How to make a well with your own hands for sewerage. Construction of a sewer well: requirements and types. Types of sewer inspection wells

It’s not so often that you have to build a sewer well with your own hands. As a rule, this is required when building a new country house or cottage. To make your life more comfortable, of course, you need to install a sewer system. It may seem like a complicated process, but essentially, building a sewer system won't take you too much time if you follow the tips noted in this article.

Let's figure out how to make a sewer well with your own hands. First you need to decide how exactly you will make this element of the sewer system. Of course, the simplest option would be to entrust this task to professional builders, but not everyone can afford such expensive services, especially since you can make sewer wells with your own hands.

Types of wells

First, let's look at what they are.

Control or inspection rooms, which are located on straight sections and allow you to monitor the situation in the sewer network;
Rotary pipes, which are installed at the site where sewer pipes turn when this cannot be avoided. Pipe bends are very vulnerable to blockages. Using it will avoid problems.
Nodal. Installed on wiring and nodes.
Drops. They are installed if, due to the features of the landscape, there is a strong difference between the levels of the pipes.
Filtration and storage. They are the end of the sewer system and serve to accumulate and treat wastewater.

Wells can come in a variety of shapes, but the simplest and most standard are round and rectangular, as they are the easiest to install.

Location determination

One of the key problems when creating a project and installing a sewerage system is determining the location. In resolving this issue, you should be guided not only by your personal wishes, but also by sanitary standards. Of course, if you use the services of a professional, you won't have to worry about this. But if you are constructing sewer wells yourself, then you need to carefully study SNiP:

First, you need to decide on the place where the sewer pipe will exit the basement or basement of the house in order to decide which side is best to place the sewer well.

Advice! The location of the storage or filtration sewer well must be such that a sludge pump can easily approach it to pump out wastewater. That is, it is necessary to provide convenient access roads.

If you are making sewer wells, you must know SNiP. The distance between two inspection wells on the site should not exceed 15 meters, and the distance from the first of them to the house should be no less than 3 meters and no more than 12 meters. It is important to remove the filtration sewer well as far as possible from the well from which you collect water for drinking. The distance must be at least 30 meters. Otherwise, drinking water may become contaminated.
Also, elements of sewer wells include sewer pipes running through your site. In the interval between the pipe exiting the house and the sewer well, there should be no turns of pipes without turning wells. Otherwise, waste may stagnate in the pipes.

Advice! The diagram must be drawn up taking into account all the noted nuances. Otherwise, the sewer system will not be able to function properly, and you will not achieve clean air and the desired comfort in your country house.

Determining the dimensions of the well

If we are talking about what size requirements exist for sewer wells, then the size will depend on its type. When building a storage tank, the larger the size, the better, because you will have to clean out the well and call a suction pump much less often.

However, the larger it is, the more impurities it contains. And the more time and effort you will need to clean the well. There is a general formula that allows you to calculate the approximate volume of storage and filtration wells.

Advice! The presented formula is simplified. Water consumption and, therefore, volumes will depend on the specific conditions and characteristics of consumption.

On average, one person produces about 150 liters of wastewater per day.
A family of 3-4 people will need about 700 liters per day. But this does not take into account the frequent use of household appliances that consume water.

It is necessary to calculate the volume taking into account three-day consumption, that is, the minimum size in this case is 2.4 cubic meters.

Advice! If you are often visited by guests, they also need to be taken into account when calculating the volume of the well. In addition, it should be noted that wastewater should not rise higher than one meter from the edge. Otherwise, the wastewater may overflow. Therefore, when calculating volumes, you should focus on the maximum possible option.

The dimensions of rotary, nodal and inspection wells will be significantly smaller. The volume of the differential will depend on the level of the differential. The greater the difference in the landscape, the deeper it will be, but it is not recommended to go deeper than 3 meters, as this will complicate its cleaning.

Sanitary standards

When deciding whether to make a well sealed, or to leave the possibility of wastewater exiting directly into the ground, it is necessary to clarify GOST - sewer wells with a drainage of more than 1 cubic meter must be sealed or have a good cleaning system.

Otherwise, bacteria living in the soil will not be able to cope with wastewater treatment, and sewage will end up in groundwater, and from there into food. According to existing rules, if a sealed well is required, then its bottom and walls must be concreted, covered with sealant, or a ready-made container must be used.

However, their use will require not only more material consumption, but also additional funds for frequent removal of wastewater by a sewer truck. A popular option is sewer wells with a filter bottom. Wastewater is purified through this bottom.

Advice! If you decide to save on the services of a septic tank and equip a well with a septic tank, then you need to take into account some nuances. The depth will depend on the structure of the soil, and in the process of creating it it is necessary to achieve a well-filtering layer.

Rotary, nodal, differential and inspection wells should be made airtight. In addition, filtration wells cannot be used if you are pouring household waste into the sewer after using detergents and chemicals.

Well construction

First of all, a hole of the required volume is dug. You can do this yourself or use an excavator. Of course, special equipment will allow you to significantly save your time.

The bottom of the sewer well with a septic tank is covered with crushed stone in a layer 40 cm thick.

Advice! If the groundwater level in your area is very high, then you can only use sealed wells. Otherwise, there is a risk of developing terrible diseases. In addition, contamination of groundwater by waste will result in fines and other legal liability.

Wells can be made of the following materials:

Plastic;
Reinforced concrete, the structure can be monolithic or prefabricated from well rings;
Brick;
Tree.
Available materials.

After the hole is ready, if you are making a sealed well, you need to lay out the bottom, for which you can use a ready-made concrete slab. The bottom should be sloping towards the future hatch. Then the walls are installed and the drain pipe is connected. The walls must be treated with sealant.

Then a ceiling with a hatch is installed, which is covered with soil on top for thermal insulation. In this case, the hatch must be free from the ground for ventilation. It is also necessary to install a ventilation pipe that will be 60 cm above the soil level.

Advice! Ensuring good ventilation is necessary not only for the normal operation of the cleaning system, but is also a safety requirement. As a result of chemical reactions occurring during the decomposition of organic matter, explosive methane is released. If the concentration is too high, this gas can explode.

Once everything is installed, you can use your sewer system. However, you should always monitor the filling of the well and call a vacuum truck to clean the well. When using a septic tank, the period of calling the suction pump increases, but periodic cleaning of the pit will still be required.

Advice! To ensure that you need the services of vacuum cleaners less often and that you are not bothered by an unpleasant odor, you can use various biological or chemical preparations. In the summer, preference should be given to bioactivators, which are completely safe and environmentally friendly. However, at temperatures below +4 degrees they will not be able to work effectively, so in the cold season they will have to give preference to chemicals.

For the average consumer, the cost of creating a sewer system can be quite high. However, it has a huge number of advantages, which include environmental friendliness and ease of use when properly installed. All costs will pay off fairly quickly.

When planning and building private houses, their owners make a lot of efforts to improve the comfort of their homes. Particular attention is paid to water supply and sewerage systems. It is important to design them correctly so that the house becomes cozy and all the needs of the residents are satisfied. To operate the wastewater disposal system, it is necessary to build different types of sewer wells. What are they? How to make a sewer well with your own hands?

Observations. They are necessary for free access to communications. Structures of this type are installed in places where it is especially important to monitor the condition of sewer systems. These are areas where pipes of different diameters are connected; where the direction or slope of the pipeline changes. It is also necessary to have access to systems on too long straight sections of pipeline.
Drops. Structures of this type must be built in areas where there are differences in pipe levels. Thanks to the differential well, the home owner can control the speed of movement of wastewater through the system; equalize the sewerage discharge with the water level if treated wastewater is discharged into a reservoir. This design is needed if the height of the difference exceeds 300 mm. If it is smaller, you can get by with a manhole.
Rotary. Thanks to designs of this type, you can gain free access to sections of the pipeline where there are bends. In such areas there is always a high risk of pipe blockages and there is a need for enhanced monitoring.
Filtration. The structures are designed for wastewater tertiary treatment. They are installed only in areas with permeable soils - sandy or sandy loam. You should pay attention to the depth of groundwater. The aquifer must be located at least 1 m below the structure. Otherwise, the wastewater is poorly filtered. An alternative to such structures is underground filter fields.
Cumulative. Tanks of this type are improved cesspools. Their main advantage is environmental safety. The structures are completely sealed. Accumulating in them, wastewater does not penetrate into the soil and aquifers. The downside is that the containers need to be pumped out regularly. It is necessary to correctly calculate the volume of the tank in order to contact sewer services as little as possible.

Working sewer well

Design diagram of a sewer inspection well

What materials can be used

To make a sewer well in a private house, you can use concrete, reinforced concrete, wood, and plastic. The two best options are to build it yourself from concrete rings or buy and install an industrially produced plastic structure. Plastic structures are factory-made. They are easy to install, but are inferior to concrete rings in many respects. To make a choice, it is worth understanding the features of both types of devices.

Plastic sewer wells

What are the benefits of plastic structures?

Until recently, plastic was rarely used in external sewage systems. The reason is low frost resistance. The structures burst in severe frosts and began to leak. This problem has now been resolved. New varieties of polymer materials have appeared that can operate in the temperature range from +70 to -50 degrees Celsius.

Manufacturers have taken care to produce models of various diameters, so the home owner only has to calculate the required volume and select a product of the appropriate size. Plastic blanks are much lighter than concrete rings. To properly make a well for sewerage, it is enough to mount a tank. This can be done even alone.

Plastic products are absolutely impervious to water, perfectly withstand exposure to chemicals, and do not rust. All these are absolute advantages. But there are also enough disadvantages. The material does not cope well with mechanical loads, so it may not withstand soil pressure. Structures cannot be installed in places where vehicles can pass. In terms of durability, they are significantly inferior to concrete ones.

Concrete rings - reliability and durability

If we compare the characteristics of strength, reliability, and durability of concrete and plastic structures, the conclusions are obvious. Tanks made from concrete rings can last for several decades. If problems occur, wells can be repaired. In this regard, plastic cannot compare with concrete.

In some respects, concrete rings are still inferior to plastic. They are much more expensive, but this is not the only drawback. To build a sewer well from them yourself, you have to put in a lot of effort. The structures are very heavy and can sag under their own weight. Special tools will be required for installation.

When choosing, it is important to find products made from high-quality, water-resistant material. You will also have to spend extra money on good waterproofing of the joints. Otherwise, the structure will begin to leak. Contaminated water will flow into the soil, and water from the surface may seep into the well itself.

Concrete rings come in different sizes. When calculating the volume of the tank, it is worth considering that the optimal height of the structure is 2.5 m. Most often, wells are made from products of the types KTs-10, KTs-20. There are rings in custom sizes, but finding them can be difficult.

For ease of installation, many products are equipped with the so-called. locks, thanks to which you can install them without displacement. The more accurately the rings are fitted to each other, the tighter, stronger, and more reliable the finished structure is.

Diagram: dimensions of concrete rings

How to make a sewer well with your own hands

How to make a sewer well? When choosing the type of construction, consider the volume of wastewater. If their quantity does not exceed 1 cubic meter. per day, then the structure may have an outlet for wastewater into the soil. Bacteria living in the soil are quite capable of processing small amounts of organic matter.

If the wastewater is more than 1 cubic meter. or they contain aggressive chemicals from detergents, washing powders, etc., then the structure must either be completely sealed or have a contaminated water purification system. In this case, it makes sense to choose a plastic container, and the concrete one will have to be carefully waterproofed.

Structures with a filter bottom are often made. They are suitable for chemical-free wastewater. The waste passing through the filters is so cleaned that there are no problems with its further decomposition. The depth of such a well depends on the permeability of the soil and the groundwater level. If an inspection, junction, differential or rotary sewer well is planned, it must be sealed.

Scheme of a well with a filter bottom

Requirements for the construction of wells for sewerage

The size of the structure depends primarily on its purpose. If we are talking about a storage facility, then the larger it is, the less often you will have to call the vacuum cleaners. On the other hand, too much drainage can cause an unpleasant odor in the area.

The standard rate used when calculating volume is 150-200 liters of water per person per day. However, water consumption often significantly exceeds these figures. For example, in houses where many plumbing fixtures and household appliances that use water are installed, the consumption can be 240-250 liters per day per person.

To determine the desired volume, 200-240 liters (depending on consumption) are multiplied by the number of people living in the house. The result will show the average water consumption of all residents per day. It should be multiplied by 3. This will be the optimal volume of the well. Next, the height of the structure is calculated taking into account the standard sizes of the rings.

Sewage well layout diagram

Stages of construction of sewer wells

Excavation. How to dig a sewer well - open or closed? Since the structure is shallow, the first method is preferable: first they dig a hole of the required depth, and then install rings into it. Even if the soil is loose, it is not necessary to resort to complex technologies; it is enough to install temporary formwork to strengthen the walls.

The closed method is used less frequently. In this case, prepare a hole for one ring and install it. Then they continue to remove the soil. The ring gradually lowers. When it is at a sufficient depth, the next one is mounted on it and work continues.

Bottom of the structure. First, they equip the mounting pad - fill the bottom of the pit with crushed stone. The layer must be at least 40 cm. The bulk material is compacted, and a finished concrete bottom of the structure or slab is installed on top. If the structure must be completely sealed, then only an industrially produced bottom, made specifically for rings of the required diameter, is suitable.
Construction of walls. The rings are installed on a cement-sand mortar. It is important to mount them exactly on top of each other. When the solution dries, the seams and joints are waterproofed. The well is connected to the sewer system, and the pipe entry points are also sealed.
Completion of work. Lastly, install a cover with a hatch and insulate it. Install the ventilation pipe. It should rise above the ground surface by at least 60 cm.

Important! Pay special attention to the ventilation system. The decomposition of organic matter produces an explosive gas. It is necessary to ensure that it does not accumulate in the tank. This can lead to negative consequences.

Stages of making a well from concrete rings

Video: how to make a well for sewerage

How to make a well for sewerage and what it should be like is determined by each home owner for himself. The article provides general recommendations for arranging the structure. If you are not confident that you can do everything yourself, contact a specialist. In almost every area there are companies engaged in the design and installation of sewerage systems. If you do not have the necessary skills, it is better not to experiment and contact such a company.

All owners of private houses are thinking about arranging communication and other life support systems. Sewage wells must be present in every home, so it is necessary to study the design and intricacies of operation of such structures.

Peculiarities

Any drainage system must have a sewer well or chamber. Such equipment should be located at the entrance to the septic tank, which is located on a suburban area. Sewerage structures also have a different name - wet or drainage well.

Autonomous sewerage is a complex standard engineering system design, the installation of which will require plumbing and construction knowledge. The key component of each autonomous sewer system is a special well.

The system should have several wells:

observation;
turning;
well for household waste;
well for rainwater.

The owner of a country property must understand the features and differences of each type of structure.

Features of the creation of sewer wells are described in the sanitary and technical standards of SNiP. The documents describe the location of wells, markings and the need for preliminary preparation.

Features of the arrangement according to SNiP are as follows:

before work you need to decide where the well will be located;
markings will be required on the ground;
trees and bushes that interfere with construction work must be uprooted;
easy passage of equipment must be ensured to the construction site;
You will need to draw up a detailed diagram that is agreed upon with the water utility and neighbors.

The following technical requirements apply to sewer wells:

inspection structures should be located in increments of 30-40 m if the hatch diameter is 15 cm, or 50 m if the diameter is 20 cm;
at each pipeline bend, as well as at the branch pipe locations, rotary type wells should be located;
in places where the diameter of the pipes changes or there is a sharp slope, the installation of a drop well will be required;
there must be a minimum distance of 3 m between the storage well and the living space;
the diameter of a modern sewer well can be 40-70 cm; auxiliary pipes can be used for the outlet.

Device and purpose

Storage wells are required only for autonomous sewage systems. Differential type structures are used when connecting the home sewer system to the central main line. Rotary and inspection structures can be installed in an autonomous system or a pipeline system that is connected to public highways.

Filtration wells can be used to drain clean water that does not contain harmful substances (for stormwater systems, drains from showers or bathtubs).

Filtration of water from washing machines and dishwashers is not allowed, as the liquid contains aggressive components.

The height of home wells should not be more than 2.5 m. The diameter of the ring can be one meter. Since the soil may have a different composition, the size of the well cannot be accurately determined. If a volume of one meter is not enough, then a second structure should be installed nearby using an overflow pipe.

Sewage wells can have any shape. There are round, rectangular, square types of structures. The arrangement of trays can consist of concrete rings, bricks or ready-made plastic containers.

The structure of a sewer well is any form in which the following components are present:

tray;
base;
working chamber;
neck;

The technical design is based on a tray, which is made from M200 concrete using formwork. The use of bricks, rubble stones or reinforced concrete blocks is allowed.

The inspection shaft usually includes some working elements.

A frame with reinforcement, which can have a square cross-section or a round shape. There should be a staircase structure inside.
A floor slab with a hole for a hatch.
Working hatch. It may have a round or square shape. There must be a designation on the outside that shows the type of well.
Reinforced concrete is used as the main material for the reinforcing frame. The part is mounted using a concrete ring. The bottom is a round slab.
The bottom of the well can be filled with concrete solution, which flows into the base of the formwork.
There should be a lid on top of the structure.

Hatches can be made from several materials:

cast iron;
become;
polymer.

A steel hatch is the most durable option. If the inspection well is located on a road with heavy traffic, metal or cast iron parts are recommended.

Kinds

There are several types of wells that differ in their purpose and functions.

Lookout

The second name for such a well is audit, control. It is created to access communication lines that are underground. Pipes with collectors of the drainage system are replaced with conventional trays. This type of construction is optimal for places where there is a change in direction, slope or diameter, as well as at the junction on elongated and straight sections. The well allows you to check the need for sewer cleaning.

Turning

If there is an angle or turn on the highway that exceeds 45 degrees, a rotary well will be required. It is also necessary at the junctions and branches of the mesh. At the same time, such a structure can be used as an observation structure.

Perepadnoy

Used for pipeline joints whose depth may vary. Using differential structures, you can connect sewer pipes above the tray.

The well is intended for the following purposes:

combining sewer outlets with deep-fill collectors;
to bypass places where underground structures intersect;
to eliminate high wastewater velocities that arise due to the high slope on the site.

Distribution

Distribution wells are used in stormwater treatment systems to control stormwater and melt flows. In addition to this structure, the system consists of a sand separator, a sorption filter, an oil and petrol separator and a well for collecting samples.

The distribution structure is a cylinder-shaped container with reinforced fiberglass, on which there is an inlet neck. The neck should be tightly closed with a lid.

There are several holes in the case:

for receiving water;
holes for draining liquid.

All holes are located at different levels.

The structure operates on the principle of simple surface water throughput with subsequent purification and disposal during normal operation. The well is entrusted with a task that includes the ability to carry out activities in extreme mode.

The device is able to function uninterruptedly during massive influxes of excess water from the storm drain, directing the liquid to the outlet pipe. Through it, water goes to reserve sedimentation tanks or ponds for drainage.

The design is simple, so the well is always freely accessible for routine maintenance.

Overflow

Overflow wells are also called overflow septic tanks. They are several storage tanks that are connected using bypass-type pipes at the upper level. The structure is being created to collect sewage. Insoluble impurities accumulate at the bottom of the first storage tank. The purified liquid flows through inclined pipes into the next tank.

The system separates the solid and liquid phases of sewage.

Overflow wells are distinguished by the fact that they do not require auxiliary equipment and electricity.

Cumulative

Storage structures are a modern and environmentally friendly version of a cesspool.

The building has a significant list of advantages:

the volume of the tank can reach 2-50 thousand liters, so you can choose a product for any purpose;
such wells do not contribute to site pollution;
There is no unpleasant odor near the sewer.

Users often prefer underground wells, which enhance the aesthetic qualities of the area.

Manufacturing materials

The following materials are used in production.

Polymer

Polymer wells are the most common variations of such devices. Some users use unconventional methods for their production, which involve the use of automobile rubber. This method is considered the simplest and least expensive. However, such a solution is not airtight and has a long service life.

Plastic

Plastic is the simplest and most durable raw material for constructing wells. There are ready-made polymer models on sale; you can also create such a structure with your own hands. This will require the use of a corrugated pipe and a plastic plate. Construction requires little investment along with certain skills.

Advantages of plastic:

small weight;
high level of reliability and strength;
replaceability of the bottom tray;
all elements are sealed;
You can order a container of any size.

Flaws:

high price;
specified placement depth;
Often plastic is a non-separable product.

Collapsible models are endowed with versatility, since the depth can increase or decrease. Most often, plastic wells are used as rotary or inspection structures. However, due to their tightness, such structures can be used instead of a water collector. Liquid is pumped out using a pumping station.

Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is a classic material for sewerage installations. Construction is made from concrete rings with further treatment of all joints with sealant. Such cesspools are highly functional.

The advantages include the following criteria:

universal characteristics;
long service life, which exceeds 50 years;
quick installation;
high strength indicators;
reliability of the material;
affordable price category.

Flaws:

large mass;
installation will require the use of a winch and other special equipment.

Such tanks are often used as inspection structures when the pipeline is located at a significant depth. Thanks to high-quality sealing, concrete products can play the role of water collectors.

Arrangement

Before construction work, you will need to make calculations of the required volume, as well as determine the location of the well. When making calculations, you need to take into account the total number of bathrooms and people living in the house. The volume of the well depends on the amount of water used.

If the structure is created for home use, then the height should be 2-2.5 meters. To determine the required diameter, you will need to know the volume. The volume of the tank should provide a reserve of one and a half months.

The formula used for calculations is:

V = L x 3.14 x R2.

V is the water consumption per month;

L – height of the structure;

R – radius value squared.

To find the radius, you will need to take the square root of V/ (3.14 x L).

To calculate the cross-sectional diameter of the well, you will need to double the radius.

Installation of a sewer well made of reinforced concrete rings

Concrete rings are in widespread demand among utility companies that maintain and install underground pipelines. They are also used to create drainage and storm sewer systems and collectors. This material has no analogues in its field.

Due to its high performance qualities, reinforced concrete can be used in any climatic conditions. Due to the large list of advantages, concrete wells are very popular.

Advantages of concrete rings for wells:

affordable price category;
efficiency of installation;
ease of waterproofing;
high level of strength;
long service life;
correctness of geometric shapes;
the rings fit tightly to each other, the remaining gaps are easily eliminated, so the sealing is at a high level.

Concrete rings also have disadvantages:

low resistance to splitting;
rings are prone to cracking;
installation and transportation can only be carried out using specialized equipment;
heavy weight requires shipping and installation costs.

To build a sewer well from concrete rings with your own hands, you will need to perform a number of activities.

It is necessary to develop a diagram in which all calculations and quantities of materials will be displayed.
You will need pit equipment, which consists of excavating a hole according to the required parameters.
After creating the pit, it is necessary to carry out work on the bottom of the structure.
Installation of the first ring, which is seated on the concrete solution.
The pipe is inserted into the hole ring.
All cracks that are present at the joints should be tightly sealed with sealant.
The remaining rings are installed in such a way that the locks coincide in position. All cracks at the joints are also treated with sealant.
A concrete slab with a hatch is laid on top of the resulting structure.

Construction of brick wells

To equip a brick well, you need to have certain skills and knowledge, since it is necessary to carry out measures to install the frame and other structures, as well as work on the external and internal design of the well. Only red brick or natural stone is used in the work.

Cement mortar, which is made from river sand, is used as a connecting material. Also, to create a well you will need brackets, a round frame, reinforcement and anchors.

Below is a step-by-step guide to setting up a brick well.

After calculations of the dimensions and volume of the structure have been made, markings of the future pit will be required.
If the pit is small in size, you can dig it manually or use the services of an excavator.
At the bottom of the formed pit, formwork is installed, which is filled with cement mortar. The layer thickness should be 20 cm.
The solution should cool for a week. It should be moistened with water periodically.
Then you can start laying walls using cement mortar.

The formed walls must be plastered with cement mortar.
After polymerization, the process of ironing the plaster is carried out.
The formation of the bottom is carried out based on the purpose of the structure.
Then it is necessary to waterproof the dried layer of plaster. To do this, the inner surface of the well is covered with mastic or hot bitumen.
The pipes are inserted into the prepared holes. Gaps should be sealed with silicone.
The gaps that are present between the pit and the walls should be filled.
Ventilation is provided in drain wells, which is created using a plastic pipe. A fungus should be placed on the pipe.
The edge of the structure is covered with earth. The base of the well should rise 10 cm above the soil.

Lining

Lining a sewer well involves equipping a structure with an auxiliary protective layer made of polypropylene or polymers. This layer provides protection against the harmful effects of external irritants. In autonomous sewers, lining is considered a mandatory step.

Using a lining, you can protect a structure from mechanical loads, the effects of chemical reagents, temperature changes and physical pressure.

This is the most advanced method of waterproofing a well, since polyethylene panels have all the necessary characteristics.

The technology is implemented using acid-resistant agents, which are in the form of a cylinder. The element reduces the harmful effects on the substrate, eliminating contact with aggressive substances on the well. Lining using sewer spray is also in demand.

Special preparations are made from PVC, polypropylene and polyethylene. In some cases, the use of fluoroplastic or concrete products is allowed. Concrete panels are poured with concrete mortar and mounted on formwork or directly into the working environment.

During the installation process, mounting profiles and anchors should be used. Installation involves extrusion welding, which cannot be done by hand, so most users use plastic rings. They are mounted in rings made of concrete and polyethylene. The thickness of the walls is about 2-8 mm.

Installation of devices is accompanied by the following activities:

complete drying of the well;
washing walls;
to eliminate defects it is necessary to use a cement solution;
adhesive is applied;
panels made of polypropylene or polyethylene are installed on an adhesive base;
the sheets must be in close contact with each other;
the solution for the next level is applied;
joints are soldered using a hair dryer;
The event ends with a leak test.

Service

Sewage wells should be monitored and regularly maintained. In some cases, repairs may be required. Most often, depressurization of seams is observed. To seal the seams, you can use cement mortar, which is mixed using PVC glue.

When working, you should use a brush for working with metal, a hammer, a spatula and a sealing compound.

Eliminating depressurization consists of several steps described below.

First you need to remove the remnants of the old solution. The seams will need to be dust-free so that the new solution can adhere properly to the base.
The prepared seam is lubricated with the solution. If the seams are large, you need to excavate the soil next to the well and finish the outside.
Then you will need to create a waterproofing layer. For this, bitumen mastic is used.

Misalignment of the rings is also common. To carry out repair work, partial dismantling of the structure will be required. It is necessary to release the rings and reassemble them, fastening them with metal staples. The elements are installed using a solution. Pumping is used as a service.

Regular pumping allows you to extend the service life of structures, eliminates the accumulation of debris in the sewer system, as well as the formation of unpleasant odors.

Cleaning is carried out in several ways:

vacuum;
water pump;
using chemical reagents;
thermal.

The first two methods involve contacting specialists. The last options can be done with your own hands.

Once the drain is cleared, manual cleaning will be required. By following this rule, you can be sure of the maximum result.

How to make a drainage sewer well, watch the video.

One of the main elements of a modern drainage system is a sewer well. We often come across the hatches of these structures, even if we are just walking along the city streets. But the autonomous sewer system, which a private owner installs on his property, also uses wells.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the classification of wells for sewage systems presented by us. They were divided into types according to their functional purpose and the material used in their manufacture. The article will help you understand the varieties and choose the appropriate option.

The detailed information we offer about the types and operational features of wells, which are an essential component of the sewer system, is supplemented with diagrams, videos and photos for visual perception.

Sewage is one of the essential attributes of civilized life. And it doesn’t matter whether we are talking about the life of a large industrial city or a separate family living in a country cottage. Through this communication, waste is drained, the disposal of which in its absence would be a big problem.

Sewage systems, like any other structures, require maintenance. Their condition must be monitored: maintain operational functions by periodically performing routine repairs.

If the system becomes clogged, emergency intervention may be necessary. To ensure all these processes are needed.

Despite all the variety of functions assigned to sewer wells, all of them, one way or another, are designed to maintain the sewerage network in working order

If it seems to you that the hatches, by which we determine the presence of a well on the street, are located chaotically, then this is not so. There is SNiP “Sewerage. External networks and structures”, which defines standards regarding the number and location of wells, their types, construction technology, as well as requirements for the maintenance of sewer systems.

Wells are installed in all types of sewer systems that drain domestic, storm and industrial wastewater

Classification of wells for sewerage

Structures related, according to technical terminology, to sewer wells are divided into several types.

The division is made depending on what classifying features we will use. For example, you can divide wells by material of manufacture, by purpose or by the method of their construction.

The type of structure to which a particular sewer well can be classified depends on the type of classification characteristic applied to it

The following classification characteristics and the corresponding types of modern sewer wells are distinguished. The first is produced by the medium, which is transported by the sewer system.

The drainage networks on which sewer wells are installed are designed to move wastewater of different composition and degree of aggressiveness, these are:

Household. These include waters that have changed their composition as a result of mixing with waste and garbage. Depending on the contaminants they contain, they are divided into household and fecal.
Industrial. These include waters that have changed their mechanical and chemical composition as a result of contamination with industrial waste.
Atmospheric. These include water formed as a result of the active melting of winter precipitation, flood and rain water.

In addition to the listed types of wastewater, the sewerage system receives flows collected by the drainage system, the task of which is to drain the territory or drain groundwater from underground building structures.

Wells of sewer systems are divided according to the material of manufacture into:

Brick. Brick was once a commonly used material for making wells, but over time there are fewer and fewer brick structures.
Concrete. Concrete structures are today the traditional material option for a sewer well.
Plastic. It is obvious that compositions with a polymer base are the material of the future; it will one day replace both brick and concrete.

Plastic or composite ready-made well structures are attractive because they are lightweight and easy to install. They are pleased with their resistance to chemical influences during prolonged contact with aggressive environments. They tolerate sharp and smooth temperature fluctuations well and do not allow or absorb water at all.

Of course, on a city scale there is no longer any point in making sewer wells out of brick, but in an autonomous sewerage network such structures are still found

Sewage systems are divided into floating and export. The former move wastewater to treatment plants, facilities or discharge fields. The latter only collect wastewater for subsequent pumping and removal. The wells included in both types of systems perform both identical and different functions.

According to their functional responsibilities they are divided into:

Cumulative. They are used to accumulate wastewater for subsequent extraction and removal. Naturally, they are constructed in sewerage systems.
Collector. Designed to collect wastewater from several sewer branches and to direct it to a storage tank, treatment plant or discharge fields. They are installed in both floating and export branched networks.
Filtering. They are used to dispose of the liquid fraction of wastewater naturally. They play the role of compact treatment facilities that transport pollutant-free media into the ground or into water bodies. They accompany exclusively the floatable type of sewerage.
Observations. They are constructed on collector sections longer than 50 m, as well as at all turning points and junction points of highways. Necessary for monitoring the operation of the sewer system, for periodic cleaning and repair activities. They are installed in both types of sewers.
Variable. They are located in areas with sharp changes in altitude. The reasons for the construction include ensuring buried discharge into the reservoir and the need to slow down flows on sections of the pipeline with a large slope. They may be present in both exhaust and floating sewers.

The classification of manholes is much more complex. We'll talk about this a little below, but now we'll look at different types of wells in more detail.

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This structure is often made of plastered reinforced concrete rings. For the same purpose, you can use a factory-made plastic container.

The plastic well is convenient both in installation and in operation. Of course, when installing it, you also need to have some knowledge and skills, but still its installation is simpler than working with its concrete counterpart. A concrete structure should not have gaps or cracks, otherwise liquid waste may seep through unsealed joints, spreading an unpleasant odor.

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The technology for arranging sewer wells has been worked out to the smallest detail and documented. Construction regulations prescribe a basic series of regulations that the work carried out must comply with. In particular, SNiP has number 2.04.03-85 and is called “Sewerage. External networks and structures.” The document regulates the locations of different types of structures, dimensions and requirements for the structures being erected.

Regardless of the purpose, private or public use, the installation of sewer wells must be carried out in accordance with the rules and requirements. For example, an inspection object must be located in front of the entrance of the local sewerage system to the centralized sewer, outside the red building line.

It is especially important to know that according to SNiP, inspection wells for pipelines with a pipeline size of up to 150 mm are installed every 35 m, and for 200 - every 50 m of direct-flow pipeline sections. In addition, installation of structures is indicated when:

Rotary changes in the water drainage system;
When the diameter of the pipeline changes or there is a slope;
Where additional branches enter.

Documents regulating the requirements: for reinforced concrete products - GOST 2080-90, for polymer structures - GOST-R No. 0260760. Manufacturers offer specifications for plastic structures, supplementing existing regulations.

Stone structures can be made from prefabricated, monolithic concrete, reinforced concrete mixtures, and bricks. The filter structures are made of rubble stone. For the manufacture of polymer structures, it is permissible to use polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene of the required density (PE).

Important! Models can be made from a combination of materials.

Dimensional rulers, work on arrangement of wells

According to SNiP, sewer wells must have the following dimensions:

Pipelines with a diameter of up to 150 mm - at least 70 mm;
Diameter up to 600 mm – from 1000 mm;
Diameter size up to 700 mm – from 1250 mm;
Diameter 800-100 mm – from 1500 mm;
With a diameter of 1500 mm and above and a depth of 3 m and above are subject to individual consideration.

Volumes are not separately regulated; everything must be calculated from the depths and diameters specified on the diagrams. As for the work, the general cycle includes preparatory actions, installation and completion.

Layout or marking of the territory, according to construction rules;
Clearing the area of bushes and vegetation;
Demolition/relocation of interfering buildings. The impossibility of action is stipulated by special standards;
Preparation and arrangement of the entrance and road to the construction site.

Arrangement and installation of a standard sewerage structure, preparatory work according to SNiP:

Excerpt from the pit;
Cleaning the bottom;
Reconciliation with the project in terms of ground level, wall slope angles;
For stone structures, arrangement of a waterproofing bottom layer, as shown in the diagram or plan (layer of at least 20 cm), subsequent compaction.

All preparatory work has been completed and the next stage is installation.

Stone wells

The steps and actions are:

Preparation of the base involves laying a slab or arranging a cushion of M-50 concrete 100 mm thick;
Arrangement of a concrete tray reinforced with steel mesh (M-100) of the required shape;
Sealing the end holes of the pipeline with concrete and bitumen;
Creation of an insulating layer of the internal cavity of the rings of the structure;
Installation of the rings occurs only after the tray has gained strength (2-3 days), then the floor slab is laid. The solution used for work is M-50;
Sealing joints with cement mixture;
Waterproofing with bitumen;
Mandatory plastering of the tray with cement, followed by ironing;
Installation of clay joints at the entry point of the pipe/pipes with a width of at least 300 mm and a height of 600 mm greater than the diameter of the pipeline.

Subsequent test work takes place within 24 hours and includes complete filling of the structure with water, with the pipeline being blocked by temporary plugs. If no leaks are detected, the well walls are backfilled, a blind area measuring 1.5 m is installed, the joints are insulated with a hot bitumen mixture - the work according to SNiP is completed, the system can be put into operation.

The installation schemes for brick structures are practically the same as concrete ones, but instead of aligning the rings, they are laid out with stone. Waterproofing work is completely identical. In this way, stone wells of any type of sewerage system are installed: domestic, industrial, stormwater or drainage. But each design has its own nuances:

The storm drain is equipped with lattice hatches that have a drainage function;
Drainage wells themselves are drainage systems, so installation does not require special calculations.

Differences in configuration are determined by the series:

KFK/KDK - domestic wastewater;
KLV/KLK – storm drain;
KDV/KDN – drainage wells.

The size table gives a complete picture:

Drop wells

A more complex configuration determines the volumes and SNiP requirements for differential wells. In addition to arranging the tray, you need to do the following:

Installation of risers;
Have water pumping equipment;
Install a water wall;
Create a practical profile;
Set up a pit.

Otherwise, with regard to the installation of the shaft, base, floors - the rules are the same as the previous ones.

Important! The exception is a riser drop well - it requires installation of a metal pipe at the base, which will prevent the destruction of the concrete structure.

The diagram looks like this:

Riser pipe;
Waterproof pillow;
Metal base (plate);
Receiving funnel (riser).

A funnel is required for compensatory discharge processes formed in the riser due to the rapid movement of flows. Do-it-yourself creation of differential wells in private areas is not recommended, unless it is a pipeline with a diameter of 60 cm and a level difference of up to 3 m, but such pipes are practically not used in individual systems, and are successfully replaced by other types of wells.

SNiP requirements for differential wells are simple; installation is recommended in the following cases:

It is necessary to significantly reduce the depth of the pipeline;
If there are intersections with other underground utilities;
Adjustment of wastewater flow rate is necessary;
In the case where the well is the last one before the direct release of wastewater into a river or lake.

The same reasons can serve as a reasonable justification for installing a drop well on your own property.

Arrangement of pipeline inlets into the well

Depending on the conditions of a particular location and soil, the entrance parts to the well are designed differently. Installation on dry ground is easier, since it regulates only two types of materials: cement and asbestos-cement mixture. For wet ground, installation requires resin strands and waterproofing materials. But both methods are designed only for soils without subsidence.

On moving soils, SNiP installed movable connections: winding pipes using flexible plastic insulating packing. If you deviate from the rules, you can insert a metal sleeve into the hole in the hatch and install a packing of waterproofing material inside.

Polymer wells

Being a fairly new alternative replacement for stone wells, plastic structures are successfully used to create structures, although so far only in private households.

Installation is not regulated by SNiP, but only in accordance with the specifications, so the installation does not require functional features. An important difference between the simplest wells in yard networks is their simplicity, large volume of water flow and strength of the material. In addition to other advantages, polymer structures can reduce their size, for example, a concrete well of 1 m can be replaced with a plastic well with a diameter of only 30 cm. Despite the small volumes, maintenance will be even much easier than a stone well.

There are also plenty of other advantages:

Easy installation;
Low costs for digging ditches and pits - smaller sizes do not require large excavations;
The outlets and tray design are clearly defined by standards, are factory cast, and therefore there is no need for additional equipment or manufacturing;
The materials for making wells are indicated above; polymer structures can be combined with any pipes made of plastic, cement, or asbestos.

That is why you should once again pay attention to the choice before starting the installation of a sewer hatch. All installation schemes are simple, SNiP clearly indicates installation requirements, tray sizes, recommended volumes. But at the same time, the owner will be able to save on related work, the purchase of equipment and time costs.

Summer cottages, where there is no need to equip many wells and build a tray for each, are more practical to equip with polymer structures. Modest in size, they do not lose their functionality and practicality.