Presentation on the topic "formation of the political map of the world." Stages of formation of the political map of the world Presentation of historical features of the formation of the political map of Europe

Geography teacher MOU Secondary School 176

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1. Stages of formation of the political map of the world

2. Division of countries:

by level of socio-economic development
by territory size
by population
by geographical location
by form of government
According to the characteristics of the territorial government structure

3. Political geography

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Stages of formation of the political map of the world

Ancient (before the 5th century AD) emergence and collapse of the first states.
Medieval (V – XVI centuries) – the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia
New (XVI-XIX centuries) – the formation of a colonial empire.
The newest (first half of the twentieth century) – the formation of socialist countries, the collapse of the colonial system
Modern (second half of the 20th century – modern period)

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Changes to the map

Quantitative
- Territorial
- acquisitions,
- losses,
- voluntary concessions
Quality
- change of formations
- conquest of sovereignty
- introduction of a new government system

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Level of socio-economic development. Expressed through GDP and HDI

Economically developed countries
G7 countries (GDP – 20 – 30 thousand dollars)
Smaller Western European countries (GDP same as G7 countries)
Countries of settler capitalism (dominions of Great Britain)

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Countries with economies in transition

Former socialist countries:

1. Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria...) They can be classified as economically developed countries

2. Post-socialist and socialist countries (Laos, Vietnam..). They can be classified as developing countries

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Developing countries

Key countries have great natural, human and economic potential. GDP $350.
Countries of Latin America, Asia, North Africa. GDP 1000 dollars.
NIS – Newly Industrialized Countries – “Asian Tigers”
Oil exporting countries of the Persian Gulf. GDP 20 - 30 thousand dollars.
“Classical” developing countries lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars per year. Most countries in Africa, as well as Asia and Latin America.
Least developed countries "fourth world" 47 countries with a GDP of 100 - 300 dollars per year. Ethiopia, Haiti, Bangladesh...

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There are more than 200 countries and territories on the PKM, of which more than 190 are sovereign states, among them the following can be distinguished:

BY TERRITORY SIZE

The countries are giants, with an area of more than 3 million. km2 (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India)
“Large countries”, their area is more than 500 thousand km2 (France, Spain..), their area is more than 1 million. km2 (Sudan, Algeria, Libya..)
Microstates – having a small San Marino, Liechtenstein, area (Vatican City, Singapore..)

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BY POPULATION

Giant countries with a population of over 100 million people (China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia...)
Middle countries (Algeria, Mexico...)

3. Small countries, microstates, with a population of 10 - 30 thousand people or less (Vatican City, San Marino, Monaco...)

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BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

With a coastal location (Mexico, Argentina, Congo, Saudi Arabia, Poland, Russia..)

2. Peninsular (Italy, India, Portugal, Korea, Denmark..)

3. Island (Great Britain, Cuba, Iceland, Madagascar, ..)

4. Inland countries (42 states are deprived of access to the ocean: Mongolia, Austria, Czech Republic, Chad, Rwanda...)

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By form of government

1. Republic – ¾ of all countries in the world

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2. Monarchies

There are 30 of them in the world:

Oceania 2
Asia 13
Africa 3
Europe 12

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3.States within the Commonwealth

15 countries, former dominions of Great Britain,
Formally, the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General

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4. Represented by Libya alone

Officially Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamaheria (state of the masses)

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According to the characteristics of the territorial government structure

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Politicalgeography

Formation of a political map of the world and its individual regions
Changes in political boundaries
Features of the state system
Political parties, groups and blocs
Territorial aspects of mass election campaigns
GEOPOLITICS – expresses state policy primarily in relation to the country’s borders and its interaction with other, primarily neighboring countries

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Complete the task:

According to the form of government system, countries are divided into:

A) monarchies

B) democracies

B) federations

D) republics

According to the form of state territorial structure, countries are divided into:

A) theocratic

B) totalitarian

C) federal D) unitary

The Commonwealth of Nations is an interstate association headed by:

A) Russia

B) Great Britain

B) France

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A) Bolivia D) Hungary

B) Israel D) Mongolia

B) Ukraine E) Mali

There are total monarchies in the world:

A) 24 B) 30 C) 37 D) 43

Select countries that have a republican form of government:

A) Austria B) Great Britain B) Mexico D) Türkiye

Select landlocked countries:

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This presentation can be used when teaching lessons in the 10th grade in the course “Economic and social geography of the world.” When studying the topic “Modern political map of the world.”
Introduces students to new terms and concepts. Forms ideas and knowledge about modern PCM. Considers the features and stages of the formation of the PCM, presents the main possible criteria for typologizing the countries of the world, forms ideas about the leading criteria for the modern typologization of the countries of the world, and forms ideas about geopolitics and political geography.

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"A political map of the World. Stages of formation of modern PCM." The PCM is a geographical map of the globe, which shows all the countries of the world, “not a frozen picture”, but changes as a result of the development of international relations. - There are currently about 230 countries and territories on the political map.

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Differences between countries according to the degree of sovereignty:

Sovereign – politically independent in internal and external affairs. Colonies - “overseas departments” of metropolises (islands) - are deprived of political and economic independence. MAP Protectorate – limited independence. A Dominion is actually an independent state within the former British Empire (now within the British Commonwealth), recognizing the head of the British monarch, represented in the Dominion by the Governor General. Trust territories are transferred by the UN to a state for administration.

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Stages of the formation of a political map Currently, there are 4 periods in the formation of the PCM: I period (before the 5th century AD) ANCIENT Development and collapse of the first states on Earth: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. II period ( V-XV centuries) Medieval The emergence of the internal market, the isolation of farms and innovations, the desire of feudal states for territorial conquests. Large land masses were completely divided between various states: Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Portugal, the Roman Empire, England, Spain, etc. III period (XV-XIX centuries) NEW Age of Great Geographical Discoveries, the beginning of European colonial expansion, the spread of international economic ties , territorial division of the world. IV period (XX-n.XXI) NEWEST In this period there are 4 more stages

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Stages of the formation of PKM in the Newest period PKM “mirror of the era” Beginning of the 20th century (1914-1939): the division of the world is completed - the struggle for its redivision Events: 1 world. war, VOSR, emergence of the USSR 2. Mid-20th century (1945-1960): the emergence of the world system of socialism Events: the emergence of socialism. states in Eastern Europe, Asia, Cuba, countries gaining independence (Asia, Latin America) 1960-1980 - further collapse of the colonial system Events: “the year of Africa” The end of the 20th century (from the beginning of the 1990s until now): collapse of social systems Events: Number of independent states: 1900 - 57 1956 - 89 1990 - 170 2003 - 193

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Changes on the PKM are of a different nature: QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Annexation of newly discovered lands (in the past) Territorial gains or losses due to wars; The unification or collapse of the states of Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the collapse of the USSR (RF + ELLBUMGAAKTTUK), the collapse of Yugoslavia (BG, M, X, S, S, CH, K), Yemen - Voluntary concessions or exchange of land plots between countries Hong Kong, Panama Canal Reconquest land near the sea (reclaimed territory) Japan, the Netherlands Acquisition of political sovereignty by the country Eritrea, Namibia, East Timor, Introduction of new forms of government Belgium, Cambodia, Formation of interstate political unions and organizations of the CIS, expansion of the EU, NATO; The appearance and disappearance of “hot spots” on the planet - hotbeds of interstate conflict situations????

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D/Z

1. K/K Identify the states affected by the changes to the present day. stage (border, name, capital) 2. Designate the colonies (2-3) of modern metropolises. 3. What changes are taking place in the PKM at the present time? (orally) 4. Learn from a notebook.

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Regional conflicts and the problem of terrorism Israel and Palestine. Peace is still far away... American troops in Iraq. . “Arc of instability” - passing from the British Isles through Central Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Pamirs, the Himalayas to Indonesia and the islands of the Sunda archipelago. Currently, due to the weakening role of Russia and the US claim to become the only superpower of the modern world, the number of conflicts in the region has increased significantly. Intranational conflicts in the countries of Tropical Africa (Burundi, Congo, Somalia, etc.). MAIN REGIONAL CONFLICTS: Arab-Israeli struggle. War in Iraq Afghan crisis Legend: ----------- - arc of instability; - hotbeds of conflict Conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia (Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Crises in the CIS (Chechnya, Georgia) UN Secretary General since 2007 Ban Ki-moon

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Presentation on the topic: Political map of the world. Stages of formation of modern PCM

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Presentation on the topic: A political map of the World. Stages of formation of modern PCM

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

A political map of the World. Stages of the formation of modern PCM PCM is a geographical map of the globe, which shows all the countries of the world, “not a frozen picture,” but changes as a result of the development of international relations. Currently, there are about 230 countries and territories on the political map.

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

The difference between countries according to the degree of sovereignty: Sovereign - politically independent in internal and external affairs. Colonies - “overseas departments” of metropolises (islands) - deprived of political and economic independence. MAP Protectorate - limited independence. Dominion - actually an independent state within the former British Empire (now within the British Commonwealth), recognizing the head of the British monarch, represented in the dominion by the governor general. Trust territories - transferred by the UN to the management of any state.

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

Stages of formation of a political map Currently, there are 4 periods in the formation of the PKM: I period (before the 5th century AD) ANCIENT Development and collapse of the first states on Earth: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. II period (V- XV centuries)MedievalThe emergence of the internal market, the isolation of farms and new, the desire of feudal states for territorial conquests. Large land masses were completely divided between various states: Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Portugal, the Roman Empire, England, Spain, etc. III period (XV-XIX centuries) NEW Age of Discovery, the beginning of European colonial expansion, the spread of international economic relations, territorial division world. IV period (XX-XXI) NEWEST In this period there are 4 more stages

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

Stages of the formation of the PKM in the Modern Period Beginning of the 20th century (1914-1939): the division of the world is completed - the struggle for its redivision Events: 1 world. war, VOSR, emergence of the USSR2. Mid-20th century (1945-1960): the emergence of the world system of socialismEvents: the emergence of socialism. states in Eastern Europe, Asia, Cuba, countries gaining independence (Asia, Latin America) 1960-1980 - further collapse of the colonial system Events: “year of Africa” End of the 20th century (from the beginning of the 1990s until now): collapse of social systemsEvents:

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

Changes to PKM are of a different nature: Annexation of newly discovered lands (in the past) Territorial gains or losses due to wars; Unification or collapse of states Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, collapse of the USSR (RF + ELLBUMGAAKTTUK), collapse of Yugoslavia (BG, M, X, S, S, CH, K), Yemen - Voluntary concessions or exchange of land plots between countries Hong Kong, Panama Canal Conquest of land from the sea (territory reclamation) Japan, Netherlands Acquisition of political sovereignty by the country Eritrea, Namibia, East Timor, Introduction of new forms of government Belgium, Cambodia, Formation of interstate political unions and organizations of the CIS, expansion of the EU, NATO; The appearance and disappearance of “hot spots” on the planet - hotbeds of interstate conflict situations????

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

Regional conflicts and the problem of terrorism “Arc of instability” - passing from the British Isles through Central Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Pamirs, the Himalayas to Indonesia and the islands of the Sunda archipelago. Currently, due to the weakening role of Russia and the US claim to become the only superpower of the modern world, the number of conflicts in the region has increased significantly. UN Secretary-General since 2007 Ban Ki-moon

Stages of formation of the political map of the world Ancient (before the 5th century AD) the emergence and collapse of the first states. Medieval (V - XVI centuries) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia New (XVI - XIX centuries) - the formation of a colonial empire. Newest (first half of the 20th century) – formation of socialist countries, collapse of the colonial system Modern (second half of the 20th century – modern period)

Changes on the map Quantitative Qualitative Territorial acquisitions, losses, voluntary concessions change of formations conquest of sovereignty conquest of sovereignty introduction of a new state system introduction of a new state system

Level of socio-economic development. Expressed through GDP and HDI indicators Economically developed countries Economically developed countries G7 countries (11% of population, 50% of industrial output, 25% of agricultural output G7 countries (11% of population, 50% of industrial output, 25% of agricultural products Smaller countries of Western Europe Smaller countries of Western Europe Countries of settler capitalism (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Israel) Countries of settler capitalism (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Israel)

Developing countries (140) 1. Key countries: Brazil, India, China... 2. Countries with monocultural economies of Latin America, Asia, North Africa: Peru, Ecuador, Algeria, Namibia, Egypt... 3. NIS - new industrial countries - “Asian” tigers": Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, South Korea 4. Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf: Kuwait, Qatar, UAE 5. Least developed countries "Fourth World" 48 countries with a GDP of 100 - 300 dollars per year. Ethiopia, Haiti, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar

BY SIZE OF TERRITORY 1. Giant countries, with an area of more than 3 million km2 (Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia, India) 2. “Large countries”, with an area of more than 500 thousand km2 (France, Spain ..), area more than 1 million km 2 (Sudan, Algeria, Libya..) 3. Microstates - with a small area: Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, San Marino, Liechtenstein,

BY POPULATION 1. Giant countries with a population of over 100 million people (China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia...) 2. Medium-sized countries (Algeria, Mexico...) 3. Small countries, microstates, with a population of 10 - 30 thousand . person or less (Vatican, San Marino, Monaco...)

BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. Coastal (Mexico, Argentina, Congo, Saudi Arabia, Poland, Russia..) 2. Peninsular (Italy, India, Portugal, Korea, Denmark..) 3. Island (Great Britain, Cuba, Iceland, Madagascar,..) 4. Inland countries (42 states are deprived of access to the ocean: Mongolia, Austria, Czech Republic, Chad, Rwanda...)

2. 2. Monarchies (44) Constitutional “reigns” but does not rule (42) Absolute rules “reigns” and rules Theocratic “theos” given from God Great Britain, Belgium, Norway, Spain Oman, Kuwait, UAE Oman, Kuwait, UAE Vatican City, Brunei, Saudi Arabia

3. States within the 3. States within the Commonwealth 15, 15 countries, former dominions of Great Britain, former dominions of Great Britain, formally the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor-General (Australia, Canada, Srilanka) formally the head of state is the queen Great Britain, represented by the Governor-General (Australia, Canada, Sri Lanka)

According to the features of the state structure According to the features of the territorial government structure Unitary Unified legislative and executive power Federal Along with unified laws there are separate units Along with unified laws there are separate self-governing units Confederation Temporary Union Great Britain, Italy, Japan Russia, India, Nigeria 22 states in total Switzerland - union of sovereign states, union of independent cantons

Political geography Formation of the political map of the world and its individual regions Changes in political boundaries Features of the state system Political parties, groupings and blocs Territorial aspects of mass election campaigns GEOPOLITICS - expresses state policy primarily in relation to the borders of the country and its interaction with others, primarily neighboring countries

1. PCM of the pre-capitalist type - from
the emergence of ancient states before
the beginning of the era of the Great Geographical
discoveries (late XV-XVI centuries).
2. PCM of the capitalist type - from
era of great geographical discoveries
beginning of the 20th century (before World War I
1914-1918).
3. Modern (transitional) type PCM
- from the First World War to the present
time.

Fundamental processes influencing changes in PCM

1) demographic, expressed in population growth
the Earth's population, its migrations and regional characteristics;
2) ethnic differentiation of society;
3) social division of labor, including its
geographical forms (especially international),
reflecting the progress of productive forces, scientific knowledge and
nature, degree of human mastery of geospace;
4) social organization of society (professional,
estate-class, caste, etc.);
5) political organization of society (forms of government,
political regime, party-political system, etc.);
6) spiritual organization of society - development and evolution
worldviews, systems of spiritual values, ideologies, science
and so on.;

Fundamental processes influencing changes in PCM (continued)

7) social revolutions as integral results
processes of qualitative changes in the country’s social system,
during which the replacement of outdated types of political,
economic, social structure to new ones, i.e. change
public formations;
8) civilizational process - the formation of civilizations as
stable regional and country historical and cultural types
(forms) of social development with a pronounced spiritual axis
(specific worldview and way of life of each
civilization); they are the result of the integral expression
fundamental social processes in various
geospatial conditions;
9) internationalization and globalization of economic, social,
political and spiritual processes;
10) “densification” of geospace (expansion and complication
qualitative composition) as a result of the development of fundamental
social processes and its increasing reverse impact
on them.

Under the influence of specific historical conditions, fundamental processes acquire corresponding historical forms and

give rise to a certain complex
geopolitical forces
end-to-end historical processes (national liberation struggle, spread of religions,
rivalry and wars between states for control of
geospace or its individual properties, etc.),
time-limited processes associated with one of the
public formations, as well as short-term events
and phenomena (colonial division of the world, bourgeois-democratic and socialist revolutions, world
wars and their results, the Cold War and in general
interaction between capitalist and socialist systems,
formation and collapse of the USSR, interethnic conflicts,
coups d'etat; emergence, activity and
collapse of international organizations; interstate
contracts, etc.).

Summarizing the factors of geopolitical activity
forces, we can say that the power, scale and
the latter's contribution to changes in geopolitical
systems are determined by specific historical
geopolitical interests
(localized in geospace needs,
goals) and geopolitical potential
(economic, demographic, military,
geospatial and other capabilities of them
achievements, i.e. implementation of changes)
subjects of international relations.

Geopolitical issues

1) Deterioration of the geopolitical situation
subject (country) due to the loss of part
territory, access to the sea, allies,
collapse or expansion of international
organizations, changes in military potential
or the nature of the foreign policy of neighbors,
proximity to a source of regional conflict,
participation in it, etc.;
2) Separatism of any part of the country;
3)Territorial and border disputes
between states (i.e. claims to
adjacent geospace).

Geopolitical issues

local, or country, i.e. affecting
interests of one country (for example, territorial
neighbors' claims, separatism);
regional, affecting the interests of a number of
states (for example, regional conflicts in
ethno-confessional basis in Afghanistan,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO expansion to the east);
global, in which many countries are involved
different regions, and their consequences affect
on the development of the entire global geopolitical
systems (the results of the colonial division of the world,
world wars, the Cold War, the collapse of the world
socialist system and the USSR, distribution
nuclear weapons, etc.).

PCM of the pre-capitalist type (IV millennium BC - end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century AD)

characterizes the initial historical state
global geopolitical system associated with
stages of its emergence and formation, when
there was a steady increase in the number of components
elements (states), gradually increased
their size and scope of control of geospace, but
the interaction between them has not yet taken place
sustainable, systematic and global
character. Local ones dominated (between
neighbors) and intraregional relations,
formed the political maps of individual
regions (regional geopolitical systems).

Main features of the stage

socio-economically and
geospatially limited
development opportunities (prerequisites)
fundamental social
processes influencing the development of PCM.
historically and geographically
uneven, focal nature of PCM.

The stage of the emergence of PCM is characterized by the appearance in the 4th-2nd millennium BC. the first centers of statehood in the Northern Hemisphere

between 20° and 40° N
Ancient Egyptian hearth (late IV-III millennium BC);
Mesopotamian hearth (late IV-III millennium BC);
Ancient Indian hearth (III millennium BC);
Eastern Mediterranean focus (2nd millennium BC:
Phoenician states, Hittite kingdom, etc.);
Ancient Chinese hearth (mid-2nd millennium BC);
South European focus (from the first half of the 2nd millennium.
BC.);
Mesoamerican focus (from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC).

Slowness of processes, as in those adjacent to
focal points and in remote parts of geospace
(north of Eurasia and America, Australia and Oceania, south
Africa), was due to the dominance in them
extensive types of economic activity with
slow (corresponding to other natural resource capabilities) progress
productive forces and production
mainly a necessary product, not
stimulated social and political
differentiation in “barbarian” societies.

Geopolitical forces of the stage

1. The struggle for the possession of as large and
the best land, water and labor
resources; it is especially intense and constant
was in the most populated areas
ancient civilizations with highly productive
irrigated agriculture in the valleys of the great rivers -
Nile, Indus, Ganges, between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers,
Yellow River and Yangtze. Conquests are also known
peripheral areas rich in vital ores
important metals (copper, iron, silver, gold),
forest, other economically and socially
significant natural resources.

Geopolitical forces of the stage

2. The struggle for control over the most important, especially
international trade routes and
trade and craft centers. Their areas
concentrations were objects of constant attention
conquerors and were distinguished by territorial-political instability - Eastern
Mediterranean, Red Sea basin and
Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, Central
Asia, South and Central Europe, etc., via
which passed the "Red Sea"
“trans-Mesopotamian”, “silk” and others
trade routes.

Geopolitical forces of the stage

3. Processes of settlement and interaction
ethnic groups with each other as a result
ethnogenesis and crisis in relations between
ethnic groups and their habitats. The largest
migration movements of peoples
(for example, Arabs in the 7th-9th centuries, Turkseljuks in the 11th century, Mongols in the 13th century, etc.)
led to radical changes
political map (reduction of some
states and the creation of new ones, on their own
ethnic basis) in vast regions,
especially at the junction of Europe, Asia and Africa.

Geopolitical forces of the stage

4. Colonization
movement or
resettlement, mainly trade and cultural,
colonization of their own periphery by the powerful
states of antiquity - Assyrian in Asia Minor
(late 3rd millennium BC), Phoenician in the basin
Mediterranean Sea (and thousand BC), “great Greek”
(from the first half of the 1st millennium BC) in pools
Mediterranean and Black Seas, Roman as in the named
areas and in various parts of the European region:
from the Black Sea region to Britain (III century BC - II century AD),
Genoese and others. Migrant colonies are usually
became instruments of subsequent expansion
territories of the founding states, centers of new
statehood and the most important components of systems
economic and geopolitical power of the leading
powers

Geopolitical forces of the stage

5. The spread of religions, their splits,
religious movements and wars also
actively participated in the formation of the PKM
antiquity and the Middle Ages - in decay
Roman Empire, birth and fall
Byzantium, the formation of the Arab Caliphate,
Ottoman state, in territorial and political shifts as a result of the Crusades
campaigns, in the formation of Russian
statehood, etc.

Gradually, by the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. overcome
focality and the political map takes on
continuous character within the Old
Sveta - in the space of Eurasia (beyond
with the exception of its north and northeast),
North and Northeast Africa.
Remained politically unorganized
most of Africa and America, all
Australia and Oceania.

The local,
geographically limited (mainly by relief)
forms of geopolitical structures (valley - Egyptian, Mesopotamian and
other river valley states, including more recent ones, e.g.
some Germanic and Slavic in the Middle Ages; seaside -
Phoenician, ancient Greek, medieval Italian city-republics
etc.), gradually growing, acquiring more extensive
regional forms covering the territory of the
state and its possessions. So,
the ring-shaped (Mediterranean) power structure was
characteristic of the ancient Greek and Roman states, Carthage, Byzantium,
Sweden, etc.
patch-shaped (pointed) - for the Phoenician, ancient Greek states,
Assyria, which had colonies on the periphery;
transcontinental - for such major powers as Egypt and
Persian kingdom, empire of Alexander the Great, Iranian states
(Parthia, etc.), Arab Caliphate, Mughal Empire, Ottoman
empire, etc.
The combination of two or more types of structures provided
geopolitical systems have the greatest stability over time, about which
evidenced by the history of such world powers as the Roman state and
Ottoman Empire.

The geopolitical eras of the stage were also focal - subregional and regional in nature

Egyptian,
Chinese,
Proto-Indian (Indo-Aryan),
Meso-American (Indian),
Greek,
Persian,
Roman (Western European),
Byzantine (Orthodox),
Arabic (Islamic)

Political map of the world of the capitalist type. end of the 15th century/beginning of the 16th century - first decade of the 20th century.

a qualitatively new stage in the development of a global
geopolitical system, expressed in rapid
numerical growth and changes in the quality of states and
the emergence of other international actors
relationships, in the formation of stable relationships between them
and functionally diverse (primarily
political and economic) connections, in sharp
expanding the limits (to global) of mastered
geospace.

Capitalization

Feudalism is a socio-economic formation that came
to replace slavery, based on the property of the feudal lord
on the land and on the exploitation of peasants located within
personal dependence.
Feudalism is characterized by:
- presence of subsistence farming;
- allocation to direct producers (peasants)
land and other means of production;
- personal dependence of peasants in the form of attachment to the land;
- low level of technology.
Capitalism is a socio-economic formation based
on private ownership of the means of production and
operation
hired
labor
capital.
Capitalism
characterized by the dominance of commodity-money relations,
the presence of a developed social division of labor, the growth
socialization of production and transformation of labor into
product.

Geopolitical forces of the stage

bourgeois-democratic revolutions and
reforms - comprehensive radical
transformation of pre-capitalist
society States appear on PKM
capitalist type with a bourgeois-democratic parliamentary system, and
their dominance is also stated
economic and military-political role in
world. Character also changes
geopolitical structures of individual countries,
regions, PKM in general and eras in it
formation.

Bourgeois-democratic revolutions

Vanguard bourgeois-democratic revolutions
Netherlands (from the last third of the 16th century),
England (from the end of the 16th century),
France (from the end of the 18th century),
USA (from the end of the 19th century).
Revolutions and reforms of the “second wave”,
took place in the 19th - early 20th centuries. mainly under the influence
vanguard forces contributed to the acquisition
capitalist properties and the growth of geopolitical
the power of a new group of countries - Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan, which became serious rivals
the first leading powers, which contributed to the gradual
changing the structure of the emerging global
geopolitical system.

Geopolitical forces of the stage

colonial expansion of the leading powers, actively
mastered and divided among themselves the adjacent
and distant geospace in their own
economic, geopolitical and other interests. IN
as a result of the geopolitical division of the world in the PKM
beginning of the 20th century predominant (numerically,
territorially, demographically) became
colonial dependents, mostly non-sovereign
countries and territories. Together with the metropolitan powers they formed closed
monocentric colonial geopolitical
system, as a result of which the PKM of the capitalist
type took on a pronounced colonial
character.

Major events in the history of colonization

the first (starting from 1492) voyages of X. Columbus to the new
continent marked the beginning of four centuries of Spanish
colonization of America (originally the "West Indies"), as well as
Pacific Islands;
expedition of Vasco da Gama, who in 1498 first circumnavigated
Africa, from 1502 opened a century of active colonization
Portugal coasts of India and the Indian Ocean basin,
eastern South America and southern China;
the division of the world between Spain and Portugal outlined the contours
and the limits of the formation of the first global systems
geopolitical power (treaties of 1494 and 1529 on
delimitation of spheres of colonial interests along meridians
46°W and in the area 150° E, concluded through the Pope
Rimsky);
Spain's annexation of Portugal in 1581 brought together
several decades under a single majority government
colonies of that time (“both Indias”).

Motives for colonial expansion

the pursuit of gold and silver, the greatest trading profit (the struggle for
"trade dominance") - Spain and Portugal.
strategic interests - control of trade routes, straits, canals,
large natural boundaries, seas, islands, creation of bases and strongholds
for subsequent colonization and counteraction to competitors, etc. –
The Netherlands is the first trading capitalist power,
Great Britain is the first industrial capitalist country.
industrial motives of colonial expansion - continuously growing
the need for sources of raw materials, fuel and sales markets for developing
breadth and depth of capitalist machine industry. Joining
leaders of France, Russia, USA, Germany, Japan.
export of capital - with them new instruments of colonization and
assertion of geopolitical interests of leaders in various regions of the world
large industrial and financial enterprises (monopolies and
banks) relying on state military-political support.
The USA and Germany become leaders (1890s)

Geopolitical forces of the stage

National, including liberation,
processes.
National processes realize the desire
peoples to self-determination through
liberation struggle to achieve
national sovereignty (creation of an independent
states) or for unification politically
separated territories into one centralized
state. The solution to these problems is usually
was accompanied by multi-speed bourgeois-democratic transformations and led to
large quantitative and qualitative
changes in the political maps of Europe and
America.

Main events of the national liberation movement

Main events of the national liberation movement
Dutch independence from Spain (1579)
War of the 13 North American English Colonies for Independence (1775-1783) and
their formation in 1776 of the first bourgeois-democratic republic in America -
USA.
Liberation struggle of the late 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. American colonies
Spain and Portugal led to the emergence of about two dozen new states, the number
which increases due to the Caribbean countries after the final expulsion
Spain from America following the results of the Spanish-American War of 1898.
The emergence of such states as Greece, Romania, on the site of the Ottoman Empire,
Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and at the beginning of the 20th century, as a result of the Balkan wars of 1912-1913
gg., - Albania, and the territories of Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia are also expanding.
The struggle of the settler colonies of England allowed them to achieve internal
self-government, i.e. dominion status (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New
Zealand, Union of South Africa).
National unification processes as a factor in the formation of PKM, especially
clearly manifested themselves in the second half of the 19th century. in the formation of the Italian Kingdom
(1861) and the German Empire (1871).
International integration movements expressed themselves most of all in
establishment of multinational states - as empires (Ottoman, Russian,
Austro-Hungarian) and republics (Switzerland).

Geopolitical forces of the stage

Controversies and struggles between major powers for control
possible greater geospace as vitally important
economic and strategic resource of their power.
As a result of rivalry, state borders in Europe were formed
(especially the territories of Spain, France, Sweden, Poland, Germany, Russia),
in Asia (Russia, the Ottoman Empire, Japan, etc.), in North America (USA).
The struggle between the leaders led to the colonial division of the world. Greatest
The PKM was influenced by the rivalry between England and France (in Northern
America, Hindustan, Indochina, Africa, Oceania), Russia and England (at
southern borders of the Russian state - southeast Europe, Middle and
Middle East, Caucasus, Central Asia, as well as in the Far East, in
North America, etc.), Germany and England - France (in Africa, Oceania,
in the Near and Middle East), etc.
Redistribution of developed geospace in local wars in East Asia -
Japanese-Chinese (1814-1895) and Russian-Japanese (1904-1905), in the basin
Pacific and Caribbean - Spanish-American War 1898, in the south
Europe - Italo-Turkish (1911-1912).

Geopolitical eras of the stage

Spanish-Portuguese - second half of the XV-XVI centuries.
Dutch - late XVI-XVII centuries.
British - from the end of the 17th century. until the end of the 19th century.
Multilateral rivalry - since the 1880s. before the First World War
war.
In Europe
Pre-Westphalian (until the end of the 1640s),
Westphalia (after the conclusion of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648,
which determined the boundaries and contours of international relations based on the results
Thirty Years' War)
Vienna (after the Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 following the results of the Napoleonic wars and beyond
before the First World War).
In America
Spanish-Portuguese (late XV-XVI centuries) colonization,
Anglo-French (XVII-XVIII centuries) colonization,
the era of national liberation struggle and territory sovereignization (the last
quarter of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century).

Characteristic features of PCM of the capitalist type

1. Rapid growth in the number of subjects and objects of international relations, due to
whereby PCM gradually overcomes its focality and acquires a continuous character. Her
transformation into a truly global geopolitical system was due to
the global scale of the activities of geopolitical forces.
2. Fundamental changes in the qualitative composition of the PCM: a) the socio-economic and political system of states has changed due to their capitalization; b)
new entities appeared - colonially dependent countries, interstate unions,
large capitalist transnational enterprises (trading companies,
monopolies, banks); c) new objects of international relations become vital
important agricultural, mineral and labor resources, as well as strategically significant
areas of geospace - straits, islands, channels, etc.
3. Diverse and stable nature of connections between subjects and objects
international relations, based on those established at the beginning of the 20th century. systems
world economy and political ties of the colonial type, which for the first time provided
economic and political unity of the global geopolitical system, made
the development of countries and peoples is interdependent, but gave PCM a pronounced
colonial character.
4. Eurocentricity of the noted relations and, consequently, of the entire system,
can also be traced within its main components - in systems
geopolitical power of Great Britain, France, Russia, etc. However, this
four centuries of unipolarity at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. starts to blur
a tendency towards multipolarity associated with the formation of new poles
geopolitical and economic power, in particular American and Japanese,
acquiring initially regional and later global significance.

Formed systems of geopolitical power

global (English, French, German, Spanish
etc.) scale.
regional (Russian, American, Japanese,
Italian, etc.) scale.
Structures
patch-shaped (in global systems).
transcontinental (Russian, American).
Mediterranean (Japanese, Italian).

1. Sovereign states
1.1. Leading imperialist powers - USA, Germany, Great Britain, France
- the most capitalized, economically most developed (industrial and
industrial-agrarian), which created the largest, global-scale systems
geopolitical power based on colonial expansion.
1.2. Moderately developed imperialist powers - Russia, Austria-Hungary, Japan,
Italy is a large agrarian-industrial country with a later slowdown and
unfinished process of capitalization of society with a significant role
pre-capitalist social relations, especially in agrarian and political
spheres.
1.3. Small developed countries of Europe - the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Norway,
Switzerland and Luxembourg are among the most capitalized and economically
developed countries of the industrial-agrarian type, but with small geospatial,
demographic, resource, economic, geopolitical potentials and,
respectively, with the functions of either junior partners of the leading countries (even if there are
colonies), or the role of neutral states in the global geopolitical system.
1.4. Countries of dual (dual) type (feudal-capitalist), where
capitalist social relations were established at different rates, but on the whole
pre-capitalist structures still prevailed, especially in the main economic sector
- agricultural and related social and political spheres. Along with Spain,
Portugal - once great world powers that retained colonies, but
historically lagging behind their European neighbors and, as it were, mothballed
pre-capitalist social structures (including political ones) - into it
included more dynamic (in terms of reform) young sovereign states
Latin America (from Mexico in the north to Argentina and Uruguay in the south) and Southeast
Europe (Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro).
1.5. Countries that were at the pre-capitalist stage of development, but retained
due to historical and geographical circumstances their sovereignty, were
few - Ethiopia and Liberia in Africa, Najd on the Arabian Peninsula.
Agrarian, predominantly subsistence, economy based on feudal and primitive communal relations prevented their participation in world economic relations and
turned into objects of international relations (like colonial dependent countries).

Typology of countries of the world by 1914.

2. Semi-colonial countries - China, Persia, Siam, Ottoman
empire, Afghanistan, Nepal, Mongolia, Cuba, Haiti,
Dominican Republic, Albania - represented a special
type of countries. It was characterized by a combination
state sovereignty with full economic and
political dependence on the leading powers that imposed
semi-colonies unequal treaties, within the framework of which
spheres of influence, concessions, etc. were identified. Such countries, when
dominance of pre-capitalist social structures,
were distinguished by valuable resources and resources for the world market
demographic potential, had favorable
strategic position, and for these reasons in their overall
played an important role in the agricultural economy
plantation, commercial, industrial and transport
sectors controlled by foreign capital.

Typology of countries of the world by 1914.

3. Colonial possessions constituted the largest in terms of population and scope
geospace type of countries that differed primarily in the forms of colonial
dependence, degree and results of capitalization of society.
3.1. The Dominions were British settler colonies that achieved
different times of internal self-government and distinguished by the established bourgeois-democratic type of socio-political relations (except for traditional societies
indigenous population) and agrarian-industrial capitalist economy
export orientation (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa).
3.2. Protectorates are state formations that were in pre-capitalist
stages of development with subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture associated
an agreement on protection (protection, defense) with one of the great powers. This limited
made the sovereignty of the protectorate, whose territory represented
economic, and most often military-strategic interest for the protector state.
Examples of protectorates were: in Russia - the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva,
Uriankhai region (Tuva); in Great Britain - Arab emirates, sheikhdoms, etc. on
coast of the Arabian Peninsula (from Aden to Kuwait); French and Spanish
Morocco and others
3.3. Colonies with direct supreme rule of the metropolitan power, which constituted
most of the colonial possessions and included the most important economically and
strategically, territories that have experienced, however, to varying degrees (in
depending on resource potential) capitalization process and involvement through
agricultural and raw material specializations in the world economy. For example: Russia has Caucasian
Viceroyalty and Turkestan; Great Britain has India, colonies in Africa and Southeast Asia; France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium have African possessions; at
USA - Panama Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, Pacific possessions, etc.