Presentation "Plant Breeding". presentation for a biology lesson on the topic. Features of plant breeding Breeding winter rye

Presentation by slides:

Slide 1

Selection of organisms, its genetic basis. Direction of modern biotechnologies. Chimeric and transgenic organisms.

Slide 2

BREEDING - the crossing and propagation of plants and animals under human control, usually for the purpose of improving a variety or breed. Improvement may concern both external appearance and various aspects of productivity or the ability to use the body.

Slide 3

Variety, breed, strain are artificially created populations of organisms with certain hereditary characteristics. Artificial selection is the selection by a person of individuals with the necessary economic traits for their subsequent breeding. There are spontaneous and methodical artificial selection. Spontaneous selection is carried out by humans, preserving individuals with the most valuable traits without improving them. In methodical selection, a person sets himself the goal of improving certain characteristics and predicts the results. There are mass and individual methodological selection. Mass selection is carried out according to phenotype. In individual selection, one individual is isolated, and then its descendants are identified in order to study the genotype of the individual. There are two types of hybridization: closely related and distant (interspecific) crossing.

Slide 4

Biotechnology is a set of industrial methods used to produce various substances using living organisms, biological processes or phenomena. The main areas of biotechnology are: industrial microbiology - the conversion of paraffins into feed protein during the life of microorganisms, the production of antibiotics and other medicinal substances; engineering enzymology - production and use of pure enzymes and enzyme preparations; genetic engineering - artificial construction of DNA molecules (genes); cellular engineering - cultivation of cells and tissues of higher organisms.

Slide 5

Both plants and animals can change in directions that suit human interests. An improved view can be considered as a kind of mechanism on the basis of which a new model is developed, more suitable for a specific purpose or providing broader prospects for further development. The characteristics of an organism depend on its heredity and environment. Every plant or animal has a known genetic potential that is passed on through generations. Innate potential is realized to the extent that nutrition, temperature, terrain, soil, winds, etc. contribute to this. Thus, the final harvest or product is determined by the specific combination of hereditary and environmental factors to which the organism has been exposed throughout its life.

Slide 6

Selection is complicated by the fact that the degree of influence of heredity on the development of different traits or properties is not the same. The proportion of the total variability of a trait due to heredity is called its heritability. It can be high (40-80%), medium (20-40%) or low (0-20%). These figures make it possible to judge how quickly it will be possible to change organisms by selecting for a given trait. In those few cases where a trait is controlled by one or just a few pairs of genes, the breeder can quite quickly change the set of genes (gene pool) of the population to obtain the desired result.

Slide 7

However, most traits, especially those of economic importance (for example, the growth rate of animals or plant yields), are controlled by a large number of gene pairs, so their transmission over generations is determined by many accidents and it is much more difficult to change the corresponding parameters of organisms.

Slide 8

Artificial selection. The main method of the breeder is selection, i.e. careful selection of parent individuals for crossing. This selection is carried out in each generation. Selection is effective in cases where the variability in the traits being improved is large enough, and it is possible to select individuals in which they clearly deviate in the desired direction from the average values. In addition, the desired trait must be measured or assessed fairly accurately. If it is necessary to achieve quick results, then the heritability of the trait should be no lower than average. Traits with low heritability are not usually selected for unless they are so important that even a small improvement would be of great benefit.

Slide 9

Other factors. The success of selection strongly depends on three more factors: the number of selected traits, generation time, i.e. the rate of change of generations, and the number of descendants from each mating. Maximum success is possible when working with one or two signs. As for generation time, for example, coniferous trees grow very slowly; It will take many years before they start to show cones. However, each mature tree produces many cones, and each cone produces many seeds.

Slide 10

On the contrary, barley or wheat only need a few weeks to reach maturity, and in a greenhouse you can get 2-3 generations of them per year. However, although these species also have plants with six or more spikelets, the number of seeds on each specimen is much less than on a tree. However, the selection of forest species involves expensive and lengthy programs that produce tangible results only after many years, while new varieties of barley can be developed in 3-4 years at relatively low cost.

Slide 11

Selection methods. Breeders use different methods in their work. One of them is to estimate the population of animals by eye and simply select individuals with the desired traits. This is called selection by phenotype. At animal shows, in most cases it is their phenotype that is assessed. Another method is pedigree selection, which takes into account data about the ancestors of a particular organism.

Slide 12

Inbreeding and line breeding. Inbreeding is the process of crossing between closely related individuals. Mating of brother with sister, father with daughter, mother with son in animals or self-pollination in plants quickly produces a line with a high degree of “inbredness.” Inbreeding usually serves to "fix", i.e. stabilization of certain characteristics over generations, and therefore the creation of organisms clearly different from other breeds, varieties, strains or lines. Intensive inbreeding is used mainly in plants (eg corn), poultry and pigs. The resulting inbred lines are then used for crossbreeding (mixing) and interline crossings.

Slide 13

In inbred populations, individuals are usually smaller, weaker, and less fertile than the average for the species. However, the offspring of crosses between such lines are superior to their parents in these traits. Inbreeding increases homozygosity (the number of genes represented by two identical alleles).

Slide 14

Unfortunately, any population of plants and animals contains unwanted recessive ones, i.e. hidden, traits that can appear in a homozygous state in inbred offspring. In this regard, inbreeding must be used very carefully. Usually, closely related crosses are first carried out over several generations, and then they resort to crossing with genetically distant individuals (outbreeding). Outbreeding increases heterozygosity (the number of genes represented by unequal alleles), reducing the likelihood of the manifestation and “fixation” of unwanted recessive genes. Line breeding means crossing to increase the degree of relatedness to specific individuals. Usually it involves individuals descended from one fairly distant record-breaking ancestor.

Slide 15

Crossbreeding and interline crossings. Crossbreeding refers to crossings between individuals belonging to different breeds and even species. For example, crossing donkeys with horses produces mules and hinnies; bison with cows - cow bison; wheat with rye - triticale. Interspecific crossings do not always lead to offspring. Moreover, the descendants themselves are either sterile, like mules, or their fertility is sharply reduced, like in cow bison. However, crossbreeding, or crossbreeding, within one species produces quite normal hybrids (mestizo). As a rule, interline crosses result in offspring that are significantly superior to their parents in traits related to survival and productivity. This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor, or heterosis. As a result, traits that are low in heritability and therefore weakly responsive to selection can be significantly improved by crossbreeding, so that crossbreeding is used to obtain results that are difficult to achieve within pure lines. In addition to heterosis, the value of crossbreeding is the ability to combine characteristics of different breeds.

Slide 16

For example, the Brahman breed of cattle (zebu) from India, unlike English breeds, is very resistant to heat and insect bites. Brahmans were crossed with English Hereford, Shorthorn and Aberdeen Angus cattle, which had higher meat qualities than Zebu. The result is hybrids that are more heat- and insect-resistant than English breeds and produce better carcasses than purebred Brahmans. In plants, it is also possible to combine useful traits by crossing, for example, two varieties of grain crops, one of which is resistant to smut, and the other to rust. Through such crossings (interbreeding) and selection over several generations, a new and improved variety can be obtained that is capable of self-reproduction, i.e. is no longer a hybrid, but an independent taxon of hybrid origin. Unlike hybrids, which require both parental lines to be preserved, it will reproduce through inbreeding.

Slide 17

Other methods. From time to time, in populations of plants or animals, individual individuals with new characteristics for the taxon, which are called mutations, randomly arise. Thus, as a result of mutations, wheat varieties resistant to yellow rust emerged. Sometimes the mutation affects only one shoot entirely, and then it is called bud, or sport. As a result of such a mutation, for example, the seedless Californian Navel orange appeared. It, like many other plants, does not require seeds for propagation: vegetative methods, in particular cuttings or grafting, are sufficient.

Slide 18

Genetic Engineering. The targeted manipulation of genes at the molecular level is called genetic engineering. This is a very promising way to improve a wide variety of organisms. Genetic engineering opens up wide possibilities for increasing variability, which can then be used in breeding. In the 1980s, laboratory techniques were developed that made it possible to transfer individual genes from one organism to another, usually unrelated (belonging to a different species, etc.). As a result of this transfer, called transformation, a transgenic plant or animal with a “foreign” gene is obtained, which will subsequently be passed on to descendants. There are already improved varieties of corn, rice, soybeans, cotton, sugar beets, oilseed rape and alfalfa developed from transgenic plants. Among the traits transmitted by the transformation method are resistance to herbicides (allowing destruction without harm to the crop), to insect pests, to diseases, increased nutritional value and reproduction characteristics that contribute to the creation of hybrid varieties. Long-term goals include increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis, resistance to extreme environmental conditions (heat, cold, drought, etc.), overall productivity and enhancing the response to fertilization. Programs are being developed to breed transgenic animals that more effectively convert feed into milk, wool, eggs, meat and other valuable products, producing products of improved quality and resistant to diseases and environmental stress.

Slide 19

A little history. Although prehistoric man had no idea of ​​the laws of heredity, he undoubtedly controlled the reproduction of the first domestic animals and agricultural plants by selecting for phenotype. As international trade developed, knowledge about foreign species, varieties and breeds expanded, which began to penetrate into new geographic areas and there crossed with local forms, giving hybrids that were also subject to artificial selection. In the 1760s, the English agronomist R. Bakewell formulated two rules for breeding cattle: “Cross the best with the best” and “Like begets like.” England owes much of its leading position in livestock breeding to the works of this specialist. In 1865 and 1869, G. Mendel published two works describing the results of his experiments with plants. At that time they did not attract the attention of scientists, but in 1900 the patterns he described were “rediscovered” and formed the basis of genetics. This science, which has achieved enormous success to date, serves as a theoretical basis for the development of highly effective programs for improving varieties and breeds of plants and animals.

Slide 20

Chimeras in biology are animal or plant organisms consisting of genetically heterogeneous tissues. Often, it is not entire organisms that are chimerically constructed, but only their individual organs or parts. In 1907, the term was first used by the German botanist G. Winkler for plant forms that were obtained as a result of the merging of nightshade and tomato. In 1909, E. Baur, while studying variegated pelargonium, found out the nature of this phenomenon. Natural chimeras were first described by M. S. Navashin. In particular, he discovered chimeras Crepis dioscoridis L. and Crepis tectorum L. Natural haplochlamyd periclinal chimeras were first described by L. P. Breslavets using the example of individual geographical races of hemp

Slide 21

A transgenic organism is a living organism into whose genome a gene from another organism has been artificially introduced.

Slide 22

The gene is introduced into the host genome in the form of a so-called “genetic construct” - a DNA sequence carrying a protein-coding region and regulatory elements (promoter, enhancer, etc.), as well as in some cases elements that ensure specific integration into the genome (for example, so-called “sticky ends”). A genetic construct can carry several genes and is often a bacterial plasmid or fragment thereof. The purpose of creating transgenic organisms is to obtain an organism with new properties. The cells of a transgenic organism produce a protein whose gene has been inserted into the genome. The new protein can be produced by all cells of the body (non-specific expression of a new gene), or by certain cell types (specific expression of a new gene).

Slide 23

The creation of transgenic organisms is used: in a scientific experiment to develop technology for creating transgenic organisms, to study the role of certain genes and proteins, to study many biological processes; Transgenic organisms with marker genes have gained enormous importance in scientific experiments (the products of these genes are easily determined by instruments, for example, green fluorescent protein, visualized using a microscope, so the origin of cells, their fate in the body, etc. can be easily determined); in agriculture to obtain new varieties of plants and animal breeds; in biotechnological production of plasmids and proteins.

Slide 24

Currently, a large number of strains of transgenic bacteria, lines of transgenic animals and plants have been obtained. Close in meaning and significance to transgenic organisms are transgenic cell cultures. The key stage in the technology of creating transgenic organisms is transfection - the introduction of DNA into the cells of a future transgenic organism. Currently, a large number of transfection methods have been developed. In Russian scientific literature, there have been attempts to introduce the terms “transgenesis”, “transgenosis” and “transgenology” for the technology of creating transgenic organisms and the corresponding field of knowledge, but these terms are rarely used.

Slide 25

Close in meaning to the term “transgenic organism” is the term “transfected organism” - an organism into whose cells the gene of another organism was transferred. This term is sometimes used when the act of transfection has been completed, but there is no expression of the new gene. This term is also used to describe an organism into some of whose cells a genetic construct has been introduced (for example, the introduction of DNA into one of the organs of an adult animal, in which case the new gene will not be passed on to the offspring, and its expression is often temporary). Close in meaning to the term “transgenic organism” is the term “Genetically modified organism”, but this concept is broader and includes not only transgenic organisms, but also organisms with any other changes in the genome.

To download the material, enter your email, indicate who you are, and click the button

1 slide

2 slide

Introduction The word "selection" comes from the Latin. "selectio", which in translation means choice, selection. Selection is a science that develops new ways and methods for obtaining plant varieties and their hybrids, and animal breeds. This is also a branch of agriculture that deals with the development of new varieties and breeds with properties necessary for humans: high productivity, certain product qualities, resistance to diseases, well adapted to certain growth conditions.

3 slide

Selection of Plants, Animals, Microorganisms Breeds, varieties, strains - populations of organisms artificially created by man with hereditarily fixed characteristics: productivity, morphological, physiological characteristics.

4 slide

Selection in plant growing Primitive plant breeding arose simultaneously with agriculture. Having started cultivating plants, people began to select, preserve and propagate the best of them. Many cultivated plants were cultivated approximately 10 thousand years BC. Ancient breeders created wonderful varieties of fruit plants, grapes, many varieties of wheat, and melons.

5 slide

Selection in plant growing In modern plant breeding, natural and hybrid populations, self-pollinated lines, artificial mutants and polyploid forms are used as source material. Most varieties of agricultural plants were created using the method of selection and intraspecific hybridization. Mutant and polyploid varieties of grain, industrial and fodder crops have been obtained.

6 slide

Selection methods Method of preliminary vegetative rapprochement A one-year cutting of a hybrid rowan seedling is grafted into the crown of a plant of another species or genus, for example, a pear. Mediator method Pollination method with pollen mixture A small amount of pollen from the mother plant was mixed with pollen from the father plant. Some of the ovules were fertilized with their own pollen, and some with foreign pollen.

Selection

Selection. The development of new methods of breeding work was greatly influenced by genetics - the theoretical basis of selection. Selection work in our country is carried out in special farms, at experimental stations, in breeding centers, and in breeding state farms. Selection of microorganisms. The use of enzyme preparations in winemaking can accelerate the ripening and improve the quality of wines. Enzymes from microorganisms are widely used in medicine and the pharmaceutical industry. Molds and radiant fungi, modified by selection methods, produce hundreds of times more antibiotics compared to the original forms. - Selection.ppt

Selection lesson

Biology lesson in 9th grade. Methods of plant and animal breeding. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. 1887-1943. The main task of selection. Breed, variety -. Basic selection methods. 1. Selection a) mass selection - a group of plants with the best properties is selected. Spring wheat variety Novosibirskaya-67. Successes of Soviet breeders. P.P. Lukyanenko - created a number of varieties of winter wheat. Animal selection. Hybridization. Heterosis. N.S. Butarin. - Selection lesson.ppt

Biology Selection

Selection. SELECTION – human-controlled evolution. The name of the science comes from the Latin “selectio” - choice, selection. Selection tasks. Selection methods. On the gymnasium website, view the presentations of students in grade 10 B on the topic “Directions of Biotechnology.” Selection method. Hybridization method. Mutagenesis method. Exposure to radiation and chemicals on plants and animals. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. New Australian African European – Siberian North American. The law of homological series of hereditary variability. Plant breeding methods. - Biology Selection.ppt

Selection as a science

Selection. “Selection”... What is a breed... History of selection... All modern domestic animals and cultivated plants descended from wild ancestors. Breeding... Plants. The main methods of breeding in general and plant breeding in particular are selection and hybridization. Now more than 3 thousand varieties and hybrids are cultivated in our country. Of the 200 thousand species of angiosperms, humans use 250, or 0.12%. Disease resistance. Wheat rust. Ascochyta blight anthracnose. Potato blight. Powdery mildew and spotting of cucumbers. Millet smut. Drought-resistant varieties. Erythrospermum 841 Saratovskaya 46 (spring wheat). - Selection as a science.ppt

Selection is a science

Basics of selection. Basket of ideas. Review questions. Selection. Learning tasks. The science of methods for creating new varieties. Founder of the development of the scientific foundations of selection. Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich. 8 centers of ancient agriculture. Selection is a science. Selection methods. Selection. Types of hybridization. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Selection is a science. Selection is a science. Selection is a science. Selection is a science. End. Variety Breed. Strain. - Selection is a science.ppt

Breeding Basics

Fundamentals of selection of plants, animals, microorganisms. The concept of selection. Selection tasks. Basic methods of selection work. The main centers of origin of cultivated plants. South Asian Center. The homeland of rice, sugar cane, many fruits and vegetables. East Asian Center. South-West Asian Center. The homeland of several forms of wheat, rye, legumes, and grapes. Mediterranean center. Homeland of olives, clover, cabbage. Abyssinian center. Homeland of bananas, sorghum, durum wheat. Central American Center. Homeland of corn, cocoa, beans, red pepper. Andean center. - Basics of selection.ppt

Vavilov fundamentals of selection

A method for organizing the educational process based on a block-modular presentation of educational information. modular block "Selection". Lesson structure. Complex didactic goal (CDT): Fundamentals of selection. Works by N.I. Vavilov. Module No. 1. - Vavilov fundamentals of selection.ppt

Basics of organism selection

Basics of selection of organisms. Modern selection. Selection tasks. Breed. Selection methods. Basic methods of selection work. Textbook assignment. Read the text of the textbook. N.I. Vavilov. The main centers of origin of cultivated plants. South Asian Center. East Asian Center. South-West Asian Center. Mediterranean center. Abyssinian center. Central American Center. South American Center. The law of homological series of hereditary variability. Plant selection. Basic methods of plant breeding. What does selection do? List of used literature. - Basics of selection of organisms.pptx

Breeding development

Basics of selection. Guess the keyword. Today in class. Homework assignment. Subject and objectives of selection. Plant varieties. Animal breeds. Selection. Stages of selection development. Widespread domestication. Centers of plant origin. South Asian Center. Central Asian center. Mediterranean center. Central American Center. Law of homological series. Selection methods. Basic selection methods. Strain. Achievements in plant breeding. Achievements in animal selection. Check yourself. Standard answer. References. - Development of selection.pptx

Selection directions

Basics of selection. Breeds of dogs and cats. Plant varieties. Selection. Variety Selection tasks. Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich. Moscow Agricultural Institute. The doctrine of immunity in plants. Invitation to head the Department of Genetics. Vavilov became director of the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Organized and participated in expeditions. Law of homological series. Selection directions. Vavilov was repressed. Centers of origin. Areas of animal domestication. Dog. Domesticated llama. Thank you for the lesson. - Selection directions.ppt

Selection in biotechnology

Lesson topic. Biotechnology. Selection of microorganisms. Biology teacher of the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 5” Suprun Zinaida Mikhailovna. Goals and objectives of the lesson. During the classes. Organizing time. Repetition of the studied material (tests). Systematization of knowledge about plant and animal breeding. Learning new material. Consolidation of knowledge. Homework. Achievements of selection. In total there are more than 300 varieties of different plants! What does raising hybrids by grafting mean? Vasily Stepanovich PUSTOVOIT. Karpechenko Georgy Dmitrievich. Nikolai Vasilievich Tsitsin. Fedor Grigorievich Kirichenko. - Selection in biotechnology.ppt

Breeding methods

1) What does the science of selection study? Lesson topic: METHODS OF BREEDING PLANTS, ANIMALS, MICROORGANISMS. The main methods of selection are selection and hybridization. In plant growing, mass selection is often used in relation to cross-pollinating plants. With this selection, only plants with the desired qualities are retained for sowing. When re-sowing, plants with certain characteristics are again selected. This is how rye varieties were developed (for example, the Vyatka variety). Mass selection is also used in animal breeding. Selection – mass and individual. For example, a bull and a cow, who are brother and sister, are crossed. - Selection methods.ppt

“Methods of selection” 9th grade

Methods of selection in plants and animals. Selection. Plant breeding methods. Basic methods of plant breeding. Inbreeding. Cross-pollination of self-pollinators. Distant hybridization. Use of somatic mutations. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Methods of animal selection. Basic methods of animal selection. Intrabreeding. Interbreeding. Artificial insemination. Interspecific crossing. “Methods of selection” 9th grade. - “Methods of selection” 9th grade.ppt

Basic selection methods

Selection. The main methods of plant breeding have been and remain hybridization and selection. Basic methods of plant breeding. 2.Individual selection is effective for self-pollinating plants (wheat, barley, peas). 3. Natural selection plays a decisive role in selection. 4.Inbreeding is used as one of the stages in increasing productivity. 5. Cross-pollination of self-pollinators makes it possible to combine the properties of different varieties. 7. Distant hybridization – crossing of plants belonging to different species. 8. Somatic mutations are widely used in the selection of vegetatively propagated plants. - Basic selection methods.ppt

Animal and plant breeding methods

Presentation on biology on the topic: Methods of breeding plants and animals. Selection of microorganisms. Municipal educational institution Bazhenovskaya secondary school. Completed by: Cormina Irina, 10th grade student. Selection methods: selection, hybridization, mutagenesis. Sometimes viruses are classified as microorganisms. Pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases in plants, animals and humans. Biotechnology. BIOTECHNOLOGY, the use of living organisms and biological processes in industrial production. The further progress of mankind is largely connected with the development of biotechnology. - Methods of selection of animals and plants.ppt

Objectives and methods of selection

Methods and objectives of selection. Breed. Variety Selection. The science of creating new and improving existing varieties of plants, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms. Selection tasks. Selection methods. Hybridization related to non-related (inbreeding) (outbreeding). Selection. Mass individual. Experimental production of polyploids Experimental mutagenesis Genetic engineering. - Objectives and methods of selection.ppt

Breeding achievements

Selection - achievements and problems. Directions in breeding work. Ways of development of agriculture. Selection results. Basic selection methods. Selection. Crossing (hybridization). Cloning. Mutagenesis. Biotechnology. Genetic Engineering. Plant selection. Origin of the apple tree. Niedzwiecki apple tree. Local plant varieties. Before storage, potatoes are frozen and dried. Tropical root vegetables. The cassava grain is called "tapioca". The most important root crops grown in the tropics. World production of edible root vegetables. Various varieties of corn grown in Peru and Bolivia. - Selection achievements.ppt

Plant breeding

The use of physiological traits in breeding for drought resistance. Wheat yields in the Volga Federal District are 2-3 times lower than in other districts of Russia. Collins et al., 2009, JXB. Productivity of Mexican corn varieties. Edmuedes et al., 2007, Crop Science 93 A – conventional selection, 92 A – targeted selection for drought resistance. The main conclusion: drought-resistant varieties can be productive in the absence of drought. Morrison et al., 2008, Phyl Trans Royal Soc. Fischer et al., 2010, Funct. Plant Biol. A correlation was found between plant productivity under moderate drought conditions and relative water content (WWC, left) and ABA content (right) RWC=(wet weight - dry weight)/(turgor weight - dry weight). - Plant breeding.ppt

Biology Plant Breeding

Plant breeding methods. Plant selection. Selection. Mass selection Mass selection is applicable to cross-pollinated plants (rye). Self-pollination in cross-pollinated plants. Interline hybridization, heterosis effect, phenomenon of hybrid vigor. Carrying out cross-pollination between different homozygous lines. Heterosis effect. Hybrid AB. Polyploidy. Diploid rye. Tetraploid rye. Distant hybridization. Rye + wheat = triticale. Rye + wheatgrass = hybrid. Cabbage + radish = cabbage - radish hybrid. Diploid radish set of 18 chromosomes. Interspecific hybrid. - Biology Plant Breeding.ppt

Centers of plant origin

Centers of origin of cultivated plants and domestic animals February 27, 2008. Lesson objectives: Continue to develop the skills to analyze, compare, generalize and systematize acquired knowledge. To develop students' ability to work with textbook text. Instill communication skills. Lesson stages. Updating students' knowledge about the basic concepts of selection. Life and creative path of N.I. Vavilov (student message). Centers of origin of cultivated plants and domestic animals (student message). The law of homological series of hereditary variability (viewing a fragment of an educational film). - Plant Origin Centers.ppt

Field crop selection

The goddess Demeter invites. Goddess of fertility Demeter. From gathering to farming. The role of angiosperms. Selection results. Agricultural crops. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Wheat. Variety of wheat. Characteristics of spring and winter wheat. Characteristics of wheat species. Match. List of cereals. Cabbage. Varieties of cabbage. Selection results. Head of cabbage. Puzzle. Number one is Gribovsky. Moscow late. Slava Gribovskaya. Through the eyes of an artist. Angiosperms. Specialties. Used materials. - Selection of field crops.ppt

Apple tree selection

Bellefleur-Chinese Pepin saffron. Varieties selected by I.V. Michurin. Bogatyr Renet Chernenko. Varieties selected by S.F. Chernenko. Uspenskoye Flagship. Immune varieties. Currency Stela. Columnar varieties. - Apple tree selection.ppt

Winter rye selection

The role of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Growing named after. N.I. Vavilova. Scientific activity. Selection of heterotic hybrid varieties of winter rye. Creation of heterotic hybrids. Selection of short-stemmed non-lodging varieties of winter rye. Tallness of plants. Suitability for breeding. Productivity of winter rye. Breeding rye for disease resistance. Brown rust. Principles of strategy. Screening of samples from the world collection. Resistance of rye plants to pathogen populations. Genetic method. Creation of source material. Directions for using gene donors. Winter rye varieties. A sign of disease resistance. - Winter rye selection.ppt

Animal breeding

Animal selection. “Borka” is a hybrid of a domestic goat and a Siberian ibex. Selection-. During selection, stable hereditary transformations of various groups of organisms occur. Objectives of modern selection: Increasing the productivity of breeds per unit area per unit of time. Increasing consumer quality of products. Reducing the share of losses from pests and diseases. Dwarf horses. Such horses were bred in Argentina, the USA and Germany. Kabardian horse breed. One of the oldest horse breeds in the North Caucasus. The breed was influenced by horses of steppe origin and eastern, mainly Arabian. - Animal selection.ppt

Basics of animal breeding

Education Centre. The concept of "selection". What is selection. The emergence of selection as a science. The tasks of modern selection follow from its definition. Goals and objectives of selection as a science. High yield of plant varieties. Market needs. Development of selection. Selection is also based on the achievements of other sciences. The success of the breeder's work. A number of features. Basic methods of animal selection. Natural selection is the process of survival of individuals. Artificial selection is the main method of selection. Comparison of natural and artificial selection. Man, using the principle of selection, gradually increased the diversity of breeds. - Basics of animal breeding.pptx

Animal breeding methods

Topic: “Basic methods of animal selection.” Genetics and selection. Objectives: To characterize the main methods of animal selection. The first stage was the domestication of animals. Methods of animal selection. Animal breeding, compared to plant breeding, has a number of features. Thirdly, few offspring. 1. Intrabreeding. Selection of the best producers based on their appearance, culling of individuals that do not meet the requirements of the breed. The method preserves and improves the breed. Stud books reflect pedigree and performance over many generations. Individual selection and crossing are the main methods. - Methods of animal selection.ppt

Directions of animal selection

Evolution guided by the will of man. Selection. Features of animal selection. Basic methods of animal selection. Selection. Unrelated crossing. Zebroids. Interspecific hybrids. Khaynak. Archaromerinos. Inbreeding. Methods of animal selection. Breeds of cattle. Hereford breed. Bred in France. The oldest breed. Guernsey breed. Brown Swiss breed. Ayrshire breed. Sheep breeding. Soviet merino. Karakul breed. Santa Ynez. Sheep breeds. Goat breeds. Pig breeds. Hampshire. Breeds of rabbits. Dwarf rabbit breeds. Horse breeds. - Directions for animal breeding.ppsx

Achievements in animal breeding

Animal selection. The concept of selection. Selection. Features of animal selection. Selection of breeding material. Selection methods. Achievements in animal selection. Outbreeding. Inbreeding. Heterosis. Interspecific hybridization. Interspecific animal hybrids. Mule. Liger. Dog-wolf. Zebroids. Camelama. Levopard. Orca dolphin. Hybrid pheasant. Hybrid animals. Wild sheep argali. One-humped camel. End. - Achievements in animal selection.ppt

Breeding of farm animals

Animal selection. The process of domesticating animals. Wild species. Livestock breeders. Method of selection work. Basic methods. Selection of farm animals. Selection and evaluation of animals. Artificial insemination. Bull. Plates. Breeding methods. Success of selection. Crossbreeding. Hybridization. Classification of breeds. Dairy breeds. Meat breeds. Meat and dairy breeds. Riding horses. Trotting horses. Horse pack and draft horses. Fine fleece sheep. Semi-fine fleece sheep. Coarse-haired breeds. Fat and meat-greasy breeds of pigs. Meat breeds of pigs. Modern selection methods. - Selection of farm animals.ppt

Dog breeding

Problems of dog selection in the light of some provisions of modern genetics. Various breeds of dogs. The purpose and objectives of the work. "Pat Dog" Images of dogs in ancient Rome and Egypt. Selection. Mass. Methodical. Unconscious. Individual. Artificial. Natural. G. Mendel. Muscle development mutation. Changes in the structure of teeth. Dog breeding. Service dogs. - Dog breeding.ppt

Selection of microorganisms

Lesson. Topic: Selection of microorganisms. Biotechnology. Lesson objectives: To introduce the main areas of biotechnology. To continue the development of cognitive interest among high school students in studying the problems of modern selection. Lesson progress: I. Organizational moment II. Updating of reference knowledge III. Studying a new topic IV. Consolidation of the studied material V. Homework. Basic methods of animal selection. Hybridization. Selection. Related. Unrelated. Mass. Individual. Intrabreed. Interbreed. Distant hybridization. Who is the ancestor of the different breeds of cows? - Selection of microorganisms.ppt

Methods for selection of microorganisms

Topic: “Basic methods of selection of microorganisms.” Genetics and selection. Objectives: To characterize the main methods of selection of microorganisms. But here too there are some peculiarities. The bacterial genome is haploid; any mutations appear already in the first generation. Traditional selection of microorganisms. Genetic Engineering. The objects of biotechnology are bacteria, fungi, cells of plant and animal tissues. What is shown in the picture? Selection of microorganisms. Obtaining a frost-resistant variety took only a year (instead of 30 years). Transgenic plants are grown in many countries around the world. - Methods of selection of microorganisms.ppt

Achievements in the selection of microorganisms

Biotechnology. Check students' knowledge. During the classes. Hybridization. Animals. Who is the ancestor of the various breeds of cows. Who is the ancestor of various breeds of pigs. Name the breeds. Human. Point out mistakes. Population size. Doubling the number. Increasing needs of people. The science of using living organisms. Microorganisms. Diseases. Features of microorganisms. Incredible productivity. Use of microorganisms. Achievements in the selection of microorganisms. Miekodrom. Features of the selection of microorganisms. Selection of microorganisms. - Achievements in the selection of microorganisms.ppt

Plant and Animal Breeding

Selection. Textbook on general biology. Selection tasks. Increasing the yield of varieties and animal productivity. Increased resistance to diseases. Improving product quality. Suitable for mechanized or industrial cultivation and breeding. Ecological plasticity of varieties and breeds. Selection methods. The main methods of selection are hybridization and selection. Selection methods. Mass selection: Used to obtain varieties of cross-pollinated plants. All descendants are heterozygous. Results are inconsistent due to random cross-pollination. - Selection of plants and animals.ppt

Selection of plants, animals and microorganisms

Selection of animals, plants and microorganisms. Target. What is called selection? Selection. Creation of new breeds. Creation of new breeds of animals and varieties of cultivated plants. The process of transforming wild animals and plants into cultivated ones. Domestication. Probable places of domestication of animals. Domestication centers. Name the wild ancestors of some domestic animals. Each variety, each breed has a special wild ancestor. Selection of plants, animals and microorganisms. Cultivated plants and domestic animals. Size and productivity. What determines the success of breeding work? - Selection of plants, animals and microorganisms.pptx

Horse breeding

Creative project. Content. Historical reference. Domestication. Reference material. Konik. The first stud farms. Horse farms with stables. Breeding. Breeding new breeds. Horse breeding in the forest belt. Meaning. Main directions of horse breeding. Pedigree horse breeding. Worker-use horse breeding. Productive horse breeding. Sports horse breeding. Results of the work. Types of breeds. Classification of horse breeds. Circumstance. Eastern type. The Arabian must be recognized as an oriental type breed. Norian type. Norian horse. Heavy breeds. Mongolian type. Kyrgyz breed. - Horse breeding.ppt

Trotting horse breeds

Trotting horse breeds. Socio-economic prerequisites. Draft horse. Creation of trotting breeds. Features of trotting breeds. Oryol trotting breed. American Standardbred breed. French Trotter breed. Russian trotting breed. A modern racing trotter. Breed. Horse breeding in Russia. Khrenovsky stud farm. Content technology. Breeding material. Breeding system. A.G. Orlov on Barsa I. Results of breeding a new breed. Breeding procedures. The best of the breed. Evolution of the agility of the Oryol trotter. Current state of the breed. - Trotting horse breeds.ppt

Breeding work in horse breeding

General provisions of breeding work in horse breeding. Plan. One of the most important factors in accelerating scientific and technological progress. Successful solution of these problems requires good knowledge of rock structure. Federal law on livestock breeding. Valuation is an assessment of breeding and productive qualities. State book of breeding animals. Development of the genetic basis of selection in horse breeding. Method of reproductive crossing. The birth of Bars 1 was preceded by trial and error work. Horse production goals. Breeding plans. Detailed characteristics of breeding stock. -

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 22

Plant breeding

Introduction
The word "selection" comes from the Latin. "selectio", which in translation means choice, selection. Selection is a science that develops new ways and methods for obtaining plant varieties and their hybrids, and animal breeds. This is also a branch of agriculture that deals with the development of new varieties and breeds with properties necessary for humans: high productivity, certain product qualities, resistance to diseases, well adapted to certain growth conditions.

Selection
plants
animals
microorganisms
Breeds, varieties, strains are artificially created populations of organisms with hereditarily fixed characteristics: productivity, morphological, physiological characteristics.

Primitive plant selection arose simultaneously with agriculture. Having started cultivating plants, people began to select, preserve and propagate the best of them. Many cultivated plants were cultivated approximately 10 thousand years BC. Ancient breeders created wonderful varieties of fruit plants, grapes, many varieties of wheat, and melons.
Selection in crop production

In modern plant breeding, natural and hybrid populations, self-pollinated lines, artificial mutants and polyploid forms are used as source material. Most varieties of agricultural plants were created using the method of selection and intraspecific hybridization. Mutant and polyploid varieties of grain, industrial and fodder crops have been obtained.

Michurin and his work
I.V. Michurin is an outstanding scientist-breeder, one of the founders of the science of breeding fruit crops. He set the goal of his life to enrich the gardens of Russia with new varieties and achieved the fulfillment of this dream, despite incredible difficulties and hardships.
He developed original practical methods for producing hybrids with new properties beneficial to humans, and also made very important theoretical conclusions.

Convinced of the unsuitability of the acclimatization method, Michurin devoted his life to breeding work, in which he used three main types of influence on the nature of the plant: hybridization, raising a developing hybrid in various conditions and selection
Hybridization, i.e., obtaining a variety with new, improved characteristics, was most often carried out by crossing a local variety with a southern one, which had higher taste qualities. At the same time, a negative phenomenon was observed—dominance of the characteristics of the local variety in the hybrid. The reason for this was the historical adaptation of the local variety to certain living conditions.

This method was used to develop the Bere winter Michurina pear variety. The Ussuri wild pear, distinguished by small fruits but winter-hardy, was taken as the mother; the southern variety Bere Royal with large juicy fruits was taken as the father.
Michurin also obtained hybrids between cherry and bird cherry (cerapadus), between apricot and plum (pluot), plum and sloe, rowan and Siberian hawthorn, etc.
Under natural conditions, foreign pollen of another species is not accepted by the mother plant and crossing does not occur. To overcome uncrossability during distant hybridization, Michurin used several methods.

Method of preliminary vegetative rapprochement
Breeding methods
An annual cutting of a hybrid rowan seedling is grafted into the crown of a plant of another species or genus, for example, a pear.
Mediator method
Pollination method with pollen mixture
A small amount of pollen from the mother plant was mixed with pollen from the father plant. Some of the ovules were fertilized with their own pollen, and some with foreign pollen.

Mentor method
To develop desirable qualities in a hybrid seedling, the seedling is grafted onto a plant that has these qualities. Further development of the hybrid occurs under the influence of substances produced by the plant-educator (mentor); the hybrid enhances the desired qualities.
"Qandil the Chinese"
"Bellefleur-Chinese"

Breeders of Ukraine
Main areas of research:
creation of a single-seeded form of sugar beet and its varieties;
genetic features of the phenomenon of single seed in sugar beets, variability and inheritance of various useful traits.
In the 1930s, she studied the basic patterns of inheritance of the single-seeded trait and established the recessiveness of this trait. Identified the characteristics of the source material of single-seeded beets, determined effective ways to create productive types of single-seeded beets with a fixed single-seeded trait
Maria Grigorievna Bordonos