Introduction.

In this work, an attempt was made to understand the rather poorly covered topic of youth political organizations in the Russian Federation, as well as to answer several important questions: For what purpose are youth organizations created? Do they shape the idea of ​​civil society among young people or is it one of the ways to enter into power? What characteristic features do modern youth parties have?

The relevance of research youth political organizations in the Russian Federation is due to the need to build a new political system, as well as the formation of ideas about civil society among the population. The current system of youth movements, which developed after 2005, is quite complex and ineffective, but transformation mechanisms have already been launched within it, which will ultimately create a new system of political relations between youth and government. Studying the current transitional phase will make it possible to understand youth movements in general, and in the future, to predict the situation.

Object work is the system of youth political movements in the Russian Federation.

Subject research are the most famous youth organizations in Russia and their activity in the political system.

The purpose of scientific work is an analysis of the activity of youth political movements. In this regard, I plan to solve the following research tasks:

• Consider the main political youth organizations of the Russian Federation, from the point of view of their activities.
  
• Provide a brief description of each of the movements, according to the author’s methodology.
  
• To typologize youth political movements in Russia.
  
• Highlight general trends in the development of youth political organizations.
  
• Determine periods of activity of youth movements.
  
• Assess the activity of youth movements in the Russian segment of the Internet.
  
• Characterize the Russian political system of youth organizations.
  

Research methods:

Content analysis, sociological and expert surveys, statistical data processing, study of material from scientific publications on the problem.

The largest youth political organizations in the Russian Federation.

Currently in Russia there are a fairly small number of large youth political associations. Apart from regional organizations, at the moment in the Russian Federation there are only a few truly large organizations. This article will consider only a few, the most characteristic or large of them.

Spring

Eurasian Youth Union.

Leninist Communist Youth Union of the Russian Federation (LKSM RF).

Young guard.

Youth organization LDPR.

Youth apple.

A brief description of.

Spring.

Number of people: about one hundred people.

Activity: Most likely experiencing peak activity at the moment. Most often they hold a few events that are widely covered by their own press on social networks.

Eurasian Youth Union.

Number: from one (the probable number of participants, calculated on the basis of data on ESM cells and divisions in Russia) to 25 thousand people (a clearly inflated number, often indicated in the media by ESM leaders).

Activity: peak activity occurred between 2005 and 2011. Currently, it practically does not carry out its own large-scale projects.

Komsomol of the Russian Federation.

Number: approximately 3 thousand people throughout Russia.

Activism: focuses on military-patriotic projects and demonstrations held under the auspices of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Over the past few years, they have been actively developing their activities against the backdrop of increasing pro-Soviet sentiment in the Russian Federation.

Young guard.

Number: 100 thousand people (according to Mikhail Cherepanov), most likely about five thousand. This conclusion was made based on an analysis of young guard activist groups on social networks and data received from the heads of regional branches.

Activity: Young Guard projects are primarily related to the involvement of young people in government projects; this organization is also the main source of personnel for United Russia.

Youth organization LDPR.

Number: from five hundred to a thousand people.

Activism: practically does not carry out political actions as such; it positions its activities as human rights ones. He often holds meetings between young people and deputies of the State Duma from the LDPR faction.

Youth apple.

Number: from one thousand to two thousand people.

Activity: a youth organization with the most extensive field of activity in terms of diversity. Being an internal party association of the Yabloko faction, it defends the interests of the mother party.

System of youth political organizations in the Russian Federation.

The parties presented above are typical and quite popular youth political organizations in Russia. However, the range of such organizations is much wider. It makes no sense to list youth associations that are small in number and differ little from each other; it will be enough to identify their communities or categories.

In relation to power:

The parties in power.

This includes associations created directly by government leaders or the United Russia party.

Their characteristic features can be called 1) the presence of a fairly large administrative resource 2) the absence of a clearly defined ideology 3) focus on upholding the interests of the authorities 4) anti-opposition 5) the motivational nature of the involvement of members, based on personal self-interest 6) fragility.

Vivid examples of such organizations are or were: Young Guard, Ours, Young Russia.

The activities of these parties make it possible, with the help of the media, to create the image of an oppositionist enemy and largely shape public opinion. It is possible that such associations can be effective in the early stages of the “orange” revolutions, but the authorities cannot count on serious support during unrest, due to the insufficient ideologization of these organizations.

Pro-government parties.

Such organizations are created either only with the indirect participation of the authorities, or by forces that are heading towards rapprochement with it.

Pro-government parties 1) have a different ideology from the official one 2) are aggressively anti-opposition 3) do not agree with the authorities on issues that are not critical, but are tacitly supported by the population 4) are small in number 5) short-lived.

Examples of such parties are: European Youth Union, Motherland, Movement against Illegal Emigration.

It is difficult to identify the specifics of the activities of such associations. Perhaps such projects defend, albeit covertly, the interests of very specific politicians, such as Alexander Dugin and Alexander Potkin. The main problem of these organizations is the lack of opportunities to realize the ambitions of young people; the path to power for members of such parties is actually closed.

Pseudo opposition parties.

Here are fairly large youth associations created with the direct participation of some factions of the State Duma.

These youth organizations 1) are youth backups of parent parties 2) defend party interests 3) are ideological, but only nominally 4) stable and resilient 5) moderately, declaredly oppositional.

Parties: Komsomol of the Russian Federation, youth organization LDPR, Youth Apple.

Through their activities, such associations draw away part of the protest potential from truly opposition parties and direct it in a direction that is safe for the authorities. Due to their sufficient popularity and prevalence throughout Russia, they block the development of truly left-wing and liberal parties.

Opposition parties.

Opposition associations are very heterogeneous and are united only by their antagonistic position to power.

Opposition youth parties 1) are most often created by a specific person 2) become more active during periods of protest sentiments 3) do not have a clear program 4) are small in number 5) are extremely short-lived 6) are extremely disunited.

In Russia, representatives of the “real” opposition can be called: We, I think, are AKM.

The activities of such parties are aimed primarily at traditional criticism of the current government and often do not have a creative aspect. At the moment, opposition organizations do not enjoy sufficient support from the population, and therefore quickly disappear. A possible solution to the problem could be the creation of a bloc of such parties, but all attempts made up to this point have invariably failed.

By ideology:

It makes no sense to single out youth political organizations based on their ideological coloring, since this affects the party’s behavior strategy only to a small extent.

Innovations of modern youth political organizations.

In general, the all-Russian trends in the field of youth political organizations include:

Active use of the Internet and media space. Dwarf youth organizations are appearing, conducting their activities exclusively virtually: through live magazines and social networks. Moreover, the field of their activity is limited to large cities with a developed Internet structure. Examples of such parties include: the now defunct “Walking Without Putin”, “We”, as well as the existing ones: the student movement “I Think” and the non-partisan youth association “Spring”, which is developing its activities in St. Petersburg.

Attempts to create youth organizations based on administrative or financial resources. Such parties are quickly created and in a short period of time gather a large number of supporters around them. However, if the supply of resources ceases, these associations disintegrate at exactly the same speed, leaving no traces behind. These are, for example, the now dead movements “Defense”, “Ours”, “Walking Together”.

Young people are losing interest in politics, and apolitical sentiments remain and even intensify in the central regions. The authorities, on the contrary, are beginning to pay attention to youth organizations and rightly regard them as a significant force in the political struggle.

Figure 1. Infographic “Youth Movements”

Study.

The research I conducted is divided into two stages: the first stage - identifying the most mentioned and popular youth movement in the Russian-language segment of the Internet, the second stage - conducting a sociological survey in order to clarify the attitude of citizens towards political youth movements.

Stage I.

Research on search engines.

Yandex– share in the Russian-language search market – 54.1%

Using the internal service “WordStat” of the Yandex search engine, the following results were obtained (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Average monthly number of queries on the Yandex search network

Rambler– share in the Russian-language search market – 0.9%

The internal service “WordStat” of the search engine “Rambler” gave the following result (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Average monthly number of queries on the Rambler search network

Search engines “Google” share 35% and “Search.Mail.ru” share 8.3% do not provide data on search queries for keywords. However, based on the number of pages matching the request and the Google Trends service, it can be assumed that the number of requests for the youth movements under study is negligible.

"In contact with"- share in the Russian-language social network market – 46.67%, results (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. Number of members in the official community group of the social network “Vkontakte”

"Facebook"- share in the Russian-language social network market – 28.64%, results (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Number of participants in groups of the social network “Facebook”

"Classmates"– share in the Russian-language social network market – 14.56%, results (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Total number of participants in groups of the Odnoklassniki social network

General traffic activity on the Internet

The formula for calculation I used is the following:

(100Z + S + 10P)/10000

Where Z– average monthly number of queries on search engines.

S– the total number of participants in social networks.

P– average monthly number of visits to the traffic site.

The results obtained are marked in Fig. 7.

The youth organization of United Russia, Young Guard, is much more active on the Internet; this is ensured, firstly, by fairly broad coverage of the movement’s activities on major news portals, including state ones, and secondly, by the active creation of news content, and and finally, thirdly, the presence of a competent policy for promoting the organization on the Internet.

The Komsomol of the Russian Federation does not have a solid base within Russian social networks, but due to frequent search queries, as well as mentions in news media portals, it ranks first in activity on the Internet among formally non-state youth movements.

The St. Petersburg movement "Spring", which has no more than thirty members, unexpectedly is ahead of the largest youth parties in its activity on the Internet. This is explained by the strikingly different type of party from others. The “Spring” movement is focused primarily on the Internet audience; it conducts its main activities within the virtual space. Small events, individual, fairly resonant actions. This type of youth movement is gaining popularity in Russia, and is gradually occupying its niche among other youth movements.

Stage II.

In order to study public opinion on the issue of youth movements, I conducted a sociological survey, covering 203 people, aged from 14 to 46 years. The results obtained are presented below.

More than half of the respondents (52.1%) believe that society needs youth movements, but such organizations should not be political in nature.

21.5% of respondents indicate that youth movements are also needed, but they, on the contrary, should be primarily political.

16% call youth movements tools of specific political individuals and parties.

About ten percent (9.7) believe that youth movements do not play any significant role in the life of society.

Thus, the majority of respondents (68.8%) have a rather negative attitude towards the activities of youth political movements and do not see any practical meaning in them for society as a whole.

The most famous movement is the Young Guard, 68% of respondents are familiar with it.

Next is the youth organization LDPR with 26.4% percent.

The Eurasian Union is familiar to 24% of respondents.

Youth Apple (14.45), Komsomol of the Russian Federation (12%) and the Spring movement (9.6%) are known only to a small proportion of survey participants. Despite the fact that the Komsomol of the Russian Federation and “Vesna” are quite active on the Internet, these organizations are not widely known among the population.

20% of the population is unfamiliar with any youth movement, which is a fairly serious figure.

Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the Internet, at this stage of development, is only an auxiliary tool for youth organizations. And a new type of youth political movements, based primarily on the Internet, cannot yet compete with traditional youth structures.

The activity of youth movements.

By studying the chronology of the activities of various youth political organizations (Fig. 8), we can conclude that the periods of activity of youth movements are cyclical.

Conventionally, there are two types of cycles: “pre-election” and “crisis”. “Pre-election” ones, in turn, are divided into “long” and “short”.

“Long pre-election” cycles last five years and are associated with elections to the State Duma; the activity of youth movements increases slightly, but after the elections themselves they quickly return to their previous values.

“Short pre-election” cycles have the duration of presidential elections and are directly related to them. The surge in youth movement activity is significant and continues for quite a long period of time.

“Crisis” cycles most often coincide with economic or political crises. The economic crisis spurs the social activity of young people, forcing them to more actively participate in the political life of society. During political crises, youth political organizations are used as weapons in the struggle for power. The peak of such cycles is extremely short-lived and largely depends on the actions of the state apparatus.

Outside the peaks of the cycles, the activity of youth movements subsides and is more formal in nature (Fig. 9). This proves that youth movements are primarily focused on working with the external environment. Internal events with young people are held much less frequently and on a smaller scale.

Figure 9. Cycles of activity of youth political organizations

Conclusion

Youth movements in Russia have yet to go through the stage of institutionalization and integration into the political sphere of society. Most youth political organizations are not capable of implementing large projects and operate only within a limited community. This is explained by the rather negative attitude of the population towards politics in general, as well as the low interest of young people in political movements.

Despite the widespread and almost ubiquitous distribution of the Internet, it has not yet become an alternative to more traditional methods of campaigning. Television, mass demonstrations and direct work with citizens are much more effective.

Youth movements undoubtedly contribute to the most complete understanding of young people about civil society, but in Russia, due to the lack of prevalence of such organizations, their influence on the general state of affairs is minimal.

The desire of the leaders of youth organizations to use the activists of the movement to implement specific political tasks in the interests of the mother party or third parties, the general reluctance of young people to participate in the political life of the country, the almost complete lack of real legislative power in organizations of this kind - all this does not allow youth political movements to become sufficiently significant figures in modern society.

Perhaps, after some time, youth movements will be able to truly influence state power and defend the interests of those for whom they were created, but at the moment the situation leaves much to be desired.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of the most effective tools for influencing youth socio-political organizations on the political activity of the youth masses. The main, most popular and effective tools for youth associations to influence the consciousness and behavior of their target audiences are informational influence (using the mass media), influence through specially organized events and actions (“event” influence), the possibility of career advancement and/or participation in the personnel reserve of government bodies, direct and indirect provision of financial resources, as well as the impact of the specific personality of the leader on the behavior of the youth audience. Only the combined use of these tools will make it possible to achieve concrete results in the work of youth socio-political organizations and associations. At the same time, in modern conditions, it is especially important for youth organizations to use in practice the principles of effective management and strategic planning, segmenting their own audiences, and implement a competent information policy.

political processes.

civil society

authorities

political institutions

politic system

political behavior

political activity

the youth

Youth socio-political organizations

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2. Koryakovtseva O. A. Management of the development of socio-political activity of regional youth // Materials of the 7th international conference of the Faculty of Public Administration of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. – M: MAKS Press, 2009. – P. 75-84.

3. Youth Parliamentary Movement of Russia [Electronic resource] / Official website of the project “Unified Youth Parliamentary Movement” – Access mode: http://www.newparlament.ru/ (date accessed 10/20/2013)

4. Pastukhova L.S. Problems of political participation of youth / L.S. Pastukhova // Power. – 2011. - No. 6. – P.71-73.

5. Young People in the New Russia: Lifestyles and Value Priorities // Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.- Moscow, 2007. -205 rub.

Introduction

Studying the current situation in the youth movement in Russia, the peculiarities of the formation of the worldview and mentality of youth groups, the specifics of the functioning of youth organizations and associations, as well as the specific social experience of organizational work with youth are necessary to identify new opportunities for the integration of the younger generation into the social structures of society.

Today, in many socially and economically developed regions of the Russian Federation, a situation has arisen in which the process of self-organization of youth led to the creation of youth organizations, which, in turn, began to actively influence the formation of youth policy in the regions and contribute to one degree or another to the development of institutions of civil society.

The key concept in matters of self-organization of the youth environment is the concept of political activity of the younger generation.

The term socio-political activity should be used to denote different degrees of intensity and involvement of citizens in the political process. The formation of motivation for socio-political activity is based on awareness, interest in information about politics, and confidence in one’s ability to influence political decision-making. “The degree of management of socio-political activity of young people is also influenced by the specifics of the institutional context of the political system, which is determined by the type of political regime, the nature of the electoral system and administrative procedures.”

It must be admitted that the political and social activity of modern Russian youth is quite low, especially in comparison with the older generation. Thus, according to the results of a study conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences together with the representative office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in the Russian Federation, almost every second young Russian surveyed (49%) has not participated in the socio-political life of the country, region, or city in recent years. Among the older generation, this percentage is 37%. More than half of the respondents (51%) know nothing about the activities of youth socio-political organizations, only 18% have heard of them, and another 30% found it difficult to answer.

In addition, neither youth organizations nor adult political parties are, in the eyes of the majority of young Russians, the “social elevator” that would allow them to realize themselves. To the directly posed question: “Did you want to become a member of any political party or youth political organization?” - 9% of respondents gave a positive answer, while the vast majority (70%) categorically refused. Only about 2% said they were already members of such organizations.

In our opinion, in many ways, responsibility for the insufficient effectiveness of interaction between youth organizations with their target audiences and poor information coverage of their activities should be placed directly on the leaders and managers of these organizations, since the success of all work depends on their competent management and building a motivation system.

As a result of in-depth interviews conducted by the author with leaders of youth parliamentary structures (youth parliaments and governments), commissars of the All-Russian movement “Ours” and leaders of the NGO “Young Guard” in the subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District, Moscow, Rostov and Tver regions, Moscow became possible to identify the reasons for such shortcomings.

According to the youth leaders themselves, the main factor restraining initiative and weakening the effectiveness of work is strict control “from above” over the activities of the youth organization. This is especially typical for youth parliamentary structures created under the legislative and/or executive authorities of the region, as well as “youth wings” of political parties and pro-government youth organizations, where all activities are subordinated to the interests of superior leadership.

Another reason for the decline in interest in the activities of youth organizations on the part of the main target audience is “obvious disappointment in the very political system of our country,” as well as in the “subjective and biased system of selecting young people to join youth organizations.” Indeed, often young people become members of youth parliaments or youth governments, whose main motivation is not the desire to work, transforming the reality around them, but people who strive only to obtain a membership card that provides a certain political status to its owner. According to the leaders of youth organizations, the interests of such young people are always lobbied by the higher political leadership in the region, but their membership in the organization has no practical benefit.

In our opinion, the frequent absence of an effective management system and a strategic development plan for a youth organization also negatively affects its perception in the external environment. This may be explained by the lack of managerial experience and the youth of the leaders of youth associations.

Not all managers give due importance to segmenting their target audiences and building effective feedback with them. It is obvious that the goals, objectives, methods, and, accordingly, the results of work with students, young scientists and intellectual workers, working youth, young people living in rural areas, and the so-called “office proletariat” (office employees of the lower management level) will be completely different. However, such differences in the specifics of target audience segments in practice turn out to be completely ignored by the leadership of youth socio-political associations.

In general, the technologies of influence of youth socio-political organizations on the political activity of young people, in our opinion, can be classified as follows.

The first category includes one of the most effective methods of influence - information (or “media”) influence. First of all, by this technology we mean impact through the media and communication.

It is worth noting that today the impact on the consciousness of young people through traditional media is fading into the background, giving way to electronic means of communication - primarily Internet and mobile technologies. The Internet allows youth organizations to simultaneously solve many problems with the greatest accessibility and efficiency. First of all, this is the dissemination of information about events taking place in the field of youth policy, as well as directly about the activities of youth organizations themselves. At the moment, the vast majority of youth organizations have their own website, as well as official accounts on all social networks - Twitter, Facebook, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki, Instagram and others, and maintain their own blog (Internet diary). Also, the resources of their own website allow youth organizations to create systems of information and advisory support for young people, providing information on issues relevant to youth - training, employment, protecting their own rights, thereby establishing effective feedback with their audiences.

In addition, the Internet solves another very important task - the positioning of youth organizations in the external environment. It includes promoting one’s own information and ideological product (certain ideas, thoughts, youth policy trends) in a certain environment, on thematic platforms that gather a specific audience, reputation management, creating a favorable image of the organization, and attracting new members. And in this context, the leading role is assigned to social networks and blogs have become the main means on the Internet (Facebook, Twitter, Livejournal, etc.).

To summarize, it should be said that the Internet is a dynamically developing means of mass communication; it has great potential for influencing the political consciousness of young people. It lacks a centralized organizational structure, making it possible to promote desired ideas through rumors and other tools not available to traditional media. The speed of dissemination of information on the Internet is much higher, which creates favorable conditions for the rapid mobilization of the organization’s human resources, moreover, the cost of publishing information on Internet resources is much lower than in traditional media.

All this allows us to conclude that youth organizations prioritize the use of media to influence the political activity of young people.

The next category of influence technologies, in our opinion, should include the so-called “event” influence, that is, the influence exerted on young people during their participation in events and events specially organized for them.

We include the holding of mass events, street actions, educational and discussion platforms where young people have the opportunity not only to exchange opinions, but also to convey their position to opinion leaders and government officials at various levels. Carrying out mass events and street actions is most typical for the activities of pro-government youth organizations. Mass actions of pro-government movements cover up to several million participants throughout the country.

It should be noted that the ideologists of the socio-political organization “Young Guard” regularly train their activists in technologies for conducting street actions in specially equipped areas. Mastering the so-called “street technologies” allows each member of the “Young Guard” to correctly organize a mass procession or rally, using all the necessary manipulative techniques, and achieve the greatest effect on young people.

The most important way to influence young people, a way to achieve their loyalty, is to conduct educational and discussion platforms and youth forums. As a rule, financing of such events is the responsibility of the state, as well as entrepreneurs close to the country’s leadership.

Today, the most famous youth forum at the all-Russian level is the annual Seliger Forum, which was first held in 2005 on the shore of the lake of the same name in the Tver region. Today, the Seliger forum is the main youth platform of the country, where the formation of ideology, cultural and spiritual community of youth, respect for the history, traditions, culture, religions of the peoples of Russia takes place, and the process of recruiting political leaders among youth is carried out, new youth social organizations are created -political projects, in a sense, the future political elite of the country is being formed.

In general, we can say that holding such educational and discussion platforms is a way to form an effective mechanism for the inclusion of young citizens in the socio-political and socio-economic life of the regions of the Russian Federation, creates fertile ground for the development of communities focused on the development of the country, and a society of proactive young leaders, prepared to achieve the goals of youth organizations and movements. At the forums, participants in youth movements have the opportunity to directly contact the leadership of the country and their region to express their opinion on proposals and strategies developed by the authorities, formulate their own proposals for regional and local authorities, build a constructive dialogue with other youth associations and organizations, and work on their own projects , exchange experiences.

At the same time, it is worth noting that often the authorities working with youth send the same group of young people to participate in such forums and educational platforms. This fact can be explained by the obvious shortcomings on the part of regional and local committees for youth affairs. Of course, it is quite convenient for them to work with a certain audience from year to year; as a rule, these are young activists who have already been proven in their work. However, in practice, this approach leads to some “personnel stagnation” - young people, who have the opportunity to constantly participate in grant competitions and other similar events, over time lose motivation to achieve effective results. While a huge number of active and capable young people who want to attend an educational forum or receive support for the implementation of their project are deprived of this opportunity because they cannot pass the selection in their region. As a result, young people begin to experience disappointment in the youth policy system, they lose the desire to actively participate in social and political life, so a competent, strictly professional and objective approach to working with the target audience of youth affairs committees in the regions and locally is especially important here.

Another effective technology for influencing the activity of young people and attracting them to participate in youth socio-political organizations is the possibility of career advancement and/or participation in the personnel reserve of government bodies. In fact, real opportunities for career growth are provided mainly by youth parliamentary structures.

Based on the results of a study of the composition of participants in youth parliaments and governments of the North Caucasus, Southern and Central Federal Districts, we can conclude that mainly young people who want to realize themselves in the political sphere come to try their hand at these organizations.

As a member of the youth parliamentary structure, a young person has a real opportunity to participate in the development of regulations, represent the interests of young people in state authorities and local government, and establish connections with representatives of legislative and executive authorities. The above opportunities make it possible to further advance the young man’s political career. To date, more than a thousand former members of youth parliaments throughout Russia have received deputy mandates at the federal, regional and municipal levels, which suggests that youth parliamentarism is in fact an effective school for training young political personnel.

Another opportunity for career advancement in the political sphere is participation in pro-government mass organizations and movements. At the moment, most of the former commissars of the Nashi movement, heads of regional and local branches, activists of the Young Guard and Young Russia organizations are members of the State Duma, the Federation Council, the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, legislative and executive authorities at the regional and municipal levels .

In general, we can conclude that the opportunity to realize a political career is a serious incentive for participation in youth socio-political organizations of politically active and conscious youth seeking to continue their activities in the political sphere. In turn, the state, under whose control are mass pro-government movements and youth parliamentary structures, creates a real opportunity for politically oriented youth to achieve their goals.

Also, in our opinion, it is advisable to allocate into a separate category direct or indirect financial incentives for young people taking part in the activities of one or another youth socio-political organization.

The most common way to materially reward activists of pro-government youth organizations is to provide them with government grants. The main operators of presidential and government grants for youth and youth organizations in our country are the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs, the State Club Personnel Reserve Training Foundation, the Center for New Youth Policy, as well as the All-Russian Foundation “National Perspectives” that existed until 2013.

The main areas of support for youth initiatives are youth entrepreneurship, involving youth in innovative activities, working with talented youth, and supporting social initiatives. Activities within the above areas are implemented in the form of the creation and operation of schools for young entrepreneurs, the work of innovative conventions and the systematic holding of thematic forums with the obligatory presence of a conveyor of youth projects at them.

Of course, participation in grant competitions and programs not only provides a real opportunity to promote specific youth initiatives, but is also a serious incentive for a young person to participate in the activities of youth socio-political organizations. As a result of such interaction with young people, the state receives information about the problems of the youth environment, its “pain points”, and also has the opportunity to influence the formation of trust and loyalty of the younger generation.

However, often providing free financial assistance in the form of grants or awards for young people also has a negative side. Today, there is a fairly common tendency to spend funds received by young people from the state for the implementation of projects for other purposes. This problem is especially acute in the North Caucasus Federal District, since it is on its territory that the annual Mashuk forum is held, the main goal of which is to provide grant support for the initiatives of North Caucasian youth. Currently, this issue is taken under the personal control of the plenipotentiary representative to the President of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District A.G. Khloponin.

It should be noted that certain progress in solving this specific problem already exists; at the same time, the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs, the All-Russian Foundation “National Prospects”, as the main operators of government grants for youth, should more carefully monitor the expenditure of funds by grant recipients, since it is their responsibility main responsibility, including for the distribution of grant funds in the competition for youth projects.

Another instrument of influence that is in the arsenal of youth socio-political organizations, which has a real impact on the consciousness of its members, is the very personality of the leader or head of the organization.

A youth leader, the leader of a youth organization is a person who represents and defends the interests of people of his age category in the social and political environment. In order to earn the respect of like-minded people and authority among them, a youth leader must have charisma, self-confidence and courage. In essence, he must be a very bright personality who knows how to find a common language with most members of his own and older generations, is able to attract people, he must have a greater amount of information than his peers, and be diplomatic and persistent at the same time.

The history of youth socio-political organizations in modern Russia knows the names of young leaders who not only achieved great political heights, but also managed to leave their mark on the development of youth policy in our country.

Of course, in our opinion, such leaders include Vasily Yakemenko and Sergei Belokonev - former leaders of the "Nashi" movement, Ilya Kostunov - for many years the director of the Seliger forum, now a deputy of the State Duma, Ruslan Gattarov and Timur Prokopenko, in who at various times headed the “Young Guard of United Russia”, are currently a member of the Federation Council and a deputy of the State Duma, respectively, Maxim Mishchenko - leader of the “Young Russia” movement and others. According to numerous surveys of activists of these youth organizations conducted by the author of the study, the young leaders listed above have powerful charisma, charm, the gift of persuasion and excellent management skills; at a certain point, it was the leader’s personality that had a decisive influence on the respondents in their desire to join a youth organization.

At the head of regional and local youth organizations there are also young people with pronounced leadership qualities. Moreover, uniting and uniting the youth of a region or city around themselves becomes a more difficult task, since young leaders in the region do not have such powerful administrative, financial, human and technical resources as their colleagues at the federal level. Accordingly, at the regional and local levels, the leader’s personality plays a truly decisive role in uniting the members of a youth organization and attracting new participants to its ranks.

However, there is a very great danger of concentrating all the work, public attention and additional privileges only on the person of the leader. Quite often, young leaders deliberately control absolutely all the activities of the youth association - not trusting their colleagues, they take personal control of any business or process in the organization, and reserve exclusively the right to participate in socio-political and image events. Of course, such behavior of young managers can lead to strategic mistakes in operational management, in the work of the team, its disunity, even to the liquidation of the organization.

Summing up the results of the analysis of the mechanisms and technologies of the influence of youth associations on the political consciousness and behavior of Russian youth, several conclusions can be drawn.

The main, most popular, relevant and effective tools for youth associations to influence the consciousness and behavior of their target audiences are information influence (using the mass media), influence through specially organized events and actions (“event” influence), the possibility of career advancement and/ or participation in the personnel reserve of government bodies, direct and indirect provision of financial resources, as well as the impact of the specific personality of the leader on the behavior of the youth audience. Only the combined use of these tools will allow us to achieve specific and necessary results in the work of youth socio-political organizations and associations.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the effectiveness of the youth organization as a whole largely depends on the effective and correctly calculated management approach of the organization’s leader. Very often, leaders of youth associations act chaotically in their work, ignoring the principles of strategic planning and management of the organization, without implementing a competent information policy. The result of such an illiterate approach is the absence of a clear strategy for the development and positioning of the youth organization in the external environment.

In our opinion, in order to more effectively achieve the goals and objectives of the youth association, more successful ideological influence on the youth audience, and attract new members to their ranks, leaders and ideological inspirers of youth organizations must adhere to several important principles.

First of all, it is very important to clearly segment your audiences, that is, divide them into specific groups, united by certain characteristics and qualities, that are different from each other. At the moment, the main target audiences joining the ranks of socio-political organizations are students, young scientists and intellectual workers, working youth, young people living in rural areas, and the so-called “office proletariat”. It is obvious that the goals, objectives, methods, and, accordingly, the results of working with the above segments of the youth audience will be completely different.

For example, young intellectuals and office workers will be more influenced by information received on the Internet. This is mainly due to the specifics of the work activity of this target group - activities related to information technology, as well as the high level of trust in the Internet, compared to traditional media, and the characteristics of their lifestyle - sedentary, in which young people spend most of their time in front of computer monitor.

Participation in mass events and street actions will have the greatest impact on working youth, since it is quite common for workers in non-intellectual labor to experience the “feeling of the crowd,” that is, a feeling of involvement in the actions and emotions of a crowd of thousands and, accordingly, receiving moral satisfaction from this.

The opportunity to receive funds for the implementation of one’s own social or business initiative will most stimulate students, as well as young entrepreneurs and scientists, to participate in specific programs. Since these target groups have a solid theoretical and practical basis for carrying out project activities, a special innovative type of thinking.

For rural youth, the personality of the leader will play an important role. In rural areas, where all residents know each other, and also in conditions where young people strive to move to the city, it is very important to be able to “ignite” young people, prove to them the need for their participation in youth policy, and engage them in socially significant activities. This is available only to a charismatic and bright leader, confident in his abilities.

In addition, in modern conditions of high competition in the field of youth policy, the struggle for the consciousness of the youth audience, strengthening the positions of anti-government associations, radical organizations, it is especially important for youth organizations to implement a competent information policy - this means actively covering their own activities, working to attract new ones to their ranks members, a clear ideological position. Together with the application of the principles of effective management and strategic planning, the above measures will help youth associations more effectively achieve their statutory goals and objectives, develop and attract new like-minded people into their ranks.

Reviewers:

Vartumyan A.A., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Conflictology, Public Relations and Journalism, Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University, Pyatigorsk.

Stankevich G.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of International Relations, World Economy and International Law, Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University, Pyatigorsk.

Bibliographic link

socio-political activity of youth public organizations

Baranova G.V., Kostenko B.B.

Academy of the Federal Security Service of Russia, Orel, Russia

SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF YOUTH PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS

Baranov G.M., Kostenko V.V.

Academy of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation,

The article substantiates the importance of developing constructive socio-political activity of youth public organizations. An analysis of the protest activities of youth formations in the modern post-Soviet period is presented. Based on the dynamics of protest activity, the most active youth associations were identified and classified into groups.

Key words: socio-political activity, youth public organizations, protest activity, constructive nature, destructive socio-political activity, dynamics of protest activity.

In article the importance of development of constructive sociopolitical activity of youth public organizations is proven. The analysis of protest activity of youth formations of the modern Post-Soviet period is submitted. On the basis of the dynamics of protest activity the most active youth associations are allocated and classified in groups.

Keywords: socio-political activity, youth public organizations, protest activity, constructive character, destructive socio-political activity, dynamics of protest activity.

The emergence of Russia as a legal democratic state actualizes the need to form a civil society in it, which, characterized by a high degree of self-organization, regulates not only its political, cultural, but also economic and social life. This is a society whose stability is supported not so much by the power of state coercion, but by the socio-political activity of the citizens themselves, aimed at solving the problems of transforming society, which is one of the most important conditions for its evolutionary development and predetermines the tendency to strengthen all public associations and the state as a whole.

Modern civil society in Russia is only in its formation stage. “Democratic institutions are generally formed and stabilized, but their quality is very far from ideal. Civil society is weak, the level of self-organization and self-government is low,” says D.A. Medvedev in his address to the citizens of the country.

Increasing the level of socio-political activity and its constructive manifestation is axiomatically significant for the development of society. Despite the fact that in general in the country the degree of civil initiative, self-organization of the population, and responsibility still leaves much to be desired, nevertheless, contradictions and confrontations between public structures, social state institutions and subjects of power structures are expressed in various forms of disagreement with the position, image and the quality of life imposed on them from above. Increasing interest in the country's problems at the local and state level indicates the process of development in Russia of democracy and a certain level of socio-political activity

of people. Currently, there is an objective interest of the state and citizens in the development of socio-political activity, its constructive form and, as a consequence, the development of initiative and self-government in all spheres of public life, as an institution of democracy.

Based on an analysis of the results of scientific research on this problem, secondary processing of sociological surveys conducted by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, the Analytical Center of Yu. Levada, and the author’s research on socio-political activity, it was concluded that in the process of historical development of society with changes in socio-political regimes, and, consequently, the conditions for the development of society, under the influence of external and internal factors, the forms of manifestation of socio-political activity change, become more complex, and are supplemented with new ones. This is due to the fact that in different conditions preconditions are created that stimulate the growth of certain potentials of people and social groups, giving rise to new behavioral stereotypes, abilities and opportunities. Purposeful initiative and sometimes spontaneous actions of subjects (as an expression of socio-political activity) have an ambiguous degree of impact on society, which allows us to speak about the contradictory nature of socio-political activity.

One of the forms of expression of people's socio-political activity is their protest activity, aimed at expressing dissatisfaction, opposition to the plans and actions of the authorities, the attitude of citizens to the existing socio-political system, to socio-political institutions, parties, movements, documents, decisions, phenomena and processes, politicians, socio-economic problems, interethnic and religious relations.

It is important to note that along with numerous types of protest activity that are constructive, peaceful in nature (without material, moral, moral damage, harm to people’s health or threats to their lives), which make it possible to reveal existing problems, there is also destructive socio-political activity. It is characterized by negative, conflictual forms of proactive protest activity, the results of which sometimes have unpredictable, destructive consequences that destabilize society and certainly have a negative impact on the evolution of society. These forms include:

■ coordinated boycott of elections;

■ certain types of socio-political protests (unauthorized force strikes, lockdowns, hunger strikes, even armed conflicts and terrorist acts), which have consequences in the form of material damage and threats to human health.

In the modern structuring of society, young people occupy a particularly significant place due to their demographic characteristics and capabilities. It is the young generation that is the main driving force of the future state. The future of our country depends on the nature of the active work of young people and the constructiveness of their impact on the development of society.

Today, as noted by V.V. Putin, “Unfortunately, in the wake of the crisis, a number of problems remain relevant that we could not solve before - I mean aggressiveness, crime, extremism, and national intolerance among young people. All this, unfortunately, exists, and one cannot ignore it.”

With the beginning of democratic reforms in the USSR, the proclamation of glasnost, the emergence of civil society, social

The political life of young people has noticeably revived and expanded. Voluntary youth organizations and associations of various directions began to form: political, student, human rights, environmental, religious, sports and others. United by common goals, they actively became involved in the socio-political life of the country, putting forward various problems for consideration by the state and society, attracting public attention to them.

Along with various forms of initiative, self-organized, self-governing, creative, innovative activity, the activity of public youth organizations is also expressed in protest actions. Organizations have emerged (in which it is young people who represent the main composition) that have an ambiguous, and sometimes anti-state and illegal nature of activity. Some of them receive financial and other assistance from foreign state and public funds aimed at influencing government bodies and public associations in resolving various issues of internal political life in Russia.

Thus, on the basis of the illegality of actions that have negative consequences, from 2003 to 2010, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation adopted and entered into legal force decisions to recognize as terrorist and liquidate or ban the activities of a whole range of both international and domestic radical nationalist organizations. These include: the interregional public organization "National Bolshevik Party", the movement against illegal immigration (DPNI), the regional public association "National Socialist Workers' Party of Russia" (NSRPR), the interregional public movement "Slavic Union" and others. However, many of them, despite the official ban, continue their activities illegally, initiate various unauthorized protest actions and therefore require constant close attention and control and management from the state.

The need for timely regulation of processes occurring in the youth environment, increasing management efficiency to create conditions for the development of its constructive direction, determines the importance of a detailed study of the problem of the origin and development of protest activity of youth public organizations, the causes, forms and nature of its manifestation.

Currently, quite a lot of research is devoted to the activities of young people. Thus, in the works of E.A. Anufrieva, L.A. Gordon, A.I. Kovaleva, Yu.A. Levada, E.N. Smetanina, M.A. Shabanova, E.B. Shestopal, reflects the theory of youth socialization and political adaptation. The concept of youth participation in political processes is presented in the works of such researchers as: S.V. Aleshchenok, P.I. Babochkina, E.A. Grishina, A.A. Kozlova, B.A. Ruchkin and others. “Color revolutions” and the participation of young people in them are explored in the works of B. Hoffman. Different in nature (positive and negative) forms of youth protest activity are studied by D.I. Aminova, Yu.A. Zubok, and others. However, these studies are mainly devoted to young people in general (as a social group based on demographic characteristics). Insufficient attention has been paid to the problem of the activities of youth branches of political parties, socio-political youth organizations, various nationalist, etc.

BARANOV A.A. - 2014

Collection output:

POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF YOUTH: PROBLEMS AND TRENDS

Sudakova Tatyana Grigorievna

Ph.D. ist. sciences, senior lecturer,

Russian Federation, Vladikavkaz

Gezimiev Adam Sultanovich

student of the Faculty of Finance and Economics,

Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation,
Russian Federation, Vladikavkaz

POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF YOUTH: PROBLEMSAND TENDENCY

Sudakova Tatyana

cand. East. Sciences, Senior Lecturer
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Vladikavkaz Branch,
Russia Vladikavkaz

Gezimiev Adam

student financial-economics of the faculty,

Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Vladikavkaz Branch,
Russia Vladikavkaz

ANNOTATION

The article examines the problem of political activity of young people. This socio-demographic group is the subject of political and social relations and its activity depends on many different factors. It has been established that the political activity of young people increases during periods of large-scale and critical events. The need to involve this part of society in the political process is one of the main tasks of a modern state.

ABSTRACT

The article regards the problem of young people’s political activity. This socio-demographic group is a subject of political and social relationship and its activity depends on many different factors. It is established, that the youth political activity increases in times of large-scale turning-points. One of the most important tasks of the modern state is involving this part of society into the political process.

Keywords: the youth; policy; youth parliamentarism; electoral activity; civil society.

Keywords: youth; politics; youth parliament electoral activity; civil society

At the present stage, the most important and urgent task of the state is the development of civil society, without which building democracy is impossible. In turn, the development of civil society is impossible without the involvement of the younger generation in the socio-political process. Young people, being the subject of political and social relations, an active part of society, can influence the course of implementation of a political decision.

Currently, young people make up 27% of the country's total population. This suggests that youth are the most important social and electoral resource of society. In the foreseeable future, it is this part of society that will determine the priority directions of the country’s domestic and foreign policy and determine the mechanisms for managing society. Therefore, for Russia, as for any state, the political passivity of the younger generation is destructive.

The reasons that determine the specifics of the political activity of the younger generation can be combined into two groups. The first group consists of objective factors. These factors include age characteristics (mobility of political consciousness, susceptibility to manipulation due to lack of political experience), unstable financial situation (difficulty of finding employment, low income, etc.) and the level of socio-economic development of the state.

The second group combines subjective factors, in particular the degree of trust in the institutions of state power, confidence in the future, the degree of interest in political events, etc.

One way for citizens to participate in the political process is through elections. However, according to experts, youth participation in elections has been declining recently. Regular election participants are citizens aged 50 years and older. This is not about the oppositional attitude of young people to the electoral system, but about political disinterest in a change of government.

Political scientists and social psychologists identify several types of political behavior among young people. The first is the conformist type, in which the motive for electoral activity is, as a rule, habit. The second type is protest, caused by youthful maximalism and the desire to attract attention. Another type of political behavior of young people is the rational type. The motivation for this type of behavior is the desire to change the existing political reality for the better, as well as a sense of responsibility for the future of one’s country. The last is the indifferent type, which is characterized by political passivity. This type is the leader in modern Russia. This is due to distrust in the institutions of power and the conviction that his participation (or non-participation) will not in any way affect the political situation in the country.

However, it would be wrong to say unequivocally that the younger generation is completely indifferent to the political life of society. For example, according to Levada Center experts, more than 60% of the participants in the protests on Bolotnaya Square are young people under 40, of which 12% are students. At the same time, such activity is of a wave nature. A feature of the political activity of young people is that only large-scale and fateful events lead to an increase in the interest of the younger generation in socio-political processes. It is not only the activity of political participation that is important, but also the consistency and consistency of the political involvement of young people. Therefore, wave activity is not capable of increasing the involvement of the younger generation in the political life of society.

The political activity of citizens comes down not only to participation in elections and various kinds of rallies. The younger generation should be involved in solving government problems and actively participate in the mechanism of government at various levels. This is reflected in the Fundamentals of the State Youth Policy of the Russian Federation until 2025. One of the tools for involving young people in social and political life is the development of the youth parliamentary movement in Russia. In many Western European countries, interaction between authorities and youth is carried out through the youth parliament. Youth parliamentarism in Russia began to develop in parallel with the transition to a democratic state. Political scientists and sociologists in the 90s. In the 20th century, they predicted a rise in the political activity of young people, but the forecasts did not come true. Nevertheless, the youth parliamentary movement in Russia has every chance of becoming a real driving force capable of influencing state policy in the youth sphere. Despite the fact that youth parliamentarism in Russia is in its infancy, in many regions there are youth parliaments and organizations that defend the rights of youth and their associations. For example, in the Kaliningrad region there is a Youth Parliamentary Assembly, which has the status of an advisory council under the regional Duma. Another form of youth parliament is associations under executive authorities, for example the youth parliament of Arkhangelsk.

The media play an important role in the process of instilling political and legal culture in young people. The media are capable of influencing the vision of political reality and the political awareness of the citizens of the state. Today, television occupies a leading position among the media. It is through television, in particular through news reports, that the younger generation learns about political events in the country and forms their own position on certain political processes. A survey of 50 students at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation showed that 48% of the students surveyed regularly watch news programs, 44% get information from the Internet, and the remaining 8% are rarely interested in political events in the country. It is obvious that young people are informed about what is happening in the country and abroad; another thing is that today’s youth have many other areas of activity: studying, choosing a profession, starting a family, etc.

Thus, the creation of various programs or sections on television that would highlight the problems of youth voting rights would contribute to their integration into political activity. It is very important to note here that such a step should be coupled with media education of the younger generation, that is, with training in proper interaction with the media. The appearance of public discussions of youth problems will lead to real involvement of the younger generation in the affairs of the state.

A key role in intensifying the political activity of the younger generation is given to the process of education and the formation of political knowledge. Particular attention is paid to the social and humanitarian block of academic disciplines, which includes philosophy, political science, sociology, etc. Today, there is a contradictory situation with the teaching of social and humanitarian disciplines. In connection with the reform of the education system, aimed at unifying the educational space of Russia in accordance with global standards, there is a tendency to reduce hours in humanities disciplines or transfer them to disciplines of the regional component of the curriculum and to the category of courses of students' choice. The process of involving young people in educational activities has common methodological principles with the process of increasing political activity. In order for young people to show interest in studying and actively participate in project activities, it is necessary to motivate them with various scholarship programs and grants. Likewise, in order for young people to take an active part in socio-political organizations, parliaments, parties, it is necessary to use new, innovative methods of motivation.

Self-organization of modern youth is at a low level. In this regard, the state needs to more effectively carry out its trustee function. However, we should not forget that a person as an individual and as a citizen is formed in the family. Parents should instill in their children a sense of patriotism, civic duty, independence and initiative. Only in this case the younger generation will become politically active and will not ignore the socio-political processes taking place in society.

Thus, we can conclude that the political consciousness of modern youth is contradictory and depends on many factors, both subjective and objective. The legal and political nihilism of the younger generation is due, first of all, to the discrepancy between real political life and existing legal guidelines. Undoubtedly, the participation of the younger generation in elections, various rallies and actions is a positive factor, but this cannot fully ensure the overcoming of political nihilism. In these conditions, it is necessary to build trusting relationships between the state and society. One of the ways to overcome distrust of power and political passivity of the younger generation is youth parliamentarism, which is in its infancy in Russia. The need to support this movement seems obvious, since the lack of involvement of young people in the process of public administration is a direct threat to the national security of the country.

Bibliography:

1. Belikova E.A. Political participation of youth: analysis of problems of political activity // Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. – 2014. – No. 1 (31). – pp. 57–61.
2. Gukova I.N. The role of youth parliamentarism in the development of socio-political activity of modern Russian youth // Scientific bulletins of BelSU. Series: History. Political science. Economy. Computer science. – 2014. – No. 1 (172). – pp. 169–174.
3. Fundamentals of the state youth policy of the Russian Federation until 2025. [Electronic resource] – Access mode. – URL: http://government.ru/media/files/ceFXleNUqOU.pdf (date accessed 12/10/15)
4. Podkhomutnikova M.V. Political activity of youth as an important component of the political process in Russia // Theory and practice of social development. – M., 2012. – No. 4 – P. 229–232.
5. Political education and civic position of the younger generation of Russia: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference (March 27–29, 2009). – Kazan: Kazan. (Privolzhsky) fed. univ., 2010. – 384 p.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

FSBEI HPE "Perm State National Research University"

Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology

Department of Sociology

Course work

Youth political activityin modern Russiansociety

Student

Bagmanyan V.V.

Scientific director:

Markova Yu.S.

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. Youth, as a special socio-demographic group, has always been at the forefront of socio-political changes in society. It is not for nothing that youth are associated with the future of humanity, since it is young people who will in the future put their ideas and ideas into practice, determining the course of history. Undoubtedly, youth are a driving force in all spheres of public life: social, economic, spiritual and political. Young people analyze the past, delve into the present and dictate (direct?) the future. The more interesting it becomes to study the political activity of young people in modern Russian society. The need of society to strengthen, renew and modernize politics and society as a whole cannot be fully satisfied without the active participation of the younger generation.

But, unfortunately, we are currently faced with the problem of the passive attitude of young people to public life, including participation in politics. An even more alarming signal is that young people, due to their specific characteristics, are the easiest to involve in various kinds of extremist activities. These and some other problems can lead to destabilization of society and government. President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin said at one of the press conferences: “The role of youth in the politics of any country is extremely important. The whole country and complete decision-making will be in their hands. The sooner young people get involved in politics, the better...Russia really needs their active position.”

The degree of scientific study of the problem. Issues of socio-political activity of young people have received a significant amount of attention in domestic sociology and political science. As for the theoretical foundations of the modern understanding of youth social activity (including political?), they were laid in the works of V.P. Moshnyagi, V.Ts. Khudaverdyan, V.A. Lukova et al. The current stage of research into the political activity of young people is characterized by the presence of many approaches to the study of this topic. In the works of S.N. Zakharova, V.V. Inyutina, O.M. Karpenko, I.A. Lamanov examines the political participation of young people, including youth electoral activity. A number of studies are devoted to various aspects of state youth policy, the main directions and forms of state regulation of relations with youth (V.V. Pavlovsky, B.B. Gusev and A.M. Lopukhin). Significant contributions to the study of the political activity of young people were made by such foreign scientific researchers as: G. Spencer, M. Weber, E. Durkheim, G. Tarde, K. Manheim, G. Almond, S. Verba, L. Milbras, E. Downs and etc.

Briefly describe what the work of foreign researchers was devoted to (similar to domestic ones)

Object research is Russian youth as a participant in the political life of the country.

Subject of study- political activity of modern Russian youth.

Purpose of the study- analysis of the state and trends in the development of political activity of young people in modern Russian society.

Research objectives:

1) Consider sociological approaches to the study of political activity of young people

2) Study the forms of political activity of young people

3) Consider the characteristics of the forms of political activity of modern Russian youth

4) Identify factors influencing the level of involvement of Russian youth in the political sphere.

Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological basis for studying the political activity of youth

1.1 Sociological approaches to the study of political activity of young people

It is necessary to give a more generalized idea of ​​the approaches in Western sociology (see, among other things, the article that I recommended to you): systematize.

As for approaches in Western sociology, as an example we can consider the concept of rational choice by E. Downs. In his opinion, political participation is possible only if the condition of maximum benefit is met. This concept examines the relationship between the selected means and the chosen goal in people’s political behavior and allows us to identify the dependence of forms of political activity on the means available to the individual.

The formation of the concept of E. Downs was continued in the works of M. Fiorina, but this scientist reconsidered the influence of ideology on a person’s voting preferences. The scientist focuses on the influence of economic and social conditions on political behavior. He believes that a voter votes for the “party in power” if he is satisfied with his life, and if not, then for the opposition. See: I.M. Dzyaloshinsky. Media and social activity of youth. M.: Media. Information. Communication.№3. 2012.

The transition to domestic sociology - to register.

Zh.T. Toshchenko considers the participation of young people in the political life of society as “a special form of consolidation of their group interests, reflecting the conscious characteristics of their own social status, role and place in society and the method of their implementation” See: Political sociology: textbook / ed. Zh.T. Toshchenko. M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2012. P.409-435.. The author believes that depending on the level of self-identification of young people with various power structures, the degree of activity in the political life of society, a distinction is made between “formal” and “real” political participation. As for real political activity, it is characterized by the “expression of the will” of young people of their political rights in various ways and in various forms. Moreover, the expression of political interest and the exercise of rights by young citizens must be carried out constantly. Otherwise, political participation should be considered formal.

It seems to me that it is better to start analyzing the works of domestic authors with it (i.e. before Toshchenko, he falls out of the general logic - think about where to include him based on the chronology you provide). M. Kholmskaya in her work “Political participation as an object of research” (link to the work) argues that in our country the study of political participation can be divided into two stages: before and after 1991. In the works of the first period, under the influence of the Soviet state, this topic was not fully disclosed - only within the framework of studies of the political activity of workers and individuals in a socialist society and were described in the works of A.I. Kovler, I.A. Markelova, V.V. Smirnova. Manifestations of political participation were viewed mainly through social groups and almost always as a positive phenomenon that grows with the development of socialist society. The main drawback of works on this topic is the conceptual predetermination of scientific results, which are based for the most part on statistics, which are far from the real political process.

As for post-Soviet Russia, in the conditions of democratization of the political sphere, works appeared that reflected the views of Western, primarily American, political scientists on the topic under consideration. In domestic science, the concept of “political participation” in its modern interpretation began to be established. The development of such categories as the political behavior of individual social groups (students, pensioners, military personnel, the unemployed), the nature, forms, mechanism, effectiveness of citizen participation in public administration at various levels, the process of political socialization, party-organizational structuring of society, etc. began. . - these are mainly the works of S. Andreev, A. Demidov, G. Kotanjyan, Y. Levada, R. Matveev and others. New conditions and opportunities for political participation, the content of emerging political interests, the nature of participation in the political process of some social groups are identified population (most often young people), attempts are made to assess the scale and effectiveness of forms of political participation, etc.

Along with the great successes of domestic scientists in the field of studying the characteristics of the political behavior of modern Russian youth, it should be noted that the range of transformation of the political behavior of young people is insufficiently illuminated and studied; the subjective foundations of political behavior are poorly identified; the correlation between the individualization of values ​​and individual political behavior is not analyzed, which makes it problematic. dissertation research and defines the subject field of the research, its purpose and objectives.

1.2 Forms of political activity of young people

As for the political activity of young people, in its most general form it is understood as “a form of social activity implemented in the sphere of national and international politics; one of the fundamental elements of human behavior in political life." See: Kapto A. S. Political activity // Sociology of youth: Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Academia, 2009. P. 12.

The classical typology of M. Kaase and A. Masha is based on the level of activity. They distinguish five groups (what?) depending on the prevailing forms of participation: 1. Inactive. Representatives of this category either do not participate in politics at all, or, as a last resort, read newspapers and can sign a petition if asked to do so. 2. Conformists. They take more active part. Some of them may even participate in political campaigns. But mostly they avoid direct political participation. 3. Reformists. Conformists participate more actively, and they can also use legal forms of political protest, such as demonstrations and boycotts. 4. Activists. They are most actively involved in political life. How? 5. Protesters. In terms of their level of activity, they are similar to reformists and activists, but differ from them in that they practically do not participate in the political process in conventional forms Kaase M., Marsh A. Political Action Repertory // Political action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies / Ed. by Barnes S., Kaase M. Beverly Hills, London, 1979. P. 153-155. .

Some researchers distinguish between “autonomous” and “mobilized” political participation. Mobilized participation is the involvement of citizens in politics against their will: An individual is included in political life, becoming a hostage to the will of leaders, authorities and their art of manipulating people. Such participation excludes the possibility of citizens to influence the actions of political forces to resolve their own problems. The mobilization type of management is one of the most effective ways to maintain and exercise power in authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. But the manifestation of mobilized political participation is not uncommon in democracies, when mobilization is of a softer nature, does not limit the physical freedom of citizens, but directs their actions in the desired (for the authorities) political direction. See: I.M. Dzyaloshinsky. Media and social activity of youth. M.: Media. Information. Communication.№3. 2012.

L. Milbras identified three groups of forms of political activity: “spectator activity” - playing the role of an object of influence of political incentives, voting, etc.; “transitional activity” - includes acting as a target of political incentives, voting, initiating political discussions, trying to persuade others to vote in a certain way; “gladiatorial activity” - participation in a political campaign, playing the role of an activist of a political party, playing the role of a member of the core of the party or participating in the development of its strategy, accumulating funds, playing the role of a candidate for any leadership position in the political sphere, occupying leadership positions in bodies authorities or parties. Milbrath L.W. Political Participation. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965.

Domestic sociologists identify the following as forms of political participation of young people: voting (the main and most widespread aspect of political participation in competitive systems), participation in political campaigns, personal contacts with politicians, participation in local political life, participation in protests (conflict participation ) and others. See: Goncharov D.V., Goptareva I.B. Introduction to Political Science. M., 1996. p. 10. In Western society, for example, the most common participation is in the form of cooperation between citizens and state or local government structures. And in Russian? - the question naturally arises. The choice of a particular form of participation is determined by the traditional sociocultural context of a given society and the nature of the institutionalization of participation in planning and decision-making processes. See: Ibid., p. 180

The last paragraph does not correspond to this paragraph, it is rather related to the first. political activist reform party

As for the features of youth as a subject of political activity, three main ones can be distinguished: the first feature is associated with the incompleteness of the formation of their own subjectivity in socio-political relations. Youth is still an emerging subject of social and political relations. As a consequence, there are many age restrictions on her political rights, enshrined in law. At the same time, one can often find manifestations of discrimination against young people based on age. Age, therefore, plays the role of a significant stratification basis and is an important factor in the participation of young people in the socio-political life of society. The second feature is determined by the specific social status of young people. It is characterized by the instability and mobility of young people’s positions in the social structure, their relatively low social status, and limited social connections. This puts young people in an unequal position with economically and socially more advanced groups and, as a consequence, many social conflicts with political overtones. The third feature is associated with the specifics of youth consciousness (lability, transgressiveness, extremeness), determined both by age and the position of youth as a social groups. See: Eliseev S.M. Political sociology: textbook. St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Nestor-History", 2007.

Chapter 2. State and trends in the development of political activity of young people in modern Russian society

2.1 Characteristics of forms of political activity of modern Russian youth

To characterize the forms of political participation of Russian youth, let’s take one of the classic typologies - M. Kaase and A. Masha (inactive, conformists, reformists, activists, protesters) - it is described in more detail in the previous chapter.

A distrustful attitude towards the authorities and the political system of society determines the protest behavior of young people, and the form of this protest among young people in modern conditions is their apathy, absolute inactivity in political life, while waiting for a complete or partial change in the political system. It is becoming less and less common for young people to participate in any social and political organizations. THEM. Dzyaloshinsky claims that about 98% of young people are outside the sphere of active politics. But 25-30% of young people systematically discuss political problems in their immediate circle, which may mean that they have some kind of political potential See: I.M. Dzyaloshinsky. Media and social activity of youth. M.: Media. Information. Communication.№3. 2012.

According to the results of research by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the younger age group of young people (17-20 years old) interest in politics to varying degrees is manifested in 41%, in the middle age group (21-23 years old) - in 48%, in the older age group (24-26 years old) - in 57%. Among young people aged 18 to 25 years old, 16% want to join a political party and 74% said they have no such desire; 96% have never been a member of any political organization or party.

As for the conformists, only a small part of the voting youth is confident that by voting they can influence the election results. Thus, 7.5% of young people indicated the answer “yes, the success of a candidate or the failure of his competitor depends on me”, 27.5% - “yes, if I don’t vote, then my vote will go in favor of another candidate”, 45% - “no, the election results are usually predicted, the candidate is known,” 10% do not trust anyone, and the same number found it difficult to answer. See: I.M. Dzyaloshinsky. Media and social activity of youth. M.: Media. Information. Communication.№3. 2012 An interesting survey was conducted by the online newspaper RG.RU regarding the elections. Half of young Russians cannot answer sociologists which party they would vote for if elections happened tomorrow. Of these, 22% had no intention of going to the polling stations at all. The votes of the politically active part of young people are distributed between United Russia and the Liberal Democratic Party (32.7% and 7.2%, respectively). Young people support the party in power more actively than the older generation (25%), and dislike SPS and Yabloko (3%). She is also indifferent to the left - the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and A Just Russia gained 1.7% and 3.6% among young people, although in older age groups they have more significant weight - 9 and 6.7%.

Reformists and activists belong to political parties, propose various reforms, etc. Examples include: “Young Russia” (the main ideology of the organization is civil nationalism), “Local” (its main areas of activity: environmental, anti-crisis and national programs), etc., and the right, aggressively patriotic, as an example bring the movement “Eurasian Youth Union” (members of the organization do not accept the modern world and its values ​​at all, they are opposed to the values ​​of the sacred world, and they call the historical process a process of degradation), “Defense” (democratization of Russia, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens). See: Bricklayer K.E. Youth policy in the activities of political parties in modern Russia. M.: MyusGu. 2010. P.1 Here it would be useful to consider in more detail other forms, in addition to participation in political parties: rallies, demonstrations (what you wrote about when describing the types in the previous chapter), political Internet activity, etc. How pronounced? Who are the participants?

Protesters. As was said earlier, in terms of the level of activity, the protesters are very similar to reformists and activists, but differ from them in their unconventional form (i.e., not generally accepted). These are, for example, extremist (commitment to extreme views, measures most often manifested in politics, international relations, religion, etc. See: Kudryavtseva V.N. Criminology: Textbook. M.: 2009. P. 562) organizations . As an example, the “National Bolshevik Party” is a Russian socio-political organization called “National Bolsheviks”, which in 2007 was officially banned on the territory of the Russian Federation as extremist. In July 2010, members of the banned NBP created a new political party - “The Other Russia”. It would also be interesting to trace the dynamics of protest sentiments... As well as trends in extremism (an increase is recorded).

2.2 Factors influencing youth involvement in the political sphere in modern Russia

The characteristic features of the political consciousness of Russian youth can be defined as a lack of respect for the law, along with ignorance of the law and general political illiteracy and reluctance to fight for their own political and civil rights, combined with a feeling of their civic insecurity.

Modern Russian youth have almost completely ceased to regard political activity as a socially significant phenomenon. The majority of young people do not know the basics of the Russian government, have not heard about the principle of separation of powers, and have no idea about their civil rights. She does not monitor changes in legislation and the adoption of decisions that are vital for her in the field of youth policy, and is indifferent to the activities of power structures. She has almost completely no desire for social and political activity, as can be seen from the previous paragraph.

In the opinions of young people, political nihilism is quite common, expressed in great distrust of the existing apparatus of certain institutions of power, in a disdainful attitude towards them and the decisions they make. According to I.M. Dzyaloshinsky, young people in our country believe that in Russia real power belongs to the mafia - 31% of boys and girls, to the President - 24%, to the Government - 7%, to Parliament - 4%. The degree of trust in government institutions depends on the presence of elements of state youth policy in their activities. The Russian parliament has so far paid the least attention to youth problems at the federal level. See: I.M. Dzyaloshinsky. Media and social activity of youth. M.: Media. Information. Communication.№3. 2012

The declared democratic values ​​are mainly borrowed from the West and do not enjoy understanding or widespread support among young people. There is no basis among young people for the formation of mass political movements and parties. Young people get used to focusing only on leaders and their promises.

However, despite the low socio-political activity of young people, the majority has their own point of view on various political issues. During an all-Russian study (a survey of the population in 100 settlements of 44 regions, territories and republics of Russia), conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation in June 2005, it was revealed that only 33% of young respondents (under 35 years of age) are interested in politics, while among citizens middle age - 40%, and among those over 55 - 45%.

Today in Russia, many political parties are creating their own youth party organizations: “Young Guard”, “Youth Yabloko”, “Russian Agrarian Youth Union”, “Zhirinovsky’s Falcons”, “Youth Organization of the Union of Right Forces”, etc., are trying create party schools with the aim of training activists for subsequent party work. However, they have so far been weak in mobilizing the younger generation to solve important problems facing society, although youth departments under political parties provide an opportunity for interested young people to gain experience in party work and even make a career along the party line.

The lack of trust among young people in political parties is also due to the fact that the latter, as a rule, do not have a clearly developed youth policy, but use young people as a reserve to replenish party ranks or as a “combat wing” for street actions and radical protests. The activities of young people in such organizations often consist of going to rallies and posting leaflets, rather than participating in leadership and decision-making.

Dzyaloshinsky notes the following among the reasons for the low political activity of young people: the lack of a strong youth policy aimed at unlocking the political potential of the younger generation, the lack of a consolidating idea; insufficient attention to the process of political socialization of youth, both at the federal and regional levels; the inconsistency of Russian political culture; the bad reputation of most Russian politicians; lack of charisma among most youth political leaders; attachment of political parties and youth organizations to power structures, bureaucracy; weakness and contradictory experience of political participation. See: I.M. Dzyaloshinsky. Media and social activity of youth. M.: Media. Information. Communication.№3. 2012

Either at the end of the last paragraph or in the conclusion, indicate possible ways to increase the political activity of young people.

Complete everything according to the requirements (see guidelines for writing coursework), including literature.

Bibliography

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2. Belikova E.A. Political participation of youth: analysis of problems of political activity // Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. 2014. No. 1.

3. Large legal dictionary / Ed. prof. AND I. Sukhareva. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional M.: INFRA-M, 2007.

4. Gadzhiev K.S. Political science: a guide for passing the exam. M.: Higher education. 2006.

5. Gaifullin A.Yu., Rybalko N.V. Diagnostics of the development of political activity of young people // Vestnik VEGU. 2011. No. 6.

6. Zakharov O.V. The problem of absenteeism in electoral behavior // Proceedings of the SGA. 2008. No. 5.

7. Kapto A.S. Political activity // Sociology of youth: Encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Academia, 2009.

8. Kirdyashkin I.V. Historical constants of socio-political activity of modern youth // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. 2007. No. 303.

9. Kirichek A.I. On the issue of differentiation of the content of the categories “political activity”, “political behavior” and “political participation” // Society: politics, economics, law. 2011. No. 3.

10. Kozyreva P.M., Smirnov A.I. Political participation and features of the development of political activity in modern Russia // Sociological science and social practice. 2013. No. 3.

11. Koryakovtseva O.A. Analysis of the development of socio-political activity of modern youth: regional aspect // Bulletin of Tambov State University. 2009. No. 7.

12. Kotova K.A. Factors of youth participation in political organizations // Youth. World. Politics. 2013. No. 1.

13. Malkevich A.A. Increasing the electoral activity of young people in modern Russia: problems and solutions // Almanac of modern science and education. 2007. No. 7-2.

14. Podkhomutnikova M.V. Political activity of youth as an important component of the political process in Russia // Theory and practice of social development. 2012. No. 4.

15. Political sociology: textbook. / Ed. Toshchenko Zh.T. - 4th ed., revised. and additional M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2012.

16. Sokolov A.V. Features of the implementation of political participation on the Internet in modern Russia // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. 2014. No. 58.

17. Kholmskaya M.R. Political participation as an object of research (review of domestic literature) // Polis. 1999. No. 5.

18. Chirun S.N. Political activity and political participation of youth: problems and opportunities // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. 2010. No. 332.

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