Official business style. Stylistic features. Language features.

Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization.

The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, and legal activities.” And further: “The breadth of this sphere allows us to distinguish at least three substyles (varieties) of business style: 1) the actual official business style (clerical); 2) legal (the language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic."

Standardization of business speech (primarily the language of mass standard documentation) is one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominate prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite is natural, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, phrases, structures, in the desire for uniformity in the ways of expressing thoughts in similar situations, in the refusal to use expressive means of language .

The process of standardization of business speech is closely related to the process of phraseologization. This can be seen in examples of the use of verbonominants (verb-nominal phrases) in numerous documentation, which in business language become a universal means and are often used instead of the actual verb forms parallel to them: provide assistance (instead of help), repair (instead of repair), carry out an investigation (instead of investigating), etc. Verbonominants widely penetrate into business language due to the fact that in some cases their use becomes mandatory (there is no other way to say it): to allow a marriage, to commit a crime, to perform duties, to take a position, to assign responsibility. Their meaning may not coincide with the meaning of the verbs parallel to them: the combination conduct competition is not identical to the verb compete. Verbonominants not only name the action, but also express certain additional semantic shades and accurately qualify certain phenomena. For example, hit-and-run is a terminological phrase that is the official name for a certain type of road accident.

Other features of the official business style (besides standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, and conciseness.

The linguistic means of the official business style form a relatively closed system, the basis of which is specific units of three levels: lexical, morphological and syntactic.

At the lexical level, in addition to commonly used and neutral words, we can distinguish: a) words and phrases used mainly in official documents and fixed in administrative and clerical speech (proper, due, above, undersigned, failure to fulfill, forward, bearer, guarantor, protect rights and freedom, ensure equality, etc.); b) terms, professionalisms and phrases of a terminological nature, which is determined by the content of official documents (the most common terms are legal, diplomatic, accounting: act, collection, legislation, respondent, recall (ambassador), ratify, applicant, etc.).

Many of the words with the coloring of an official business style form antonymic pairs: plaintiff ¾ defendant, democracy ¾ dictatorship, punished ¾ acquitted, aggravating ¾ mitigating (circumstances), etc.

In connection with the streamlining of the approach to terminology, two concepts began to be distinguished: “vocabulary with the coloring of an official business style” and “clericalism”. The first name reflects the place of the corresponding words in the system of general literary language, their functional and stylistic coloring. For example, lexical units recipient (this) or due, non-subordinate, undersigned, compensation, appeal, collection, discovery, superior, etc. in business documents should be considered functionally colored. The second name, “clericalisms,” can refer to the same lexical units, but only when they are unintentionally used in a text with a different stylistic overtones, for example, in a journalistic or conversational style, i.e. in cases of functionally unjustified transfer. For example, in N. Kislik’s poem we read: “I am writing to you, ¾ everything to you. I have loaded the communication service to capacity...”. The phrase “communication service” can be attributed to clericalism (though it performs a certain stylistic function in a given literary text). In the lexical system of the official business style, it is not clericalisms that function, but words with the coloring of the official business style. A specific feature of the lexical system of the official business style is also the presence in it of archaisms and historicisms, often used in the nominative function (for example, in the texts of diplomatic documents - assurance of respect, this, such, that, His Majesty, His Excellency, sir, etc. ). This style completely lacks slang, colloquial words, dialectisms, and words with an emotionally expressive connotation. Often used here are complex abbreviations for elephants, abbreviated names of various organizations and institutions (ZhREO, ZhES, research institutes, Central Design Bureau, KTS, Labor Code, student council, trade union committee, workshop, etc.).

The phraseology of the official business style also has specific features. There are no figurative phrases, no phrases with reduced stylistic coloring, etc. But stylistically neutral and cross-style phraseological units are very widely represented (to have meaning, to play a role, to hold a position, scope of application, to cause damage, location, etc.). There is also a frequent use of expressions related to assessment, but devoid of any expressiveness: to be, to be at the level of something; bottleneck; common place, etc. In the official business style, standard figures of speech are frequent, stable in nature, containing denominative prepositions, indicating the nature of the motivation for actions such as in connection with the instruction, stay, order (Ministry, head office, management), in accordance with the achieved by agreement (agreement), in order to provide technical (material, production) assistance, etc. In the language of official documents, they perform the same function as stable combinations such as take note, take into account, bring to attention, etc. A characteristic feature of this style is the functioning of attributive-nominal phrases such as: conviction, writ of execution, disciplinary sanctions, acquittal, preliminary investigation, cassation appeal, higher authorities, established procedure.

It should also be noted the purely nominal nature of the official business style. The same noun in business texts can be repeated even in adjacent sentences and not be replaced by a pronoun. In colloquial speech or in a literary text, such use would be qualified as a tautology (unjustified repetition of the same word). In an official business style, such repetitions are functionally determined, since with their help it is possible to avoid misinterpretations. For example:

The territory of the Republic of Belarus is a natural condition of existence and the spatial limit of self-determination of the people, the basis of their well-being and sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus.

The territory of Belarus is united and inalienable.

The territory is divided into regions, districts, cities and other administrative-territorial units. The administrative-territorial division of the state is determined by legislation (Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, Art. 9).

In the official business style, nouns are widely used that name people on the basis of some action or relationship: adoptive parent, tenant, plaintiff, defendant, witness, tenant, applicant, etc. The use of nouns denoting positions and ranks in this style is possible only in the masculine form: police officer Lavrenova, witness Vilchinskaya, applicant Fedorova, etc.

Verbal nouns with -nie, -enie are widely represented in the official business style: execution, notification, offense, resolution, resolution (of disputes), subordination, division, etc.; Verbal nouns with the prefix non- are high-frequency: non-election, non-recognition, non-return, shortfall, non-fulfillment, etc.

A striking feature of the official business style is the use of denominate prepositions in it: by virtue of, for the purpose of, in part, on the subject, in the name of, in the course of, etc. (in accordance with the plan of scientific, technical and cultural cooperation; in order to improve the teaching of Russian language in universities; in case of failure by the administration to comply with the decision of the commission; higher authorities in the order of subordination; list No. 2 compared to list No. 1; in case of recognition of valid reasons).

To indicate cause and effect, the preposition by with the dative case is used: for family reasons, for illness, for good reasons, etc.

To indicate a period, the prepositions from - to, and not from ¾ to: from 1983 to 1989 (and not: from 1983 to 1989) are usually used.

Numerals in official business style are written in numbers, with the exception of such monetary documents as bills, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.

A feature of the official business style is also the predominant use of the infinitive compared to other verbal forms. For example:

Everyone has the right to independently determine their attitude to religion, to profess any religion alone or jointly with others or not to profess any, to express and disseminate beliefs related to their attitude to religion, to participate in the performance of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies not prohibited by law (Constitution of the Republic Belarus, art. 31).

Of the conjugated ones here, the forms of verbs most often used are the present tense, the so-called “present instructions”: If the defense attorney is unable to appear within this period, the investigator takes the measures provided for in part 3 of Article 47 of this Code (Fundamentals of Criminal Proceedings). The meaning of this form is to indicate the action that the law requires to be performed, i.e. on what should be done.

The imperative nature of speech, which presupposes subsequent obligatory actions of the addressee, requires completeness and accuracy of expression in this style. This largely explains the complexity of the syntax of official business speech, which reflects the tendency towards detail and classification, towards consideration in the unity of the stating and prescriptive sides, cause-and-effect and conditional-effect relationships.

The syntactic features of the style under consideration are closely related to lexical and morphological ones. High-frequency constructions are with denominal prepositions:

In order to review the progress made by States Parties in fulfilling the obligations undertaken in accordance with this Convention, a Committee on the Rights of the Child shall be established which shall perform the functions provided for below.

The initial elections to the Committee shall be held no later than six months from the date of entry into force of this Convention (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 43).

It is not uncommon to use constructions containing an infinitive with the meaning of must, for example: Decisions made by the meeting must be announced to everyone working at the enterprise. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are widespread, the number of which sometimes reaches ten or more: Training in higher educational institutions is carried out on the basis of the achievements of modern science and technology, in conditions of close integration of the educational process with the scientific, practical (creative) activities of students and teachers. For this purpose, research institutions, laboratories, educational, production and research enterprises, design, engineering and technological bureaus, workshops, other enterprises and organizations specialized in training specialists are created in higher educational institutions or at them (Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Education in Republic of Belarus”, Article 20).

In the official business style, compared to others, the use of passive constructions increases significantly. For example:

It should be borne in mind that these changes are made only to the birth certificate (in both copies). A new birth certificate is issued (the old one is destroyed) (Commentary to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).

Complex sentences (especially with subordinate clauses) are widespread in the style under consideration. For example:

A judge does not have the right to accept an application to establish paternity if a certain person is indicated as the father in the child’s birth record. The application is refused on the basis of clause 9 of Art. 125 Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus.

If the birth of a child has not yet been registered with the registry office, then the application is refused on the basis of clause 9 of Art. 125 Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus (Comments to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).

Word order is often used in which the rheme of the preceding sentence becomes the theme of the subsequent one, which contributes to a special logical cohesion of statements in a coherent text. For example: The Executive Committee issues a warrant for the occupation of residential premises. The order specifies its validity period. During this period, the order must be submitted to the house management (from the instructions).

In simple sentences, it is common to: a) place the subject before the predicate; b) definitions ¾ before the word being defined; c) circumstances ¾ closer to the word being defined; d) introductory words ¾ at the beginning of the sentence (see examples above).

The complexity of the syntax of the official business style is most often created due to specific distributors in phrases and the abundance of homogeneous members in the listed series:

States Parties recognize the important role of the media and ensure that the child has access to information and materials from a variety of national and international sources, especially those aimed at promoting social, spiritual and moral well-being, as well as healthy physical and mental health. mental development of the child. To this end, participating States:

a) encourage the media to disseminate information and materials that are socially and culturally beneficial to the child, and in the spirit of Article 29;

b) encourage international cooperation in the preparation, exchange and dissemination of such information and materials from various cultural, national and international sources;

c) encourage the production and distribution of children's literature;

d) encourage the media to pay special attention to the linguistic needs of a child belonging to a minority group or indigenous population (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 17).

In official business documents, coordinating conjunctions are most often found, for example:

Students of higher education and students of secondary specialized and vocational educational institutions have the right to enter into contracts with enterprises and organizations in the manner determined by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. Contracts may provide for partial or full payment of the cost of training, payment of scholarships and other conditions, as well as obligations of students or students (Law “On Education in the Republic of Belarus”, Article 30).

A feature of the syntax of this style is also the predominant use of indirect speech. Direct speech is resorted to only when legislative acts and other documents are quoted verbatim.

Some syntactic complexity of the official business style is compensated for by clichés and standardization. Sometimes mastering them requires special training. If it is necessary to use clichés on a large scale, printed forms and certain forms are used, which are given in special reference books.

In addition to all these features, the style in question also has some other characteristics. For example, the heading and paragraph division of texts, as well as the so-called details (permanent elements): title of the document, indication of the addressee and author, statement of the essence of the case, date and signature of the author (person or organization), etc., play an important role. The person preparing this or that document needs to know the amount of details, their relationship and sequence of presentation. This forms the form of the document. Below are examples of some business papers.

To the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Professor Smirnov A.I.

Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Science Melnikov F.I.

Formal business style– functional style of the Russian language, which has a number of common features: conciseness of presentation, standard arrangement of material, widespread use of terminology, the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology, weak individualization of style. Thus, it is a style that, through the use of strict standards, is a means of written communication in the field of business relations.

The official business style in the Russian language stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it has long served the most important areas of state life: foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written consolidation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special “language”, which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.

Business documents appeared in Rus' after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the 11th century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus, “Russian Truth,” appeared. In the language of this code of laws, it is already possible to highlight the peculiarities of word usage and organization of speech, which relate to the characteristic features of business style. This is high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex constructions with coordinating conjunctions “a”, “and”, “yes”, “zhe”, as well as non-union chains. Of all types of complex sentences, the most widely used constructions are those with a conditional clause.

Today, the official business style remains, first of all, the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. Therefore, one of the main features of an official business style is the presence in it of numerous clichés that simplify and speed up business communication.

The official business style is divided into several substyles: diplomatic substyle, documentary substyle and everyday business substyle. Each of these substyles is found in different types of business documents. The diplomatic substyle is used when drawing up government statements, diplomatic notes, credentials and is distinguished by specific international terms. The documentary substyle is associated with the activities of official bodies; it is characterized by the vocabulary and phraseology of various codes and acts. Everyday business style can be found in business correspondence, so the rigor of writing texts is somewhat weakened compared to other substyles.

The syntactic features of these substyles are not very different from each other, and the main points can be noted in all documents written in a formal business style. Let's move on to their analysis.

So, the syntactic features of the official business style include:

Business writing is dominated by simple, complete sentences. A peculiarity of their functioning in an official business style is that in documents they often convey information that is equal in volume to the information conveyed using a complex sentence. This is achieved due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence.

For example: If taxes are not paid before the specified deadline, the payer is deprived of the right to re-nominate himself for a loan.

This syntactic feature of the official business style is due to the need for a clear presentation of information. Direct word order allows you to express your thoughts most accurately and simply. Also, declarative sentences with direct word order are best perceived when reading, which makes official business style documents more understandable.

Direct word order is also often established as mandatory through various clichés inherent in the writing style of certain documents. For example, when writing a vacation application, you write: “I request that you provide me with annual paid leave of 28 calendar days.” This sentence, composed with direct word order, is a typical syntactic construction that allows you to save time when writing this statement.

Most official business texts are official documents designed to convey some information. This determines the narrative nature of the presentation, and as a consequence, the predominance of narrative sentences in the text.

1. Tendency to use two-part sentences. One-part sentences are rarely used, most of them are infinitive.

Two-part sentences are used more often in official documents, as they allow the idea to be expressed most fully, which is one of the main tasks of the official business style.

Single-part infinitive sentences, in turn, indicate the necessity or inevitability of certain actions. In combination with the particle “not” and when using an imperfective verb, an infinitive sentence can also mean a prohibition of some action. For example: no smoking on school grounds.

The main purpose of the official business style is to express the instructions of the state, body, authorized person, to state the status and state of affairs in this area. Therefore, when drawing up documents of this kind, it is very important to follow logic and make the document convenient for subsequent retrieval of information. Categories and paragraph divisions thus help achieve your goals.

Emphasized coherence of parts of a complex sentence is achieved with the help of conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns and introductory words. Such a connection between the parts of a sentence is necessary for a clear presentation of information, conveying the necessary information to the reader. Unions, pronouns, adverbs and introductory words act as logical bonds of a sentence. Thus, the author of the document shows that despite the fact that each part of the sentence carries its own semantic load, the sentence itself expresses a complete thought.

Passive constructions in official business style texts are used to describe various official government procedures.

For example: “The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation is appointed and dismissed from office by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.”

Passive constructions are often used in an official business style, especially in various instructions and job descriptions. They help to depersonalize the person in question and most accurately describe various business processes.

1. Affirmation through negation.

Affirmation through negation allows you to express the position of a particular government body, company or person. Affirmation through negation can be found in business correspondence, various kinds of reports and other official business documents.

For example: the ministry does not object to the adoption of this amendment to the law.

Thus, having examined the main features, we can conclude: a typical unit of official business style can be called a narrative two-part sentence with the correct word order.

1. Practical part.

For the practical part of the essay, I chose an article from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Article 67.1. Features of management and control in business partnerships and companies.

1. Management in a general partnership and limited partnership is carried out in the manner established by this Code.
2. The exclusive competence of the general meeting of participants of a business company, along with the issues specified in paragraph 2 of Article 65.3 of this Code, includes:

1) change in the size of the authorized capital of the company, unless otherwise provided by laws on business companies;

2) making a decision to transfer the powers of the sole executive body of the company to another business company (management organization) or individual entrepreneur (manager), as well as approval of such a management organization or such a manager and the terms of the agreement with such a management organization or with such a manager, if the charter of the company decides these issues are not within the competence of the collegial management body of the company;

3) distribution of profits and losses of the company.

1. The adoption of a decision by the general meeting of participants of a business company and the composition of the company participants present at its adoption are confirmed in relation to:

1) a public joint-stock company by a person maintaining the register of shareholders of such a company and performing the functions of a counting commission;

2) a non-public joint stock company by notarization or certification by a person maintaining the register of shareholders of such a company and performing the functions of the counting commission;

3) a limited liability company by notarization, unless another method (signing of the protocol by all participants or part of the participants; using technical means to reliably establish the fact of a decision; in another way that does not contradict the law) is not provided for by the charter of such a company or by a decision of the general meeting members of the company, adopted by the members of the company unanimously.

1. To check and confirm the correctness of the annual accounting (financial) statements, a limited liability company has the right, and in cases provided for by law, is obliged to annually engage an auditor who is not connected by property interests with the company or its participants (external audit). Such an audit can also be carried out at the request of any of the company's participants.
2. To check and confirm the accuracy of the annual accounting (financial) statements, a joint stock company must annually engage an auditor who is not related by property interests to the company or its participants.

In cases and in the manner prescribed by law and the company's charter, an audit of the accounting (financial) statements of a joint-stock company must be carried out at the request of shareholders whose total share in the authorized capital of the joint-stock company is ten percent or more.

Let's start analyzing the text based on stylistic features. To maintain the logic of the story, I decided to keep the numbering of stylistic features.

1. A large number of simple complete sentences.

The text chosen for analysis contains seven sentences, of which four sentences are completely simple and complete. Also, in none of the sentences, including complex ones, did I find elliptical structures; all sentences are complete and common.

1. The predominance of sentences with direct word order.

In six of the seven sentences of the analyzed text, we observe direct word order, where the subject precedes the predicate. In the second sentence of the text we see that the predicate precedes the subjects. This helps the authors of the Civil Code to draw the attention of readers to the fact that the listed points relate only “to the exclusive competence of the general meeting of participants of a business company.”

1. Narrative nature of the presentation.

All seven sentences are declarative. The style of writing the civil code does not imply the presence of interrogative or exclamatory sentences.

1. Tendency to use two-part sentences. One-part sentences are rarely used; most of them are infinitive.

All seven sentences are two-part, which fully confirms the feature of the official business style that I identified in the theoretical part.

1. Categorization of a simple sentence. Using paragraph division.

This feature is very clearly presented in the text I have chosen. We observe the rubrication of sentences in the second and third sentences of the text. The text also uses paragraph division.

1. The presence of a clearly defined connection between parts of a complex sentence.

Our text contains only four sentences in which there is a subordinating relationship between the parts. In two of them one can observe the pronoun “other”, emphasizing the connection between the parts.

1. A large number of passive constructions.

In the text you can find a large number of passive constructions expressed by reflexive verbs and passive participles.

1. Affirmation through negation.

This text does not use statements through negation, which is due to the semantic direction of this article of the civil code. The text describes the rights and obligations of a joint-stock company, so all wording is extremely clear.

Conclusion.

After analyzing a text written in a formal business style, we can confirm the relevance of all syntactic features listed in the theoretical part.

1. Thus, a typical unit of formal business style is a declarative two-part sentence with the correct word order.
2. When analyzing the text, we were able to verify that the modern official business style indeed includes a number of syntactic features inherent only to this style of speech.
3. When completing the practical part, I found confirmation of all the style features I listed in the theoretical part, with the exception of affirmation through negation, which is due to the semantic features of the text.

List of used literature:

1. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of the Russian language. Practical style. M.: Publishing house "ONICS 21st century": Peace and Education, 2001. - 381 p.
2. Solganik G. Ya. Dronyaeva T. S. Stylistics of the modern Russian language and the culture of speech: Textbook. A manual for students. Fak. Journalism - 3rd ed., erased. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2005. – 256 p.
3. Language and business communication: Norms, rhetoric, etiquette. M.: NPO "Economy", 2000
4. Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language [electronic resource] / edited by M. N. Kozhina; members of the editorial board: E. A. Bazhenov, M. P. Kotyurova, A. P. Skovorodnikova - 2nd ed., stereotype. – M.: FLINTA: Nauka, 2011. – 696 p. – (http://books.google.ru/books?id=XZqKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=leather+styles+Russian+language+official+business+style&hl=ru&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q=leather%20style%20Russian% 20language%20official%20business%20style&f=false)
5. The Constitution of the Russian Federation with comments for study and understanding / Lozovsky L. Sh., Raizberg B. A. - 2nd ed., revised. And additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2012. – 113 p.

Discussion is closed.

7. Official business style: stylistic features and their manifestation in linguistic means.

Official business style – serves the legal and administrative and public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is linguistic cliches, or so-called cliches.

Lexical features of official business style of speech

1) linguistic cliches (clichés, clichés): based on the decision, control over execution is assigned upon expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology: arrears, alibi, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms: I certify this document.

In an official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words with figurative meanings, is unacceptable.

Morphological signs of official business style of speech

The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). These include the following:

1) nouns – names of people based on a characteristic determined by the action (taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form

3) derived prepositions (in connection with, due to, by virtue of, to the extent of, in relation to, on the basis of);

4) infinitive constructions: (conduct an inspection, provide assistance);

Syntactic features of official business style of speech

The syntactic features of the official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8–10).

2) the presence of passive structures (payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: (results of the activities of the tax police...);

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex sentences, with conditional clauses.

Genre diversity of official business style of speech

According to the themes and variety of genres in the style under consideration, two varieties are distinguished: I - official documentary style and II - everyday business style.

8. Colloquial and everyday style. Conversational speech and conversational style. Pragmatics and stylistics of colloquial speech. Communication goals, speech strategies, tactics and techniques. Conditions for successful communication and causes of communication failures. Genres of speech communication.

Colloquial speech is a special functional variety of literary language. Uncodified sphere of communication. Codification is the fixation in various kinds of dictionaries and grammar of those norms and rules that must be observed when creating texts of codified functional varieties.

Spoken speech as a special functional variety of language is characterized by three extralinguistic, external to the language, features:

Spontaneity, unpreparedness.

Conversational communication is possible only when there is an informal relationship between the speakers. - can only be realized with the direct participation of speakers.

Has a special role in conversational communication pragmatic factor . Pragmatics are those conditions of communication that include certain characteristics of the addresser (speaker, writer), addressee (listener, reader) and the situation that influence the linguistic structure of communication. Conversational informal communication with the direct participation of speakers is usually carried out between people who know each other well in a specific situation. Therefore, speakers have a certain common stock of knowledge. This knowledge is called background knowledge. It is background knowledge that makes it possible to construct such reduced statements in conversational communication that are completely incomprehensible without this background knowledge.

Colloquial speech has its own characteristics compared to codified language. Phonetics. In colloquial speech, especially at a fast pace of pronunciation, a much stronger reduction of vowel sounds is possible than in a codified language, up to their complete loss. In the area of ​​consonants, the main feature of colloquial speech is the simplification of consonant groups. Morphology. In colloquial speech, verb forms such as participles and gerunds are extremely rarely used in their direct functions. Those relations that are conveyed in a codified language by gerunds and participial phrases are formalized in colloquial speech by a construction with double heterogeneous verbs, which is completely intolerable in a codified language. I was sitting here covered in dictionaries. Syntax. The features of conversational syntax are found primarily in the area of ​​connection between words and parts of a complex sentence.

1) Statements with the nominative case of a noun in those positions that in a codified language can only be occupied by a noun in indirect cases. Such statements include: - statements with a noun in the nominative case of the verb; this noun is often highlighted intonationally into a separate syntagma, but quite typically without intonational emphasis: Next / we should go // (we should go at the next stop);

2) Statements with an infinitive denoting the intended purpose of an object named by a noun: I need to buy sneakers / run // (buy sneakers to run in them in the morning); You need a rug in the front room / to wipe your feet // (you need a rug in the front room to wipe your feet). A characteristic feature of colloquial speech are statements with not one, but several unsubstituted positions, the meaning of which can be established both from the situation and from background knowledge: - a special colloquial “word order”

Repetition of current components: I will travel along the Volga this summer I/ Along the Volga //. Conditions for successful communication:

Need for communication

Attunement to the interlocutor

The ability to penetrate into the speaker’s communicative intent

Knowledge of etiquette and speech standards

Causes of communication failures

Communication failures are the failure of the initiator of communication to achieve the communicative goal, as well as the lack of interaction, mutual understanding and agreement between the participants in communication. - Alien communication environment (strangers, diversion of conversation for some reason)

Violation of parity of communication. In this case, there is also a violation of the rules of solidarity and cooperation between interlocutors

An inappropriate remark addressed to the listener regarding his actions or personal qualities, which can be interpreted as an unfriendly attitude of the speaker

Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. The official business style is characterized by the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are often used that are asked to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually labeled in a certain order; this is convenient for both writers and postal workers.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, business papers, etc. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, official business style is generally characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compact presentation, economical use of language;

2) standard arrangement of material, frequent use of form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) widespread use of terminology, nomenclature of names (legal, diplomatic, military, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), inclusion of complex abbreviations and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominal prepositions (in basis), as well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (by for the reason that...);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some factors to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

There are two types of formal business style: official documentary style and everyday business. In the first, we can distinguish the language of legislative documents related to the activities of government bodies and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content and genre.

The language of legislative documents includes vocabulary and phraseology of state, civil, criminal law, various codes, as well as vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies and the official activities of citizens.

The language of diplomacy is characterized by bookish, “high” vocabulary, used to create a certain solemnity and give the document emphasized significance. Diplomatic materials also use expressions related to etiquette and representing generally accepted formulas of politeness: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept...

5. Journalistic style of speech, its main features. The main genres of journalistic style.

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.

The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic.

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

Logic,

Imagery,

Emotionality,

Evaluativeness,

Callability

and their corresponding linguistic means.
It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.
On the other hand, for journalistic speech is typical passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.
M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.
Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.

6. Artistic style of speech, its main features. Scope of use.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is typically used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

The features of the artistic style are:

2. Language means are a way of conveying an artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.

6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.

7.Text. Features, text structure. Information processing of text. Paragraph.

Tex-. These are two or more sentences or several paragraphs, connected into a whole by a theme and main idea, forming a statement, a speech work.

Subject- this is a designation of the subject of speech, that is, those life phenomena or issues that are selected by the author and depicted in his work (often the topic is reflected in the title).

Mainsigns of the text are:

1) completeness, semantic completeness, which manifests itself in the complete (from the author’s point of view) disclosure of the plan and in the possibility of autonomous perception and understanding text;

2) connectivity, manifested, firstly, in the arrangement of sentences in a sequence that reflects the logic of the development of thought (semantic coherence); secondly, in a certain structural organization, which is formed using the lexical and grammatical means of language;

3) stylistic unity, which is that text always formalized stylistically: as a colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic or artistic style.

4) integrity, which manifests itself in coherence, completeness and stylistic unity taken together.

The structure of a text refers to its internal structure. The units of internal text structure are:
- statement (implemented proposal);
- a series of statements combined semantically and syntactically into a single fragment;
- block fragments (a set of interphrase unities that provide integrity to the text through the implementation of distant and contact semantic and thematic connections).

Units of the semantic-grammatical (syntactic) and compositional level are interconnected.

Its stylistic and stylistic characteristics are closely related to the semantic, grammatical and compositional structure of the text.

Each text reveals a certain more or less clearly expressed functional-style orientation (scientific text, fiction, etc.) and has stylistic qualities dictated by this orientation and, moreover, by the individuality of the author.

The structure of the text is determined by the topic, the information expressed, the conditions of communication, the purpose of a particular message and the chosen style of presentation.

Paragraph - 1) indentation at the beginning of the line, “red” line.. Each new paragraph reflects one or another stage in the development of actions, one or another characteristic feature in the description of an object, in the characterization of a hero, one or another thought in reasoning, in evidence. There are paragraphs consisting of one sentence. Direct speech is often written from a paragraph, as well as the text that follows it.

Information processing of text– the process of extracting the necessary information from the source text.

8. Functional and semantic types of speech. Forms of speech. Types of speech.

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech is divided into three types:

· description;

· narration;

· reasoning.

The description speaks of simultaneous signs, the narration speaks of sequential actions, and the reasoning speaks of the causes of properties and phenomena.

Description: A huge bird swam on the black water. Its plumage shimmered in lemon and pink colors. It was as if there was a beak with a red leather bag glued to the head.

Narration: The pelican hurriedly crawled ashore and hobbled towards our rest stop. Then he saw a fish, opened his beak, snapped it with a wooden sound, shouted “wek” and began desperately beating his wings and stamping his paws.

Reasoning: Pelicans cannot dive. This is due to the special structure of the bones and the presence of subcutaneous air sacs (according to K. Paustovsky).

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific style, the description of the subject should be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one. In the first there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.

The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about subsequent actions. The message about changing events is what is “new” in the sentences of such a text. The “data” is the person performing the action. Narratives often use verbs in the past perfect form. But in order to give expressiveness to the text, others are used simultaneously with these forms.

There are two parts to any argument. The first contains a thesis, i.e. a statement that needs to be proven. The second part provides justification for the idea expressed: arguments and examples are given. In reasoning there is often a third part – the conclusion. Thesis and justification are usually connected by the conjunctions because, since. The conclusion is added with the words therefore, thus, therefore. Complete reasoning, the parts of which are connected by conjunctions, is especially common in scientific and business speech. In colloquial and artistic speech, incomplete reasoning is more common, and conjunctions are omitted.

9. The word in the lexical system of the language. Polysemy of the word. Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and their use.

Word- a special unit of language. It is impossible to imagine a language without words.

The set of words forms the vocabulary of a language, or vocabulary. Vocabulary reflects reality, names various concepts - objects, signs, phenomena, processes: forest, trees, deaf, leaf fall, spinning.

One word can have several meanings. It names a number of interrelated objects and concepts: land is “land”, and “surface”, and “soil”, and “territory”, and “state”, which are located on the planet.

The meanings of the word are also related to its origin. In Latin, a person is called homo (from humus - “earth”, “soil”, “fertile layer”). This emphasizes that man is an earthly creature.

One meaning-concept can be expressed in different words. “The one who teaches” is a teacher, mentor, lecturer, educator.

Ambiguous words- words that have two or more lexical meanings.

Examples of polysemous words:
hand(part of the body - left hand; handwriting, creative style - master's hand).

Homonyms- these are words that have different meanings, but the same spelling:
(example) In fields not mowed with a scythe,
It rained all morning.
Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, very close in their lexical meaning. These words are the most precise means of expression:
(example) The sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass glittered in the diamonds of the rain, and the grass sparkled with gold.
Synonymous series consist of words of one part of speech: face - physiognomy - erysipelas. May include words of different styles.
Synonyms that connect parts of the text, allow you to avoid repetitions of the same word, bring together words that are not synonymous in the language (in the context of the text), are called contextual synonyms:
(example) The blue summer floated by
The blue summer was leaving.
Absolute synonyms are words that completely coincide in meaning.
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
(example)They got along. Water and stone.
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast, as in extreme opposites.
Paronyms- these are words with the same root, the same part of speech, close in meaning and sound. The sentences perform the same syntactic functions: deep - deep, heroism - heroism.
Mixing paronyms- a gross violation of literary forms of word usage.

Sometimes, after reading the next contract, you understand why it is customary to use specially trained people to work with them. This happens due to the peculiarities of the official business style, making it difficult to understand. But this manner of presentation also has its advantages, otherwise its use would have been abandoned long ago.

Signs of an official business style of speech

Of course, for us, the main indicators of the officiality of a document are the seal of the organization and the signature of the person in charge, but when it comes to the style of speech, completely different signs come to the fore.

1. Objectivity, information content and reliability.
2. The absence of words that can be interpreted in two ways.
3. Impeccable construction of phrases and documents from a legal point of view.
4. Conciseness of wording, the desire for maximum brevity, the use of complex sentences with frequent use of complex conjunctions and verbal nouns.
5. Neutrality of presentation, lack of emotional coloring, preference for direct word order, almost complete neglect of individualization of style.
6. The use of speech cliches when constructing phrases.
7. Using standard phrases to describe typical situations.
8. Logic of presentation, its narrative character.

All these features of the official business style of speech make it the most closed and stable among all book styles. Time brings its changes to this language, but the main points - phraseological units, specific speech and syntactic turns - remain unchanged. In other styles of speech, the use of cliches has long been considered a disadvantage, but in formal conversations they are welcome. Actually, this kind of templated text, combined with a lack of emotional coloring and a large number of enumerations, which are also a sign of the official style, is what makes documents so difficult to read and.

The purpose of the formal business style of speech

At first glance, all this linguistic inertia and conservatism were invented to emphasize the isolation of business from other spheres of life. As a result, the average person gets a headache from trying to understand all the intricacies, and is forced to pay money to specialists.

On the one hand, this is true, a number of specialists (document specialists, lawyers, archivists) are partly translators from official business speech to colloquial speech, understandable to the majority of the population. But you shouldn’t look for the tenacious clutches of a global conspiracy here, because on the other hand, the official business style of speech is designed to minimize the likelihood of errors and simplify work with various kinds of documentation. In colloquial speech, we often use expressions with strong emotional overtones, love ambiguity, often use argot and do not disdain irony. Can you imagine what, for example, a supply agreement written in colloquial language would look like? On compliance with delivery deadlines, liability for violation of the agreement and the conformity of the delivered goods ordered could be forgotten. That is, a special style of presentation for official papers was created to exclude the possibility of speculation and different interpretations of information depending on the education of the people working with them. And to speed up work with various kinds of documents, drafting standards have been invented. Everything is regulated: from the location of the details to the order in which the address is written on the envelope. This allows you to quickly find the information you need without revising the entire document. For example, an accountant paying for the rental of premises is only interested in the terms of payment, details and duration of the contract. The clear structure of the document allows you to quickly access this information; otherwise, the time for processing the contract would greatly increase.