unit volume of soil without pores or the mass of a unit volume of solid soil particles.

Porosity coefficient- the ratio of pore volume to the volume of solid soil particles.

Granulometric composition of the soil- content by mass of groups of soil particles (fractions) of various sizes in relation to the total mass of absolutely dry soil.

Air-dry soil condition- condition of soil dried in air.

Extremely loose soil condition- soil condition at minimum density.

Extremely dense soil condition- soil condition at maximum density.

APPENDIX 2

APPENDIX 3

Organization (laboratory) __________________________________________

APPENDIX 4

Mandatory

Meanings and

APPENDIX 5

Mandatory

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

DETERMINATION OF THE FILTRATION COEFFICIENT OF SAND SOILS USED IN ROAD AND AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION.

1. This method applies to sandy soils used in road and airfield construction for the installation of drainage and frost-protective layers of road and airfield pavement and a protective layer under ballast prism railway track.

The filtration coefficient is determined on soil samples of disturbed composition at maximum density and optimal humidity, the values ​​of which are pre-set according to GOST 22733.

2. Equipment and instruments

2.1. The set of equipment for determining the filtration coefficient should include:

Soyuzdornia device for determining the filtration coefficient sandy soils( , must include:

Filtration tube consisting of a straight cylinder with an internal diameter of 50.5 mm and a height of 220 mm, a removable perforated bottom with holes with a diameter of 3 mm and a brass mesh with a mesh size of 0.25 mm;

Piezometer with divisions from 0 to 50 mm;

Stand for tube with slots in the side walls and holes in the bottom;

A glass to create a pressure gradient equal to one;

3. Preparationand to the test

3.1. The soil is prepared for testing as follows:

Sand and water intended to determine the filtration coefficient are kept in the laboratory until their temperature equalizes the air temperature;

Sandy soil, previously dried to an air-dry state, is sifted through a sieve with 5 mm holes and its hygroscopic humidity is determined according to GOST 5180;

A soil sample weighing at least 450 g is taken into a porcelain cup using the quartering method;

Using a measuring cylinder, moisten the selected sample to optimal humidity and keep it in a desiccator with water for at least 2 hours; Large and medium-sized sands may not be kept in a desiccator.

3.2.Volume of water required for humidification Q, cm3, determined by the formula

A removable perforated bottom with a brass mesh covered with a circle of gauze moistened with water is attached to the tube and placed on a rigid massive base;

A weighed amount of wet soil m1 divided into three portions and sequentially placed in a tube, compacting each of them using a tamper, producing 40 blows of the load from a height of 300 mm; before laying each portion, the surface of the previous compacted portion is loosened with a knife to a depth of 1 - 2 mm;

Use a ruler to measure the distance from the top edge of the tube to the surface of the compacted soil; measurements are carried out at least at three points; the average value is taken into account.

If the height of the soil sample in the tube is more than 100 mm, additional compaction is carried out, which is completed when the sample height is (100 + 1)mm.

A layer of gravel (fraction 2 - 5 mm) 5 - 10 mm thick is laid on the soil surface.

3.5. Place the tube with soil on a stand and place it together in a glass, which is gradually filled with water to the top.

Place the glass with the tube in the water container and fill it to a level 10 - 15 mm above the gravel layer.

After water appears in the tube above the gravel layer, add water to top part tube at approximately 1/3 of its height.

3.6. Remove the glass with the tube from the container and place it on the pallet. In this case, the initial gradient of water pressure in the soil sample is equal to unity.

4. Pconducting the test

4.1. The test is carried out in the following order:

Add water to the tube at least 5 mm above the zero mark;

When water flows out through the perforated bottom, use a stopwatch to determine the drop in the water level in the piezometer from 0 to 50 mm.

This operation is repeated at least four times, each time adding water into the tube 5 mm above the zero mark. The average time the water level drops is taken into account. If individual readings deviate from the arithmetic mean by more than 10%, the number of determinations should be increased.

When the water level drops in the piezometer for more than 2 minutes, it is allowed to reduce the height of the level drop.

If the fall time is more than 10 minutes, it is allowed to test at an initial pressure gradient of two. In this case, the tube with the stand is removed from the glass and placed directly on the tray.

4.2. During the entire test, the water level in the tube is not allowed to drop below the gravel layer.

4.3. The difference between the density of dry soil in the tube and the maximum density established according to GOST 22733 should not exceed 0.02 g/cm3. Otherwise, the test is repeated.

The density of dry soil in the tube rdi, g/cm3, is calculated using the formula:

, (8)

Where Vi- actual volume of soil in the tube, cm3;

w i is the actual soil moisture in the tube, fractions of a unit.

5. Processing of results

5.1. Filtration coefficient of sandy soil TO10 , m/day, reduced to filtration conditions at a temperature of 10 °C. calculated by the formula

(9)

Where h- height of the soil sample in the tube, cm;

S, H0, j(S/ H0 ), t, T, 864 - the designations are the same as in .

5.2 The number of private definitions of the filtration coefficient must be at least three.

GOST 25584-90

INTERSTATE STANDARD

METHODS OF LABORATORY DETERMINATION
FILTRATION RATIO

STATE CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE OF THE USSR
Moscow

INTERSTATE STANDARD

This standard applies to sandy, silty, and clayey soils and establishes methods for laboratory determination of the filtration coefficient when studying soils for construction.

The standard does not apply to sandy, silty and clayey soils in a frozen state and does not establish the filtration coefficient for chemical suffusion of soils.

Explanations of the terms used in the standard are given in the Appendix.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The filtration coefficient is the rate of water filtration with a pressure gradient equal to unity and a linear filtration law.

1.2. The filtration coefficient is determined on samples of undisturbed (natural) composition or disturbed composition of a given density.

1.3. Selection, packaging, transportation of soil samples of undisturbed composition must be carried out in accordance with GOST 12071.

1.4 * . To determine the filtration coefficient of sandy soils of disturbed composition, samples dried to an air-dry state should be used.

The filtration coefficient of sandy soils used in road and airfield construction is determined according to the instructions of the application on samples of disturbed composition at maximum density and optimal humidity.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

SOIL
METHODS OF LABORATORY DETERMINATION
FILTRATION RATIO
GOST 25584-90

STATE COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ON HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION POLICY
Moscow

INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the State Construction Committee of the USSR
DEVELOPERS
A. A. Vasilyeva, Ph.D. geological-miner, science (topic leader); V.M.
Pavilonsky, Ph.D. tech. sciences; R. S. Ziangirov, Doctor of Geol.-miner. sciences; ON THE.
Ponkratova; A. P. Afonin; I. S. Ronzhin, Ph.D. tech. sciences; N. I. Loskutov, Ph.D.
tech. sciences; V. N. Zhilenkov, Doctor of Engineering. sciences; V. A. Dubinyak
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by resolution State Committee USSR
from 04.04.90 No. 32
3. INSTEAD GOST 25584-83
4. REFERENCE REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
Designation of the referenced technical document
Item number
GOST 5180-84
1.9, 2.2.2, 2.2.5, 3.2.2, 3.2.6.1, 3.3.4
GOST 7328-82
2.1.1, 3.1.1
GOST 12071-84
1.3
GOST 12248-96
3.2.5
GOST 12536-79
1.9
GOST 20522-96
1.11
GOST 24104-88
2.1.1, 3.1.1
GOST 427-75
Appendix 5
GOST 6613-86
Same
GOST 9147-80
»
GOST 1770-74
»
GOST 22733-77
»
GOST 23932-90
»
GOST 28498-90
2.1.1, 3.1.1, Appendix 5

5. REPUBLICATION. (DECEMBER 1997) with AMENDMENT No. 1 adopted by resolution
Gosstroy of Russia dated 02.12.93 No. 18-51, put into effect from 01.07.94

Content
1. General Provisions
2 Determination of the filtration coefficient of sandy soils
3 Determination of the filtration coefficient of clay soils
Annex 1
Terms and Definitions
Appendix 2
Journal of laboratory determination of the filtration coefficient of sandy soils
Appendix 3
Journal of laboratory determination of the filtration coefficient of clay soils
Appendix 4
Values ​​of S/H0 and j (S/H0)
Appendix 5
Determination of the filtration coefficient of sandy soils used in road and
airfield construction

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION
SOIL
METHODS FOR LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF FILTRATION COEFFICIENT
Soils.
Laboratory methods for determination
of filtration factor
GOST
25584-90
Date of introduction 01.09.90

This standard applies to sandy, silty, clay soils and
establishes methods for laboratory determination of filtration coefficient at
soil research for construction.
The standard does not apply to sandy, silty and clayey soils in
frozen state and does not set the filtration coefficient for chemical
soil suffusion.
Explanations of the terms used in the standard are given in Appendix 1.
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The filtration coefficient is the rate of water filtration under a gradient
pressure equal to unity, and the linear filtration law.
1.2. The filtration coefficient is determined on samples of undisturbed (natural)
addition or disturbed addition
given density.
1.3. Selection, packaging, transportation of undisturbed soil samples
must be produced in accordance with GOST 12071.