Features of the Russian estate: style and interior, history and modern interpretations. Interior of the 19th century - you can’t stop living beautifully Examples of ceremonial chandeliers suitable for interior decoration in the Empire style

There could be a valet on duty in such a room. The mahogany furniture with brass overlays is made in the Jacobean style.

Sample for Portrait(1805-1810s) became the corresponding room in the estate of Count A.A. Arakcheev in Gruzino. Unfortunately, the estate itself was completely destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. The portrait room is decorated in the early Russian Empire style, the walls are painted with striped wallpaper.

Cabinet(1810s) was a mandatory attribute of a noble estate. In the interior presented in the exhibition, the furniture set is made of Karelian birch, the desk and armchair are made of poplar wood. The coloring of the walls imitates paper wallpaper.

Dining room(1810-1820s) – also made in the Empire style.

Bedroom(1820s) is functionally divided into zones: the bedroom itself and the boudoir. There is an icon case in the corner. The bed is covered with a screen. In the boudoir, the hostess could do her business - do needlework, correspondence.

Boudoir(1820s) was located next to the bedroom. If conditions allowed, it was a separate room in which the mistress of the house went about her business.

As a prototype Living room(1830s) served as the living room of P.V. Nashchekin, a friend of A.S. Pushkin, from a painting by N. Podklyushnikov.

The young man’s office (1830s) was created based on Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” (it is interesting to compare it with the Trigorskoye estate, which became the prototype of the Larins’ house from this novel). Here you can see the desire for convenience and comfort; decorative fabrics are actively used. The laconicism inherent in the Empire style is gradually disappearing.

INTERIORS 1840-1860s

The 40s - 60s of the 19th century were the time of the dominance of romanticism. At this time, historicism was popular: pseudo-Gothic, second Rococo, neo-Greek, Moorish, and later pseudo-Russian styles. In general, historicism dominated until the end of the 19th century. The interiors of this time are characterized by a desire for luxury. The rooms are filled with an abundance of furniture, decorations and trinkets. Furniture was made mainly from walnut, rosewood, and sacchardan wood. The windows and doors were covered with heavy draperies, and the tables were covered with tablecloths. Oriental carpets were laid on the floors.

At this time, W. Scott's chivalric novels became popular. Largely under their influence, estates and dachas in the Gothic style are being built (I have already written about one of them - Marfino). Gothic cabinets and living rooms were also installed in the houses. Gothic was expressed in stained glass windows, screens, and decorative elements in rooms. Bronze was actively used for decoration.

Late 40's - early 50's. The 19th century was marked by the emergence of the “second Rococo”, otherwise called “a la Pompadour”. It was expressed in imitation of the art of France of the mid-18th century. Many estates were built in the Rococo style (for example, the now dying Nikolo-Prozorovo near Moscow). The furniture was made in the style of Louis XV: rosewood furniture with bronze decorations, porcelain inserts with paintings in the form of bouquets of flowers and gallant scenes. Overall, the room looked like a precious box. This was especially true for the women's quarters. The rooms on the men's side were more laconic, but also not devoid of grace. They were often decorated in an “oriental” and “Moorish” style. Ottoman sofas came into fashion, the walls were decorated with weapons, and the floors were covered with Persian or Turkish carpets. There could also be hookahs and smokers in the room. The owner of the house dressed in an oriental robe.

An example of the above is Living room(1840s). The furniture in it is made of walnut, and Gothic motifs can be traced in the decorative finish.

Next room - Yellow living room(1840s). The set presented in it was made for one of the living rooms of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, presumably according to the drawings of the architect A. Bryullov.

Young girl dressing(1840-1850s) made in the “walnut rococo” style. A similar room could be in a metropolitan mansion or in a provincial estate.

IN Cabinet-boudoir(1850s) in the “second Rococo” style, expensive furniture “a la Pompadour” is presented, veneered with rosewood, with inserts of gilded bronze and painted porcelain.

Bedroom of a young girl(1850-1860s) is striking in its splendor; it is also an example of the “second Rococo”.

INTERIORS 1870-1900s

This period is characterized by a smoothing out of the differences between noble and bourgeois interiors. Many old noble families gradually became poorer, losing influence to industrialists, financiers, and intellectuals. Interior design during this period begins to be determined by the financial capabilities and taste of the owner. Technological progress and industrial development contributed to the emergence of new materials. Thus, machine lace appeared, and windows began to be decorated with tulle curtains. At this time, sofas of new shapes appeared: round, double-sided, combined with whatnots, shelves, jardinieres, etc. Upholstered furniture appears.

In the 1870s, under the influence of the World Exhibition in Paris of 1867, the Louis XVI style came into fashion. The “Boule” style, named after A.Sh. Boule, who worked under Louis XIV, is experiencing a rebirth - furniture was decorated with tortoiseshell, mother-of-pearl, and bronze. The rooms of this period are decorated with porcelain from Russian and European factories. The walls were decorated with numerous photographs in walnut frames.

The main type of housing is an apartment in a tenement building. Its design was often characterized by a mixture of styles, a combination of incompatible things only due to the similarity of color, texture, etc. In general, the interior of this time (like architecture in general) was eclectic in nature. The rooms were sometimes more reminiscent of an exhibition hall than a living space.

Pseudo-Russian style is coming into fashion. This was largely facilitated by the architectural magazine Zodchiy. Country dachas were often built in this style (for example, Abramtsevo near Moscow). If the family lived in an apartment, one of the rooms, usually the dining room, could be decorated in pseudo-Russian style. The walls and ceiling were covered with beech or oak panels and covered with carvings. Often there was a massive buffet in the dining room. Peasant embroidery motifs were used in the decorative design.

At the end of the 1890s, the Art Nouveau style emerged (from the French moderne - modern), expressed in the rejection of imitation, straight lines and angles. Modern is smooth curved natural lines, new technologies. The interior in the Art Nouveau style is distinguished by unity of style and careful selection of objects.

Raspberry living room(1860-1870s) amazes with its pomp and luxury of the Louis XVI style, combined with the desire for convenience and comfort.

Cabinet(1880s) is eclectic. Various, often incompatible items are collected here. A similar interior could be in the house of a prestigious lawyer or financier.

Dining room(1880-1890s) made in Russian style.

Maple living room(1900s) is a wonderful example of the Art Nouveau style.

Thus, the entire 19th century passed before our eyes: from the Empire style with its imitation of ancient culture at the beginning of the century, through the fascination with the styles of historicism in the middle of the century, eclecticism in the second half of the century and the unique, unlike anything else, modernism at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

© Maria Anashina

The other day I managed to visit an incredibly “delicious” ( for both gourmet and photographer) place - the house-estate of the manufacturer Dumnov in the village of Zarechye, Vladimir region.

The manufacturer's house is at the same time a weaving museum, a showpiece merchant estate of the late 19th century, and a hotel. The recreated interiors of a rich merchant's house with antique objects are quite impressive...

Since we came to the estate more on museum business, we were not very able to immerse ourselves in the interesting history of this place.

Therefore, we will give its description from a third-party resource (strana.ru), decorating the text with our photographs: “The mansion of the manufacturer I.S. Dumnov in the village of Zarechye stands out sharply against the general unpretentious background: a nice two-story house with beautiful platbands and a strong fence. Behind the fence there is no a wonderful garden, gazebos, a real Russian bathhouse visible from the street. A well-kept village estate in the very center of the village.

This splendor is not so old - at the end of the 20th century, the hundred-year-old house was not much different from other houses abandoned to the mercy of fate, left without owners. The estate was taken away from the Dumnovs in the wake of dispossession, almost the entire family was imprisoned and deported, and a rural school was located in the house, which closed in the nineties.

Already in the new era, the granddaughter of the last of the Dumnovs, Galina Maslennikova, returned to Zarechye. She managed to buy the family house and a plot of land under it. The goal was formulated right away: not just to equip a place to live, but to open a museum in Zarechye.

With the help of sponsors and with the assistance of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum, the Maslennikov family managed to put the estate in order, recreate ancient interiors, lay out a garden and collect a collection of exhibits dedicated to the unique craft for which the village of Zarechye was famous.

The fact is that before the historical victory of the proletariat, the Dumnov factory produced silk, silk velvet and plush, and in the village almost every house had spinning wheels and looms. Everyone weaved - men, women, old people and children.

After the revolution, it turned out that luxurious fine fabrics were alien to the people, and production was retrained to artificial plush and lining fabrics. The fishery almost died if not for the enthusiasm of the Dumnov heiress, which was supported by the residents of Zarechensk.

They willingly donated antiques for the museum collection - in almost every house there was some historical object lying in the attic, such as grandmother’s spinning wheel, parts of weaving machines, and various antique utensils. Some things were found in other villages and purchased from antique dealers. Today the museum is rightfully proud, for example, of the presence of a handloom, which is extremely rare in museums of a similar profile in the world. The entire process of creating fabric, all the necessary equipment for this, are carefully collected and restored.

The exhibition is housed in two houses next to the main house of the Dumnovs. A typical peasant hut turned into a small museum, “The House of a Country Weaver,” and next to it they built a copy of an old private factory, which was called a svetelka: it is a two-story hut, only with many windows to make it brighter.

Interestingly, each window does not consist of the usual two or four glasses, but of a large number of small cells. This is explained by reasonable savings: the spindle often broke off and flew out of the window, and in order not to replace the entire expensive glass every time, they were prudently divided into fragments.

The beginning of the 19th century is characterized by the emergence in France of an architectural and interior design movement called Empire style. The so-called imperial style is distinguished by luxury and solemnity, designed to emphasize the greatness of Emperor Napoleon. The organic combination of Roman antiquity, Egyptian motifs, architectural monumentality of the interiors, abundance of gilding and bright colors in the decoration allowed the French Empire style to exist for quite a long historical period and, with some changes, to be adopted by both the Russian imperial court and bourgeois Germany. The 19th century allows you to plunge into the atmosphere of grandeur and luxury of ballrooms, living rooms, and boudoirs of that time.

Characteristic features of the style

Empire as an architectural and interior style originated in the early 19th century with the light hand of Napoleon Bonaparte. It was designed to emphasize the greatness of the emperor, combining solemnity, luxury and severity.

The basis of the Empire style is Roman antiquity with its monumental arches, columns, and caryatids. The architecture and interiors of the 19th century in the imperial style are distinguished by their monumentality, integrity and symmetry.

The decoration used mahogany, marble, bronze and gilding. The walls were decorated with paintings of ancient scenes and bas-reliefs. Plaster stucco was used on the ceiling.

Interiors of the 19th century in the Empire style are designed in rich colors: blue, red, green, turquoise, white. They go well with an abundance of gilding and ornate decor. Pastel shades were often used: milky, beige, lavender, pale blue, pistachio, mint.

The decoration was complemented by monumental mahogany furniture with decorative bronze overlays or gilded carvings. Animal motifs in furniture were popular: legs in the form of paws, armrests with lion heads. provoked a fashion for authentic paraphernalia, which subsequently influenced the French Empire style, organically merging into the interior along with antique motifs. Military themes were no less popular: paintings with scenes of battles, weapons.

Walls

The walls in the 19th century imperial style interior were painted with antique scenes and exotic landscapes. Bas-reliefs were often found. Wallpaper was rarely used, mainly with a pattern in the form of monograms or strict stripes. In the bedrooms and boudoirs, the walls were draped with textiles decorated with acanthus in the Roman style. The color scheme was dominated by bright shades: red, blue, green, and white. They combine wonderfully with an abundance of gilding, emphasizing the majesty and solemnity of the setting.

A characteristic feature of the Empire style is the stucco decoration of the walls. Columns were made of marble, malachite and other ornamental stones, and the stucco molding was covered with gold. Huge mirrors are an integral attribute of the 19th century interior. They were actively used in decoration, complemented by ornate gilded frames.

Ceiling

Ceilings in Empire style interiors are always high, domed or straight. The main color is white. The ceiling was decorated with paintings and grisaille. It is difficult to imagine a 19th century interior in the imperial style without stucco. Plaster rosettes, cornices, moldings and other decorations were used everywhere. Often the stucco molding was covered with gilding. The strict centralization of composition and symmetry characteristic of the Roman style is clearly visible in the Empire style. The center of the ceiling was always decorated with patterns and complemented with a magnificent hanging chandelier. Gilding and crystal harmoniously emphasized the solemn

Imperial style lighting plays an important role. If the room was large, several large symmetrically arranged chandeliers were often installed. In addition to them, there were wall and table candelabra in the room. Numerous lights, reflected in mirrors and gilding, created a unique atmosphere of solemnity and grandeur.

Furniture

The furniture in the interior was monumental, like a work of architectural art. Exclusively architectural elements such as columns, cornices, and caryatids were used. Tabletops were often made from a single piece of marble or malachite. Sofas, armchairs, and couches had smooth, ergonomic shapes.

Mahogany was widely used. Furniture was decorated with bronze plates, gilded carvings, legs and armrests stylized as animals. Animal motifs are clearly visible in the imperial style: lion heads and paws, eagle wings, snakes. Mythical creatures were also popular: griffins, sphinxes. The upholstery of couches, chairs, and armchairs in the French Empire style is predominantly monochromatic, marbled or leather. The interiors now feature round tables on one leg, sideboards for dishes and fashionable trinkets, and a secretary with a shelf for books.

Decor

The decor of the 19th century is dominated by ancient Roman and Egyptian motifs - columns, friezes, pilasters, ornaments with acanthus leaves, sphinxes, pyramids. The era of the Napoleonic wars could not but affect the interior. Images of weapons were widely used: sabers, shields, arrows, cannons, and cannonballs. Decorators of that time could not ignore the laurel wreath as a symbol of greatness. It is found everywhere.

The interior is replete with plaster statues, paintings and huge mirrors in massive gilded frames. Complex draperies on windows and walls are a characteristic feature of the Empire style. The beds were decorated with canopies. All decor in an imperial-style interior is carefully verified, and the same images can be found in the decor of furniture, walls, accessories and even books.

Russian Empire style

Russian interior of the 19th century took a lot from the French Empire style, reworking and softening it. Instead of mahogany and bronze overlays, Karelian birch, ash, and maple were used on furniture. The furniture was decorated with gilded carvings. The creatures of Egyptian mythology were successfully replaced with Slavic ones. Unlike the French Empire style, which primarily elevates the personality of the emperor, the Russian paid more attention to the greatness of state power. Marble was replaced with Ural malachite, lapis lazuli and other ornamental stones.

The Russian Empire style gradually divided into two directions: metropolitan and provincial. Stolichny was more similar to French, but was softer and more flexible. An undoubted contribution to the development of the style was made by the Italian Carl Rossi. The provincial version of the Russian Empire style was even more restrained, closer to classicism.

Empire is a bright and majestic style in the architecture and interior of the 19th century. The pomp and solemnity of the interiors was intended to emphasize the greatness of the emperor. Characteristic features of the imperial style are a centered composition, bright colors, an abundance of gilding, stucco, huge mirrors, antique, Egyptian, animal and military motifs.

There are possibilities for using 19th century style in modern interior design. Designers can bring such a project to life using modern materials and stylized objects. The luxurious Empire style can decorate any apartment, provided there is the desire and opportunity.

The Empire style brought ancient Roman luxury and French arrogance to the homes of the Russian nobility. But under the influence of either the harsh climate or morals, he quickly changed, becoming softer and freer.

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On the picture:

"Big Style"

What does it represent? Interiors of the 19th century in the Empire style are, first of all, bright colors combined with gilding. It is not surprising, because gold is the royal metal, and Empire (French) means “empire”. This pompous style has a rather narrow time frame: the beginning of the 19th century and the reign of Napoleon (1804) - the decline of the great emperor (1814-1815). The Russian Empire style arose as an imitation of the French, but quickly acquired its own identity. It was softer, freer, more flexible and lasted until the 1830s and 1840s.

Main features. Empire style is a decorative style created by Napoleon's court decorators, internally hard and cold. Includes Egyptian and especially Roman motifs, mostly attributes of the military history of the Romans, allows contrasting color combinations and sharp transitions of shapes and lines.

In the photo: chair 8900SC + 8912PL from the Colombostile factory.

Walls. Scarlet, sky blue, green, they went well with gilded furniture, cornices, and chandeliers. Pastel shades were also used: pistachio, blue, lilac. The main decoration of the walls were paintings and bas-reliefs on ancient subjects. They were not abstract, but indicated the preferences and views of the owner of the house, and even contained an image of him and/or his wife in the form of ancient heroes.

Ceilings. They were decorated with plaster stucco or grisaille - painted bas-reliefs. An indispensable detail was a luxurious chandelier, which was hung on heavy chains. Sometimes chandeliers were made... from papier-mâché, and only then covered with gold.

Examples of ceremonial chandeliers suitable for interior decoration in the Empire style.

Details

Luxury requires light. Special attention was paid to lighting in the Empire era. In addition to the huge chandelier, the halls and offices always included table lamps, sconces and cantilever candelabra, the light from which was reflected in gilding and numerous mirrors.

"Golden" character. Gilded bronze appeared in Russia thanks to the French master Pierre Agy. Interiors of the 19th century in the Empire style sparkle with candelabra, inkwells, toiletries and other small details. In the rooms you can see incense burners and jardinieres - stands for flowers. It was in the Empire era that mirrors appeared on dressing tables, illuminated on both sides by candelabra.

In the photo: watch 2001 from the F.B.A.I. factory.

The Golden Age of Russian Porcelain. This is what experts call the first third of the 19th century, when
domestic craftsmen managed to create a unique “Russian Empire style”. Historical and patriotic subjects (for example, the victory of 1812 was reflected in a series of “war plates” of the Imperial Porcelain Factory), portraits of the imperial family, landscapes, paintings by old masters - all this was depicted on porcelain and glass vases and services. They were often created according to the drawings of famous architects.

Furniture as architecture. After 1812, Russian nobles began to acquire recamiers (the famous Parisian beauty Madame Recamier received guests in an antique tunic, lying on a couch), secretaries, boat sofas and other newfangled furniture. The furniture was often decorated with gilding, and antique architectural details were used in the decoration - columns, caryatids, friezes. Despite their fancy appearance, Empire style tables are convenient for working with a computer, and therefore are still popular today. Well, psiche mirrors and curule chairs (with X-shaped legs) are not so uncommon in the interiors of bedrooms and offices.

Famous masters of the Russian Empire style

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Interiors 1800-1830s
At the beginning of the 19th century, the typical home of the nobility was a manor house or a city mansion. As a rule, a large family and numerous servants lived here. The state rooms were usually located on the second floor and consisted of a suite of living rooms, a boudoir and a bedroom. Living quarters were located on the third floor or mezzanines and had low ceilings. The servants lived on the ground floor, and there were also office premises here. If the house was two-story, then the living rooms, as a rule, were on the ground floor and ran parallel to the service premises.
Late XVIII – early XIX centuries. - the time of the dominance of classicism, which presupposes a clear rhythm and a unified style of placement of furniture and art. Furniture was usually made of mahogany and decorated with chased gilt bronze overlays or strips of brass. Interest in antiquity spread to Russia from France and other European countries. Therefore, in the interior of this time we will see antique statues and corresponding decor. Under the influence of Napoleon, the Empire style, created by the architects C. Percier and P. Fontaine, with its spirit of luxurious imperial residences from the Roman Empire, came into fashion. Empire style furniture was made from Karelian birch and poplar, often painted green - like old bronze, with gilded carved details. Clocks and lamps were made of gilded bronze. The walls of the rooms were often painted in pure colors - green, gray, blue, purple. Sometimes they were covered with paper wallpaper or imitated paper wallpaper, smooth or striped, with ornaments.

The suite of rooms in the exhibition opens Valet(late XVIII – early XIX centuries). There could be a valet on duty in such a room. The mahogany furniture with brass overlays is made in the Jacobean style.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Valet
Sample for Portrait(1805-1810s) became the corresponding room in the estate of Count A.A. Arakcheev in Gruzino. Unfortunately, the estate itself was completely destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. The portrait room is decorated in the early Russian Empire style, the walls are painted with striped wallpaper.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Portrait, 1805-1810s.
Cabinet(1810s) was a mandatory attribute of a noble estate. In the interior presented in the exhibition, the furniture set is made of Karelian birch, the desk and armchair are made of poplar wood. The coloring of the walls imitates paper wallpaper.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Cabinet, 1810s
Dining room(1810-1820s) – also made in the Empire style.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Dining room, 1810-1820s.
Bedroom(1820s) is functionally divided into zones: the bedroom itself and the boudoir. There is an icon case in the corner. The bed is covered with a screen. In the boudoir, the hostess could do her business - do needlework, correspondence.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Bedroom, 1820s
Boudoir(1820s) was located next to the bedroom. If conditions allowed, it was a separate room in which the mistress of the house went about her business.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Boudoir, 1820s
As a prototype Living room(1830s) served as the living room of P.V. Nashchekin, a friend of A.S. Pushkin, from a painting by N. Podklyushnikov.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Living room, 1830s
Young man's office(1830s) was created based on Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” (it is interesting to compare it with the Trigorskoye estate, which became the prototype of the Larins’ house from this novel). Here you can see the desire for convenience and comfort; decorative fabrics are actively used. The laconicism inherent in the Empire style is gradually disappearing.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries.
A young man's study, 1830s.

Interiors 1840-1860s

The 40s - 60s of the 19th century were the time of the dominance of romanticism. At this time, historicism was popular: pseudo-Gothic, second Rococo, neo-Greek, Moorish, and later pseudo-Russian styles. In general, historicism dominated until the end of the 19th century. The interiors of this time are characterized by a desire for luxury. The rooms are filled with an abundance of furniture, decorations and trinkets. Furniture was made mainly from walnut, rosewood, and sacchardan wood. The windows and doors were covered with heavy draperies, and the tables were covered with tablecloths. Oriental carpets were laid on the floors.
At this time, W. Scott's chivalric novels became popular. Largely under their influence, estates and dachas in the Gothic style are being built (I have already written about one of them - Marfino). Gothic cabinets and living rooms were also installed in the houses. Gothic was expressed in stained glass windows, screens, and decorative elements in rooms. Bronze was actively used for decoration.
Late 40's - early 50's. The 19th century was marked by the emergence of the “second Rococo”, otherwise called “a la Pompadour”. It was expressed in imitation of the art of France of the mid-18th century. Many estates were built in the Rococo style (for example, the now dying Nikolo-Prozorovo near Moscow). The furniture was made in the style of Louis XV: rosewood furniture with bronze decorations, porcelain inserts with paintings in the form of bouquets of flowers and gallant scenes. Overall, the room looked like a precious box. This was especially true for the women's quarters. The rooms on the men's side were more laconic, but also not devoid of grace. They were often decorated in an “oriental” and “Moorish” style. Ottoman sofas came into fashion, the walls were decorated with weapons, and the floors were covered with Persian or Turkish carpets. There could also be hookahs and smokers in the room. The owner of the house dressed in an oriental robe.
An example of the above is Living room(1840s). Furniture in it

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Living room, 1840s

Next room - Yellow living room(1840s). The set presented in it was made for one of the living rooms of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, presumably according to the drawings of the architect A. Bryullov.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Yellow drawing room, 1840s

Young girl dressing(1840-1850s) made in the “walnut rococo” style. A similar room could be in a metropolitan mansion or in a provincial estate.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Dressing room of a young girl, 1840-50s.

IN Cabinet-boudoir(1850s) in the “second Rococo” style, expensive furniture “a la Pompadour” is presented, veneered with rosewood, with inserts of gilded bronze and painted porcelain.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Cabinet-boudoir, 1850s.

Bedroom of a young girl(1850-1860s) is striking in its splendor; it is also an example of the “second Rococo”.

Russian residential interior of the XIX-early XX centuries. Bedroom of a young girl, 1850-60s.

Interiors 1870-1900s

This period is characterized by a smoothing out of the differences between noble and bourgeois interiors. Many old noble families gradually became poorer, losing influence to industrialists, financiers, and intellectuals. Interior design during this period begins to be determined by the financial capabilities and taste of the owner. Technological progress and industrial development contributed to the emergence of new materials. Thus, machine lace appeared, and windows began to be decorated with tulle curtains. At this time, sofas of new shapes appeared: round, double-sided, combined with whatnots, shelves, jardinieres, etc. Upholstered furniture appears.

In the 1870s, under the influence of the World Exhibition in Paris of 1867, the Louis XVI style came into fashion. The “Boule” style, named after A.Sh. Boule, who worked under Louis XIV, is experiencing a rebirth - furniture was decorated with tortoiseshell, mother-of-pearl, and bronze. The rooms of this period are decorated with porcelain from Russian and European factories. The walls were decorated with numerous photographs in walnut frames.
The main type of housing is an apartment in a tenement building. Its design was often characterized by a mixture of styles, a combination of incompatible things only due to the similarity of color, texture, etc. In general, the interior of this time (like architecture in general) was eclectic in nature. The rooms were sometimes more reminiscent of an exhibition hall than a living space.
Pseudo-Russian style is coming into fashion. This was largely facilitated by the architectural magazine Zodchiy. Country dachas were often built in this style (for example, near Moscow