Article before names of objects. Definite article. prison, hospital, church

-- before a noun denoting a specific subject about which additional information is given or found out

The flat is quite large and comfortable (ApartmentenoughbigAndcomfortable)

Where is the book? (Wherebook?)

-- before a noun that is unique in its kind (as well as denoting organizations, ships, documents) or in a given setting

The moon was shining when we came out.

Open the door, please.

Before ordinal numbers, adjectives (superlative) and only

He lives on the second floor.

This is the most responsible task of all.

-- before family surname (as a whole)

The Browns lived in London.

-- before nouns denoting nationality: theRussians, theSwedens

With nouns: the cinema, the theater, the bank, the country, the seaside, the mountains.

Government departments, historical events, political parties, periodicals:

The Ministry of Foreign Affair

The Times

Before nouns denoting geographical names:

The Thames, the Black Sea, the Alps

But the article is not used with the names of capes (Cape Horn), except theCapeof GoodHope, with the names of the continents (Asia), individual mountain peaks (Everest), and lakes, before the names of streets and squares.

The definite article is included in the series stable phrases:

by the way, by the by	by the way
out of the question	out of the question
on the one hand… on the other hand	on the one hand... on the other side
in the singular	singular
in the plural	in plural
tell the truth	to tell the truth
the other day	the other day, recently
play the piano (the guitar and so on )	play the piano (guitar, etc.)
What's the time?	What time is it now?
tell the time	show (determine by the clock) time
the sooner… the better	the sooner, the better
in the morning (afternoon, evening)	morning (afternoon, evening)

Indefinite article

at consumed

Before a noun used as an example from the class of objects (with verbs tohave, tosee, thereis)

I have got a son.

He sees a girl.

There is a table in the room.

Before a noun denoting profession

Heis aproducer.

In meaning one before a countable noun denoting time

How many times a month do you go to the theater?

-- before a noun defined by an ordinal number in meaning another, one more.

Suddenly we heard a shot, then a second and a third.

In combinations a little, a few

I have a little free time today. Zero article

Used

Before the names of diseases

Before most proper names

Before parts of the day, including those indicated by words: breakfast, supper, tea, dinner, lunch

In phrases to, at, in + noun, which denote a place involving a certain type of activity

- before the names of cities, streets, parks, buildings, continents, hotels, restaurants, names of sciences

- - in stable expressions to go to bed, to go to school, to go on foot, at home, by night, hand in hand, all day long, from morning till night

Thus, the following options for using articles with countable/uncountable nouns are possible:

Special cases of using the article

without article	with article
a) public institutions, etc.
be in bed - be in bed	lie on the bed – lie on the bed
go to bed – go to sleep	go to the bed – come to the bed
go to church – attend church	go towards the church – walk towards the church
be in prison – serve a prison term	go past the prison – pass by the prison
be in hospital – be in hospital	be in the hospital – be in the hospital building
go to school – study at school	go to the school – go to the school building
be at college - study in college	be in the college – be in the college building
go home, be at home – go home, be home	A university is the home of learning – The university is the birthplace of knowledge.
be in town, leave town – be in the city, leave the city	approach the town – approach the city
b) means of transportation (with the preposition by):
Travel, leave, go, get, come: By bicycle – on a bicycle	Ride on the bicycle – ride a bicycle (specific)
By bus – by bus	Sit in the bus – sit on the bus
By car – by car	Sleep in the car – sleep in the car
By ship – on the ship	Disembark from the ship – disembark
By train – by train	Catch the train – take the train
By plane – by plane	Board the plane – to get on a plane
On foot – on foot	Hurt the foot – hurt your leg
c) time of day (day and night)
At dawn – at dawn	During the day – during (this) day
At daybreak – at dawn
At sunrise – at dawn
At noon – at noon	In the afternoon – after noon
At sunset – On the Sunset	Admire the sunset – admire (this) sunset
At midnight – at midnight	Admire the sunset – admire (this) sunset
At dusk – at dusk	Invisible in the dusk – invisible at dusk
At twilight – at dusk	Invisible in the dusk – invisible at dusk
At night – at night, by night – by the night	Wake up in the night – wake up at night
G) meal:
Have, stay for/before, at, after: breakfast – breakfast
Lunch – lunch	At the lunch for the chairman - At a breakfast in honor of the chairman
Tea – tea ( especially Br. English)	Have you made (the) tea? – Have you prepared tea?
Dinner – dinner	She was preparing (the) dinner. – She was preparing lunch.
Supper dinner	The supper was cold. – Dinner was cold.
Dinner will be served at 6 o’clock. – Lunch will be served at 6 o'clock.	The dinner was well cooked. – Lunch was well prepared.
At table – at the table (during meals)
e) paired phrases:
They walked arm in arm/ hand in hand. - They walked arm in arm / hand in hand.	He took her by the arm. - He took her hand.
They are husband and wife. - They are husband and wife.	She is the wife of a famous artist. - She is the wife of a famous artist.
We met face to face - We came face to face.	I punched him right in the face. - I punched him right in the face.

Other stable phrases used without an article include the following:

At first		By heart	By heart
At first sight	At first sight	By name	By name
At peace/war	In a state of peace/war	By mistake	By mistake
By chance	Accidentally	By means of	through
On time	On time (to the beginning)	In time	On time (before start)

Tasks.

Place articles where necessary.

A) … book is very interesting. All …characters in it are quite impressive. ...John, ... main character, has ... son, ... daughter, ... two cousins and ... very good friends. He lives…interesting life. He has .. .deep love for … people surrounding him. …work he does is important for him and brings him … satisfaction. … a few years ago, when … John had … other job, he was a younger man, but … job made him very tired. Now he works … five days … week, but ye is never tired. His friend, … professor Tauset, who is … manager of … office, is … Frenhcman.

B) Take … book from … table and bring it … here. Crime is… serious problem these days. ...Mr. Volgin is... friend of mine. Hey... man!

Do you know... girl over there? …Moscow is … capital of …Russia. …Next time I’ll go to America.

C) …Crimea is located on … south of … Ukraine. … Crimea is … peninsula. ...Simferopol is ... capital of ... Crimea. …Crimean mountains are not high. ...Salgir is...longest river.

... Black Sea and ... Sea of Azov are washed our peninsular.

Zero article(English) zero article) - such significant absence of article, which correlates and is compared with the presence of a definite or indefinite article and, like these articles, carries a semantic load. An example of a significant absence of an article (= an example of a zero article) is, first of all, the non-use / omission of the article before nouns denoting any substance and abstract categories: water - water, snow - snow, beauty - beauty, love - love, etc. The absence of an article before a singular noun means that the noun expresses this concept in the most general form, without classification and individualization (this does not apply to specific situations, for example, the need to omit the article in circulation).

The zero article is used (=the article is not used):

If the noun is preceded by another determiner, for example a possessive, demonstrative or interrogative pronoun, as well as the pronoun some, any, no, each, every: “our dog” - “our dog”, “those cars” - “those cars”, “What table?" - "Which table?"
Before nouns that are preceded by an indefinite article in the singular and which, accordingly, do not have an article in the plural: " A body moves under the action of some force." - "The body moves under the action of some force."
Before plural countable nouns, which are used in general statements, declarations: "__Children like ice cream." - "Children love ice cream."
With uncountable nouns used in general statements, declarations, mainly denoting a substance, mass: “water” - “water”, “milk” - “milk”, “sugar” - “sugar”, “sand” - “sand” .
If a noun is preceded by another noun in the possessive case: "__Jack 's 's
Before most proper names: "__Tolstoy is my favorite writer." - "Tolstoy is my favorite writer."
In structures containing a proper name, if the proper name is used in the genitive case: "__Nelson's tomb" - "the grave of (who?) Nelson."
The article is omitted before abstract nouns, before plural nouns to indicate that an object belongs to any class of objects (with the verbs “to have”, “to see”, etc., with the phrase “there are”, in the nominal part of a compound predicate ) with and without a descriptive definition; before a noun in a sentence, unless the fame of the person to whom it refers is emphasized; in exclamatory sentences after “what” before plural countable nouns. including: "The work gives him __satisfaction." - "The work brings him satisfaction." "I like to read __English books." - "I love reading English books." "What lovely __flowers!" - “What wonderful flowers!” "The three sisters are all __teachers." "All three sisters are teachers."
Before a noun qualified by the words "next" meaning "future" and "last" meaning "past": "I went to Spain for my holiday __last year, and I am going there __next year too." - “Last year I was on holiday in Spain and I will go there again next year.”
Before nouns denoting the names of days, months and seasons: “on __Friday” - “on Friday”, “in __October” - “in October”, “in __winter” - “in winter”.
If after a noun there is a cardinal number in the ordinal sense: “__lesson ten” - “lesson ten (tenth lesson)”, “__page twenty-five” - “page 25 (twenty-fifth page)”.
After the verb "to be" and some other verbs before a predicate denoting a position held by one person at a time: "Who is __manager of the office?" - “Who is in charge of this institution?”
Before a noun as an address: “What are you doing here, girls?” - “What are you doing here, girls__?”
Before a noun that stands with proper names and denotes titles, ranks (scientific, military) or serves as a form of address: "__Mr. Brown wishes to see __Dr. Smith." - "Mr. Brown wants to see Dr. Smith."
Before the names of sciences: "I like __Literature." - "I love literature."
Before nouns in headlines, announcements and telegrams: "__Polish Delegation arrives in Moscow." - "The Polish delegation arrives in Moscow."
Before nouns denoting members of the same family, relatives or friends, if they are used as proper names (in the speech of members of this family): "Father" - "dad", "Mother" - "mom", "Aunt" - " aunt", "Uncle" - "uncle", "Nurse" - "nanny", "Baby" - "kid", "Child" - "child".
Before such nouns as "advice", "information", "money", "hair", "fruit" in the absence of a limiting definition: "This is __important information." "This is important information."
Before the noun "permission": "He asked me for __permission to stay away." - “He asked my permission to refrain from participating.”

into

from

after

Before the names of holidays containing the word "day": "before Victory Day" - "before Victory Day".
With the exclamation what and the demonstrative pronoun such before the words “news” - “news”, “weather” - “weather”, “advice” - “advice”, “progress” - “development, progress”, etc. (given below)
Before a noun after the verbs “to be, act / work as, make, appoint, run for” - “to be, work / work as, do, appoint, nominate” if the noun denotes a position held by only one person: “He was running for __Mayor." - "He ran for mayor."
Before nouns society opinion in the meaning of "type of groups", mankind in the meaning of “humanity”: “socialist / communist / capitalist / bourgeois / civilized / consumer society” - “socialist / communist / capitalist / bourgeois / civilized / consumer society.”
With nouns “breakfast” - “breakfast”, “lunch” - “lunch snack”, “dinner” - lunch, “supper” - “dinner”, “tea” - “tea drinking”, to give them a more general meaning - usually process meal (cf. “during lunch”, “after tea”, etc.).
Before nouns used in pairs and connected by prepositions like from... to (till) the bed" - "go To beds", "to go to the

Now let's look at all the points in more detail.

The article is not used if the noun is preceded by another determiner (see more), for example, a possessive, demonstrative or interrogative pronoun, as well as the pronoun some, any, no, each, every: "my brother" - "my brother", "this country " - "this country", "What story?" - "What story?" "some students" - "several students", "no mistake" - "not a single mistake", "each pupil" - "every student", "every day" - "every day".

Nouns preceded by an indefinite article in the singular (see more details), accordingly, do not have an article in the plural (due to the fact that the indefinite article a simply does not have a plural form, since one of its meanings is “one” : you can say “a book” - “one book”, but it is forbidden say "a bookS" - "one book"): " A body moves under the action of some force." - "The body moves under the action of some force." But: "__Bodies move under the action of some force." - "Bodies move under the action of some force."

The zero article is used before plural countable nouns, which are used in general statements, declarations: "__Men are fond of hunting." - "Men like hunting." "__Dogs should eat meat." - "Dogs should eat meat." "__Oranges are good for you." - "Oranges are good for you."

The absence of an article is typical for uncountable nouns, that is, those that do not have a plural form, which are used in general statements and declarations. Basically, these are nouns denoting a substance, a mass: “water” - “water”, “milk” - “milk”, “sugar” - “sugar”, “sand” - “sand”, “light” - “light” , "air" - "air", "tea" - "tea", "cotton" - "cotton", "grass" - "grass", etc.: "I like __ice-cream." - "I like ice cream." "__Red is my favorite color." - "Red is my favorite color." "__Coffee is produced in Brazil." - "Coffee is produced in Brazil."
Since the indefinite article is usually used with nouns denoting individual countable objects, and the absence of an article is typical for nouns expressing the name of a material (substance) and abstract concepts, then:

the absence of an article before nouns, which usually have a specific meaning, gives the word more abstract meaning: "This end wall is all __window." - “This end wall is a continuous source of light.”
the use of the indefinite article before nouns usually used without an article, narrows the volume concepts, and the whole combination denotes a kind of substance or a certain amount of it: "__Tea is one of the most important crops of South-Western India. If a shilling was given me by Mr. Quinion at any time, I spent it on a dinner or a tea." - "Tea is one of the most important agricultural crops of South-West India. At any time, if I received a shilling from Mr. Quignon, I spent it on dinner or a cup of tea [Dickens]."
The meaning of the word "tea" in the first example is "tea" (the name of the product), in the second - "a portion of tea" (a cup or glass of tea). Some nouns in their basic meaning are not used with the indefinite article at all: “weather” - “weather”, “progress” - “development”, “work” - “work”, “information” - “information”, “permission” - “ permission", "advice" - "advice": "It was __exhausting work carried on, hour after hour, at top speed." - "It was grueling work, going on hour after hour, at top speed [London]." "He gives me __good advice." - "He gives me good advice." "It was __cold still weather." - "It was cold and windless [Dickens]." Ho: "It is not meant to be a great literary work, it is meant to be a history of the building of Socialism." - "It meant to be a great literary work, it meant to be the history of the building of socialism."

The article is not used if the noun is preceded by another noun in the possessive case: "__Jack 's family" - "Jack's family", "__England 's industry" - "industry of England".
In combinations such as " the teacher's book - "teacher's book" the article refers to, in this case, the word "teacher" - "teacher", and not the word "book" - "book".
In the model " word / group of words in the possessive case+ noun" the article refers to the definition. Do not use an article unless the definition requires an article. For example, "at __today's / __yesterday's / __tomorrow's / __next week's / __last year's / __last Tuesday's, etc. festival" - "at today's / yesterday's / tomorrow's / future next week's / last year's / last Tuesday's, etc. holiday", "__New York's tallest building" - "__Martin's second wife" - "Martin's second wife", "__Japan's second largest city" - "The second largest city in Japan" (but: "the world's highest mountain" - "the highest mountain in the world").

The article is not placed before most proper names, since a proper name is quite specific and does not require further clarification: "__Tolstoy is my favorite writer." - "Tolstoy is my favorite writer." "__London is the capital of England." - "London is the capital of England." But: Subject to availability limiting definitions use the article the: "I mean the Tolstoy who wrote "Peter I". - "I mean ( Togo) Tolstoy, who wrote "Peter I".

The article is omitted before abstract nouns (which include the names of social phenomena, sciences, emotions, etc.), before plural nouns to indicate that an object belongs to any class of objects (with the verbs “to have”, “to see”, etc., with the phrase “there are”, in the nominal part of a compound predicate) with and without a descriptive definition; before a noun in a sentence, unless the fame of the person to whom it refers is emphasized; in exclamatory sentences after “what” before plural countable nouns. including: "The work gives him __satisfaction." - "The work brings him satisfaction." "I like to read __English books." - "I love reading English books." "What lovely __flowers!" - “What wonderful flowers!” "The three sisters are all __teachers." "All three sisters are teachers."

The article is not used before a noun defined by the words “next” in the meaning of “future” and “last” in the meaning of “past” (if the noun denotes time): “I went to Spain for my holiday __last year, and I am going there __next year too." - “Last year I was on holiday in Spain and I will go there again next year.”

The article is not used before nouns denoting the names of days, months and seasons: “on __Friday” - “on Friday”, “in __October” - “in October”, “in __winter” - “in winter”. When it means certain date or period (expressed grammatically with the preposition of), used definite article: "the winter of 1941" - "winter of 1941", "the October of 1917" - "October 1917": "Not returned after the Monday of the explosion." - "He returned after (that) Monday when the explosion occurred"

A noun is used without an article if it is followed by a cardinal number in the ordinal sense: “__lesson ten” - “lesson ten (tenth lesson)”, “__page twenty-five” - “page 25 (twenty-fifth page)”, “Take __bus six " - "Take the bus six." (but: "Take a six bus" - "Take bus number six").
The article is not placed before street names with an ordinal number: "The main New York Public Library is located on __Fifth Avenue between __40th Street and __42nd Street." "The main New York Public Library is located on Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd streets."
When an adverb comes first, or when it has the meaning of an adjective (= "the most important" - "the most important", "the best" - "the best", "the earliest" - "the earliest") and in some phraseological units ( stable phrases), the numeral “first” is used without an article: “Ladies __first” - “Ladies first” “With him business comes __first.” - “His business comes first.” "Finish your work __first." - "Finish your work first." "She came __first (= won the race)." - "She came first (= won the race)." "He took __first place." - "He took first place." "She won __first prize." - "She won first prize." "They traveled __first class." - "They traveled first class." "I'll do it, __first thing tomorrow morning." - "I'll do it first thing tomorrow morning." "Do you believe in love at __first sight?" - "Do you believe in love at first sight?"

The article is omitted after the verb "to be" and some other verbs before the predicate ( predicate- the nominal part of a compound, expressed not just by one verb, a predicate, for example: “I became a doctor,” where “became” is the verbal part of the compound predicate, and “doctor” is a predicative), denoting a position occupied at a time by one person: “Who is __manager of the office?" - “Who is in charge of this institution?” In this case, the definite article ( the manager), for comments on the last case, see .

The article is not used before a noun, as an address: “How old are you, __young man?” - “How old are you, young man?”

The article is omitted before a noun that stands with proper names and denotes titles, ranks (scientific, military) or serves as a form of address: "__Academician N. died several years ago." - "Academician N. died several years ago." "Can I speak to __captain Jones?" - "May I speak to Captain Jones?" "__Mr. Brown wishes to see __Dr. Smith." - "Mr. Brown wants to see Dr. Smith." Please note that such nouns preceding proper nouns are capitalized.

The zero article is used with names of sciences: “I like __Literature and __History, but I don’t like __Mathematics.” "I love literature and history, but I don't like mathematics."

The article is not placed before nouns in headlines, announcements and telegrams: "__Polish Delegation arrives in Moscow." - "The Polish delegation arrives in Moscow." In some cases, articles in newspaper headlines, however, are retained; for example, if the article is part of a phraseological unit (stable expression): “Soviet Town Planners Take a Look" - "Soviet city planners get acquainted[Daily Worker]" "U.S. Clock Firm In Australia Calls It a Day" - "American watch company in Australia finishes work[Daily Worker]."

Articles are not used before nouns denoting members of the same family, relatives or friends, if they are used as proper names (in the speech of members of this family). Such nouns are often written with a capital letter: "Father" - "dad", "Mother" - "mom", "Aunt" - "aunt", "Uncle" - "uncle", "Nurse" - "nanny", "Baby" " - "baby", "Child" - "child": "Has __Mother come back yet?" - “Mom is back already?” "__Father wants to speak to you." - “Father wants to talk to you.”

The article is not needed before such nouns as “advice”, “information”, “money”, “hair”, “fruit”, in the absence of a limiting definition (a definition like “..., that/that/those which/s). .."): "This is __important information." "This is important information." "I need __advice badly." "I really need some advice."

The noun "permission" is never used with an article: "He asked me for __permission / got __permission / was given __permission to stay away." - “He asked me / received / was given permission to refrain from participating.”

The absence of an article is typical for prepositional phrases used in the meaning of circumstances. Often these are phrases with such nouns as “school” - “school”, “college” - “college”, “market” - “market”, “town” - “city”, “prison” - “prison”, “jail” - “investigative prison”, “court” - “court”, “hospital” - “hospital”, “camp” - “camp”, “bed” - “bed”, “table” - “table” usually with prepositions at, into, to, from, after. These nouns in similar phrases mean not objects and institutions, and that one activity or state with which they are associated; Wed Russian: “it turned out at the table...”, “after school” (= after classes), etc.
When used with an article, these nouns fully retain the meaning of objectivity, cf.: The light of fire and candle shone upon us, seated warm and merry, at __table. - "The light from the fireplace and candle fell on us, warm and lively, sitting at [Dickens's] table." "Taking a step or two towards the table, he said... " - "Taking a step or two towards the table, he said... [Dickens]"
Same thing with the union as in the meaning “as”: “I remained an intimate of its walls for eight years: six as __pupil, and two as __teacher.” “I remained imprisoned within its walls for eight years: six as a student and two as [Brontë’s] teacher.” He had imagined himself speaking and acting half as __man, half as __judge. - "He imagined himself speaking and acting partly like a man, partly like a judge [Galsworthy]."

The article may be omitted in a colloquial style of speech in incomplete sentences: ""Married?" "__Widower, sir. Two children" ." - "" Married?" "Widower, sir. Two children."[Galsworthy]." "Your mother’s an uncommonly clever woman, you know. __Cleverest woman I’ve ever known." - "Your mother is an extraordinarily smart woman, you know. The smartest woman I ever knew [Beresford]."

The established tradition prohibits the use of an article before the names of holidays containing the word "day": "before / after New Year's Day / Victory Day / V-E Day / Constitution Day / Independence Day / Thanksgiving Day / All Fools' Day" - "before / after the New Year / Victory Day / Day of Germany’s surrender to the Allied forces / Constitution Day / Independence Day / Thanksgiving Day / All Fools Day.”

It is incorrect to use an article with an exclamation what and demonstrative pronoun such before the words "news" - "news", "weather" - "weather", "advice" - "advice", "progress" - "development, progress" "information" - "information, information" as well as the noun "work " - "work" (activity and position), "evidence" - "testimony; evidence, evidence", "damage" - "damage": " What beautiful flowers!" - "What beautiful flowers!" "I’ve never seen such computers." - "I've never seen such computers." Whereas singular countable nouns in this model are used with the indefinite article (as shown).

As a rule, the article is not used before a noun after the verbs "to be, act / work as, make, appoint, run for" - "to be, work / work as, do, appoint, nominate" if the noun denotes a position held only by one person: "He was running for __Mayor." - "He ran for mayor." "He was elected __chairman." - He was elected chairman." "hey made him __headmaster." - "They made him director." "In Mr Taylor's absence Mr Brooks acted as __manager." - "In Mr Taylor's absence Mr Brooks acted as __manager." - "In Mr Taylor's absence Mr Brooks acted as __manager." "

The article is not used before nouns society in the meaning of "social order", opinion in the meaning of "type of groups", mankind in the meaning of “humanity”: “socialist / communist / capitalist / bourgeois / civilized / consumer society” - “socialist / communist / capitalist / bourgeois / civilized / consumer society”, “public opinion” - “public opinion”, “world public opinion " - "world public opinion", "mankind" - "humanity", "all mankind" - "all humanity".
A noun in of-phrases followed by the words “kind” - “kind”, “type” - type, “sort” - variety, “style” - “type, sort”, mainly used without an article: “this kind of person(s)" - "this type of person(s)", "that sort of thing(s)" - "this kind of thing(s)", "this type of film(s)" - "this type of film (s)" "What kind of person is he?" - “What kind of person is he?” “What kind of people are they?” - “What kind of people are they?”

The nouns "breakfast" - "breakfast", "lunch" - "lunch snack", "dinner" - "lunch", "supper" - "dinner", "tea" - "tea party" without an article have a more general meaning - usually process meals (cf. “during lunch”, “after tea”, etc.), while when using the definite article before them, the very essence of the subject is implied, everything that it is associated with in our imagination, and this opposition is more it is clear from the example: " The dinner is the supreme meal of the day." - Lunch (everything that is meant by it - what time - what menu - what is the setting, etc.) - the main meal of the day [Christie]. "We had almost finished __dinner, when taking a step towards the table, I said... " - "We had almost finished dinner (that is, eating), when, taking a step towards the table, I said... [Dickens]"

There is no article before nouns used in pairs and connected by prepositions like from... to (till)..., before nouns denoting meeting places where people go for the main purpose: to be in __hospital (for treatment), "to be in __prison" - "to be in prison" (as punishment), "to be at __table" - “sit at the table” (eating food), “to go to market” - “to go to the market” (buy or sell), “in court” - “in court” (in court), “to go to __bed” - "go to bed" (to sleep), "go to __school" - "go to school" (to study), but "to go to the bed" - "go To beds", "to go to the school" - "to go to school, to the school building."
On the other hand, when the noun is used in the sense of “buildings” rather than “activities,” the article should be used: “Go past the school, then turn to the left." - "Go past the school and turn left." "I went to the hospital to see my brother, who had just been operated on." - “I went to the hospital to see my brother, who had just been operated on.”
The article is also omitted in a number of frozen phraseological combinations in which the noun has become an integral part of the combination: “to go on __foot” - “to walk”, “at __home” - “at home”, “__hand in __hand” - “hand in hand” , “by __day” - “day”, “by __night” - “at night”, etc. They often have (answering the questions “how? - where? - where? - when? - when?”). The most characteristic from the point of view of the presence or absence of this or that article are the combinations given below:

Verbal:
to have a (good) time	(a good time
to have a smoke (a bite, etc.)	smoke (snack)
to have a look, etc.	look (at something/someone)
to have a headache (a cold i t. n.)	suffer from a headache (cold)
to take the floor	take the floor
to have dinner (supper, lunch, tea) But: to have a good dinner	have lunch (dinner, breakfast, tea)
to take the trouble	take on the work...
to play the piano (the violin, etc.)	play the piano (violin)
to tell the time	show/tell what time it is
to tell the truth	to tell the truth
to take part (in)	take part (in)
to take place	happen
to take care (of)	look after/look after
to drop (cast) anchor	drop anchor
to lose sight (of)	lose sight of, forget, lose sight of
to declare war	to declare a war
to give (to get) permission	allow (get permission)
to play football (chess, cards, etc.)	play football (chess, cards)
to make use (of)	use, apply
to go to school	attend school
to go to bed	go/go to bed
to go to market (to court)	go to the market (go to court)
to go to sea	go to sea (go to the sea)

to go to camp	go to camp
to go for a walk	go for a walk/go for a walk
to go to the cinema (the theater)	going to the cinema)
to go to (to return to, to come from) town	come (return) to the city / come from the city
to be in bed	stay (stay) in bed
to be in town	be in the city
to be in prison (hospital, etc.)	to be in prison (to be in hospital)
to be in debt	to be in debt (to be in debt)
to be in time	to get in time
to be in a hurry	hurry
to be in a position	be able to
to be at a loss	be indecisive
to be on board (on deck)	be on board (on deck)
to be on sale	sell
to be in (high) demand	to be in (great) motion

Circumstantial meaning:
at night (at sunset to t. n.)	at night (at sunset/at sunset)
at midnight (at noon)	at midnight (noon)
by day	during the day
by train (tram, bus, boat)	by train (tram, bus, ship)
by air (sea, land)	by plane (sea, land)
by post	by mail
by heart	by heart
by chance	accidentally
by mistake	by mistake
by name	by name
at table	at the table
at school	At school
in fact	In fact
in conclusion	Finally
at a distance of Ho: in the distance	on distance... in the distance
at a depth of	at a depth...
at a size of	at the rate of...
at a width of	to the width...
at a time when	at a time when...
side by side	side by side
shoulder to shoulder	shoulder to shoulder
hand in hand	hand in hand
arm in arm	hand in hand
day by day	from day to day
day after day	day after day
at home	Houses
at work	At work
at peace (at war)	in the world (at war)
to at camp	in the camp
at (after, during) dinner (supper, breakfast)	at (after, during) lunch (dinner, breakfast)
from window to window	from window to window
from head to foot	from head to toe (toes)
from word to word	from word to word
from day to day	from day to day, from day to day

Materials used in preparing the article

Arbekova, T. I. English without errors: Textbook. manual for institutes and faculties. foreign language - M.: Higher. school, 1985. (pp. 134-144)
Barkhudarov, L.S., Stehling D.A. English grammar. – M.: Publishing house of literature in foreign languages, 1960. (pp. 47, 57-60, 68-70)
Belyaeva, M.A. English grammar. – M.: State Publishing House "Higher School", 1963. (pp. 29-30)
Verba, L.G., Verba, G.V. Grammar of modern English. - Kyiv: Logos, 2001. (pp. 148-149)
Kozhaeva, M.G., Kozhaeva, O.S. Revision Tables Student's Grammar Guide. English grammar in tables: textbook. manual - M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2010. (pp. 11-14)
Mandel, B. R. Modern Russian language: history, theory, practice and culture of speech. Book I. Illustrated textbook. - M.: Direct-Media, 2014 (p. 474)

Sections: Foreign languages

Zero article or significant absence of article

1. If there are other determiners before a noun - possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite pronoun or a noun in the possessive case, then this noun is used without an article. My house is big.

2. There is no article before a countable noun in plural, in that case, if in the singular it were preceded by an indefinite article. I saw a book on the table. – I saw books on the table.

If a countable noun in the singular is used in a classifying meaning, or with a definite article in a generalizing meaning, such a noun in the plural does not have an article. A tiger is a wild animal. -Tigers are wild animals. The elephant lives in India. -Elephants live in India.

3. If you need to emphasize the number of countable nouns, then a cardinal number is placed in front of them. In this case it is a descriptive definition. Usually nouns with cardinal number are used without an article. There were t hree boys. But if the noun is specified, the definite article is used – The two boys were dirty. A noun with a cardinal numeral in the ordinal meaning is also used without an article. Unit six, page twenty Also if a noun is followed by a letter designation – point C, exhibit D

4. No article before real noun indicates the use of a noun in a generalized sense . I don't like coffee. The name of a substance can be used with a descriptive definition, which narrows the range of homogeneous nouns, and therefore does not require changing the article. Strong coffee is bitter. The names of substances denoting a variety, type or portion become countable and are used according to general rules: a coffee = a cup of coffee.

Countable nouns denoting meat as a type of food are used with a zero article - chicken, fish, turkey, duck, lamb etc. If it is important to indicate a certain number of uncountable nouns, indefinite pronouns are usually used some, any. These pronouns are usually not translated into Russian. Bring me some water. Do you have any cheese?

5. An abstract noun is used without an article when it expresses generalized concept. Time will show who is right. Also, an abstract noun can be used with a descriptive adjective, which makes the noun less general. But this does not lead to a change in the article. He doesn’t love abstract art. Sometimes a noun in the generalized case can act as a descriptive definition. In this case, the article is also not used . I am fond of science fiction If an abstract noun has a descriptive definition expressing a type of quality, state, feeling, such a noun can be used with an indefinite article. He got a good education. If an abstract noun has an individualizing definition, or is specified by a situation, the definite article is used . I like the music of this film.

The following nouns are never used with the indefinite article: advice, assistance, bliss, breeding, cunning, control, evidence, fun, guidance, health, information, money, nature, news, nonsense, permission, progress, trade, weather, work.

6. Used without an article collective nouns denoting a group of objects: advice, baggage, chinaware, equipment, furniture, information, news etc.

7. Before a noun in circulation functions no article is used. Good morning, captain! Can I ask you a question, young man?

8. The article is not used before nouns denoting Times of Day in the event that they denote light, darkness: day, night, morning, afternoon, noon, daytime, evening, twilight, dusk, nightfall, midnight, sunrise, sunset. Night came unexpectedly.

After nouns with prepositions: at, after, before, by, till, until, towards, past the article is also not used. I came home at night.

If the definition of a noun is words tomorrow, yesterday, or days of the week, the zero article is used. Since Friday evening I haven’t seen him.

The article is not used in the following prepositional combinations: all day (long), all night (through), day after day, day in day out, from morning till night, night after night, day and night, from day to day etc.

9. Titles seasons are used without an article. I don't like autumn. If the noun - the name of the season - is a nominal part of a compound predicate, the zero article is required. It is winter now. The appearance of a descriptive definition requires the indefinite article. It was a terribly rainy autumn. But the presence of adjectives late And early indicates the use of the zero article . It was early spring. If an individuating definition is present, the definite article is required . It was the summer of 1991, when he married. After prepositions during, for, through The definite article is also used. We always move to the country for the summer.

10. Titles meals used without an article . What would you like for dinner? If dinner, or any other meal is formal, or if it is individualized, then any article can be used. They gave a dinner. The lunch you cooked was marvelous.

11. Titles diseases usually used without an article. He has fallen ill with flu. Some nouns that are not medical terms name diseases: a headache, a pain in the back, a cold, a sore throat, etc. In English, these nouns are used without an article; in American English, they are used with an indefinite article. I have a terrible headache! If the noun denoting disease is plural, then it is used without an article .measles,mumps,shingles.

12. Titles home and sports games, sports, are used without an article. Why did you start playing football?

13. Titles sciences and school subjects used without an article . My favorite subject is Geography.

14. If nouns school, college, university, kindergarten, class, court, hospital, prison, jail, bed, sea, table, church, work are used without an article, this means the type of activity directly related to them. Dinner is ready. Sit down to table. If these nouns name a building, they are combined with the article that is appropriate for the situation. He was taken to hospital. We are going to the hospital to visit him.

15. The following are used with the zero article:

a) Noun town in opposition to the word country, and in the following phrases: to be in town, to go to town, to come back to town, to live (stay) in town, to be out of town, to leave town.

b) Noun space meaning “space”. When a child I used to dream of space.

c) Noun society in the meaning of “an organized society of people living in one place” People should work for the benefit of society.

d) Noun most meaning "majority". Most frogs can swim.

16. The article is omitted for brevity in newspaper and magazine headlines, advertisements, telegram texts, geographical maps, theater stage directions . Doctor saves child. Can arrive later prepare room.

17. Proper nouns are used with a zero article:

a) C first and last names of people, names of animals. I saw Kate. If they are preceded by adjectives young, poor, lazy, etc., the article is also missing. Little John If before your own name there is a word denoting rank, title, profession, title (with a capital letter), or a noun expressing family relations, the article is not used. Lord Byron, Aunt Polly. When the preposition of appears, the definite article is used – the Duke of York. If the rank is a title without a proper name, then the article is required - the President. The article is not used with a noun in a prepositional phrase c of, where the main word means post, title. He was nominated for the post of President. Words denoting family members - father, sister, are considered as proper names if they are used in the speech of members of the same family. In this case, they are used without an article, with a capital letter.

If the surname is plural and denotes the entire family, the definite article is used - the Ivanovs.; or if there is an individualizing definition - It is the Belov, who phoned yesterday.

A proper name may be used with the indefinite article to indicate that it is “one of...” Is he not a Sympthon?; to give meaning to “some” - A Mr Brown called you.; when using a name to associate a quality inherent in it: My husband is a real Othello!

b) With names schools, colleges, universities, unless the name of the institution contains a restrictive qualification expressed by a prepositional phrase with of – the university of New York

c) With names magazines Times, Cosmopolitan

d) With names days of the week and months Friday, April

e) With names languages English, Chinese. If the language name contains the word language, the definite article is used.

e) With names holidays Christmas, New Year

g) Before abbreviations BA=Bachelor of Arts, and words denoting the names of organizations, when all capital letters making up the word are read as a single word: NATO, UNO

h) Geographical names are used with a zero article: continents, regions, countries, cities, villages. Britain, Canada. Exceptions – the Ukraine, the Argentine (but Argentina) the Lebanon, the Cameroon, the Ivory Coast, the Congo, the Caucasus, the Crimea, the Hague, the Vatican, the Ruhr, the Sudan, the Senegal, the Tyrol, the Yemen, the Philippines. If the name of the state contains a common noun – kingdom, commonwealth, union, state, republic, lands, federation, this name is used with the definite article . the USA

Titles areas with definition north(northern), south (southern), minor, Latin, middle, ancient, old . Ancient Greece

Titles streets, squares, bridges, city districts, public buildings, parks Oxford Street, Buckingham Palace, Red Square. Street names with ordinal numbers - Fifth Avenue. Exceptions – the Arbat, the Garden Ring, the Via Manzoni, the Gorky Park, the Snowdonia National Park, the Botanical Gardens, the Strand, the Mall, the Main Street, the High Street, the Bronx, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge.

Titles mountain peaks, islands – Everest, Corfu; lakes- only if there is a word lake – lake Baikal, But the Baikal.

Titles bays and peninsulas, in the absence of a word peninsula – Kamchatka, Hudson Bay. But in a prepositional construction with of the definite article is used - the Gulf of Mexico.

Titles capes Cape Horn, except the Cape of Good Hope.

Titles airports, train stations – Heathrow, Waterloo Station.

Titles waterfalls – Niagara Falls.

Titles restaurants, shops – Luigi's, Harrod's

Titles companies, airlines – Kodak, British Airways

Titles planets– Saturn, Mars

Titles churches, especially if they are named after a saint - St Paul's Cathedral

Geographical names with center used with the zero article – Lincoln Center

18. There is no article before nouns used in pairs and connected by prepositions from… till/to– from beginning to end, from hand to mouth.

If there is a preposition before a noun – by, at, off, on, in– by plane, at home

If two nouns are connected by a conjunction and– husband and wife.

Before nouns qualified by words next, last , if they mean future and past – last week.

The article is absent in a number of stable phrases, for example:

A noun that is inseparable from a verb.

to ask for permission
to be in bed
to be at home
to be at school
to be at table
to be in prison
to be in town
to be on holiday
to be out of
to catch (lose) sight of
to declare war
to give offence (permission)
to give way to
to go by water (air, sea, land)
to go home
to go to bed
to go to school
to go/(travel, come, arrive) by bus/(car, boat, ship, plane, air, train)
to go to sea
to go to town

to go to church
to keep house
to keep time
to leave school
to leave town
to lose touch with
to lose track of
to make fun of
to make haste
to make use of
to pay attention to
to play chess (cards, football, tennis, hockey, etc.)
to set fire to
to shake hands with
to take care
to take notice of
to take part
to take place
to tell lies

Noun inseparable from preposition

at breakfast (dinner, lunch, supper)
at hand
at home
at dawn
at daybreak
at dusk
at first
at first sight
at night
at noon
at peace
at present
at school
at sunrise
at sunset
at table
at twilight
at war
at work
by accident
by air
by chance
by day
by hand
by heart
by land
by letter
by mail
by means of
by mistake
by name
by night
by phone
by post
by sea

by telegram
by train (tram, boat, bus, taxi, etc.)
in addition to
in (on) behalf of
in care of
in case of
in charge of
in conclusion
in debt
in demand
in detail
in fact
in mind
in reference to
in search of
in secret
in sight
in spite of
in time
in trouble
on board
on business
on condition that
on credit
on deck
on foot
on holiday
on sale
on time
out of date
out of order
out of place
out of sight

A combined combination of two nouns with a preposition.

arm in arm
day after day
day by day
from beginning to end
from left to right
from morning till night
from town to town

from time to time
from day to day
from east to west
from side to side
from head to foot
hand in hand
side by side

Practical part

“Don’t cry, ... baby,” said Carlson.
You can see a sign in a plane: “Fasten... seatbelt when sit.”
… President Medvedev invited … Mikhalkovs to the Kremlin. It was an official meeting with… President. … President of Russia made a speech in honor of the family.
-...Mr. Bean is waiting for you in the room, Sir.
– Is he... Mr Bean who was calling all... day long yesterday?
- No, Sir.
My dream is a trip to… lake Baikal! … Baikal is the deepest and the most beautiful lake in the world!
The koala means “no water”. ... koalas get liquid from eucalyptus leaves.
I always bring… chinaware for my mum as a present.
History class is in …room F.
– Why do you like ... PE?
– Because I like playing … basketball and we play it very often.
He is in...prison. … prison is a public building used to house criminals. … prison where he is, is a modern one with a gym, a computer room and even an art center.
…most teachers in Russia choose this profession because they have a call for teaching.
More and more people go to live in … town every year. Farming is not popular nowadays.
Have...fun! Don’t think about… money.
–I think, I’ll take... ice-cream.
- Ok. And I will have… juice. I don’t like… ice-cream.
I remember… time when I was five. I was really happy.
When I looked out of the window I saw … three girls who weren’t at … school yesterday. They had… three new schoolbags.
When I lived in Sukhumi my favorite dish was … stewed lamb.
It is not your toy! It is...Mike's computer!
…twilight can be scary for little children.
All...day long we were preparing for theexam.
It is…summer now. It is… horribly hot summer. In spite of the fact that it is … late summer, the temperature is 30 degrees Celsius! We’ll remember … summer of 2010, for sure! During … summer we drank liters of water every hour!
Children mustn’t eat crisps for… breakfast every day! It's unhealthy. … breakfast they can buy in a canteen is nutritious and warm.
Nearly all the class has got...measles. Some children had … sore throat and … runny nose. So they've caught... cold.

Keys and comments

Baby (noun in the function of address).
Seatbelt (the article is omitted for brevity in advertisements).
President (before your own name there is a word denoting the position (with a capital letter); the Mikhalkovs (the surname is in the plural and denotes the whole family); the President (position without a proper name); the President of Russia (an article with a noun in the prepositional phrase c of, where the main word means post, title).
A Mr Bean (to give the meaning “some”); the Mr Bean (individualizing definition); all day long (prepositional combination).
lake Baikal (presence of the word lake); the Baikal (name of the lake).
Koalas (singular (the koala) is used with the definite article in a general sense).
Chinaware (collective noun denoting a group of objects).
Room F (letter designation of a noun).
PE (name of school subject); basketball (name of the sport).
In prison (type of activity directly related to the noun); a prison (general concept); the prison (noun specified).
Most teachers (noun most meaning “majority”).
Town (noun town in opposition to the word country).
Fun, money (never used with the indefinite article, generalized meaning).
An ice-cream (portion); juice (generalized meaning); ice-cream (generalized meaning).
The time (abstract noun, has an individualizing definition).
The three girls(noun specified); at school (a noun inseparable from the preposition); three new bags (descriptive definition).
Lamb (meat as a type of food).
Mike's computer (possessive case).
Twilight (noun denoting time of day; means darkness).
All day long (prepositional combination).
Summer (noun - the name of the season, is a nominal part of a compound predicate); a horribly hot summer (descriptive definition); late summer (with adjectives late And early); the summer of (individualizing definition); the summer (after the preposition during).
Breakfast (meal names); the breakfast (meal is individualized).
Measles (plural noun meaning disease); a sore throat, a runny nose, a cold (a non-medical noun that names a disease).

Prepositions are used with the days of the week in English on, till, by, from...to. However, there are other words that are often used with days of the week in English. Each of them has its own story and its own translation into Russian, which we will talk about now.

Preposition of time on with days of the week in English

The pretext of time is rightly considered the most popular with days of the week on .

Exactly English pretext on with days of the week allows you to answer the question “When did the action happen, is it happening or will it happen?”

The preposition on and days of the week	Translating to Russian language	Example sentences	Translation of sentences
on Sunday on Sundays	on Sunday on Sundays	On Sunday(s) we don't go to school	On Sunday (Sundays) we don't go to school
on Monday on Mondays	on Monday on Mondays	On Monday(s) Jill gets up at 6am	On Monday (Mondays) Jill gets up at 6 am
on Tuesday on Tuesdays	on Tuesday on Tuesdays	I never go to the gym on Tuesday(s)	I never go to the gym on Tuesdays (Tuesdays)
on Wednesday on Wednesdays	on Wednesday on Wednesdays	On Wednesday(s) Mom does the washing	On Wednesdays (Wednesdays) mom does the laundry
on Thursday on Thursdays	on Thursday on Thursdays	We clean the house on Tuesday(s)	On Thursday (Thursdays) we do cleaning
on Friday on Fridays	on Friday on Fridays	We meet on Friday(s)	We usually meet on Friday (on Fridays)
on Saturday on Saturdays	on Saturday on Saturdays	On Saturday(s) we go shopping	On Saturday (Saturdays) we buy groceries

Usually with a pretext on days of the week are used in the singular, but if you need to talk about a repetitive, routine action, use it by adding an ending –s: on Sundays(Russian on Sundays).

Most often with a pretext on and day of the week plural tenses are used Indefinite, while in sentences with the day of the week in the singular, other English tenses and constructions may appear, but this is not the rule.

Examples of using the prepositions on with days of the week:

Prepositions by, from, till with days of the week in English

In addition to the well-known preposition on, prepositions can also be used with days of the week in English till, by, from...to. Each preposition attaches a special meaning, answering the question “when?”.

For example a preposition by(Russian k, do) means “on time, before a certain time,” and in the phrase by Monday will be translated "by Monday".

Examples of using the prepositions till, by, from...to with days of the week

You can find more detailed information about all prepositions with which days of the week are used in the article.

Words every, last, this, next with English days of the week

Unlike the Russian language in word combinations every, this, last, next Articles and prepositions are not used with days of the week, for example: Next Sunday I’ll be lying on the beach(Russian. Next Sunday I will be lying on the beach).

Examples of using the words every, next, last, this with days of the week:

Words morning, afternoon, evening, night with days of the week

Sometimes it is necessary to clarify exactly when during the day (morning, afternoon or evening) an action occurs or occurred.

In order to say "on Sunday evening" or "on Friday morning", the day of the week is placed before the time of day, and here is the preposition on remains: on Sunday evening And on Friday morning.

Examples of the use of words morning, afternoon, evening, night

At the weekend or on the weekend?

The British use the preposition to say "at the weekend" at and the definite article the : at the weekend(Russian on weekends). But the American version of English simplifies the task and suggests continuing to use the preposition on:

In colloquial speech, especially in American language, the preposition “on” is also sometimes omitted before names of dates: I"ll phone you (on) Wednesday(Russian. I'll call you on Wednesday).

Articles with days of the week in English

People have a special relationship with Mondays and any Monday can be a real challenge.

Reading this subtitle, you might say that days of the week are never used with articles, and you'd be right... partly.

The English language is rich in exceptions and now we will talk about one of them.

The indefinite article with days of the week in English

In which case can we call any day of the week with the indefinite article?

Remember!

We use the indefinite article a(an) with days of the week, when we want to talk about an event that will happen on some (non-specific) Monday.

In the example The next meeting of the Zetetic Society will be on Monday.(Russian. The next meeting of the community of truth-seekers will take place on Monday) it immediately becomes clear that the meeting will take place on the coming Monday. If today is Friday, it will mean in three days.

If you say The next meeting will be on a Monday will mean that the meeting will take place on Monday, but not necessarily on the coming Monday or on any particular Monday. It’s just that this meeting will take place on “one Monday.”

Examples of using the indefinite article with days of the week in English:

Definite article with days of the week in English

Concerning definite article, then it will be applied only in one case before the names of the days of the week.

Remember!

Definite article the used with English days of the week to designate a specific day, usually associated with already known events in the past or future.

In other words, if you say on the with the day of the week, the interlocutor will understand that you are talking about the day as a period in the past or future, which has already been mentioned, or it refers to specific events known to him:

The Tuesday after Christmas(Tuesday after Christmas)

the Friday before my birthday(Friday before my birthday)

the last Wednesday of each month(last Wednesday of every month)

Examples of using the definite article with days of the week in English:

Collocations and expressions with days of the week in English

The British often make fun of their laziness and dislike of Mondays. The cheerful dog Snoopy demonstrates in the picture his attitude to the days of the week.

Who of the students of English does not dream of learning a couple of idiomatic expressions with which he can show off among his friends, and which will bring his speech closer to native speakers?

In this section we will look at popular idioms and phrases in English language associated with the days of the week.

Phrases and phrases in English	Translation into Russian
long weekend	long weekend, when an additional day off is added to Saturday and Sunday (usually due to a holiday)
Mondayish ["mʌndɪɪʃ]	in a bad mood (usually after the weekend)
Monday feeling	reluctance to work (especially after Sunday)
Bloody Monday	stud. first day of vacation, day of punishment for violators
Fat Monday	the last Monday before Lent in the Catholic and Anglican churches
Black Tuesday	"Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929
from here till next Tuesday	"a very long time"
Wednesday girl	inconspicuous girl, “gray mouse”
Holy Wednesday	Holy Wednesday (during Holy Week)
Friday fare	lean food
Friday face	lean face, lean face
girl Friday	girl Friday, a reliable assistant or secretary, by analogy with man Friday - Friday, a servant in the novel by Daniel Defoe (1659-1731) "Robinson Crusoe"
Sunday best	best for Sunday, usually about clothes - the best or most beautiful clothes.
Saturday girl	“Saturday girl”, a schoolgirl or student who works as a saleswoman on Saturdays
Sunday's child	baby born on Sunday; lucky man
Sunday closing	Shops closed on Sundays
Sunday driver	a car driver who works only on Sundays; incompetent, slow driver
Sunday face	hypocritical look
When two Sundays meet together	never (literally: “When two resurrections meet together”), compare with the Russian proverb “After the rain on Thursday”
Sunday dinner	Sunday lunch, holiday lunch
Sunday man	a person who is social only on Sundays
Sunday painter	amateur artist, hobbyist
Sunday supplement	Sunday newspaper supplement

Remember to repeat and use idiomatic phrases along with the days of the week when communicating in English. And then, no one will be able to compare you to a Wednesday girl and make a Friday face in a conversation with you.

Instead of a conclusion:

Now you know, how to use days of the week in an English sentence.

Good luck in learning English!

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