Commonly used vocabulary includes a group of words. Vocabulary in common use and vocabulary of limited use. Self-test questions

The vocabulary of the Russian national language includes national vocabulary, the use of which is not limited by either the place of residence or the type of activity of people, and vocabulary of limited use, which is widespread within one area or among people united by profession, common interests, etc.

Popular vocabulary forms the basis of the Russian language. It includes words from different areas of society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, etc. Common words, unlike vocabulary of limited use, are understandable and accessible to any native speaker.

1.8.1. Dialectal vocabulary. Penetration of dialect vocabulary into literary language

Throughout the history of the Russian literary language, its vocabulary has been replenished with dialectisms. Among the words that go back to dialectisms, there are stylistically neutral ones (taiga, hill, eagle owl, strawberry, smile, plow, very) and words with expressive connotations (boring, clumsy, mumble, take a nap, nonsense, hassle). Many words of dialect origin are associated with the life and way of life of the peasantry (farm laborer, harrow, spindle, dugout). After 1917, the words grain grower, plowing, greenery, steam, mow, milkmaid, initiative, new settler entered the literary language.

The Russian literary language is also enriched with ethnographic vocabulary. In the 50-60s, the Siberian ethnographic words pad, raspadok, suga, etc. were mastered. In this regard, modern lexicography expresses the opinion that it is necessary to revise the system of stylistic markings that limit the use of words by indicating their dialectal nature.

And yet, for the development of a modern literary language, dialect influence is not significant. On the contrary, despite isolated cases of borrowing dialect words into a literary language, it subjugates dialects, which leads to their leveling and gradual extinction.

1.8.2. Dialectisms in artistic speech

In artistic speech, dialectisms perform important stylistic functions: they help convey local flavor, the peculiarities of the characters’ speech, and finally, dialect vocabulary can be a source of speech expression.

The use of dialectisms in Russian fiction has its own history. Poetics of the 18th century. allowed dialect vocabulary only in low genres, mainly in comedy; dialectisms were a distinctive feature of the characters’ non-literary, predominantly peasant speech. At the same time, dialect features of various dialects were often mixed in the speech of one character.

Sentimentalist writers, prejudiced against coarse, “peasant” language, protected their style from dialect vocabulary.

Interest in dialectisms was caused by the desire of realist writers to truthfully reflect the life of the people, to convey the “common” flavor. Dialect sources were consulted by I.A. Krylov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy and others. In Turgenev, for example, words from the Oryol and Tula dialects are often found (bolshak, gutorit, poneva, potion, volna, lekarka, buchilo, etc.). Writers of the 19th century used dialectisms that corresponded to their aesthetic attitudes. This does not mean that only some poeticized dialect words were allowed into the literary language. Stylistically, the use of reduced dialect vocabulary could have been justified. For example: As luck would have it, the peasants met all worn out (T.) - here dialectism with a negative emotional-expressive connotation in the context is combined with other reduced vocabulary (the willows stood like beggars in rags; the peasants rode on bad nags).

Modern writers also use dialectisms when describing rural life, landscapes, and when conveying the characters’ speech pattern. Skillfully introduced dialect words are a grateful means of speech expression.

It is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, from the “quotational” use of dialectisms, when they are present in the context as a different style element, and, on the other hand, their use on equal terms with the vocabulary of the literary language, with which dialectisms should stylistically merge.

When using dialecticisms in quotation terms, it is important to maintain a sense of proportion and remember that the language of the work must be understandable to the reader. For example: All evenings, and even nights, the [guys] of the ugonchiks sit, speaking in the local language, and bake opalihi, that is, potatoes (Abr.) - this use of dialectisms is stylistically justified. When assessing the aesthetic meaning of dialect vocabulary, one should proceed from its internal motivation and organic nature in the context. The mere presence of dialectisms cannot yet indicate a realistic reflection of local color. As rightly emphasized by A.M. Gorky, “everyday life needs to be laid in the foundation, and not stuck on the façade. Local flavor is not in the use of words: taiga, zaimka, shanga - it should stick out from the inside.”

A more complex problem is the use of dialectisms along with literary vocabulary as stylistically unambiguous speech means. In this case, a passion for dialectisms can lead to clogging of the language of the work. For example: Everything is amazing, bewitching; Belozor swam far away; Slope with screws up- such an introduction of dialectisms obscures the meaning.

When determining the aesthetic value of dialectisms in artistic speech, one should take into account what words the author chooses. Based on the requirement of accessibility and understandability of the text, the use of dialectisms that do not require additional explanation and are understandable in context is usually noted as proof of the writer’s skill. Therefore, writers often conditionally reflect the features of the local dialect, using several characteristic dialect words. As a result of this approach, dialectisms that have become widespread in fiction often become “all-Russian”, having lost connection with a specific folk dialect. The appeal of writers to the dialecticisms of this circle is no longer perceived by the modern reader as an expression of the author’s individual manner; it becomes a kind of literary cliche.

Writers should go beyond “interdialectal” vocabulary and strive for non-standard use of dialectisms. An example of a creative solution to this problem can be the prose of V.M. Shukshina. There are no incomprehensible dialect words in his works, but the speech of the heroes is always original and folk. For example, vivid expression distinguishes dialectisms in the story “How the Old Man Died”:

Yegor stood on the stove and put his hands under the old man.

Hold on to my neck... That's it! How light it has become!..

I threw up... (...)

I'll come by in the evening and check on you. (...)

“Don’t eat, that’s why you’re weak,” the old woman remarked. - Maybe we’ll chop the trigger and make some broth? It's delicious when it's fresh... Eh? (...)

No need. And we won’t eat, but we’ll decide to eat. (...)

At least don’t fidget now!.. He’s standing there with one foot, and he’s making some noise. (...) Are you really dying, or what? Maybe he's gotten better.(...)

Agnusha,” he said with difficulty, “forgive me... I was a little alarmed...

The processes of increasing spread of the literary language and the extinction of dialects, characteristic of our historical era, are manifested in the reduction of lexical dialectisms in literary speech.

1.8.3. Stylistically unjustified use of dialectisms

Dialectisms as an expressive means of speech can be used only in those styles in which going beyond the normative boundaries of the vocabulary of a literary language into folk dialects is stylistically justified. In scientific and official business styles, dialectisms are not used.

The introduction of dialect vocabulary into works of journalistic style is possible, but requires great caution. In journalism, the use of dialecticisms along with literary vocabulary is undesirable; dialecticisms are especially unacceptable in the author’s narration. For example: Then Shirokikh saw Lushnikov, and they returned to the gathering place, built a fire and began to shout to their comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank before the path on the river was destroyed - by replacing dialecticisms with commonly used words, the sentences can be corrected as follows: ... to steel your comrades; The icebreaker was moving quickly, but Stepan hoped to slip through to the right bank while the ice on the river was still intact (until the ice began to move).

It is completely unacceptable to use dialect words whose meaning is not entirely clear to the author. Thus, narrating the anniversary voyage of the steam locomotive, the journalist writes: Everything was the same as 125 years ago, when the same little engine passed along the first route... However, he did not take into account that the word pervoputok means “the first winter route on fresh snow.”

It should be borne in mind that the use of dialectisms is not justified even as a characterological means if the author cites the words of the characters spoken in an official setting. For example: ...It is necessary to inspect the animal in a timely manner and notify the veterinary service; The chefs bring food, the bridges are washed, the laundry is taken to the laundry. And sometimes they’ll just come in to have fun (the speech of the characters in the essays). In such cases, dialectisms create an unacceptable diversity of speech means, because in conversations with journalists, rural residents try to speak in a literary language. The authors of the essays could write: ...We must take care of the animal in a timely manner; ...the floors will be washed; sometimes they'll just come in for dinner.

1.8.4. Professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of human activity, which, however, have not become commonly used. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc. Unlike terms that are official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. For example, in the oral speech of printers there are professionalisms: ending - “a graphic decoration at the end of a book”, tendril - “an ending with a thickening in the middle”, tail - “the lower outer margin of the page, as well as the lower edge of the book, opposite the head of the book.”

As part of professional vocabulary, groups of words can be distinguished, different in their sphere of use: professionalisms used in the speech of athletes, miners, hunters, fishermen. Words that represent highly specialized names used in the field of technology are called technicalisms.

Particularly highlighted are professional slang words that have a reduced expressive connotation. For example, engineers use the word snitch to mean “self-recording device”; in the speech of pilots there are words nedomaz and peremaz (undershooting and overshooting the landing mark), bubble, sausage - “balloon”; for journalists - snowdrop - “a person working as a correspondent for a newspaper, but enrolled in a different specialty”; what to call? - “how to title (article, essay)?”; add italics (in italics).

In reference books and special dictionaries, professionalisms are often enclosed in quotation marks so that they can be distinguished from terms (“clogged” font - “a font that has been in typed galleys or strips for a long time”; “foreign” font - “letters of a font of a different style or size, mistakenly included in the typed text or heading").

1.8.5. Using professional vocabulary in literary language

Under certain conditions, professionalisms find application in literary language. Thus, with insufficiently developed terminology, professionalisms often play the role of terms. In this case, they are found not only in oral, but also in written speech. When using professionalisms in a scientific style, authors often explain them in the text (So-called light hay enjoys a well-deserved bad reputation as low-nutrient food, with significant consumption of which cases of brittle bones in animals have been observed).

Professionalism is not uncommon in the language of large-circulation, trade newspapers (Putting down the cars after the dissolution of the train and diverting shunting means for this, ...disbanding the train with the pushing of another). The advantage of professionalisms over their commonly used equivalents is that professionalisms serve to distinguish between related concepts, objects that for a non-specialist have one common name. Thanks to this, special vocabulary for people of the same profession is a means of precise and concise expression of thoughts. However, the informative value of narrowly professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, the use of professionalisms in newspapers requires caution.

Professionalisms of a reduced stylistic sound, which are very common in colloquial speech, also penetrate into the language of the newspaper. For example, essayists refer to such expressive professionalisms as “shuttles”, shuttle business, turn on the meter (increase the loan percentage), etc. However, excessive use of professionalism interferes with the perception of the text and becomes a serious flaw in style. Professional slang vocabulary is not used in book styles. In fiction it can be used along with other vernacular elements as a characterological device.

1.8.6. Stylistically unjustified use of professionalisms

The inclusion of professionalisms in the text is often undesirable. Thus, the use of highly specialized professionalism cannot be justified in a newspaper article. For example: At a mine, the leveling of horizons and the slopes of roads are carried out very untimely - only a specialist can explain what he meant

In book styles, professional vocabulary should not be used because of its colloquial tone. For example: It is necessary to ensure that the filling of furnaces does not exceed two hours, and the smelting was sitting in the furnace no longer than six hours and 30 minutes (better: It is necessary to ensure that loading of the furnaces lasts no more than two hours, and melting - six and a half).

It is also unacceptable to use jargon-professional words in book styles, which are used in oral speech as informal versions of scientific terms and usually have a reduced expressive connotation. Such professionalisms are sometimes mistakenly mistaken for scientific terms and included in works of a scientific style (they write: doser instead of dispenser, high-frequency instead of high-frequency loudspeaker, reciprocity instead of reciprocity method, organics instead of organic fertilizers). The introduction of professional slang words into written speech reduces style and often becomes the cause of inappropriate comedy [Sandblasting makes it possible to thoroughly paint cars (better: Using a sandblaster, the surface of a car is well cleaned, which ensures high quality of its painting)]. In the 90s, the Russian literary language was actively replenished with colloquial vocabulary, and therefore professional and professional slang words appeared on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Many professionalisms have become widely known, although until recently lexicologists did not include them in explanatory dictionaries. For example, the name black box, meaning “protected on-board flight information storage device,” has ceased to be a narrowly professional name. When describing plane crashes, journalists freely use this professionalism, and comments on it appear only if the author of the article wants to depict the picture of the tragedy clearly:

Among the wreckage of the colliding aircraft scattered over a radius of ten kilometers, the emergency commission found two “black boxes” from the Il-76T and one similar device from the Saudi Boeing.

These devices, enclosed in the strongest orange metal cases, can withstand 1000-degree temperatures and a hundredfold overload upon impact without damage.

1.8.7. Slang vocabulary

Jargon vocabulary, unlike professional vocabulary, denotes concepts that already have names in the common language. Jargon is a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers, united by common interests, occupations, and position in society. In modern Russian, youth jargon, or slang, is distinguished (from the English slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups). Many words and expressions have come from slang into colloquial speech: cheat sheet, cram, tail (academic debt), swim (do poorly on an exam), fishing rod (satisfactory grade), etc. The emergence of many jargons is associated with the desire of young people to express their attitude to a subject or phenomenon more clearly and emotionally. Hence such evaluative words: amazing, awesome, cool, laugh, go crazy, get high, donkey, plow, sunbathe, etc. All of them are common only in oral speech and are often absent from dictionaries.

However, slang contains many words and expressions that are understandable only to the initiated. Let us take as an example a humoresque from the newspaper “University Life” (09.12.1991).

Notes of one cool student at one killer lecture.

Hammurabi was a strong politician. He literally rolled a barrel at the surrounding kents. At first he ran into Larsa, but actually broke off. Fighting with Larsa was no show to the sparrows, especially since their Rim-Sin was such a sophisticated cabinet that he had no problem gluing Hammurabi’s beard on. However, it was not so easy to take him for a show-off, Larsa became purely violet to him, and he turned the arrows on Marie. He managed to throw noodles into the ears of Zimrilim, who was also a tough man, but in this case he clicked his beak. Having become coryphal, they ran into Eshnuna, Uruk and Issin, who bounced their tails for a long time, but flew by like a flock of rasps.

For the uninitiated, such a set of slang words turns out to be an insurmountable obstacle to understanding the text, so let’s translate this passage into literary language.

Hammurabi was a skilled politician. He pursued an expansionist policy. At first, the ruler of Babylon tried to capture Larsa, but he failed. It turned out to be not so easy to fight Larsa, especially since their ruler Rim-Sin was such a resourceful diplomat that he easily forced Hammurabi to abandon his intention. But Hammurabi continued his campaigns of conquest in order to expand the territory of his state. And, abandoning attempts to conquer Larsa for a while, he changed his political course, and the Babylonian army rushed north. He managed to conclude an alliance with the ruler of Mari Zimrilim, who was also a good politician, but in this case he yielded to the military power of Hammurabi. The combined forces conquered Eshnunu, Uruk and Issin, who stubbornly defended themselves, but were eventually defeated.

When comparing these very different “editions,” one cannot deny the first, full of jargon, its liveliness and imagery. However, the inappropriateness of using slang in a history lecture is obvious.

The expressiveness of slang vocabulary contributes to the fact that words from slangs move into national colloquial and everyday speech, not bound by strict literary norms. Most words that have become widespread outside of jargons can be considered jargons only from a genetic point of view, and at the time of their consideration they already belong to the vernacular. This explains the inconsistency of labels for jargon in explanatory dictionaries. So, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” S.I. Ozhegov fall asleep in the meaning of “to fail” (colloquial), in the meaning of “to get caught, to be caught in something” (simple), and in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. D.N. Ushakova, it has marks (colloquially, from the thieves' argot). Ozhegov has crammed (colloquial), and Ushakov has given a label for this word (school slang). Many jargons in the newest dictionaries are given with a stylistic mark (simple) [for example, in Ozhegov: ancestors - “parents” (simple, joke); tail - “the remainder, the unfulfilled part of something, for example exams” (simple); newbie - “newcomer, recruit, junior in relation to elders” (simple), etc.].

Slang vocabulary is inferior to literary vocabulary in accuracy, which determines its inferiority as a means of communication. The meaning of jargon tends to vary depending on the context. For example, the verb kemarit can mean to doze, sleep, rest; verb to run over - threaten, extort, pursue, take revenge; the adjective cool means good, attractive, interesting, reliable, etc.; This is the same meaning of the word lethal and a number of others. All this convinces us of the inappropriateness of replacing the rich, vibrant Russian language with slang.

A special socially limited group of words in the modern Russian language is camp jargon, which is used by people placed in special living conditions. He reflected the terrible life in places of detention: zek (prisoner), veneer or shmon (search), gruel (stew), tower (execution), informer (informer), knock (inform) and so on. Such jargon finds application in realistic descriptions of camp life by former “prisoners of conscience” who were given the opportunity to openly recall repressions. Let us quote one of the most talented Russian writers who did not have time to realize their creative potential for well-known reasons:

If you are called on duty, it means expect trouble. Either a punishment cell follows, or some other dirty trick...

True, this time they didn’t put me in a punishment cell or even “deprive me of a stall.” “Deprive with a stall” or “deprive with a date” are bossy formulas that arose as a result of a tendency to laconicism, this is 50% of the economy of expression. “Deprive the right to use a kiosk” or “...date.” The bosses, completely tormented by the desire for the ideal, had to resort quite often to the saving tongue twister, and they naturally tried to save seconds. So, something unusual awaited me. Upon entering, I saw several guards and at their head - “Regime”. We, too, were inclined to brevity, though for other reasons: when danger was approaching, it was easier and more profitable to whisper: “Regime!” than to say: “Deputy head of the camp for the regime.”

Besides the “Regime”, the guards and me, there was someone else in the room, and I immediately stared at him.

(Julius Daniel)

From this passage one can get an idea of ​​the very “mechanism” of the appearance of these strange jargons. I would like to hope that there will be no extralinguistic conditions for their consolidation in the Russian language and that they will quickly become part of the passive vocabulary.

This cannot be said about the language of the underworld (thieves, tramps, bandits). This slang variety of language is defined by the term argo (French argot - closed, inactive). Argo is a secret, artificial language of criminals (thieves' music), known only to initiates and also existing only in oral form. Certain argotisms are becoming widespread outside the argot: blatnoy, mokrushnik, pero (knife), raspberry (stash), split, nixer, fraer, etc., but at the same time they practically pass into the category of colloquial vocabulary and are given in dictionaries with the corresponding stylistic markings: “colloquial”, “coarsely colloquial”.

1.8.8. The use of slang vocabulary in literary language

The emergence and spread of jargon in speech is assessed as a negative phenomenon in the life of society and the development of the national language. However, the introduction of jargon into literary language in exceptional cases acceptable: this vocabulary may be needed by writers to create speech characteristics of characters or by journalists describing life in the colonies. To emphasize that jargon in such cases is quoted, the author usually encloses it in quotation marks. For example: “Pakhany”, “hillocks” and others (title of a newspaper article); ...People are “released” by the verdict of thieves for various sins: snitching, non-payment of a gambling debt, disobedience to “authority”, for having “turned in” accomplices during the investigation, for having relatives in law enforcement agencies... (Trud. 1991. Nov 27)

Many famous writers were wary of jargon. Thus, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, when reprinting the novel “The Twelve Chairs,” abandoned some jargon. The desire of writers to protect the literary language from the influence of jargon is dictated by the need for an irreconcilable fight against them: it is unacceptable for jargon to be popularized through fiction.

In journalistic texts it is possible to refer to argotisms in materials on a certain topic. For example, in the “Crime Stories” section:

The “cream” of the criminal world are “thieves in law”... Below are ordinary thieves, who in the colony are called “denial” or “wool”. The life credo of the “denialist” is to resist the demands of the administration and, on the contrary, to do everything that the authorities prohibit... And at the base of the colony pyramid are the bulk of the convicts: “men”, “hard workers”. These are those who sincerely embarked on the path of correction.

In rare cases, jargon may be used in newspaper materials that have a sharp satirical focus.

1.8.9. Stylistically unjustified use of jargon

The use of jargon in non-satirical contexts, dictated by the authors’ desire to enliven the narrative, is regarded as a stylistic flaw. So, the author got carried away with the play on words, calling his note like this: The artist Dali was completely stupefied (the note describes the artist’s unusual sculpture - in the form of a lamp, which gave the correspondent grounds for a pun: a lantern - stunned). For a reader who does not know the jargon, such words become a mystery, but the language of a newspaper should be accessible to everyone.

The infatuation with the jargon of journalists who write about crimes, murders and robberies in a humorous tone is also reprehensible. The use of argot and slang words in such cases gives the speech an inappropriate, cheerful tone. The tragic events are narrated as a fascinating incident. For modern correspondents of Moskovsky Komsomolets, this style has become familiar. Let's give just one example.

On Tverskaya Street last Thursday, police picked up two girls who were trying to “push” a VCR to passers-by for a fortune. It turned out that the girls cleaned it out the night before apartment on Osenny Boulevard. (...) The ringleader was a 19-year-old homeless woman...

The downward trend in the style of newspaper articles is clearly demonstrated by many newspapers. This leads to the use of jargon and argotism even in serious materials, and for short notes and reports, a style “colored” with reduced vocabulary has become common. For example:

And I won’t give you the corridor

The Kremlin has a new idea: to give fraternal Belarus access to the sea through Kaliningrad. “We are going to come to an agreement with the Poles and get their consent to build a section of the highway through their territory,” the President of Russia said just now.

However, this “sign of the times” does not meet with sympathy among stylists, who do not approve of the mixing of styles, which creates inappropriate comedy in such publications.

The huge vocabulary of the Russian language, from the point of view of the scope of use, is divided into two large groups by linguists - vocabulary of unlimited use(common words that are understandable to all speakers of a given language in all cases: bread, family, city, garden, sun, moon, table, etc.) and restricted vocabulary(words used in a certain area - professional, territorial, social, and therefore understandable to a limited circle of native speakers; these include professionalisms, dialectisms, jargon, terms). What are words with a limited scope of use? Let us briefly describe them.

Professionalisms- words and expressions used by people of the same profession (journalists, miners, military, builders, etc.). In most cases, they do not belong to official, legalized names. They are characterized by great detail in the designation of special concepts, tools, production processes, and materials. Thus, in the speech of carpenters and joiners, a plane, a tool for planing boards, has varieties: jointer, humpback, sherhebel, bear, road worker. In professional speech, logs and boards differ in size, shape and are called: beam, bench, plate, quarter, slab and etc.

Professionalisms often have expressiveness, which makes them similar to jargon. Thus, drivers of buses, trucks, and cars call the steering wheel a steering wheel, printers figuratively call quotation marks, based on their appearance, Christmas trees (“”), paws (“”), and a common headline in a newspaper is a header.

Dialectal vocabulary- words that are limited in territorial terms, understandable only to residents of a given locality, farmstead, village, village, village. For example: bispoy - “gray-haired, silvery” (in the dialects of the Arkhangelsk region); zobat - “to eat” (in Ryazan dialects); zhvarit - “to hit hard, to pound” (in the Kaluga dialect). Sometimes dialect words have the same sound as words in the literary language, but are used with a different meaning. In many dialects, for example, the word weather does not mean any state of the atmosphere, as in the literary language, but a certain weather: in the Oryol and Kursk regions - a clear, sunny day; in Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Tambov - rain or snowfall.

Jargonisms- words and expressions belonging to any jargon. In modern linguistic literature, the word jargon is usually used to designate various branches of the national language, which serve as a means of communication for different social groups. The emergence of jargons is associated with the desire of people to oppose themselves to society or other social groups, to isolate themselves from them, using the means of language. For example: skulls, shoelaces (parents); feature (feature of something), violet (indifferent). Unlike the common language, which is designed to facilitate broad communication between people, jargon is a “secret” language, the purpose of which is to hide the meaning of what is being said from a “stranger.” They often talk and write about youth slang. This phenomenon can hardly be called jargon, because it has no social roots. Young people, especially teenagers, for the purpose of age-related “self-affirmation” begin to use words and buzzwords that differ from the generally accepted speech norm. Elements of diverse vocabulary are used: foreign words, professionalisms (sailors, musicians), vulgarisms, dialectisms and, to some extent, jargon. They are used as a sign of belonging to a certain “clan” - age group. These words are used thoughtlessly, unconsciously, their meaning is very approximate, and their origin is most often unknown to the speaker. All slang words represent stylistically reduced vocabulary and are outside the boundaries of the literary language. They, like any word of a literary language or dialect, become obsolete and disappear over time, or instead of some jargons others appear. Thus, among the names of money, the jargon no longer occurs: crunch (ruble), fifth (5 rubles), red, dean (10 rubles), angle (25 rubles).

TO common vocabulary These include words used (understood and used) in different linguistic spheres by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs ( blue, fire, grumble, good), numerals, pronouns, most function words.

TO vocabulary of limited use These include words whose use is limited to a certain locality (dialectisms), profession (special vocabulary), occupation or interest (slang vocabulary).

Dialectisms

Dialectisms - These are features of dialects and dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialectism is a dialect inclusion in the Russian literary language. People’s speech may reflect phonetic, word-formation, and grammatical features of the dialect, but for lexicology the most important dialectisms are those associated with the functioning of words as lexical units - lexical dialectisms, which come in several types.

Firstly, dialectism can denote realities that exist only in a given area and do not have names in the literary language: tyes- “a vessel for liquid made of birch bark”, crumbs- “a wooden shoulder device for carrying heavy loads.”

Secondly, dialectisms include words that are used in a certain area, but have words with the same meaning in the literary language: hefty - very, pitching - duck, basque - beautiful.

Thirdly, there are dialectisms that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with the words of the literary language, but have a different meaning that does not exist in the literary language, but is characteristic of a certain dialect, for example, plow -"sweep the floor" firefighter -"fire victim" thin in the meaning of “bad” (this meaning was also inherent in the literary language in the past, hence the comparative degree worse from adjective bad) or weather- “bad weather.”

Dialectal features can also manifest themselves at other linguistic levels - in pronunciation, inflection, compatibility, etc.

Dialectisms are outside the literary language, but can be used in fiction to create local color and to characterize the speech characteristics of characters.

Dialectisms are recorded in special dictionaries of various dialects, the most common of them can be reflected in the explanatory dictionary with the mark regional.

Special vocabulary

Special vocabulary associated with people's professional activities. It includes terms and professionalisms.

Terms- these are the names of special concepts of science, art, technology, agriculture, etc. The terms are often artificially created using Latin and Greek roots and differ from “ordinary” words of the language in that they are, ideally, unambiguous in this terminology and do not have synonyms , that is, each term must correspond to only one object of a given science. Each word term has a strict definition, recorded in special scientific studies or terminological dictionaries.

There are terms that are generally understood and highly specialized. Meaning generally understood terms are known to a non-specialist, which is usually associated with studying the fundamentals of various sciences at school and with their frequent use in everyday life (for example, medical terminology) and in the media (political, economic terminology). Highly specialized terms are understandable only to specialists. Here are examples of linguistic terms of different types:

commonly understood terms: subject, predicate, suffix, verb;

highly specialized terms: predicate, phoneme, submorph, suppletivisism.

Terms belong to the literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries with the mark special.

It is necessary to distinguish from terms professionalism- words and expressions that are not scientifically defined, strictly legalized names of certain objects, actions, processes related to the professional, scientific, and production activities of people. These are semi-official and informal (they are sometimes called professional jargon) words used by people of a certain profession to designate special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in literary language. Professional jargons exist exclusively in the oral speech of people of a given profession and are not included in the literary language (for example, among printing workers: a cap- “large headline”, slur- “marriage in the form of a square”; for drivers: steering wheel- "steering wheel", brick- sign prohibiting passage). If professionalisms are included in dictionaries, they are accompanied by an indication of the scope of use ( in the speech of sailors, in the speech of fishermen etc.).

Slang vocabulary

Vocabulary of restricted use also includes jargon- words used by people of certain interests, activities, habits. So, for example, there are jargons of schoolchildren, students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc. For example, in student jargon tail- “failed exam, test”, dorm- "dormitory", spur, bomb- “varieties of cribs”, in the jargon of schoolchildren laces, ancestors, rodaki- parents, cupcake, baby doll, bump, pepper, person, dude, cartilage, shnyaga- boy. Words included in different jargons form interjargon ( schmuck, funny, cool, party).

In addition to the term jargon, there are also the terms “argot” and “slang”. Argo- This is a specially classified language. In previous centuries in Russia there was a slang of itinerant traders - peddlers, professional fundraisers, etc. Now we can talk about thieves' slang ( feather- knife, a gun- gun). Slang- this is a linguistic environment of oral communication different from the norm of a literary language, uniting a large group of people. A significant difference between slang and jargon is the increased emotionality of slang and the lack of selectivity of objects for naming using special words: slang is used in almost all speech situations during informal oral communication between people. So, we can talk about youth slang - a means of informal communication among young people aged approximately 12 to 30 years. Slang is updated quite quickly, and the sources of constant updating of slang are units of jargon (over the past few years, youth slang has switched from thieves' jargon as the main "supplier" of vocabulary to the jargon of drug addicts), borrowing ( steering“correct” - from English. rule gerla"girl" - from English. girl), a punning playful reinterpretation of the words of the literary language ( keyboard"keyboard", ancestors"parents"), as well as derivatives from these units ( cool, funny). At the same time, the meaning of the units used (jargon, borrowings) is usually expanded and rethought in relation to other areas of activity. For example, a drug addict will say: I'm sick of this nonsense, - and from the young man you can hear: I'm sick of this music.

Slang and argotic vocabulary is outside the literary language and is recorded only in special dictionaries.

Words related to vocabulary of limited use are often used in fiction to characterize characters in speech and create a certain flavor.

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Types of vocabulary in terms of the relationship between form and lexicality
values

It also makes sense to remember the types of words from the point of view of the relationship between their lexical
meanings and forms.

From the school course of the Russian language we know about such groups of vocabulary as synonyms, antonyms,
homonyms and paronyms, but now it makes sense to clarify some with
knowledge about them.

From this point of view, words are divided into synonyms, antonyms, homonyms and paronyms. These types
vocabulary is familiar to you: you studied them in a high school course, but we need to repeat them,
to pay attention to some of their features that are new to you.

Sino
nims

These words are different in form, but close in meaning.

Synonyms are divided into linguistic and speech:

language synonyms
–

words whose semantic similarity appears without context,
because it is enshrined in the language system itself. It is recorded in dictionaries
–

lexemes can
defined in dictionary entries through each other:

strong
–

lasting
,

lie
–

O
deceive
,

strike
–

speech synonyms
–

These are words whose semantic similarity appears only in
context, which is why they are called contextual. Contextual synonyms are
incomplete, partial, a synonymous feature may be
ь is presented in them with different
degree of completeness:

fruit
;

small

tiny
,

seethes
–

black
–

Both linguistic and speech synonyms can have different stylistic connotations and relate to
different speech styles. Such synonyms are called
stylistic:

eat, dine, eat,
eat, gobble, gobble
. These may also include phraseological units:

lie, misinform,
lie, whistle, deceive, drive a blizzard

Antonyms

These are words that are different in form and have opposite meanings.
. Antonyms too
can be divided into linguistic ones already embedded in the language system

(wicked
–

good, sleep
–

stay awake, love
–

hate, up
–

etc.) and speech, which become
antonyms only in context:

new
–

dilapidated, real
–

fabulous
y, timid
–

proud,
gold
–

Antonyms can also be stylistic and phraseological:

rush
–

on the run
fall asleep
,

roll up your sleeves
–

to be idle, to be lazy

words are the same in form and different in meaning.

Omoni
we are divided into several types.

Actually

or absolute homonyms
–

these are words of one part of speech, which
written and pronounced the same:

(spring)
–

(at the door)

(chemical element)
–

(frame)
–

(salary), etc.

words that are pronounced the same, but differently
-
spelled differently:

mushroom
–

flu
,

Homographs

words that are spelled the same but are pronounced differently
-
different, mostly
due to the difference in accent:

squirrels
–

squirrels
,
bet
–

P
and rit
,
write
–

write
,
take a break
–

before whining

Omoforms

manifestation of grammatical homonymy
–

different grammatical forms
one word or different words of different parts of speech, coinciding in
form:

(genitive singular with
noun and plural
nominative case number),

(possessive pronoun and imperative verb
inclinations),

(numeral and imperative verb,

(noun and
verb infinitive) etc.

Paronyms

these are the words to
which are similar in form (sound and spelling), common
roots and common meaning, but nevertheless different in both form and meaning. How
As a rule, these words have different suffixes, which give different shades of meaning
words with the same root:

lawsuit
sleepy

(cleverly and beautifully done)

artificial

(not natural,
created by man)

artistic

(distinguished by artistry, artistic talent)

artistic
(related to artists, characteristic of artists),

fragrant

(having
aroma, pleasant smell)

aromatic

(giving aroma)

(phone owner,
radio point or subscription)
–

subscription

(the right under the contract to use what
-
something for a fee
during the stipulated period), etc.

Mixing paronyms is
one of the most common speech errors.

The vocabulary of a language is sensitive to all processes occurring in the public consciousness, and
reflects both positive and negative characteristics of public consciousness
At the moment. That's why it's so important to pay attention
careful, careful attitude to the word, use
words in strict accordance with the concept that this word denotes.

(6 points out of 6)

The main unifying factor of the nation is...

Economy

Culture

Complete the definition by writing
one word.

Vocabulary that is understandable to any native speaker, regardless of his age, occupation,
education, the place in which he lives,
–

this is ____________ vocabulary.

commonly used
I
-

Vocabulary used in informal, informal communication, mainly oral
speeches
–

this is _____________ vocabulary.

colloquial
-

The set of words used in oral communication within a certain social group,
–

This _____________.

jargon
-

territorially fixed oral speech of people who do not know the norms of literary
language,
–

This _____________.

vernacular
-

Words that are similar in form (sound and sound)
scripture), common roots and common
meaning, but nevertheless different in both form and meaning
–