Assessing muscle mass. How to calculate calories. BOO based on lean body mass. Body fat percentage

Doppelhertz Cardiovital International name. Flowers and leaves of hawthorn. Herbal medicine used for heart failure. Dosage form. Tablets in a transparent shell, brown filler, biconvex. Composition. Dry leaf extract with

Assets

Iron salts, first used in the 19th century, still remain the basis of ferrotherapy, despite the fact that many new drugs have recently been discovered and created. The main advantages of divalent iron salts are low cost, availability and therapeutic effectiveness. According to WHO, ferrodeficiency is observed in 20% of the world population. Preventative intake of vitamins containing iron will help prevent your body from reaching an iron deficiency state.

Complex vitamins with iron– not uncommon in the modern pharmaceutical market. Let's analyze the composition of several popular vitamin preparations to find out how much iron they contain.

Vitamin complex with iron most often it is a combination of vitamins of the main groups (A, B, C, D, E), other vitamin-like substances and mineral micronutrients. Let's compare the iron content in preparations of domestic and foreign production: AlfaVit, Duovit, Complivit, Vitrum, Doppelgerts, Multi-Tabs, Supradin, Centrum, Perfectil.

Vitamin complexes of domestic production

The drug Complivit Iron (Pharmstandard-UfaVITA) contains 15 mg of iron. The same amount is in the AlfaVit complex (Vneshtorg Pharma) for men. AlfaVit Classic contains slightly less of this mineral – 14 mg. These multivitamin products contain divalent Fe salts and vitamin C, which is needed to increase the absorption of iron in the gastrointestinal tract.

Consuming natural sources of iron (especially plant sources) requires the presence of vitamin C because it forms soluble chelated compounds with this mineral in the acidic environment of the stomach. Such chemical conglomerates do not change their solubility when the pH of the environment in the duodenum changes, where the mineral is absorbed.

It is believed that about 0.2 g of vitamin C is needed to absorb 30 mg of iron. However, this relationship is nonlinear, because with increasing doses of the vitamin, iron absorption increases slightly.

However, the above vitamins containing iron do not contain high concentrations of ascorbic acid. In AlfaVita Classic it is 0.07 g, AlfaVita for men 0.04 g, in Complivit - 0.1 g. It is assumed that the rest of the vitamin necessary for the absorption of iron will be supplied to the body with food.

Another aspect that you need to pay attention to when choosing iron-containing vitamins is the presence of calcium in their composition. It has been proven that calcium interferes with the absorption of iron in the gastrointestinal tract. The developers of the drugs Complivit Iron and AlfaVit took this fact into account, so Complivit contains no calcium at all, while in AlfaVit these microelements are found in different tablets. For those who are not yet familiar with the AlfaVit line of drugs, it must be said that the substances in it are distributed between three tablets according to the principle of physiological compatibility. The tablets must be taken separately.

Nine enzymes that have copper in their structure take part in the biological “cycle” of iron in the body. Not only absorption, but also the further journey of Fe ions to the final point of synthesis of hemoglobin or other iron-containing molecules may depend on whether there is enough copper in the diet. Therefore, the best iron vitamins should contain this microelement in their set. From this point of view, Complivit and AlfaVit are the “correct” vitamins, since they contain 0.75–1 mg of copper.

Vitamin complexes of foreign production

Let's look at which vitamins contain iron that are produced abroad. In all of the vitamin supplements listed below, the microelement is contained in the form of 2-valent salts (fumarate and carbonate-saccharate), which are easily absorbed by the body.

The average daily intake of iron for an adult, which according to various estimates ranges from 14 to 18 mg, is contained in the preparations Multi-tabs Classic (Ferrosan, Denmark), Vitrum (Unipharm, Inc., USA) and Centrum from A to Zinc (Wyeth Lederle S.p.A., USA).

Slightly less iron (10–12 mg) is included in the preparations Doppelhertz active Iodine + Iron (Queisser Pharma, Germany), Supradin (Dragenopharm Apotheker Puschl, Germany) and Perfectil (Vitabiotics, UK).

Doppelhertz active from A to Zn and Supradin effervescent tablets contain minimal dosages of the microelement - only 2.1 and 1.25 mg. But Duovit is a vitamin containing a large amount of iron. They are produced by KRKA (Slovenia). The dose of iron in them is 30.3 mg.

You need to be careful with large concentrations of iron. Divalent Fe salts have a high tendency to cause side effects such as diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting and other gastrointestinal disorders. Most of these effects are caused by unabsorbed iron, which remains in the intestinal lumen and irritates the intestinal wall.

All of the above complexes, except for Doppelhertz active Iodine + Iron, include copper and ascorbic acid, which are necessary for iron homeostasis. In addition, Vitrum, Centrum, Supradin, Perfectil, Multi-tabs, Doppelgerts active from A to Zn and Duovit contain manganese. This is very important, since this micronutrient is necessary for the functions of two dozen body proteins that are involved in the processes of deposition and consumption of iron.

Therapeutic iron preparations

Having considered which vitamins have a lot of iron, we cannot help but touch on drugs used not for prevention, but for the treatment of iron deficiency. The dosages of iron in these products have been increased to therapeutic levels. They may contain iron in the form of:

• 2-valent (Sorbifer and Fenyuls),
• 3-valent (Maltofer, Ferrum Lek).

In Sorbifer Durules (EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC, Hungary) iron is present in the form of sulfate in an amount of 320 mg, which is 0.1 g of “pure” Fe. Additionally, the drug contains vitamin C.

In the Indian drug Fenyuls (Ranbaxy), the amount of iron (also in the form of sulfate) is increased to 0.15 g. In addition, the drug contains almost the entire set of B vitamins and ascorbic acid.

Maltofer tablets (Vifor International Inc., Switzerland) contain a dose of 0.1 g of iron. However, the chemical compound is a polymaltose complex with iron-III-hydroxide. It has the unique ability to imitate the structure of the natural protein ferritin, which stores iron in the human body.

Chewable tablets Ferrum Lek (Lek, Slovenia) are an analogue of Maltofer, because it contains the same amount of iron and in the same form. Both drugs do not contain other active substances.

The absorption parameters of such high-molecular iron complexes, such as those found in the drugs Maltofer and Ferrum Lek, do not allow side effects to develop, so such drugs are usually well tolerated.

Description

An effective combination of creatine, inosine, vitamins and microelements.

Increases the body's energy resources, increases the rate of mobilization of intracellular energy resources (ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen), activates the work of key enzymes of energy metabolism; prevents the development of muscle fatigue.

Directions for use:

Take 3 or more tablets per day immediately before training or competition, depending on body weight.

Compound:

Creatine – 1200 mg
Inosine – 150 mg
Magnesium – 120 mg

B6 (pyridoxine) – 2 mg

Ginseng – 50 mg
Potassium – 300 mg

Creatine is a natural substance (methylguanido-acetic acid) that is found in the muscles of humans and animals. The human body contains about 100 g of this substance, which acts as a source of energy for muscles. The daily consumption of creatine under normal conditions is approximately 2 g. To cover this consumption, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver, as well as in the pancreas and kidneys. The resulting creatine enters the muscles through the bloodstream, where, under the influence of the enzyme creatine kinase, it is converted into creatine phosphate. Creatine phosphate accumulates in the cell as a source of chemical energy for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). After the release of phosphate, creatine is converted into creatinine, which is excreted through the kidneys as waste. Creatine Benefits: More powerful muscle contractions that increase explosive power, faster muscle recovery, less fatigue, increased weight gain and increased muscle size. The main benefit of creatine appears to be in enhancing short-term athletic performance, such as sprinting, cycling sprints, strength sports and weightlifting. Creatine is suitable for sports that require jumping, acceleration or finishing - for team sports such as basketball, football, hockey, as well as martial arts, tennis, athletics and sprinting. Creatine is taken with plenty of fluid before training or competition. Creatine is not a dope. Creatine remains a legally permitted means of increasing the performance of athletes, especially since taking this substance does not cause any serious problems even in very significant doses. It's funny, but already in 1926 it was experimentally proven that the introduction of creatine into the body stimulates weight gain, causing nitrogen retention in the body. Only 55 years have passed (?!) and creatine began to be studied in experiments with athletes. (I wonder how many such discoveries, invaluable from the point of view of sports nutrition, are still preserved by fundamental science?). Briefly summarizing the accumulated data (more than 100 sources of specialized literature were used for this article), we can conclude the following:
- taking creatine monohydrate powder or capsules at a dose of about 20 g/day leads to an increase in phosphocreatine in the muscles and an increase in explosive strength (speed-strength qualities).

Magnesium is an integral part of more than 300 enzymes that regulate vital body functions, including cellular energy production and muscle contraction processes. Supports the functions of the nervous and muscular systems and is an important component of bone tissue. Magnesium is an intracellular cation. Blood serum contains 1.8-2.5 mmol/l magnesium, erythrocytes - about 3.5 mmol/l, and tissue cells - 16 mmol/l. Most of the magnesium is found in the skeleton. The human body contains about 20 g of magnesium. Many researchers call magnesium an anti-stress mineral with antioxidant activity. It is part of most enzymes, participates in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and improves metabolism in the vascular wall. Magnesium helps the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins B, C, E. Magnesium takes part in the activity of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce energy. Sources: Almost all types of food, but especially citrus fruits, nuts, green leafy vegetables, legumes, whole grain bread, dietary supplements.
Disadvantage: if there is insufficient absorption of magnesium by the body, neuromuscular disorders occur (muscle weakness, tremors, spasms, convulsions), heart rhythm disturbances, weakness, mental disorders (insomnia, irritability, anxiety) and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (pain, spasms, diarrhea, bloating). Excess magnesium in the body occurs in severe kidney diseases. It is expressed in nausea and vomiting, decreased blood pressure and cardiac dysfunction.
Contraindications to the use of magnesium preparations are severe renal failure.
Side effects - in rare cases - dyspeptic disorders.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)- a water-soluble vitamin involved in the synthesis of amino acids and protein. Necessary for the normal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. In its phosphorylated form, it is a coenzyme of a large number of enzymes responsible for the non-oxidative metabolism of amino acids (decarboxylation reactions, transamination, etc.). It promotes the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan into vitamin B3 (niacin, vitamin PP) and serotonin (a mediator of the central nervous system). Participates in the production of hormones (insulin, thyroid hormones, sex hormones), necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin and antibodies. Participates in histamine metabolism. Helps normalize lipid metabolism.

The recommended intake of vitamin B6 for an adult is 2 mg per day.
Sources: chicken, fish, pork, liver, kidneys, natural cereals, nuts and legumes, dietary supplements. Lack of vitamin B6 leads to changes in the function of the nervous system (increased excitability, convulsions). Pellagroid skin changes occur due to impaired synthesis of nicotinic acid from tryptophan and niacin deficiency. Negative manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency are associated primarily with inhibition of amino acid synthesis. With a deficiency of vitamin B6, the secretion of the endocrine glands (thyroid gland, gonads, adrenal glands) is inhibited and spermatogenesis stops. Vitamin B6 deficiency, according to various sources, occurs in 90% of the Russian population. According to American doctors, a lack of intake of vitamin B6 and folic acid leads to a doubling of the risk of coronary artery disease and coronary death.

Ginseng roots contains tetracyclic triterpene saponins of the dammarane series - panaxosides. Japanese researchers called them ginsenosides and isolated about 30 compounds. In addition, the presence of two more active groups of compounds was established - high molecular weight glycans and acetylene compounds. Ginseng roots also contain polysaccharides, phytosterols, vitamins and many microelements. Ginseng root is the most famous adaptogen. It increases the body's resistance to physical and psycho-emotional stress and improves performance. The immunostimulating effect of ginseng roots and their ability to relieve chronic fatigue syndrome have been proven. When taking medications containing ginseng, men experience increased libido (sexual desire), improved erectile function and the quality of sperm. Ginseng can lower blood sugar levels in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and with regular use, it can significantly reduce the risk of cancer. It has a general stimulating, tonic and restorative effect. It is considered a means of promoting longevity. Ginseng is especially useful for general weakness, exhaustion, and depression. It has been established that ginseng prevents the negative consequences associated with brain aging (memory loss, loss of attention). Ginseng lowers blood cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, and has an antiarrhythmic effect. Ginseng preparations are recommended for bad mood, irritability, decreased performance, diabetes, impotence, and during the recovery period after illnesses, operations and injuries.

Toxicity: ginseng preparations are non-toxic and can be used for a long time. Ginseng roots are an officially recognized medicinal raw material. They are included in the domestic pharmacopoeia starting from the IX edition, and are included in the British and European pharmacopoeia.

Potassium regulates the acid-base balance of the body. Maintains normal blood pressure, participates in the processes of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. It is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, activates the work of a number of enzymes, activates the muscular work of the heart, and has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the skin and kidneys. Potassium has a protective effect against the undesirable effects of excess sodium and normalizes blood pressure. For this reason, in some cases table salt is produced with the addition of potassium chloride. Potassium can increase urine output, which is important for edema and poisoning to quickly remove toxins from the blood. Potassium is the main intracellular element.

In an adult, the total potassium content in the body is about 170-180 g, while its concentration in the extracellular fluid corresponds to 7 mmol/l, in the intracellular fluid - 110-150 mmol/l. a relatively constant value is the level of potassium in plasma - from 3.8 to 5.4 mmol/l. Many researchers identify the presence of potassium in the body as synonymous with normal heart rhythm and intracellular cation exchange. In addition to regulating water balance, potassium helps normalize blood pressure, improve oxygen supply to the brain, and remove toxins. The functional activity of potassium decreases with the consumption of alcohol, coffee, sugar and diuretics.
The daily requirement for potassium is 2500 mg. Sources: legumes, potatoes, meat, sea fish, mushrooms, bread, bananas, apples, apricots, currants, dried apricots, raisins, dietary supplements. Potassium deficiency - hypokalemia - a decrease in the concentration of potassium in the blood below 4 mmol/l. Hypokalemia can be detected only when the cellular potassium reserve is depleted, since a decrease in the level of potassium in the plasma entails its transfer from the cells. The development of hypokalemia is promoted by: insufficient intake of potassium from food; increased excretion of potassium through the kidneys with limited intake, use of diuretics or the introduction of large amounts of sodium into the body; loss of potassium with gastrointestinal juices (vomiting, gastric drainage, diarrhea). increased activity of the adrenal cortex; dilution of extracellular fluid with osmotic solutions that do not contain potassium (parenteral administration of fluid for dehydration).

This product is intended for strength and speed strength athletes, team sports and martial arts. Recommended for athletes at least 14 years old.

APPROVED BY THE ANTI-DOPING CENTER.

An effective combination of creatine, inosine, vitamins and microelements. Increases the body's energy resources.

Increases the body's energy resources, increases the rate of mobilization of intracellular energy resources (ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen), activates the work of key enzymes of energy metabolism; prevents the development of muscle fatigue.

Compound:

• Creatine- 1200 mg
• Inosine - 150 mg
• Magnesium- 120 mg
• B6 (pyridoxine)- 2 mg
• Ginseng- 50 mg
• Potassium- 300 mg

Creatine

Creatine is a natural substance (methylguanidoacetic acid) that is found in the muscles of humans and animals. The human body contains about 100 g of this substance, which acts as a source of energy for muscles.

The daily consumption of creatine under normal conditions is approximately 2 g. To cover this consumption, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver, as well as in the pancreas and kidneys. The resulting creatine enters the muscles through the bloodstream, where, under the influence of the enzyme creatine kinase, it is converted into creatine phosphate. Creatine phosphate accumulates in the cell as a source of chemical energy for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). After the release of phosphate, creatine is converted into creatinine, which is excreted through the kidneys as waste.

Creatine Benefits: More powerful muscle contractions that increase explosive power, faster muscle recovery, less fatigue, increased weight gain and increased muscle size.

The main benefit of creatine appears to be in enhancing short-term athletic performance, such as sprinting, cycling sprints, strength sports and weightlifting. Creatine is suitable for sports that require jumping, acceleration or finishing - for team sports such as basketball, football, hockey, as well as martial arts, tennis, athletics and sprinting. Creatine is taken with plenty of fluid before training or competition. Creatine is not a dope. Creatine remains a legally permitted means of increasing the performance of athletes, especially since taking this substance does not cause any serious problems even in very significant doses.

It's funny, but already in 1926 it was experimentally proven that the introduction of creatine into the body stimulates weight gain, causing nitrogen retention in the body. Only 55 years have passed (?!) and creatine began to be studied in experiments with athletes. (I wonder how many such discoveries, invaluable from the point of view of sports nutrition, are still preserved by fundamental science?). Briefly summarizing the accumulated data (more than 100 sources of specialized literature were used for this article), we can conclude the following: - taking creatine monohydrate powder or capsules at a dose of about 20 g/day leads to an increase in phosphocreatine in muscles and an increase in explosive strength indicators (speed-strength qualities ).

MagnesiumMagnesium is an integral part of more than 300 enzymes that regulate vital body functions, including cellular energy production and muscle contraction. Supports the functions of the nervous and muscular systems and is an important component of bone tissue. Magnesium is an intracellular cation. Blood serum contains 1.8-2.5 mmol/l magnesium, erythrocytes - about 3.5 mmol/l, and tissue cells - 16 mmol/l. Most of the magnesium is found in the skeleton. The human body contains about 20 g of magnesium.

Many researchers call magnesium an anti-stress mineral with antioxidant activity. It is part of most enzymes, participates in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and improves metabolism in the vascular wall. Magnesium helps the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins B, C, E. Magnesium takes part in the activity of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce energy.

Sources: Almost all types of food, but especially citrus fruits, nuts, green leafy vegetables, legumes, whole grain bread, dietary supplements.

Disadvantage: if there is insufficient absorption of magnesium by the body, neuromuscular disorders occur (muscle weakness, tremors, spasms, convulsions), heart rhythm disturbances, weakness, mental disorders (insomnia, irritability, anxiety) and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (pain, spasms, diarrhea, bloating).

Excess magnesium in the body occurs in severe kidney diseases. It is expressed in nausea and vomiting, decreased blood pressure and cardiac dysfunction.

Contraindications to the use of magnesium preparations are severe renal failure.

Side effects - in rare cases - dyspeptic disorders.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the synthesis of amino acids and protein. Necessary for the normal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system. In its phosphorylated form, it is a coenzyme of a large number of enzymes responsible for the non-oxidative metabolism of amino acids (decarboxylation reactions, transamination, etc.). It promotes the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan into vitamin B3 (niacin, vitamin PP) and serotonin (a mediator of the central nervous system). Participates in the production of hormones (insulin, thyroid hormones, sex hormones), necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin and antibodies. Participates in histamine metabolism. Helps normalize lipid metabolism.

Sources: chicken, fish, pork, liver, kidneys, natural cereals, nuts and legumes, dietary supplements.

Flaw Vitamin B6 leads to changes in the function of the nervous system (increased excitability, convulsions). Pellagroid skin changes occur due to impaired synthesis of nicotinic acid from tryptophan and niacin deficiency. Negative manifestations of pyridoxine deficiency are associated primarily with inhibition of amino acid synthesis. With a deficiency of vitamin B6, the secretion of the endocrine glands (thyroid gland, gonads, adrenal glands) is inhibited and spermatogenesis stops.

Vitamin B6 deficiency, according to various sources, occurs in 90% of the Russian population. According to American doctors, a lack of intake of vitamin B6 and folic acid leads to a doubling of the risk of coronary artery disease and coronary death.

Ginseng

Ginseng roots contain tetracyclic triterpene saponins of the dammarane series - panaxosides. Japanese researchers called them ginsenosides and isolated about 30 compounds. In addition, the presence of two more active groups of compounds was established - high molecular weight glycans and acetylene compounds. Ginseng roots also contain polysaccharides, phytosterols, vitamins and many microelements.

Ginseng root is the most famous adaptogen. It increases the body's resistance to physical and psycho-emotional stress and improves performance. The immunostimulating effect of ginseng roots and their ability to relieve chronic fatigue syndrome have been proven.

When taking medications containing ginseng, men experience increased libido (sexual desire), improved erectile function and the quality of sperm. Ginseng can lower blood sugar levels in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and with regular use, it can significantly reduce the risk of cancer. It has a general stimulating, tonic and restorative effect. It is considered a means of promoting longevity. Ginseng is especially useful for general weakness, exhaustion, and depression. It has been established that ginseng prevents the negative consequences associated with brain aging (memory loss, loss of attention). Ginseng lowers blood cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, and has an antiarrhythmic effect. Ginseng preparations are recommended for bad mood, irritability, decreased performance, diabetes, impotence, and during the recovery period after illnesses, operations and injuries.

Toxicity: Ginseng preparations are non-toxic and can be used for a long time.

Ginseng roots are an officially recognized medicinal raw material. They are included in the domestic pharmacopoeia starting from the IX edition, and are included in the British and European pharmacopoeia.

Potassium

Potassium regulates the acid-base balance of the body. Maintains normal blood pressure, participates in the processes of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

It is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, activates the work of a number of enzymes, activates the muscular work of the heart, and has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the skin and kidneys.

Potassium has a protective effect against the undesirable effects of excess sodium and normalizes blood pressure. For this reason, in some cases table salt is produced with the addition of potassium chloride. Potassium can increase urine output, which is important for edema and poisoning to quickly remove toxins from the blood.

Potassium is the main intracellular element. In an adult, the total potassium content in the body is about 170-180 g, while its concentration in the extracellular fluid corresponds to 7 mmol/l, in the intracellular fluid - 110-150 mmol/l. a relatively constant value is the level of potassium in plasma - from 3.8 to 5.4 mmol/l.

Many researchers identify the presence of potassium in the body as synonymous with normal heart rhythm and intracellular cation exchange. In addition to regulating water balance, potassium helps normalize blood pressure, improve oxygen supply to the brain, and remove toxins. The functional activity of potassium decreases with the consumption of alcohol, coffee, sugar and diuretics.

Daily requirement in potassium - 2500 mg.

Sources: legumes, potatoes, meat, sea fish, mushrooms, bread, bananas, apples, apricots, currants, dried apricots, raisins, biologically active food additives.

Flaw potassium - hypokalemia - a decrease in the concentration of potassium in the blood below 4 mmol/l. Hypokalemia can be detected only when the cellular potassium reserve is depleted, since a decrease in the level of potassium in the plasma entails its transfer from the cells.

The development of hypokalemia is promoted by:

• insufficient intake of potassium from food;
• increased excretion of potassium through the kidneys with limited intake, use of diuretics or the introduction of large amounts of sodium into the body;
• loss of potassium with gastrointestinal juices (vomiting, gastric drainage, diarrhea).
• increased activity of the adrenal cortex;
• dilution of extracellular fluid with osmotic solutions that do not contain potassium (parenteral administration of fluid for dehydration).