What does the auxiliary part of speech mean? Functional parts of speech in Russian. Analysis of auxiliary parts of speech

Russian scholars distinguish parts of speech in different ways. Our article will tell you about those parts of speech that are studied in the school course. These are 12 parts of speech, which are divided into independent and auxiliary. Let's take a closer look at what parts of speech there are in the Russian language.

Independent parts of speech

A noun is a part of speech that is independent in nature and answers the questions “what?” "who?", and also denotes an object. According to their meaning, all nouns can be divided into animate (boy, horse) and inanimate (stool, notebook), into proper names (Moscow, Petya, newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda") and common nouns (numerous names of objects and phenomena: table, coin, heart , society, love, etc.).

An adjective is a part of speech that expresses a characteristic of an object, answering the questions “which?” "what?" "whose?" etc. Adjectives are divided into relative (wooden, reading), qualitative (big, beautiful) and possessive (sister, fox).

A numeral is a part of speech that denotes the number of objects and the number and order of counting. Numeral names, according to grammatical features and meaning, are divided into ordinal (tenth, second) and quantitative (ten, two).

A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates signs, objects and their quantities, but does not name them. In sentences, pronouns are most often used as a subject or determiner, rarely as a circumstance. Sometimes pronouns are even used as a predicate.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state of an object or an action, and answers the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?” etc. Verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect, active and passive voice, transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. Also, verbs have an initial form or an infinitive. In a sentence, verbs are most often predicates, but they can act as subjects or modifiers.

A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes the characteristics of an object by action. The participle answers the questions: “which?”, “what is he doing?”, “what did he do?”, “what did he do?”, “what was done?” and so on. Participles are divided into passive and active. The active denotes the attribute of the object that produces the action, and the passive denotes the attribute of the object that experiences this action. (“reading boy” is a boy who reads himself; “reading book” is a book that someone is reading, that is, someone is performing actions with this book).

A gerund is a verb form that denotes an additional action while there is a main action. The participle answers the questions “what by doing?”, “what by doing?”. Participles are of the perfect and imperfect forms (“jumping out” is the perfect form, “jumping” is the imperfect form).

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses a sign of an action or other sign (to do beautifully, very beautifully). An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, which is most often a circumstance in a sentence.

Functional parts of speech

Now let's look at what functional parts of speech the system of parts of speech of the Russian language includes.

A preposition is a part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, pronoun and numeral on other words present in the phrase and in the sentence. Prepositions cannot be modified and are not part of a sentence. Prepositions can be derivative and non-derivative (non-derivative: a, to, from, with; derivative: on the contrary, along, due to, thanks to).

A conjunction is a functional part of speech that connects homogeneous members found in a simple sentence, as well as several simple sentences in a complex sentence. There are subordinating conjunctions (therefore, so that, that) and coordinating conjunctions (a, and, but).

A particle is a part of speech that introduces different shades into sentences and serves to form new forms of words (come on, come on, let it go, b). Particles are not members of a sentence and do not change.

An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses feelings without naming them. It is not included either in the group of auxiliary parts of speech or in the group of independent parts (oh, ah, hee-hee-hee, ugh, brrr).

Thus, you can see that all parts of speech in the Russian language are diverse and not similar to each other. Only when combined with each other can they form phrases and sentences.

In scientific works and in school textbooks, it is customary to divide parts of speech into independent (or significant) and auxiliary (or non-significant).

Independent parts of speech are a group of words with a common grammatical meaning (subject, attribute of an object, action, attribute of an action, number of objects).

Functional parts of speech are a group of words that do not have their own meaning, since they do not name objects, signs, actions and cannot be asked a question.

Functional parts of speech play a very important role in the grammatical structure of the Russian language. They have a more abstract meaning compared to nominative words and indicate the relationships that arise between these words in a sentence. “According to the time of their appearance in the Russian language, function words are in the majority “younger” than independent words and are formed primarily from them,” writes I. Golanov, for example, many prepositions that arose from adverbs (around, about, past, etc. .), and pronouns, adverbs and verbs (when, although, after, etc.) participated in the formation of conjunctions. The average quantitative ratio of independent and function words in modern Russian is 3:1, with possible deviations from the average level for authors and works.

Professor M.N. Peterson in his work “On Parts of Speech in the Russian Language” establishes for the stories of A.S. Pushkin has exactly this ratio: “for 18,759 words - 14,213 (75%) are independent, 4,546 (25%) are not independent.”

About the auxiliary parts of speech, the school course of the Russian language includes concepts that characterize the way a term is structured, as well as their lexical-syntactic, lexical-structural or lexical-semantic features. Let's look at them.

A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) with other words in a sentence and phrase: house at roads, cross through 3rd street, first V class, come over To him.

According to their structure, prepositions are divided into:

1) Non-derivatives (or primitives): in, without, to, on, with and others;

2) Derivatives (or non-primitives), formed from other parts of speech ( towards, through, despite ) or by adding two primitive prepositions ( because of, over and others).

In meaning, many prepositions (especially spatial ones) are correlated with the corresponding prefixes; compare: in go V forest, With go With mountains, under climb under sofa; Wed Also: without vocal - without voices, sing and at dance this - at dance.

Like other words, prepositions can be ambiguous. Pretext above, for example, has: 1) spatial significance ( fly over the river); 2) object value ( think about the question). Derivative prepositions are usually unambiguous ( thanks to- only causal meaning).

Expressing the idea of ​​relationship, prepositions in their grammatical meaning are comparable to case endings, therefore they appear together with them in a single functional complex, forming a prepositional-case construction that is integral in meaning. It is no coincidence that prepositional case forms often express the same grammatical meaning as prepositional case constructions. Wed: tell a friend - contact a friend(a type of object value “addressee”); go through the forest - go through the forest(spatial meaning).

Some cases (genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental) can be used both with and without prepositions (roof of the house and leave your home; trust your brother and go to your brother; think all night and go into the night; be proud of your family and feel responsible in front of the family). Especially many prepositions are combined with the genitive case: without, for, before, from, because of, from under, between, from, with, at, as well as more than a hundred derivative prepositions: in the form of, in view of, in contrast to, in as a result, for a reason, under guise, etc.

The prepositional case, as is clear from its name, is used only with prepositions (think about the institute, work in a factory, sit on the shore, live under the king). The nominative case is never combined with prepositions.

Most prepositions are combined with only one case: to - with the dative, without - with the genitive, pro - with the accusative, etc. Individual prepositions are combined with several cases: in and on - with the accusative and prepositional cases (to go to the village - to live in the village; to sit on the sofa - to sit on the sofa), with - with the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases (to move down the mountain, to be tall from the mountain, this mountain is no joke), by - with the dative, accusative and prepositional cases (walk along the road, enter knee-deep water, after the deadline), etc.

A conjunction is a auxiliary part of speech, which is used as a means of expressing the syntactic connection between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, and components of a text.

Unions differ in structure:

1) Non-derivatives (primitives): a, before, and, or, but;

2) Derivatives (non-derivatives): but, why, because, moreover, etc.

Many of the non-primitive conjunctions are compound, with components that are separated from each other by parts of the sentence: In addition, Mikhail Semenovich controlled both military and civilian type machines... (M. Bulgakov). Some of the compound conjunctions are repeating - they repeat the same primitive or non-primitive conjunction component (and... and, neither... neither, that... that, either... or); other compound conjunctions are a combination of different conjunction components (both... and, if... then, not only... but also).

According to their meaning and grammatical functions, conjunctions are divided into two classes: coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions form a grammatical class of function words used to express coordinating (homogeneous) relationships between parts of a sentence. Depending on the nature of the meaning, several groups of subordinating conjunctions are distinguished, the main of which are:

1) Connective: and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), as well as repeated connecting conjunctions: and... and, neither... nor, both... and;

2) Adversatives: but, yes (meaning “but”), however, but, but;

3) Dividing: either, either, then... then, not that.. not that, either... or;

4) Connecting: moreover, yes and, also, etc.;

5) Explanatory: a, namely, that is;

6) Gradational: not only... but also, not so much... but/but, not so much... as.

Subordinating conjunctions are a grammatical class of function words used to express a subordinating connection between parts of a complex sentence: DO NOT worry that you told the truth (I. Goncharov) - or, less often, between parts of a simple sentence: Amber - what is the sand of the river (A. Pushkin ).

By meaning, subordinating conjunctions belong to the following groups:

1) Temporary: when, while;

2) Causal: because, because, since, bookish. for;

3) Consequences: so, as a result of which;

4) Conditional: if, if, outdated. if, colloquial once, if only;

5) Concessive: although, despite the fact that;

6) Target: in order to, in order to, in order to;

7) Comparative: than, as, as if, exactly, as if;

8) Explanatory: what, in order (meaning “what”).

Particles are usually called the auxiliary part of speech, conveying shades of lexical and syntactic meanings that clarify and specify the meaning of words and syntactic constructions.

Two grammatical classes of particles are contrasted: modal and amodal (i.e. non-modal) particles.

Modal particles introduce meanings of reality/irreality, reliability/unreliability, interrogative/affirmative, etc. into a sentence.

Particles of this class include:

1) modal-volitional: would (Bread!), well (Well, how can you not please your loved one!.. - A. Griboedov), give, come on (let me tell you!; Come on out!), already (Go already!), let him, let him go (Let him go), then (Go);

2) persuasive (with values ​​of reliability/unreliability): colloquial. tea “probably”, she-she “certainly” (He tea will arrive soon; They will do everything that is supposed to be done), supposedly (They supposedly don’t know anything about it);

4) interrogative: whether, really, really, colloquial. I suppose, etc.;

5) negative: not and neither;

6) emotional-evaluative: too (Also a student!), here’s another, so-and-so (and), where as, where there, etc. (all of them express the negative-evaluative attitude of the speaker).

Amodal particles are also divided into several functional-semantic groups:

1) Demonstratives: there, there;

2) Selective-restrictive: at least, only, only, only (only), solely, exclusively, etc.;

3) Definitive-clarifying: almost, almost, just, exactly, exactly, almost, exactly, directly, exactly, truly, exactly;

4) Intensifying-emphasizing: well (What should we do?), then (He knows what he’s saying), really, even.

They are not particles, i.e. function words, the following affixes in words, often called particles (which is incorrect):

A) reflexive postfix -sya/-sya in verb forms: studied, laughed;

B) pronominal word-forming affixes - prefix something and postfixes -that, -or, -something: someone, somewhere, some.

Some independent parts of speech can act instead of particles in a sentence. Similar inflected words, synonymous with particles, should also not be called particles, namely:

The pronominal adjective most in a defining and clarifying meaning (cf.: on the very holiday - just on the holiday, in the very heart - exactly in the heart);

A numeral with the grammatical features of the adjective one in an exclusive-restrictive meaning (cf.: only bears live here - only bears).

The section on syntax and punctuation makes it possible to introduce exercises for parsing sentence parts. Conjunctions accumulate when considering observations of complex sentences, prepositions when studying the cases of nouns. The accumulation of parts of speech of this group occurs through the development of general grammatical skills:

1) the ability to establish connections between words;

2) highlight phrases;

3) recognize changeable and unchangeable words, divide them into morphemes, determine the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word.

For this group of parts of speech with t.z. continuity and prospects, it is very good to continue consolidating after studying in the “Syntax” section. The nature of auxiliary parts of speech, which are syntactic, is fixed and expanded in the syntax of a complex sentence.

Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of speech

Functional (non-significant) parts of speech
parts of speech that serve to connect independent parts of speech. They do not have form formation and inflection. Functional parts of speech in Russian - preposition, conjunction, particle. Functional parts of speech are replenished from the fund of independent ones: for example, the preposition during - from a noun; conjunction that - from a pronoun.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

See what “functional parts of speech” are in other dictionaries:

The modern classification of parts of speech in the Russian language is basically traditional and is based on the doctrine of eight parts of speech in ancient grammars. Classification of parts of speech “Russian grammar” by M. V. Lomonosov... ... Wikipedia

parts of speech- Central morphological category, according to which all words are distributed into grammatical classes (parts of speech). Words belonging to the same part of speech have: 1) the same general categorical (part-particular) meaning -... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

The main lexical and grammatical categories into which the words of the language are distributed based on the following characteristics: a) semantic (generalized meaning of an object, action or state, quality, etc.), b) morphological (morphological categories... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Part of speech (calque from Latin pars orationis) is a category of words in a language, determined by morphological and syntactic features. In the languages ​​of the world, first of all, the name is contrasted (which can be further divided into a noun, adjective, etc.... Wikipedia

Parts of speech- Parts of speech are classes of words in a language, distinguished on the basis of the commonality of their syntactic (see Syntax), morphological (see Morphology) and semantic (see Semantics) properties. Significant Ch. r. differ. (noun, verb, adjective... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

List of parts of speech in Turkish: Isim noun. Syfat (from Arabic صفة and Persian صفت) adjective Sayy ady numeral Adil, zamir (from Arabic ضمير) pronoun Eilem, fiil (from Arabic فعل) verb Ulach gerund Belirtech (zarf) adverb ... Wikipedia

The main classes of words in a language, distinguished on the basis of the similarity of their syntactic (see Syntax), morphological (see Morphology) and logical-semantic (see Semantics) properties. Significant Ch. r. differ. (noun, verb,... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Independent (notional) parts of speech are grammatical classes of words that name fragments of reality (object, event, sign) and have a special system of form formation and inflection, which is determined by grammatical... ... Literary encyclopedia

Significant parts of speech- SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF SPEECH and significant words. Parts of speech from their semasiological side, i.e. from the side of their meaning, are divided into significant and auxiliary. Significant words are distinguished by their specificity, and therefore sound ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Utility (non-nominal) parts of speech parts of speech that serve to connect independent parts of speech. They do not have form formation and inflection. Functional parts of speech in Russian are preposition, conjunction, particle. Functional parts of speech are replenished... Literary encyclopedia

Books

• Russian language. 6th grade. Tutorial. In 2 books. Book 1. Morphemics. Word formation. Morphology (functional parts of speech), V. V. Repkin, E. V. Vostorgova, T. V. Nekrasova. The educational and methodological kit for the Russian language for grade 6 includes workbooks (No. 1, 2 and 3), which are a mandatory component of the kit and are associated with the textbook of a unified…
• Practical grammar in Russian language lessons Educational and methodological manual for working with students of grades 4-7 of special correctional educational institutions In four parts Part 4 Functional parts of speech preposition conjunction particle Interjection, Zikeev A.. Four editions of the manual included exercises aimed at developing lexical , word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…

Along with independent parts of speech (nouns, adjectives), we use additional ones. In language science they are called service ones. Without them, our speech would lose all meaning and emotionality. Which part of speech in Russian is called official? This is a lexical unit that has no independent meaning.

Prepositions, conjunctions, particles - this is a list of words that have the same general name as functional parts of speech. The table will help you identify their unique features and compare them with independent parts of speech (PS).

Note! The criterion of “functionality” remains controversial in linguistics. Some linguists (L. Shcherba, F. Fortunatov) define grammatical functions for function words: expressing the connection between grammatical units.

Prepositions and conjunctions

A preposition is a part of speech that is used to express different types of relationships:

• spatial - objects and phenomena in relation to their placement in space (on the road, on the street, under the table, in front of the girl);
• temporary indicate the duration of action or a specific time (at 5 pm, last week);
• Causal is used to indicate causes (because of this, because he said).

There are several classifications of prepositions. According to the method of motivation, non-derivative prepositions are distinguished (the most ancient are in, without, before, from, to, which consist of one short word) and derivatives, which were formed using simple units. They are divided into three groups: adverbial, verbal and denominal.

Prepositions

Based on their structure, they can be divided into simple (one word), complex (two simple words) and compound ones, which are made up of several words.

A conjunction is a word whose main function is to connect homogeneous independent members, parts of a sentence, words. There are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, the difference between them is presented in the table:

Functions and characteristics of particles

Particles in Russian are short words that are used to create sentences with additional emotional overtones. There are the following types of semantic shades that are created using particles:

• strengthening (namely);
• thinning (only);
• direction (come on);
• restriction (even);
• negation (not).

The second classification divides particles according to their meaning into three groups:

• formative. They are used to form the moods of verbs: the conditional is formed with the help of the particle “would”: “I would dream about this, but I can’t.” To form the imperative mood, the particles “come on”, “come on” are used: “Let her not be silent, let’s tell her the whole truth”;
• negative - form forms of verbs that deny action (“not” and “neither”);
• interrogative: “is it possible”, “is it possible”, “whether”;

Modal particles are distinguished separately. They formulate the subjective opinion and attitude of the speaker to what was said. Modal particles include exclamatory particles (“how”, “what”, “for”), those that express doubts (“hardly”), those that have the meaning of limitation (“total”), indicating an object or direction (“here”, “out”), short remarks (“yes”, “no”).

Useful video: what are functional parts of speech in Russian?

Status of interjections

Interjections are a class of words that many linguists treat differently. The function of interjections is to express emotions, volitional reactions, and onomatopoeia.

There are three views on the definition of interjection:

• as an atypical syntactic class that is not included in the classification of parts of speech;
• they are included in the system of parts of speech as a separate class and occupy a separate place in it;
• are in the system of auxiliary parts of speech and are on a par with their other types.

Proponents of the classical school theory of language adhere to the latter view.

Interjections include words that express: feelings and emotions (“Oh!”, “Wow!”), orders (“Shoo!”, “Scram!”), obscene exclamations, sounds that arise in people as a reaction to external stimuli (“Oh”, “Ay”, “Ah”).

Interjections can often be replaced by full-fledged phrases and sentences: they perform a simplification function characteristic of spoken language.

• “shh” - “be quiet”;
• “ugh” - “what disgusting”, “I don’t like it”;
• "OK!" - “great”, “good”.

Also belonging to the class of these words are lexemes that are used to denote the imitation of sounds of natural phenomena (“drip-drip”, “bul-bul”), animals (“meow-meow”, “crow”).

They are formed from other parts of speech:

• nouns (“fathers!”, “God!”);
• verbs (“Look!”);
• pronouns;

There are some concepts that, without mastering them, it is simply impossible to move forward in learning a particular language, both native and foreign.

Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are just one of these basic topics. Therefore, I would like to dwell on this issue in great detail, talking about the types, functions and roles of all parts of speech in a sentence.

1. Types and their characteristic features.

Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are special lexical and grammatical categories. All words at a theoretical level can be classified into a certain category, taking into account the following characteristics:

• Semantic (general meaning of the word);
• Morphological (grammatical categories or categories);
• Syntactic (features of functioning).

Independent parts of speech have similar characteristic features:

• They give names to objects (for example, house, river, girl), describe (for example, beautiful, noisy), characterize (for example, fun, long)
• They are fundamental in the construction of phrases (for example, sweet girl) and sentences (for example, I am drawing a house)
• Act as full-fledged For example, I read an interesting book slowly. (“I” is the subject, “read” is the predicate, “interesting” is the definition, “book” is the complement, “slowly” is the circumstance)

Functional parts of speech have the following characteristics:

• Connect words in a sentence or the sentences themselves;
• You cannot ask questions to them;
• Used only in conjunction with independent parts of speech;
• Members of the proposal are not

2. Independent parts of speech

Independent parts of speech are adverbs, numerals, pronouns, gerunds, participles.

Now let's look in more detail at each of the above.

Noun

Characteristics:

• Denotes: objects and animate beings;
• Questions: who? What?
• Categories: gender, case, number;
• Role in a sentence: subject, object

Adjective

Characteristics:

• Indicates: a sign or description of an object
• Questions: which one?
• Categories: case, number, gender;
• Role in a sentence: definition, compound. names predicate

Numeral

Characteristics:

• Indicates: number of items;
• Questions: how much?
• Digits: ordinal, quantitative, fractional, collective
• Role in a sentence: quantitative modifier of a noun

Pronoun

Characteristics:

• Denotes: signs and objects without naming them;
• Places: personal, indefinite, reflexive, definite, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, negative.
• Role in the sentence: various members of the sentence

Characteristics:

• Indicates: action
• Questions: what to do?
• Categories: aspect, tense, mood, voice, person;
• Role in a sentence: predicate

Linguists disagree about participles and gerunds. Some prefer to consider them just But I will allow myself to agree with the majority and talk about both the participle and the gerund as independent parts of speech.

Participle.

Characteristics:

• Denotes: action, representing it through a sign
• Questions: what is he doing? Which?
• Categories: signs of verb and adjective;
• Role in a sentence: definition, in short form - the nominal part of the predicate.

Participle

Characteristics:

• Denotes: a sign denoted through a sign of another action
• Questions: doing what? How?
• Categories: signs of an adverb verb.

Characteristics:

• Denotes: a sign of a sign and a sign of an action;
• Questions: how? When? For what? Why? Where?
• Role in a sentence: circumstance

3. Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of speech are conjunctions, interjections, particles, prepositions.

Prepositions help express various relationships in a sentence, along with nouns, adjectives or pronouns.

For example, above, under, next to, through, nearby

Conjunctions express grammatical relationships that occur between individual members of a sentence.

For example, and, because, but

Particles give speech additional emotional and semantic nuances.

For example, it would, after all, even

Interjections express a person’s feelings and desires without naming them directly.

For example, Hurray! Wow! Hey!

So, it seems to me that I have fully covered the topic: “Independent and auxiliary parts of speech of the Russian language.”

And at the end I would like to add the following. There is a fairly widespread point of view that significant parts of speech play a more important role than auxiliary parts. Both the first and the second have their place, and only together can they make our speech melodic, meaningful and expressive.

I would like everyone who wants to study the grammar of Russian (and any other) language perfectly, without the slightest shadow of doubt, to be able to separate independent and auxiliary parts of speech from each other.

I hope that with my article I have achieved this result.