Production of demineralized water. Demineralized water - what is it? Effects on the intestinal mucosa, metabolism and homeostasis of minerals, and other body functions

The saline solution of the medicine must be administered subcutaneously or intravenously.

Patients are usually prescribed an intravenous drip. Before the procedure, the dropper with the medicinal solution must be heated to a temperature of 36-38 degrees. The volume of solution administered to a person depends on his condition, and at the same time on the amount of fluid lost by the body. In addition, when selecting a dose, it is necessary to take into account the patient’s weight and age.

On average, 500 ml of the drug is allowed to be administered per day. The average rate of administration is 540 ml/hour. In case of severe poisoning, the volume of the administered drug can reach up to 3000 ml. If necessary, injections of 500 ml of solution are allowed, which are administered at a rate of 70 drops/minute.

Children's daily portions are 20-100 ml/kg. The dosage size depends on the age and weight of the child. It is necessary to take into account that in case of long-term use of the solution, it will be necessary to monitor the electrolytes in the urine with plasma.

To dilute medications administered to patients through a dropper, it is necessary to use 50-250 ml of the drug per 1 serving of such a drug. The characteristics of the injection in these cases are determined by the drug that is dissolved.

A hypertonic solution must be administered intravenously using the jet method.

In the case of using drugs to quickly replenish the lack of NaCl ions, it is necessary to administer the drug by drop method (in a dose of 100 ml).

To perform a rectal enema that causes bowel movement, you need to administer a 5% solution of the drug (dose 100 ml). In addition, 3000 ml of saline solution of the drug can be administered throughout the day.

Hypertensive enemas should be used slowly for the following disorders: increased ICP, swelling in the heart or kidneys, and hypertension. The size of the administered dose is within 10-30 ml. It is forbidden to perform such an enema if the patient has inflammation or erosion inside the large intestine.

Purulent wounds should be washed in accordance with the regimen prescribed by the doctor. Compresses soaked in the solution must be applied directly to the area with damage or wound. Such compresses help remove pus and destroy pathogenic microbes.

The spray must be instilled into the nose after cleaning it first. The dose for adults is 2 drops in each nostril, and for a child – 1 drop. The spray can be used both for therapy and as prophylaxis (in this case, the solution must be instilled for approximately 20 days).

In the form of inhalations, the drug is used to relieve colds. In such cases, the solution should be mixed with bronchodilator medications. Inhalations should be performed 3 times a day, each procedure for 10 minutes.

If this is absolutely necessary, you can make your own saline solution. In this case, you need to dissolve 1 teaspoon of ordinary salt in 1 liter of boiled water. If it is necessary to produce a certain amount of liquid (for example, a portion of salt is 50 g), it is necessary to carry out all the necessary measurements. This solution can be used topically, for inhalation with rinsing, and also for enemas. But under no circumstances is it allowed to use a self-prepared solution for intravenous injections or treatment of eyes or open wounds.

Sodium chloride is a drug that has long been used in medicine. This saline solution is administered intravenously in the form of droppers and intramuscularly, used for inhalation, etc.

In medicine, sodium chloride is used:

For intravenous infusion as a sodium solution in the form of a dropper.
For diluting drugs for injection.
For disinfecting cuts and wounds.
For rinsing the nose.

Why droppers with sodium chloride are prescribed and for what conditions it is prescribed is described in detail below.

What it is?

There are many chemical bioactive compounds dissolved in human blood.
The concentration of chlorides in the blood plays a big role in the coordinated functioning of all internal systems.
Chlorides regulate the hydrobalance of plasma and body fluids, normalize acid-base metabolism.
When the body gets sick, the first thing it reacts to is dehydration.

With extensive dehydration, chlorine and potassium ions are washed out of the body. A decrease in their concentration causes blood thickening, spasms, convulsions of smooth muscles, as well as disruption of the central nervous system, heart and blood vessels.

In this case, a drip with saline sodium chloride solution is usually prescribed.

What does the dropper consist of?

The composition of the saline solution is sodium chloride - a plasma-substituting substance, which is prepared from sodium salts HCl (commonly known as table salt).

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is white crystals, readily soluble in water.

Chlorine in its pure form is poisonous, but is known as an effective disinfectant of various liquids. Chlorine combined with sodium is present in the blood plasma.

The substance enters the body with water and food.

Naturally, the use of sodium chloride in everyday life is limited primarily to cooking.

Therefore, if you drink sodium chloride solution, nothing will happen. There is no need to worry even if the child drank the solution due to the negligence of adults.

Properties of sodium chloride

Sodium chloride saline solution has a rehydrating effect - that is, restoring water balance.

0.9% sodium chloride has the same osmotic pressure as human blood, so it can be quickly excreted.

External use helps remove pus from the wound and eliminate pathological m microflora.

The use of saline solution through intravenous drips increases urine output and replenishes the lack of chlorine and sodium.

Types of saline solution

Saline solution sodium chloride for droppers is currently available in 2 types, differing in the degree of concentration.

Photos (clickable):

Isotonic physiological Nacl 0.9% solution Brown from a German manufacturer is prescribed for:

Restoration of intracellular plasma lost as a result of prolonged dyspepsia.
Replenishment of intercellular fluid lost as a result of dehydration.
Replenishment of ions during intoxication and intestinal obstruction.
As an external remedy.
For diluting concentrated drugs.

Hypertonic 3, 5 and 10% sodium chloride solution is used:

As an external antiseptic.
For diluting enema solutions.
Intravenous to replenish fluid during diuresis.
Infusion to relieve cerebral edema or to increase low blood pressure (particularly with internal bleeding).
As an anti-edematous agent in ophthalmology.

Sodium chloride solution is sold in ampoules for dissolving drugs for injection and in bottles with a capacity of up to 1 liter for external and enema use, intravenous infusion.

Oral tablets and nasal spray bottles are also produced.

Release form, composition and packaging

Solution for injection 0.9% - 100 ml, sodium chloride 900 mg

1 ml - ampoules (10) - cardboard packs.
2 ml - ampoules (10) - cardboard packs.
5 ml - ampoules (10) - cardboard packs.
10 ml - ampoules (10) - cardboard packs.

What is sodium chloride prescribed for?

Saline sodium chloride solution is perhaps the most universal remedy.

Droppers with sodium chloride are used in any complex therapy.

The drug is dripped intravenously for:

Rapid replenishment of blood volume.
Urgent restoration of the activity of internal organs in a state of shock.
Saturation of organs with vital ions.
Stopping the processes of intoxication and relieving symptoms of poisoning.

In these conditions, urgent use of sodium chloride in droppers is most often prescribed:

Diarrhea.
Vomiting.
Dyspepsia.
In the presence of extensive burns.
With cholera.
When the body is dehydrated.

During pregnancy

Sodium chloride is used to treat severe pathologies in pregnant women.

The saline solution is absolutely harmless to both the woman’s body and the developing fetus.

Typically, sodium chlorine is needed during therapy for pregnant women to dilute medications for a single infusion of up to 400 ml.

If it is necessary to restore blood levels, the amount of saline is increased to 1400 ml.

Sodium chloride is also used for pregnant women:

In case of severe toxicosis, the saline solution is additionally saturated with vitamins.
With gestosis.
During detoxification.
In the process of complicated childbirth occurring at low blood pressure.
During cesarean section for women suffering from hypotension.
To saturate organs with chlorides and vitamins.

The use of saline solution after childbirth during lactation is allowed.

Sodium chloride solution also has contraindications during pregnancy. It should not be used by a pregnant woman:

With excessive hyperhydration.
With heart failure.
During treatment with corticosteroids.
With pathologies of intracellular fluid circulation.
With a diagnosed lack of potassium with a simultaneous excess of sodium and chlorine in the body.

For alcohol intoxication

In case of severe poisoning with ethyl alcohol, a person requires qualified medical care, which includes therapeutic measures, as well as droppers with saline sodium chloride solution.

It is the droppers that relieve the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

Other drugs, such as tablets or suspensions, are usually ineffective, since they are difficult to take due to frequent vomiting.

And the medicine, poured into a vein through a dropper, enters the blood instantly and immediately begins to work.

NaCl combines well with many medications.

A saline solution of sodium chloride can be used to dilute several necessary medications at the same time: vitamins, sedatives, glucose, etc.

When diluting, it is imperative to check compatibility visually, paying attention to whether a precipitate has appeared during the mixing process or whether the color has changed.

Therapy for severe alcohol intoxication is carried out as follows:

The doctor examines the patient, assessing the severity of his condition.
Blood pressure and pulse are measured and an ECG is performed.
The doctor prescribes medications that must be added to the saline solution for administration.
Droppers are used for 3-4 days.

How is saline solution administered?

Isotonic sodium chloride solution can be administered intravenously and subcutaneously.

For intravenous administration, the dropper warms up to 36-38 degrees.

The volume that should be administered depends on the amount of fluid lost by the body. The person’s weight and age must be taken into account:

The average daily dose is 500 ml, which must be administered at a rate of 540 ml/hour. In case of severe intoxication, the volume of administered medication per day can reach 3000 ml.
A volume of 500 ml in emergency cases can be administered at a rate of 70 drops per minute.

Sodium chloride is used in compliance with the principles of sterility.

To prevent air from entering the drip system, the system is first filled with solution.

You cannot stack containers one after the other, as air may get in from the first package.

Medications can be added during an infusion or by injection into the specific area of the package intended for this procedure.

During the administration of sodium chloride, it is necessary to monitor the patient’s well-being, it is necessary to monitor his biological and clinical indicators, and devote time to assessing plasma electrolytes.

Side effects

The drug is well tolerated by patients, however, if it is infused in excess, the following side effects may develop:

Acidosis.
Hypokalemia.
Overhydration.

Sodium chloride analogues

Manufacturers may market sodium chloride solution under different names.

The following analogues of saline solution can be found on sale:

Aqua-rinosol - spray.
Aqua-master - spray for irrigation.
Nazol - spray.
Bufus for injections.
Rizosin to moisturize the nasal mucosa.
Salin to moisturize the nasal passages.

Other isotonic preparations are also produced that have a more physiological composition than saline.

List of solutions for droppers,containing sodium chloride in the composition:

Ringer.
Ringer-Locke.
Krebs-Ringer.
Ringer-Tirode.
Disol, Trisol, Acesol, Chlosol.
Sterofundin isotonic.

We take salt for granted as a necessary seasoning for dishes. Meanwhile, this substance, important in cooking, is a healer, a magical protector and an assistant in the household.

For treatment, salt is often used in dissolved form. The methods have a number of nuances that you definitely need to know about. For example, how to make a 10 percent saline solution if you don’t have chemicals or beakers at home? How much salt and water should I take? Let's look at simple options for preparing medicinal solutions.

What salt is needed to prepare medicine?

Before preparing a 10% saline solution, you need to carefully study the recipe. What substance does it mention? If it is table salt, then the packages that indicate:

kitchen salt;
sodium chloride;
table salt;
rock salt.

The word “salt” is used in everyday life, although this term refers to many complex substances formed by metal ions or atoms and acidic residues. In addition, Epsom salt - magnesium sulfate - is used for medicinal purposes. Substances are extracted during the development of deposits in the earth's crust.

If you evaporate, you get sea salt, which contains sodium, magnesium, iodine, chloride, sulfate ions and other components. The properties of such a mixture differ somewhat from the individual substances. Usually, a 1-10% saline solution of sodium chloride is prepared to treat wounds, sore throats, and teeth. The chemical formula of a compound that has amazing properties is NaCl.

What should be the degree of purity of the components?

How to make a 10 percent saline solution at home so that the medicine does good and not harm the body? Salt should also be as pure as possible, but salt purchased at the Stone store is often contaminated with impurities. There is a purer finely ground product.

Some recipes recommend using snow or rain water, but this is a bad idea from the point of view of modern ecology. The purity of the liquid that flows in drinking water supply systems also raises many complaints. It, like snow and rain, can be contaminated with chlorine, iron, phenol, petroleum products, and nitrates. Let us clarify that distilled or demineralized water is used as a solvent in medicine. At home, you can use filtered or boiled water to prepare the solution.

If you put plastic molds with water in the freezer, the clean water will freeze first, and impurities will accumulate at the bottom. Without waiting for complete freezing, you need to collect the ice from the surface and melt it. The result will be very clean and healthy water.

How to measure the mass of salt and the volume of water to prepare a solution?

Everything you need should be collected in advance, before making the 10 percent. You will need water, a beaker, a bag of salt, scales, a glass and a spoon (table, dessert or tea) for the work. The photo below will help you determine the mass of salt contained in a dessert spoon and a teaspoon.

Then you need to decide on the units of measurement for the liquid. It is believed that the mass of 100 ml of pure fresh water is equal to 100 g (the density of fresh water is 1 g/ml). Liquids can be measured with a beaker; if you don’t have one, then an ordinary glass of those called “faceted” will do. Filled to the top, it contains 200 ml of water (or g). If you pour to the very top, you get 250 ml (250 g).

What does the expression “10 percent solution” mean?

The concentration of substances is usually expressed in several ways. The most commonly used quantity in medicine and everyday life is the weight percentage. It shows how many grams of a substance are contained in 100 g of solution. For example, if a recipe states that a 10% saline solution is used, then every 100 g of such a preparation contains 10 g of the dissolved substance.

Let's say you need to prepare 200 g of a 10% salt solution. Let's carry out simple calculations that don't take much time:

100 g of solution contains 10 g of substance; 200 g of solution contains x g of substance.
x = 200 g x 10 g: 100 g = 20 g (salt).
200 g - 20 g = 180 g (water).
180 g x 1 g/ml = 180 ml (water).

How to prepare a 10% saline solution?

If you have scales and a beaker in your house, then it is better to measure the mass of salt and the volume of water with their help. You can also take a full teaspoon and pour a glass of water up to the mark, but such measurements are prone to inaccuracies.

How to make a 10% saline solution to make 100 g of the drug? You should weigh out 10 g of solid sodium chloride, pour 90 ml of water into a glass and pour salt into the water, stirring with a spoon until dissolved. Mix salt with warm or cold water, and then heat the dishes with the ingredients. For better cleansing, the finished solution is passed through a ball of cotton wool (filtered).

You can prepare 50 g of a 10% solution from 45 ml of water and 5 g of salt. Saline is made from 1 liter of water and 100 g of sodium chloride (4 tablespoons “without top”).

Treatment with 10% saline solution

In medicine, a 0.9% solution of salts is prepared using fresh distilled water, which is called “physiological”. This liquid is isotonic with respect to the internal environment of the human body (has the same concentration). It is used during various medical procedures, in particular as a blood substitute, to eliminate the effects of dehydration and intoxication.

A hypertonic solution contains more salt; when it comes into contact with an isotonic or hypotonic liquid, it attracts water until the concentrations equalize. This osmotic effect is used in folk recipes to cleanse wounds of pus. Salt has antiseptic and antimicrobial properties; its hypertonic solutions are used in alternative medicine:

for diseases of internal organs - in the form of a salt bandage on the source of pain;
as lotions, compresses and applications for skin and other infections;
as salt baths for fatigue and pain in the hands and feet;
to cleanse purulent wounds.

Treatment with hypertonic 10% saline will take time and may take several days or weeks. The minimum number of procedures is 4-7. For sore throat, use a 3-5% hypertonic solution for gargling in the morning and evening. The nasal cavity is washed. To prepare it, you need to add 1.2 g of sodium chloride and 2.5 g of baking soda to 237 ml of boiled water.