home · On a note · What does the concept of creative freedom mean? Creativity and freedom as principles and necessary conditions for improving society. Freedom of speech and creativity are guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited

What does the concept of creative freedom mean? Creativity and freedom as principles and necessary conditions for improving society. Freedom of speech and creativity are guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited

Freedom is associated with a person’s ability to harmonize the internal and external worlds and thereby form a multifaceted, holistic, consistent view of the world. At one time I drew attention to this aspect N. Berdyaev: “Genuine freedom is an expression of the cosmic (as opposed to chaotic) state of the universe, its hierarchical harmony, the internal unity of all its parts.” Through freedom, man, as it were, creates the world and in this regard even surpasses God, for the world, created by God, begins to remake it in his own image and likeness. This approach of Berdyaev caused a sharply negative reaction from theologians in different countries. For us, it is important to emphasize the creative element in the category of freedom. U I. Ilyina This idea is expressed even more clearly: “Free is not the person who is left to himself, who has no obstacles in anything, so he can do whatever comes to his mind. Free is the one who has acquired the inner ability to create his work on the material of his passions and his talents".

Here creativity and freedom turn out to be closely connected with each other and with passions. Thus, creativity there is a constant search for something new, the creation of something new, where a person hopes to find freedom, that is, ultimately, himself. After all, it is the realization of all the potentials inherent in a person, their maximum disclosure, that is the main task of freedom.

5. The problem of responsibility in philosophy and ethics

Human freedom comes with responsibility, since any human action, as a rule, affects the interests of other people. The problem of human responsibility is quite clearly developed in existentialism. In this philosophy, the will of a person is free, and just as freely a person determines his essence, destiny and his choice. That is why man is responsible for everything that happens in the world, all its imperfections. Existentialism, as a rule, strictly defines the measure of responsibility. A person has no right to evade personal responsibility for the evil that is committed in this world.

Responsibility assumes that a person hassense of duty and conscience, the ability to exercise one’s owncontrol and self-government. Conscience acts as a controller of all human actions. The choice made by a person, the decision made, means that the person is ready to take full responsibility, even for what he could not foresee. The inevitability of the risk of doing “the wrong thing” or “the wrong thing” presupposes that a person has the courage necessary at all stages of his activity: both when making a decision, and in the process of its implementation, and, especially in case of failure.

A situation of choice requires a person to make a decision. A person’s free decision and action always presupposes his responsibility to society for his action. Freedom and responsibility are two sides of conscious human activity. Freedom is the ability to carry out purposeful activity, the ability to act knowledgeably for the sake of a chosen goal. It can also be said that responsibility - it is the conformity of moral activity with duty.

FREEDOM OF ARTISTIC CREATIVITY - the conscious, purposeful activity of an artist, which is based on knowledge of the objective laws of nature, society, the development of art and the creative process and uses this knowledge. The degree of freedom of a creative subject is determined by the measure of not only theoretical, but also practical mastery of the laws of the world and creative activity, that is, the development of not only knowledge, but also artistic practice. Thus, freedom of artistic creativity is the artist’s ability to create in accordance with his goals and interests, based on the knowledge of objective necessity. Marxist-Leninist philosophy and aesthetics oppose both voluntarism, which denies any determinism of the creative process, and absolute determinism, which completely excludes the freedom of creative subjectivity. Representatives of the first point of view are the existentialists (see Existentialism in aesthetics). N. Hartmann wrote: “The artist is not driven by any duty, no responsibility rests on him. For this, the boundless kingdom of the possible is open to him, which is not bound by any conditions... The freedom of the artist... is pure freedom, not bound by any external ties.” Existentialists interpret freedom in a subjective-idealistic spirit, but differ from Hartmann in that they do not deny the moral responsibility of a creative person. Some representatives of the philosophy and aesthetics of neo-Thomism take the position of absolute determinism. Both of these tendencies metaphysically oppose necessity and freedom to each other and thereby close the way to a correct understanding of the problem.

In modern bourgeois aesthetics, the concept of absolute freedom of artistic activity is especially widespread. However, such freedom exists only formally. V.I. Lenin called it a bourgeois, anarchist phrase, complete hypocrisy. The writer depends on the bourgeois publisher, on the bourgeois public, on censorship, on the money bag. It is impossible to live in society and be free from society, V.I. Lenin emphasizes. The French writer Balzac painted a gloomy picture of the complete suppression of artistic activity under capitalism (his novel Lost Illusions). The remarkable works of the German writer T. Mann speak about the hostility of capitalism to creativity. The best representatives of the bourgeois intelligentsia speak with one voice about the hostility of capitalism to human creativity.

V.I. Lenin believed that artists, writers, actors, etc. must first of all be freed from feudal censorship, from bourgeois-merchant relations, from political blackmail and pressure. Further, they must be freed from anarchist-individualist influences, for anarchism is bourgeoisism and unfreedom turned inside out. The path to creative freedom, according to Lenin, is the transformation of social relations, the destruction of the power of blind economic forces. The Great October Socialist Revolution provided such freedom to creative workers. In a conversation with K. Zetkin, V.I. Lenin said that before the revolution, the development of art depended on the fashion and whims of the royal court, on the tastes and whims of the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie. The revolution freed artists “from the oppression of these very prosaic conditions. She turned the Soviet state into their protector and customer. Every artist... claims the right to create freely, according to his ideal...".

The depth of V.I. Lenin’s formulation of the question of freedom of creativity lies in the fact that he does not contrast this freedom with either objective necessity or the social duty of the artist. The true freedom of art lies in the fact that it serves “not the jaded heroine, not the bored and obese “top ten thousand,” but millions and tens of millions of working people who make up the color of the country, its strength, its future.” It is from a deep connection with the life of the people, from voluntary, willing service to the cause of socialism and communism, according to V.I. Lenin, that real, real freedom of creativity arises. Having in mind the literature of a socialist society, V.I. Lenin wrote: “This will be free literature, fertilizing the last word of the revolutionary thought of mankind with the experience and living work of the socialist proletariat, creating constant interaction between the experience of the past (scientific socialism, which completed the development of socialism from its primitive, utopian forms) and the experience of the present (the real struggle of comrade workers).” V.I. Lenin pointed out the need to provide the artist with great scope for creative exploration, personal initiative, personal inclinations, individual style, etc. The artist is not free to choose objective conditions for his activity, but he has the freedom to determine the goals of his creative plans and means of their implementation. Thus, creative freedom really exists, but it is determined by a number of objective and subjective factors: the level of social development, social system, the degree of the artist’s knowledge of objective laws, his worldview, knowledge of the laws of art and artistic creativity. All this is evident in the conditions of a socialist society, where complete, unfettered freedom is ensured for creativity.

In accordance with Art. 44 of the Constitution, everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, technical and other types of creativity, teaching, the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to cultural values.

The state guarantees the accessibility of all cultural achievements to citizens, no matter where they live. This is ensured by the general availability of the values ​​of domestic and world culture located in state and public funds, the development and uniform distribution of cultural and educational institutions throughout the country, the development of television and radio, book publishing and periodicals, a network of libraries, and the expansion of cultural exchange with foreign countries.

Following the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, Article 44 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is one of the most important rights and freedoms of Russian citizens, the right to freedom in all spheres of creative activity. This means that the state assumes the responsibility to provide its citizens with effective means of legal protection of these rights and freedoms.

The most important legislative acts that establish real legal guarantees of the freedoms proclaimed by the Constitution are the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture (1992) and the Law of the Russian Federation on the Mass Media (1991 with amendments and additions dated August 4, 2001).

Among such guarantees, one should first of all point out the inadmissibility of interference by state authorities and local governments in the creative activities of citizens and their associations, except in cases where such activities lead to the promotion of war, violence and cruelty, racial, national, religious class and other exclusivity or intolerance, pornography. A ban on any cultural activity can only be carried out by a court, and the authors of such works, as well as the bodies that publish them, bear criminal liability.

The guarantee of the right to freedom of creativity in the media is the establishment of unacceptable censorship - requirements from the editorial office of the media on the part of officials, government bodies, organizations, institutions or public associations to pre-approve messages and materials (except for cases where the official is the author or interviewee ), as well as imposing a ban on the distribution of messages and materials, their individual parts.

From the point of view of guarantees of freedom of creativity, it is important that, according to the law, a person’s right to engage in creative activity can be exercised both on a professional and on a non-professional (amateur) basis. Professional and non-professional creative workers have equal rights in the field of copyright and related rights, intellectual property rights, protection of the secrets of craftsmanship, freedom to dispose of the results of their work, and state support. According to Article 31 of the Fundamentals of Legislation on Culture, the representative, executive and judicial authorities in the Russian Federation act as a guarantor of the rights and freedoms of all subjects of cultural activity (including creative workers), protecting them through legislative and other informative activities, suppressing attacks on rights and freedoms.

To protect copyright, publishing and other intellectual property rights, a package of special laws on the protection of intellectual property has been adopted. The main ones include the laws of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1992: Patent Law (covering relations related to the creation, protection and use of inventions, utility models and industrial designs), Law on Trademarks, Service Marks and Appellations of Origin of Goods, Law on the Legal Protection of Topologies of Integrated Circuits, the Law on the Legal Protection of Programs for Electronic Computers and Databases, and the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (1993).

Intellectual property refers to exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity, i.e. on intangible objects, while ownership refers to real rights.

There are two main groups of exclusive rights depending on the nature of the objects of these rights.

First covers the rights of “industrial property” (“industrial rights”), which are understood as exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity used in production, as well as to legally protected symbols and designations used in trade (trademarks, appellations of origin, etc. .).

Second the group covers exclusive rights to copyrighted objects that do not require special registration. New Russian legislation has significantly expanded the scope of copyright. Along with the protection of traditional objects (works of science, literature, art), related rights (performers of works, rights to phonograms, productions, broadcasts and cable broadcasts) are now also protected. The system of protection of works of literature also applies to computer programs and databases.

Protection of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity is carried out administratively or judicially, depending on the nature of the dispute.

Disputes about the property and personal rights of patent owners (holders of certificates), as well as authors of literary, scientific, artistic works and other subjects of copyright are considered by courts of general jurisdiction if this is a dispute between citizens, arbitration courts if the parties to the dispute are entrepreneurs, and arbitration courts according to at the request of the parties, except for disputes falling within the exclusive competence of the Supreme Patent Chamber.

The essence of creativity. Creativity and freedom.

Freedom is political, physical, spiritual, economic.

There are two main understandings of creativity:

    Creativity is a socially conditioned spiritual and practical activity, the purpose of which is to create new, socially significant and aesthetic concepts,

Theses on freedom:

    Freedom doesn't exist

    If it exists, it is only in creativity

    If it exists in creativity, then as a source of tragedy

Physical freedom- freedom of movement and action

Political freedom- “getting rid of state violence, bureaucracy, etc.

Economic freedom- rejection of economic coercion, harsh

Spiritual freedom- intellectual and moral autonomy

If a person is subject to moral laws and cannot violate moral prohibitions,

then this is not freedom, but necessity. The only human freedom is creativity, but this

freedom must be understood in a limited and conditional sense.

But the main suffering begins when the product of creativity is put on public display. The Creator is subjected to ridicule, reproaches, threats, and persecution.

Consequently, creativity does not contain freedom itself, but only a promise that is not destined to come true. Everything that is presented as freedom - the choice of a goal, the embodiment of a goal - is an allegory used to denote some changes in human existence.

THE ESSENCE OF CREATIVITY.

Creativity is the creation of cultural or material values ​​that are new in design.

Creativity allows people to convey their thoughts and experiences and at the same time limits them, sets a certain framework for self-expression and knowledge.

Creativity, on the one hand, reflects the past of a people, and on the other, it determines many features of its psychology, and therefore influences the present and future. There are two main understandings of creativity:

    Creativity is a socially conditioned spiritual and practical activity, the purpose of which is to create new, socially significant and aesthetic designs.

    Creativity is a person’s gradual creation of himself, self-improvement of the individual, regardless of the social environment.

CREATIVITY and FREEDOM.

Man is a social being. People's lives are interdependent. In other words, people create each other both physically and spiritually. Between them there are connections born of sociality, i.e. society is the sum of social connections. Society is the force that makes a person human; it is constantly changing. Kant derives moral freedom from the rationality of man, which encourages him to live according to moral laws. And since everyone has the same mind, then the moral laws are the same. If a person is subject to moral laws and cannot violate moral prohibitions. then this is no longer freedom, but necessity. Kant saw the purpose of society not in caring for the practical needs of society, but in maintaining a regime of justice between them. By concluding a social contract, people do not sacrifice their freedom, but only create legal conditions for a more reliable and orderly use of it. The only human freedom is creativity, but this freedom must also be understood in a limited and conditional sense. A person cannot be free from society, and since creativity is created by people, it is also dependent on society. The happiest and most joyful moments of life are associated with creativity. In the process of creation one can experience rare experiences - inspiration, flashes of insight, pride from the birth of something great, but there are also

negative emotions caused by dissatisfaction with oneself, aversion to the results of long efforts.

But the main suffering begins when the product of creativity is put on public display (a work of art, a painting, etc.) then it is possible that the creator will be subjected to ridicule, reproaches, threats, and persecution.

Consequently, creativity does not contain freedom itself, but only a promise that is not destined to come true, and it turns out that what is passed off as freedom is a choice of goal, and the embodiment of the goal is an allegory used to denote some changes in human existence.

FREEDOM POLITICAL, PHYSICAL, SPIRITUAL,

ECONOMIC.

Currently, there are several concepts of freedom. Freedom in philosophy is the possibility of a subject expressing his will on the basis of awareness of the law of development of nature and society. Freedom in general is the absence of constraints and restrictions.

Freedom of the individual - inviolability of the person, home, privacy of correspondence, telephone and telegraph messages, freedom of conscience.

Physical freedom is freedom of movement and action.

Political freedom - getting rid of state violence, bureaucracy, etc.

Economic freedom - rejection of economic coercion, harsh

control over production and trade, independent choice of hired work.

Spiritual freedom - intellectual and moral autonomy.

1. The problem of freedom in philosophy.

2. Necessary conditions for freedom.

3. Creativity: its origins and manifestations.

4. Freedom and creativity in the concept of N. Berdyaev.

As we have found out, man is a spiritual being. He not only satisfies his physiological needs, but also strives for spiritual ideals and values. It is they who determine the spiritual qualities of each person, and it is by focusing on them that the individual builds the line of his behavior.

Among the many highest values ​​of human existence, freedom stands out. Indeed, thinking about human life, we involuntarily ask ourselves the questions: “Is a person free or not? What does it mean to be free? What are the limits of human freedom? And most importantly, how to become a free person?” As you understand, answering these questions is not at all easy. In society, as a rule, there are two extreme and generally untrue concepts of human freedom.

Voluntarism - interprets a person as a being absolutely independent of external circumstances and means completely free. Supporters of voluntarism define human will as the highest principle of existence and believe in its complete independence from the realities of the world. Man, in their opinion, is doomed to be free.

Fatalism - considers a person as a being completely dependent on external factors (God, fate, karma, natural necessities, cultural norms, etc.) and therefore completely rejects the presence of freedom. By and large, all religious people are fatalists, but among atheist-materialists there are also quite a few supporters of this point of view.

The obvious limitations of voluntarism and fatalism give rise to the desire to identify the true meaning of the concept of freedom. As we know, man is a biosocial being and his life is determined by natural and social needs. But a person, as a rule, faces not just one, but a whole bunch of needs. And if a person is free, then he has the opportunity to choose the most suitable one from many alternatives. Freedom exists where there is choice: the choice of goals of activity, the choice of means to achieve goals, the choice of actions in a certain life situation. Having made a choice of what he wants from a range of alternatives, a person thereby removes the contradiction between freedom and necessity. The highest degree of human freedom is the coincidence of his desires and aspirations with objective necessity. For example, you graduated from school, and you were faced with an objective need to obtain a professional education. Since childhood, you have dreamed of becoming an accountant and therefore, without any coercion, you chose our college, successfully passed the entrance exams, and study there with great pleasure. In this case, your desire coincided with an objective need, and you successfully implement your choice. It follows that freedom is, first of all, a person’s right to make a choice and put it into practice. The antipode of freedom in this case is coercion, i.e. human actions under the influence of external forces, contrary to one’s internal beliefs, goals and interests.



Are all the people around us free?? Of course not, freedom or non-freedom of a person is associated with many internal and external conditions of his existence.

If we take modern society, then in order to be free, a person must become an adult. Until reaching adulthood, a person does not have the right to decide his own destiny, i.e. to be free.

The second condition for free activity is the knowledge of necessity. At the same time, necessity is understood as knowledge of the laws of nature and society, the ability to find means and ways to implement one’s choice. And this comes only through life experience and the learning process.

Human freedom comes with responsibility, since any human action, as a rule, affects the interests of other people. Anyone who is unable to take responsibility cannot be free.

Responsibility presupposes that a person has a sense of duty and conscience. Conscience acts as the controller of all human actions. A choice made, a decision made means that a person is ready to take full responsibility even for what he could not foresee. The inevitability of the risk of doing something wrong or wrong presupposes that a person has the courage necessary at all stages of his activity, and especially in case of failure. Thus, freedom is associated not only with necessity, but also with a person’s personal qualities: responsibility, conscience, courage, and, of course, willpower.

The degree of human freedom also depends on the society in which human life takes place. Each historical era establishes its own level of freedom through moral and legal regulations. Moreover, the expansion of the degree of freedom throughout human history has been carried out in the form of people’s struggle against restrictions on their freedom.

On the other hand, freedom of choice also depends on the person himself: on his mental abilities, level of education and qualifications, and finally, simply on his state of health. Therefore, the more comprehensively developed a person is, the more freedom he demands from society. Hence, freedom and personal development are organically connected with each other, and unreasonable restriction of individual freedom, strict regulation of its activities and behavior, harms both the individual and society itself.

One of the most amazing properties of the human personality is the ability to be creative. What is creativity? In most philosophy textbooks, creativity is defined as the process of creating something fundamentally new and unknown. But it is very difficult to create, to create something fundamentally new, and it happens quite rarely. Most often, creativity manifests itself in the process of improvement, in bringing something that already exists to a higher quality. And even the discovery or invention of something “fundamentally new”, as a rule, is based on all the knowledge, skills, abilities and technologies that humanity already had. It follows that creativity is a process of human activity, during which old ones are improved and qualitatively new spiritual and material values ​​are created.

Some people understand creativity only as activity in the field of science or art. But this is not correct, creativity is very heterogeneous and diverse. There are many different types of creativity: scientific, artistic, technical, religious, mythological, military, organizational, and finally, just everyday life. Also, the preparation of educational assignments can be approached formally, or creatively.

Do all people have the gift of creativity? Yes, everyone, but, unfortunately, not everyone is able to realize their creative abilities. For a person to realize his creative potential, it is necessary to combine internal qualities (abilities, hard work, willpower, etc.) and certain external conditions. If, for example, a talented child was born into a low-educated, low-income family living in some remote corner of our country, then it is unlikely that he will be able to develop his natural abilities. Therefore, every state, if it wants to be developed and strong, must show an interest in creating favorable conditions for the development of creative abilities of as many of its citizens as possible. And this can only be done by improving the standard of living, education, culture of the broad masses of the population and actively involving the younger generation in creative activities.

Another indispensable condition for the realization of creative abilities is that they must be in demand by society. From the experience of history, we know that many discoveries, inventions, and works of art were met with hostility by society, and their creators were persecuted. Therefore, the creator must be not only talented, but also a strong, courageous, persistent and sufficiently flexible person.

But even under favorable conditions, not everyone achieves creative success to the same extent. This allows us to introduce a scale for the realization of creative potential: ability, talent, genius.

Ability is an innate predisposition to any type of activity. Some people show an ability for technical creativity, others for mathematics, others for music, etc. Moreover, the initial level of these inclinations is different for different people: some are higher, others are lower.

Talent is an ability that has already been developed through hard work, allowing it to be successfully implemented in practice.

Well, and finally, when a person combines high innate talent with enormous willpower, determination and hard work, this leads to genius - manifested in the creation of qualitatively new creations that have enormous socio-historical significance. The names of geniuses are associated with turning points in the development of science, art, technology, politics, military affairs, etc.

Since talent and especially genius are always accompanied by a high level of inspiration, obsession and quite often intuitive insight, these phenomena have given rise to different opinions on this matter. Some equate genius with madness, others consider it a divine gift. But research in the field of creativity psychology has shown that among brilliant individuals there are no fewer completely healthy and normal people than among ordinary citizens. And the facts of intuitive insights appear only under one condition - when a person is completely immersed in solving a problem. Therefore, creativity is, on the one hand, inspiration, the rise of imagination, insight, and on the other hand, it is persistent, dedicated work that requires enormous professional knowledge and skills.

And ending the topic of freedom and creativity, I would like to cite, on this matter, the point of view of the famous Russian philosopher N. Berdyaev. He believed that the connection of freedom with natural and social necessity deprives the concept of freedom of any meaning. The material world is caused and forced, but true freedom is groundless and causeless. “The definition of freedom as choice is still a formal definition of freedom. This is just one of the moments of freedom.” True freedom, in his opinion, lies in the sphere of spirit and lies, first of all, in creativity. “Creativity is not only the giving of a more perfect form to this world, it is also liberation from the heaviness and slavery of this world.” Thus, human freedom lies in his internal creative energy. Through freedom, a person can create a completely new reality, a new life for society and nature. “Freedom and creativity indicate that man is not only a natural being, but also not only a mental being, in the natural sense of the word. Man is a free, supernatural spirit, a microcosm... Freedom is the power to create from nothing, the power of the spirit to create not from the natural world, but from oneself. Freedom in its positive expression and affirmation is creativity.”

Questions and assignments.

1 What are voluntarism and fatalism?

2. What is freedom from your point of view?

3. What does a person need to be free?

4. What is creativity? What does the realization of creative potential depend on?

5. What is ability, talent, genius? How to become a genius?

6. How does N. Berdyaev interpret freedom and creativity? Give your opinion on this concept.