Types of wells for drinking water. Drinking wells: technical characteristics and standards Video: comparative characteristics of a well and an Abyssinian well

One of the main elements of a modern drainage system is a sewer well. We often come across the hatches of these structures, even if we are just walking along the city streets. But the autonomous sewer system, which a private owner installs on his property, also uses wells.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the classification of wells for sewage systems presented by us. They were divided into types according to their functional purpose and the material used in their manufacture. The article will help you understand the varieties and choose the appropriate option.

The detailed information we offer about the types and operational features of wells, which are an essential component of the sewer system, is supplemented with diagrams, videos and photos for visual perception.

Sewage is one of the essential attributes of civilized life. And it doesn’t matter whether we are talking about the life of a large industrial city or a separate family living in a country cottage. Through this communication, waste is drained, the disposal of which in its absence would be a big problem.

Sewage systems, like any other structures, require maintenance. Their condition must be monitored: maintain operational functions by periodically performing routine repairs.

If the system becomes clogged, emergency intervention may be necessary. To ensure all these processes are needed.

Despite all the variety of functions assigned to sewer wells, all of them, one way or another, are designed to maintain the sewerage network in working order

If it seems to you that the hatches, by which we determine the presence of a well on the street, are located chaotically, then this is not so. There is SNiP “Sewerage. External networks and structures”, which defines standards regarding the number and location of wells, their types, construction technology, as well as requirements for the maintenance of sewer systems.

Wells are installed in all types of sewer systems that drain domestic, storm and industrial wastewater

Classification of wells for sewerage

Structures related, according to technical terminology, to sewer wells are divided into several types.

The division is made depending on what classifying features we will use. For example, you can divide wells by material of manufacture, by purpose or by the method of their construction.

The type of structure to which a particular sewer well can be classified depends on the type of classification characteristic applied to it

The following classification characteristics and the corresponding types of modern sewer wells are distinguished. The first is produced by the medium, which is transported by the sewer system.

The drainage networks on which sewer wells are installed are designed to move wastewater of different composition and degree of aggressiveness, these are:

Household. These include waters that have changed their composition as a result of mixing with waste and garbage. Depending on the contaminants they contain, they are divided into household and fecal.
Industrial. These include waters that have changed their mechanical and chemical composition as a result of contamination with industrial waste.
Atmospheric. These include water formed as a result of the active melting of winter precipitation, flood and rain water.

In addition to the listed types of wastewater, the sewerage system receives flows collected by the drainage system, the task of which is to drain the territory or drain groundwater from underground building structures.

Wells of sewer systems are divided according to the material of manufacture into:

Brick. Brick was once a commonly used material for making wells, but over time there are fewer and fewer brick structures.
Concrete. Concrete structures are today the traditional material option for a sewer well.
Plastic. It is obvious that compositions with a polymer base are the material of the future; it will one day replace both brick and concrete.

Plastic or composite ready-made well structures are attractive because they are lightweight and easy to install. They are pleased with their resistance to chemical influences during prolonged contact with aggressive environments. They tolerate sharp and smooth temperature fluctuations well and do not allow or absorb water at all.

Of course, on a city scale there is no longer any point in making sewer wells out of brick, but in an autonomous sewerage network such structures are still found

Sewage systems are divided into floating and export. The former move wastewater to treatment plants, facilities or discharge fields. The latter only collect wastewater for subsequent pumping and removal. The wells included in both types of systems perform both identical and different functions.

According to their functional responsibilities they are divided into:

Cumulative. They are used to accumulate wastewater for subsequent extraction and removal. Naturally, they are constructed in sewerage systems.
Collector. Designed to collect wastewater from several sewer branches and to direct it to a storage tank, treatment plant or discharge fields. They are installed in both floating and export branched networks.
Filtering. They are used to dispose of the liquid fraction of wastewater naturally. They play the role of compact treatment facilities that transport pollutant-free media into the ground or into water bodies. They accompany exclusively the floatable type of sewerage.
Observations. They are constructed on collector sections longer than 50 m, as well as at all turning points and junction points of highways. Necessary for monitoring the operation of the sewer system, for periodic cleaning and repair activities. They are installed in both types of sewers.
Variable. They are located in areas with sharp changes in altitude. The reasons for the construction include ensuring buried discharge into the reservoir and the need to slow down flows on sections of the pipeline with a large slope. They may be present in both exhaust and floating sewers.

The classification of manholes is much more complex. We'll talk about this a little below, but now we'll look at different types of wells in more detail.

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This structure is often made of plastered reinforced concrete rings. For the same purpose, you can use a factory-made plastic container.

The plastic well is convenient both in installation and in operation. Of course, when installing it, you also need to have some knowledge and skills, but still its installation is simpler than working with its concrete counterpart. A concrete structure should not have gaps or cracks, otherwise liquid waste may seep through unsealed joints, spreading an unpleasant odor.

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In almost every suburban area where there is a residential building, wells for water are built. They help ensure proper water supply and ensure normal life activities away from the city.

Types of wells in a suburban area

Water wells can come in different sizes and shapes. It all depends on the free space in the suburban area and on what type of water supply will be used.
Types of water wells:

Rising.
Tubular.
Shakhtny.

Let's take a closer look at the designs:

The ascending type can only be used in a place where a spring or any other source of water comes to the surface.
Most often it is used in nature reserves rich in springs and other bodies of water. It is not a very complicated structure that comes out to the surface of the ground in the form of a small pipe.
A filter station is installed on it; a pump (see) may not be needed, since the water itself rises to the surface.

Advice. It makes no sense to install this type of well in modern suburban areas.
It will take quite a lot of effort to get to a certain layer of earth. In some cases, rising sources can be located at depths of up to 150 m.

Shaft and tube wells are considered more in demand for water supply to suburban areas. There are examples of them in the photo.

Mine structure and its functions

Functional Features

This type is the very first one that was used by man to supply water to his home.
Its size and shape can be varied:

Square.
Round.
Oval.
Rectangular.

Water enters through the bottom or partially through the walls.

Advice. If the groundwater in a suburban area does not lie too deep, then it is most rational to use a mine well for water supply.

It can be built on any soil, as it is reliably strengthened from the inside of the structure.
Walls can be:

Wooden beams.
Stone (rubble or brick).

Application of materials:

Wood was used when no other materials were available. Nowadays, water wells are often laid out using bricks or rubble stones.
For a longer period of use of the structure, concrete rings are used, which also have different sizes and thicknesses.

It will be mandatory to use natural filter materials on the bottom and walls of such a structure:

Sand.
Crushed stone.

The depth of such a well can reach 8-16 m. It all depends on the quality of water you need.
The video in this article shows the process of digging and constructing a mine well. It will also be necessary to finish the mine structure.

Mine well finishing

Types of structures

Such work is necessary because in appearance the well resembles a deep hole and for safety reasons it will be necessary to limit it with any modern building material.
For this purpose, houses are built, which can be from:

Brick.
Tree.
Foam blocks.
Foam concrete.

Let's take a closer look:

If brick or other similar material requires additional decoration, then wood does not.
Brick is almost always finished with natural agglomerate or artificial stone. For such work it is necessary to prepare a flat surface.
The wood is simply varnished.

Advice. To give sophistication and an attractive appearance to the outer structure of a shaft well, quite often various patterns are carved into the wood, which looks original.

It will be necessary to build a roof, which is made from:

Wood.
Corrugated sheeting.
Metal tiles and other roofing materials.

Advice. To prevent debris from getting inside, you need to cover it with a lid made of wood or corrugated board.

tube well

This type is a borehole. It is not large in size, but its depth can be quite impressive.
Used for its arrangement:

Concrete pipes.
Plastic pipes.

So:

If a mine well is dug with a shovel, then a tubular well is drilled using a special drill. The most important thing when choosing this type of well is to determine the location of the groundwater so that it does not clog the water supply source.
The tube well must be well equipped as water will not collect in it. Various automatic devices are used to lift water outward.
The well can be simple or artesian. What is the difference? The latter type of water is purer and healthier.
It lies quite deep underground and very often this depth is at least 15-20 m.

The price for a tube well is much more modest than for a shaft well. In the process of its construction, much less building material and effort are spent.

How to choose a place to build a well

Both options for a water source can be built with your own hands. You just need to choose the right place for it in a suburban area.
Let's take a closer look:

There are specific instructions for this. According to it, the reservoir with the water supply should not be too close to the residential building, since if the well itself is flooded with groundwater, the structure may begin to deform (destruction of the foundation, walls will crack, and so on).
All this can lead to complete destruction of the house.
It is also worth considering that a well of any type should not be located near sewage pits, compost pits and other things that can pollute groundwater. The distance from them should be at least 20 m.
How to determine the water level? To do this, you can analyze the reservoirs that are located near the suburban area.
You can ask your neighbors about the depth of their well. But it’s worth considering that everyone needs their own type of water.

Advice. This method can only help if it is planned to build a tube well with artesian water on the site.

How to detect water

How to find water

Detecting water for a well can be done in a variety of ways. You can use any desiccant that is first buried in the place where you plan to build the well.
The burial depth must be at least 0.5 m.

Advice. Brick or silica gel can be used as a desiccant. They are pre-dried and weighed.

So:

After 24 hours, the desiccant is dug out and weighed again. If it has acquired quite a lot of weight compared to its original value, then a well can be built in such a place.
The second method is based on natural phenomena. After a hot day during twilight, you need to carefully inspect the site.
If there is a gray haze (fog) in any place, then that is where the well will need to be built.

Advice. According to legend, if the smoke rises in a column or swirls, then this is the place where the most fertile structure will be.

You can discover water for a well by studying the topography of the area. If there are hills or hills on it, then there is definitely a lot of water between them, since the water underground topography accurately follows the topography of the soil.

Advice. If the area is flat, then there will probably be quite a few places with enough water.

There may also be various plants that require quite a lot of liquid to grow. These are sedge, spruce, birch, alder.
Please note that if a pine tree grows in a suburban area, and in order to be saturated with water, it has a rather long taproot, which means that the water is very deep.
They help determine the location of water and nearby bodies of water. You need to take a special device and use it to measure the pressure right on the shore of the reservoir.
Then the same actions are performed on the site. If the pressure has a deviation of 0.5 mm Hg, then the water will be at a depth of 6-8 m.
Pets are also good at locating water. In most cases, on hot days, they dig holes in a place where there is water and lie down in it.
Water is very close to the surface and in sufficient quantity.
There is another way to detect water - exploratory drilling. To do this, a well is drilled and as soon as water appears in the well, drilling can be stopped.
But here it is already worth deciding what is better, leaving a well or building a well.

Advice. Exploration drilling is carried out at a depth of 5-10 meters.

There is a certain conditional depth. It is 10-15 m.
If the water is at greater depth, then it is most rational to make a well.

Automation to ensure the normal functioning of a well or well

Water stations play an important role in the water supply of residential buildings in a suburban area. They help pump water into certain reservoirs and thereby store it.
So:

They also ensure normal water supply to the house and with their help, irrigation is carried out on the site.
At the moment, pumping stations are of different sizes. They can be installed directly in the well or outside it (in the house or in any utility room).

Advice. To ensure the supply of water to the house, pipes need to be laid from the well.

The main task will be to provide electricity to the site, since without it the pumps will not work.
There are several types of pumping stations:

Superficial.
In-depth.
Deep.

The first two types are used to provide shallow wells. And the latter is capable of extracting water from a very great depth, which reaches 80 m. Pumping stations can be turned on automatically or using special remote controls.
It all depends on the water consumption in the area. If your fluid consumption is high, it is best to opt for automatic pumping stations.

Seasonal life in the country or permanent residence in the private sector involves working on the land to one degree or another. Green spaces require water, even a grassy lawn with watering will look much nicer than rare islands of withered grass, and it is impossible to solve everyday household problems without water. There are two ways to solve the problem of irrigation or water supply:

connect to the central water supply, if available;
either dig a well or drill a borehole.

Central water supply is a priority for cities and towns, but what to do if this is not possible. In this case, the solution is to dig a well or drill a well. Today we are looking at the types of wells, as well as the general rules for their construction and equipment.

From the school curriculum we know about the water cycle in nature. Water has the ability not only to circulate in the soil, but also to accumulate in certain layers of the earth, where clay or basalt deposits create a natural shield for the further movement of moisture. This shield has its own name - a waterproof horizon. Based on the depth of its formation and accumulation of moisture, there is the following division, which is of practical importance:

Verkhovodnaya - in this case, the water actually lies in the soil no lower than 4 meters from the surface of the earth;
Subsoil - depth of no more than 10 meters;
Unpaved – up to 40 meters;
Artesian - more than 40 meters.

For your information! In some cases, artesian water is located at a depth of hundreds of meters.

General requirements for wells

A little later, the types of wells and the features of their construction will be discussed, but there are general rules both for choosing a construction site and for the rules of operation and maintenance of these structures. Here they are:

Wells are built at a sufficient distance from external toilets, cesspools, and sewer pipes;

It is advisable to build wells on a hill to prevent the ingress of atmospheric moisture and other possible contaminants;
Construction work is carried out in the summer, best in July-August, when the groundwater level is lowest;
The use of water for domestic needs is possible only after laboratory tests, with mandatory microbiological testing;
Regardless of the type of well, a clay castle is built near it to a depth of at least 3 meters; the width of this castle, as well as the depth of the cushion of crushed stone and gravel that lines the bottom of the structure, is 25 centimeters;

Cleaning a well involves checking for gas contamination in the shaft or shaft. This is done as follows: the burning candle is lowered inside, if the flame burns evenly - everything is fine, there is no gas. Otherwise, the gas is burned off either by burning torches or bundles of lit straw;
Disinfection of a mine or shaft, as well as water of questionable quality, is carried out once a quarter; in the summer it can be carried out monthly with a 2-3% clarified chlorine solution, with an exposure of 24 hours. Consumption – a bucket of solution per cubic meter of water.

Types of structures and possible materials

Equipping places where water accumulates involves several construction techniques, as well as the use of all kinds of materials available in a particular region, as well as at a price. Types of wells:

The ascending structures are key;
Downstream analogues are key;
Mine wells;
Tube wells.

By types of materials used. Apply:

Clay, crushed stone, sand and pebbles– these natural materials are used to form locks and lining the bottom of the structure;

Our help! When using pumps to supply water to a house, bathhouse, or other building, you can fill a coarse water filter with these components, except for clay, of course.

Wood. Here, a rounded log of at least 12 cm in diameter is used, while the optimal species for contact with water will be oak and larch, but for laying an external non-contact superstructure, cheap conifers are quite suitable;

Stone, brick, reinforced concrete structures, the latter are usually tubular in nature to form the trunk of the structure.

For your information! When drilling a well to obtain artesian water, in most cases you will not need anything other than steel pipes, but here the technology involves special machines and equipment, and pricing is based on each meter of land passed, although everything is included in the price per meter - both the cost of work and the price of the material .

Rising spring water type

In this case, it is assumed that there is a key whose strength is sufficient to fill the tank. In this case, the general rules for constructing such a well are as follows:

A trunk can be formed from any material;
The space between the trunk and the ground is filled with clay - a castle is formed;
The bottom of the structure is lined with a cushion of gravel and crushed stone;
If the source fills the entire tank, then a special gutter is provided to drain excess water, which is equipped from the inside with a fine-mesh mesh to prevent the ingress of debris and the penetration of animals and insects;
The top of the structure, called the head, is equipped with a special lid.

Descending analogue

It is assumed that the source itself is not too deep and its strength is not enough to raise the water to a sufficient height. Unlike the previous structure, there are two features:

First feature– a settling tank is formed before the entrance to the well shaft, which is separated from the main shaft by a partition;
Second feature- the bottom of the shaft is lined with the same material as the shaft. If it is a wooden mine, it means wood; if it is a stone structure, it means stone.

Mines for water

These structures have several basic components that are present regardless of what material the well itself is built from. These include:

The head is the outer part of the well, which is equipped with a protective cover, formwork (30-40 cm wider than the diameter of the castle), as well as a bucket lowering system and a canopy;
The shaft is the part of the shaft that may be temporarily in contact with water;
Water intake - up to 2 meters deep - this part of the shaft has constant contact with water and is formed by materials with increased water resistance;
Sump - this block can be called an emergency block; it is designed to receive water when it flows “intermittently”.

Features when using different materials for construction:

Wood - in this case, there are several features of laying the material:
- Forming a well is reminiscent of building a house from logs, the same dowels, the same techniques for forming corners “into a paw” or “into a corner”, the same checking the level of laying with a plumb line;
- Caulking is not used - it quickly rots and spoils the quality of water; protection against moisture leakage from the ground is provided by a clay lock;

For your information! There is one feature that is very difficult to implement without skills. To avoid distortion of the structure, it is recommended to lay every 5th or 6th row with logs 20 cm longer than usual. The hole for the log house is dug wider than the protruding log parts. The difficulty is that when the log house is lowered, it can lead; to prevent this from happening, the logs are fixed with temporary brackets.

Reinforced concrete rings. It is not difficult to assemble the body of the structure with them, the installed ring is leveled, then 4 identical supports are dug under it and 4 identical supports are installed and the earth is completely removed until the ring is evenly seated on the supports. The rings are lowered lower using a lowering method.
Structures made of stone and brick. The technique for laying them is very similar, the thickness of the layer depends on the depth of the structure and can be from 25 to 40 cm. The nuances here are as follows:
- In addition to laying the walls, three frames are prepared that will act as a frame. For greater similarity, they are fastened to each other using metal rods with 6 nuts from the bottom to the intermediate and from the top to the intermediate. As a result, we have 6 holes in the upper and lower structure and 12 in the intermediate one;
- Brick laying occurs in a circle, for which a pattern of the required size is prepared; you can use plywood to make it;
- Every 4-5 layer is reinforced with metal wire with a diameter of 4-5 mm.

Finally

Wells can be equipped with filters and pumps to supply water to the house, but in this case you will have to worry about additional insulation, especially at the well head.

The lack of a centralized water supply system ceases to be a problem when an alternative water source is installed in a suburban area or simply in a place remote from the city. There are various types of wells, and the owners of the territory themselves choose what is more suitable: a small, beautifully decorated log house or a deep well with modern equipment. Let us consider in more detail the design features and stages of construction of structures of various types.

In summer cottages there are rarely bodies of water that meet sanitary standards. Most often, if high aquifers allow, a pond is dug out, which is actively used for watering the garden plot, household needs, and swimming. However, a pond, like any other open-type reservoir, is not suitable as a source of drinking water. Natural springs or springs gushing out of the ground can be found extremely rarely, usually over a large area on country estates. A standard summer cottage site is usually devoid of any natural body of water.

Modern well in the country as a decorative element

To provide a separately located area with the necessary amount of water, wells of various types are installed. The choice depends on many factors, including:

location of groundwater;
the volume of water required for a comfortable life;
availability of materials necessary for construction (financial capabilities);
possibility of installing pumping equipment, etc.

The decisive factor for dividing all types of structures into two large categories is the depth of groundwater. If they are located shallowly, then it is enough to dig a pit mechanically or manually, strengthen its walls, and refine the head. The result will be a shaft-type device - one of those that our ancestors have used since time immemorial. Of course, building materials have become more durable and wear-resistant, wood has been replaced by monolithic concrete blocks and “eternal” plastic, but the principle of the device has remained virtually unchanged.

Choosing a well depending on the location of the aquifers

The deeper occurrence of aquifers does not allow the construction of a conventional pit; drilling a well using special equipment will be required. This process is quite expensive, sometimes time-consuming, but the volume of water extracted from an artesian well is much larger, and the quality of the liquid is much higher. Independent drilling rarely leads to a positive result, since a necessary step is a preliminary study of the soil, and this is done by geological research companies. You can make a well with your own hands to a depth of 15-20 m if you have a mobile drilling rig. And now in more detail about the different types of water wells.

Mine wells: choosing material for construction

All mine-type structures are united by the same design - an elongated pit 5-15 m deep with reinforced walls and a neatly designed head. The differences relate to the nuances of construction, material, and method of water extraction. The advantages of a well shaft are constant access to a certain amount of drinking or technical liquid, the reserves of which are preserved and replenished naturally over time. Complete drainage of the reservoir occurs only in rare cases, for example during an extremely dry period.

Types of mine wells depending on depth

Wooden log house

Wood has been used for a long time, as it tolerates moisture well and is easy to process. A structure resembling a log house is made from logs or thick boards (from 150 mm and thicker). The elements are attached to each other in various ways, for example, “in the paw”. Not all breeds are suitable. The lower part in contact with water is assembled from elm, alder or oak. To ensure that the water remains clear and does not have a bitter taste, the oak is pre-stained. Cheaper pine is suitable for making the top and head.

Scheme of a wooden shaft well

It is irrational to dig pits of less than 5 meters: they collect only surface water horizons that contain many impurities and, therefore, are not suitable for drinking. The soil layers lie at a depth of 10-15 m; this is exactly the height that a kind of “log house” should turn out to be. Assembly is carried out in fragments, which are lowered one by one, hammering with a sledgehammer, to the bottom. The role of a bottom filter is played by a sand and pebble cushion. The upper part is protected from high water with a clay castle 1-1.5 m wide.

Masonry

It is customary to lay stone mines in areas where wood is in short supply. Most often they can be found in mountainous and foothill areas with poor vegetation, but a large amount of granite or dolomite deposits. Stone masonry is also used for decorative purposes, but the beautiful cylindrical shape made of colored rocks takes a lot of time and effort, and is not highly functional, since the stone is recommended to be used only for shallow pits.

Nowadays stone is more often used to decorate the above-ground part - the head

To ensure the stability of the structure, a metal frame is initially welded to a stable base placed on the bottom. Reinforcement, wire, and metal rings create a kind of stiffening ribs between which the masonry is placed. A composition of dolomite, rubble, granite stone, impermeable to water, is bonded with sand-cement mortar. Limestone or sandstone are not suitable due to their porous structure and water permeability.

Brick mine

Despite the difference in the material of manufacture, the construction of different types of wells has much in common. For example, if you replace stone with brick, the difference will be small. The main structural difference is the arrangement of bricks, which are laid according to a certain pattern, while the stones are in a chaotic order. To create reliable walls, masonry is made one or one and a half bricks wide. The rounded shape is given using a special stabilizing profile.

Brick well shaft

Without a frame, which forms a kind of “skeleton” of a well structure, stone and brickwork cannot exist for long. Despite the strength of the Portland cement that holds the individual elements together, over time, underground currents wash away the solution, and the structure may crumble. The support frame is welded from a metal profile, pieces of reinforcement, or assembled from waterproof wood. The minimum thickness of the base is 100 mm.

Factory-made concrete rings are popular among summer residents due to their low cost. The process of installing them takes much less time than laying a brick wall or installing a wooden frame. Convenient dimensions (diameter from 0.8 m to 1.5 m, height from 0.7 m to 0.9 m) allow you to assemble a structure of the required depth. The elements are connected end to end using special brackets and bolts, and the cracks between them are filled with cement mortar to ensure complete sealing. Sometimes, for strength, joints are connected with 6-centimeter steel strips and staples (3-4 pieces around the circumference).

Installation of concrete rings

The shaft is dug gradually so that the first ring goes down, the second is installed on top of it - and so on until the full depth. A sand cushion 0.3 m thick is formed at the bottom, covered with a layer of crushed stone. The upper part is reinforced with a clay castle. It is not needed if there are stones, peat or dense sand directly under the fertile soil layer. The first few portions of liquid must be pumped out, and the subsequent ones are initially best used for household needs.

Video: The process of lowering concrete rings into a finished shaft

Prefabricated plastic frame

Modified polymers are actively used for the production of prefabricated well structures and other equipment located underground and in contact with a moist environment. They are not yet as popular as their concrete counterparts, but the advantages of alternative rings are obvious:

the maximum height of an individual part is 1.5 m, which increases the speed of construction and improves the tightness of the shaft;
the mass of plastic elements is much lighter than concrete, brick or wood;
the threaded connection ensures water tightness over the entire area of the walls;
working pressure – up to 50 kPa;
cost – from 11 thousand rubles. for the ring.

Polymer pipes for wells

Rings are installed in two ways. On dense, stable soils, first dig out the shaft, then lower and screw together the rings one by one, coating the joints with sealant. If the soil is loose, dig a small pit, insert the first element, and then take out the earth from under it and lift it up. Then it is pushed down, the second element is mounted on top - and so on until the end. Polymer structures last more than 50 years.

Borehole water supply for a suburban area

Shafts with a depth of more than 20 m are called pipe (tubular) or artesian. If underground aquifers lie very deep, it is necessary to drill wells up to 200 m, but most often this happens for industrial purposes. The quality of the liquid in artesian springs is much higher than that of a well: it practically does not contain nitrates, salts of harmful metals, or pathogenic bacteria that enter wells from the perched water. The only disadvantage of well equipment is the high cost.

Shallow well (for sand)

Sand wells are the most acceptable way to provide a country house with the best quality water. Their depth ranges from 15 m to 35 m (less often 45 m), and the water consumption is on average 0.8-2.2 m³/h. Drilling must be carried out by specialists, since it is necessary to detect underground horizons of aquifer sand and correctly install the filter. The drilling process lasts 2-3 days, then it is necessary to line the shaft with pipes made of steel or propylene. The lower part of the equipment is equipped with a sand filter or a more powerful filter column.

Sand well construction diagram

The productivity of the structure is enough to provide water to a family of 3-4 people. The quality of the liquid is not as ideal as that of an artesian, but much higher than that of a well, since the ingress of surface water is excluded. If you install a centrifugal pump and automatic equipment, the sand well will function uninterruptedly throughout the year. Drilling is possible using a compact drilling rig; a license and a package of permits are not required.

deep well

The depth of an artesian well is from 30 m or more, in suburban areas the maximum does not exceed 200 m. A package of permits is required for its installation. Drilling must be done by specialists, as you will need heavy construction equipment (ZIL, KamAZ) and a powerful rotary unit. The drilling process involves breaking up hard rock, removing it from the mine, and installing casing pipes. The maximum number of casing pipes for one structure is 3 pieces; such a prefabricated structure is called telescopic. Welding has recently been used extremely rarely; the main method of connecting elements is threaded. The lower water layers are isolated from the upper ones using a special material - compactonite, granulated dry clay.

Artesian well with double casing

After installing the pipes, experimental flushing is required until clean water is obtained. Samples are taken for analysis to give permission to use water as drinking water. The owner is issued a passport, which indicates the technical data of the structure and terms of use.

Features of the Abyssinian well design

When there is no need to equip a powerful well, you can make an autonomous Abyssinian well. Its installation does not require long digging or heavy equipment. The technology consists of installing a pipe of minimum diameter (up to 4 cm) to the depth of the upper aquifer. The lower part of the pipe is equipped with a filter that protects it from contamination. The water supply to the top is provided by a self-priming pump. To make the pipe easier to sink into the ground, it is equipped with a conical tip, the diameter of which is 4-5 cm wider than the diameter of the pipe.

Comparative diagram of a tube well and an Abyssinian well

The above-ground part is decorated or ennobled with a small structure, such as a gazebo. Any convenient location for installation is suitable, but it is necessary to avoid areas close to septic tanks, drainage collectors, and sewers.

Video: comparative characteristics of a well and an Abyssinian well

Having figured out what types of water wells there are, it is easy to choose a structure that is optimally suitable for a specific suburban area. But keep in mind that it is prohibited to build deep structures without permits.

Sewage wells are always used for cleaning, flushing and pumping wastewater. Their absence leads to difficult situations in which it is impossible to find the blockage and eliminate the malfunction in the system located underground.

Classification of sewer wells

Sewage wells are distinguished according to several parameters:

by type of network - stormwater, wastewater, drainage, industrial;
by material of manufacture - concrete, plastic, brick;
by purpose - observation, differential.

The main task of any well is to monitor the condition of the sewer system. In addition, it allows you to overcome the difference in height between the inlet and outlet pipes, clean the pipes if they are clogged, and collect the contaminants accumulated in the drains.

Manholes are also divided into types.

Linear - the simplest structures installed on straight sections of pipelines every 35-300 m.
Rotary - to change the direction of flow. They are installed on all bends of the sewer pipe.
Nodal - connecting branches of pipes at the points of connection to sewer systems.
Control - in places where the sewer system of a house, block, street is connected to the central system.

Manholes

Drop wells

The devices are designed to connect pipelines of different heights and change the speed of movement of wastewater. They are installed in the following cases:

it is necessary to reduce the depth of the input pipeline;
if there is a danger of a sudden change in flow speed;
nearby there are intersections with underground structures;
at the last stage of the flooded discharge of wastewater into the reservoir.

The design of the well depends on the type of drop.

Materials for making wells

According to SNIP, sewer wells are assembled from reinforced concrete rings, cubes or slabs. In suburban construction, brick, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and fiberglass are often used. An important requirement for any design is to create a seal so that wastewater does not enter the environment.

Construction of concrete wells

Concrete ring well designs remain popular for suburban construction due to the advantages:

low cost;
speed of installation;
strength and durability;
convenient form for maintenance;
possibility of creating a sealed structure.

Disadvantages include;

heavy weight, requiring increased transportation and installation costs;
fragility, requiring careful handling until installation;
need for special equipment.

The manufacturing sequence is as follows.

At the junction of two sewer pipes, a pit is dug 40 cm deeper than the place where the pipelines are laid. According to the project, the slope of the walls is formed.
If necessary, the bottom of the shaft is waterproofed. To do this, crushed stone is poured onto the bottom, compacted tightly and filled with bitumen mastic.
A concrete slab is installed or poured at the bottom and equipped with a tray with reinforcement.
After the bottom settles, reinforced concrete rings are installed on the cement mortar. For pipes, holes are made in advance, after which the joints are sealed with cement mortar.
At the junction of the input pipeline, a clay lock is installed outside. All seams are sealed with bitumen or other sealing agent.
The container should be checked for leaks by sealing the pipes with temporary plugs and filling with water.
The structure is filled with soil from the outside using a tamper.
The structure is covered from above with a concrete slab with a hole into which a hatch is inserted.

Plastic inspection wells

In a private country house, inspection wells are often required for preventive work on sewer and drainage systems. In a simple system where the slope, direction and diameter of the pipes do not change, they may not be needed.

In practice, plastic containers are widely used. It is advisable to choose them corrugated, since with seasonal temperature fluctuations the dimensions of the shafts change.

Finished products are expensive, so components can be assembled separately. To do this, you will need a plastic bottom, a pipe with a diameter of about 460 mm and rubber seals. If it is necessary to go down inside, the diameter is selected to be at least 925 mm.

Installation of a plastic inspection well

The sequence of installation operations is as follows.

To make a container to specified dimensions, a corrugated pipe is cut and holes are made on the side for the pipes. They are equipped with sealing cuffs.
A pit is dug and equipped with a crushed stone backfill. It should be filled with cement mortar and, after hardening, covered with geotextiles.
The bottom is laid. A pipe is installed on it, the input is connected to the output through sealed couplings. For large well heights, the pipe diameter is selected to be at least 1 m so that you can go down to service communications.
The free space outside is filled with fine crushed stone so as not to damage the pipe with the sharp edges of the fragments. Before this, plugs are inserted into the pipes and the shaft is filled with water so that it does not deform from soil pressure. Sometimes brickwork is made around it to increase strength.
A lid is installed on top.

You can arrange the structure of the well yourself. You can purchase a ready-made one made of plastic with all the components, but its cost is high. Wells made of polypropylene with a volume of 3 m 3 cost 65 thousand rubles. Installation is carried out in the same way.

Note! To prevent the inspection well from being displaced by groundwater, it should be secured to the concrete slab with belts or chains.

Features of installing a rotary plastic well

In essence, the structure performs the function of an inspection room, but is installed at the point where the pipe turns. Installation is carried out in the same way. The input is connected to the output using fittings. A plug is installed at the connection point for access during repairs and inspections.

How to install a drop well

Unlike other structures, in differential wells the inlet and outlet pipes are located at different levels. They allow you to reduce the speed of wastewater flow. They are usually installed in front of the septic tank to normalize its operation.

All installation work is no different from other types of wells. The only difference is the installation of a lowering that directs the flow from top to bottom.

The lowering is connected to the inlet pipe with a tee, the horizontal hole of which is temporarily plugged. The device is then attached vertically to the wall of the well. An elbow is installed at the bottom of the lowering, dampening the flow, so that the drains exit at an angle of 45°. If the height of the well is less than 500 mm, it may not be equipped with a flow rate damper.

Well selection

A large number of types of wells and manufacturing methods allows you to choose the one that suits the price and characteristics. Concrete structures are bulky and not always convenient to install on a personal plot.

Plastic products are much easier to install. In addition, they are durable and strong. The tubular structure is easy to assemble.

Each polymer from which the well is made has its own characteristics:

PVC - non-flammable and resistant to chemical influences;
polyethylene - sealed structures, due to their high plasticity, do not burst when water freezes;
polypropylene - has high ductility.

Nowadays, combined structures are being produced, where the positive properties of each polymer are used to the maximum.

It is preferable to choose wells with a corrugated surface. A smooth-walled pipe has lower strength. The tray part must have thickened walls.

It is important to choose the right hatch. If it is located on a pedestrian path, the A15 standard is suitable. To park a car you need a stronger product - standard B125.

The structures are either monolithic or collapsible. The former are cheaper, but more difficult to install.

Conclusion

Plastic wells are a reliable replacement for reinforced concrete and brick structures. They are easy to install and last a long time. To prevent the structure from floating, it should be securely fastened. In one case, it is enough to compact the soil, and in the other, use a concrete slab as a bottom anchor.