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Examples connected by a subordinating connection. Complex sentence with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections

Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, making speech more expressive and informative. Most often, complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific works, and official business texts.

What is a complex sentence?

Difficult sentence - a sentence that consists of two or more grammatical bases is an intonationally formed semantic unity expressing a certain meaning. Depending on the relationship of the parts, complex sentences with coordinating subordinating and non-conjunctive connections are distinguished.

Complex sentences with coordinating connections

Compound Sentences - conjunctional sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating connection. Parts of complex sentences are combined into one whole using coordinating, adversative or disjunctive conjunctions. In writing, a comma is placed before the conjunction between parts of a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed like it.

Complex sentences with subordinating connections

Complex sentences - conjunctional sentences consisting of unequal parts that are connected by a subordinating connection. In complex sentences, there is a main part and a dependent (subordinate) part. Parts of the dictionary are connected to each other using conjunctions and allied words. In writing, between parts of a complex sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction (conjunctive word).

Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store his friend was talking about.

Usually, a question can be raised from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to dinner. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.

Complex sentences with non-conjunction connections

Unconjunct complex sentences are sentences whose parts are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of conjunctions and allied words.

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Examples of complex sentences with non-conjunctive connections between parts: The music started playing, the guests started dancing. It will be frosty in the morning - we won’t go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.

A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).

Complex sentences with different types of connections

Mixed complex sentences can include several clauses connected to each other by coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. In writing, in mixed complex sentences, the punctuation characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences is observed.

Examples: Vitya decided that if the teacher asked him to answer a question, he would have to admit that he had not prepared for the lesson. On the right hung a painting depicting a blooming garden, and on the left there was a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: a strong wind rose and it began to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.

If complex sentences within a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother accidentally scattered; At this time, dad came out, and the bird quickly flew away.

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Subordinating connection - this is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).

Collocation - is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey. In the phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent word (to which the question is asked) are distinguished: Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.

The following are not subordinating phrases:

1. A combination of an independent word with a service word: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing; 2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: to play the fool, to play the fool, headlong; 3. Subject and predicate: night has fallen;

4. Compound word forms: lighter, will walk;

5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: fathers and sons.

There are three types of subordinating connections:

Coordination - this type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word becomes in the same forms as the main one: green oak, wide field, freshly cut grass, green lawns.
The main word in agreement is a noun (or a word in its meaning), a dependent adjective, a participle, as well as a numeral and a pronoun similar in form to the adjective: green oak, green oak tree in the distance, third oak tree from the road, this oak. Sometimes the dependent word in agreement can be a noun: hero city, teenage girl, giant cliff.
A dependent word can agree in number, gender and case, or in number and case, or in case only.
When agreeing, a change in the main word causes a corresponding change in the dependent word: green oak - green oak - green oak etc.
Agreement is expressed using the ending of the dependent word.

Control - this type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word (a noun or a word in the meaning of a noun) is placed in the case determined by the main word: be proud of your deeds(the main word controls the instrumental case); strive for perfection(the main word controls the dative case); road to the port(the main word controls the accusative case).
When controlled, only the form of the main word changes: I'm proud of what I do, you are proud of your deeds, be proud of your deeds etc.

In a combination of words like three palm trees(with an inanimate noun) word three in them and wine in cases it controls the noun, and in other cases it agrees with it: im. and wine P. three tables- management; date P. three tables, creative P. three tables, sentence P. ( O) three tables- coordination.
Combined type three girlfriends(with an animate noun) control is observed only in it. p., in other cases - agreement: three girlfriends, three friends, three girlfriends,three friends, (O) three girlfriends- coordination.

Adjacency - this type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word is connected with the main word in meaning and intonation: drive fast, speak slowly, desire to speak out,very nice.
Immutable words are adjacent - adverbs (soft-boiled egg), participles (met smiling), infinitive (went out for a walk, desire to go).

Exercise. What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.

We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch is the main word, mechanically is the dependent word. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then the adjacency connection is used in the phrase.

1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.

2. If you need agreement, look for a word that answers the question what? whose?

3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.

4. If you need to find an adjunct, look for an unchangeable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).

5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.

Exercise. From the sentences, write down a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. I started getting otitis media. I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. Mom called an ambulance and we went to the regional hospital.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: strongly (how?) - adverb. We find the main word for it, from which the question is asked to the adverb: caught a cold. Thus, we write out the phrase I caught a bad cold.

They are grammatically equal. This is a coordinating connection.

In some situations, one word may depend on another, and the subordinate part of the sentence may be subordinate to another, the main one. This is a subordinating relationship.

What are the features of subordinating communication?

Different words and phrases use different types of it. The types of subordinating connections largely depend on what parts of speech the constituent phrases are expressed with.

Coordination. With this variety, the dependent word is completely similar to the main word in gender, case, and number. (Blue Lagoon, to our team).

Most often, dependent words in agreement are:

  • adjectives,
  • participles (both active and passive),
  • some pronouns are possessive, demonstrative, attributive, negative),
  • ordinals.

The main word must be a noun or any other part of speech that acts as it. For example: dear people present, the first cosmonaut, convalescent works. Types of subordinating connections in phrases are not limited to agreement.

Control. The dependent word must stand with the main word in the form required by the lexical-grammatical meaning of the main word. To put it simply, the dependent word must stand with the main word in a certain gender, case or number. (I remember the past, put it on the table, stand at the table, etc.). Dependent words in this case can be:

  • nouns (or other words in their role): look at those sitting, sing a song;
  • pronouns: be angry with him;
  • some numerals: to be angry with both.

An accurate sign of control is the presence of a preposition in a phrase.

Adjacency. In this case, the main and dependent words are connected not by grammatical form, but exclusively by lexical meaning. Only the following can join:

  • adverb: run quickly;
  • infinitive: must run away;
  • gerund: walked, humming;
  • adjective in the simple comparative degree: older boys;
  • invariable adjectives: khaki.

It is not difficult to figure out what types of subordinating connections take place in a particular phrase if you use such a simplified hint.

The types of subordinating connections are also divided into groups:

  • Subordination is allied. I want it to be warm tomorrow. The connection is expressed through a union.
  • Submission is relative. The day came when the chicks flew out of the nest. Subordination is carried out using It should be noted that these types of subordination are very similar.
  • Subordination is indirectly interrogative. I can't figure out what it was. The main and subordinate parts are connected by adverbs and interrogatives).
  • Submission is consistent or inclusion. I know that I will find a job that will help me become richer. Subordinate clauses “cling” sequentially, to each other.
  • Submission is mutual. Before I could enter, I was caught up in the whirlpool of events. Such a connection is expressed lexico-semantically, and both parts are interdependent.
  • · Subordination is parallel or subordination. As I approached the window, Marina turned her head to get a better look at me. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to one word in the main word or to the entire main word.

Existing between two or more syntactically unequal words in a sentence or phrase, in the case where one of them is considered the main one, and, accordingly, the other - dependent. A subordinating relationship in a sentence exists between the main and subordinate clauses. In this article we will talk about phrases and the main methods of subordinating communication.

A phrase is a logical combination of two or more words that are related grammatically and in meaning. It is known that the phrase serves to more clearly describe objects and their characteristics, as well as the actions that they perform.

In phrases, the dependent word is related to the main word in several ways. So, methods of subordinating communication include:

1) approval;

2) management;

3) adjacency.

This classification of methods is based on which part of speech expresses the dependent word in the phrase. Let's look at each of the above methods in more detail.

Methods of subordinate communication: coordination

So, when managing, the dependent word answers a question, for example: to remember history - to remember (what?), to protect a person - to protect (who?), and so on. It is important to remember that a sign of control will always be a pretext.

Methods of subordinate communication: adjacency

Adjunction is the third type of subordinating connection, in which the dependence of a word is expressed lexically, by intonation and word order. Only infinitives, adverbs, comparative degrees of adjectives, gerunds, and possessive pronouns can be adjoined. These are the words that will indicate adjacency. In principle, the word “adjacent” itself speaks for itself: the dependent word adjoins, that is, it explains the main thing.

In such a phrase, the main word can be a verb (clearly understood), a noun (Turkish coffee), an adjective (very understandable), an adverb, a gerund (slightly tilted).

The connection in phrases with the infinitive is also regarded as adjacency. For example, please write it down, I want to see it, and similar ones.

And finally, a small “cheat sheet” that will help you quickly identify the method of subordinating communication:

When agreeing, there are three requirements of the main word for the dependent word - number, gender, case;

When controlling from the main word, there is one requirement - case;

When adjoining, the main word cannot require anything.

In modern Russian, especially in written speech, complex sentences are often used. There are two types of complex compounds in the Russian language: union and non-union. Non-union - which consists of several parts, but conjunctions are not used to connect these parts with each other. Here is a classic example of a non-union sentence: “It was snowing, the weather was frosty.” Or, for example: “It was getting cold, the birds were flying south.”

Allies, in turn, have another feature. They also have two or more parts and use conjunctions to communicate. There are two types of unions - coordinating and subordinating. If subordinating conjunctions are used, the sentence is called complex. If coordinating conjunctions are used, it is called compound.

Subordinating connection in a complex sentence

If the parts of a complex sentence are connected to each other using a subordinating connection, it is called complex. It consists of two parts: main and subordinate clauses. There is always only one main thing, but there can be several subordinate clauses. From the main part to the subordinate part you can pose a question. There are different types of subordinating connections.

Subordinate clause can serve as an adverbial function, for example: “I left home from school when the bell rang.” It can also serve as a complement: “I told him what I’ve been wanting to say for a long time.” And, finally, it can serve as a circumstance, for example: “The grandmother told her grandson to go to where he forgot his briefcase,” “I didn’t come because my grandmother was sick,” « “My mother arrived when the snow melted in the yard.”

Here are classic examples of variants with different types of subordinating connections. In all examples, the first part will be the main one, and the second - subordinate clause, accordingly, the question is asked from the first part to the second:

  • “I love it when spring comes”;
  • “I read a book about the house that Jack built”;
  • “Mom was upset because her son got a bad grade”;
  • “The boy decided to find out where Santa Claus comes to the house from.”

Coordinating connection in a complex sentence

We can talk about a coordinating connection in cases where the simple parts that make up a complex are equal, and none of them can be called main or dependent. Accordingly, the question cannot be raised from one part to another. The most common coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions “a”, “but”, “and”.

Examples of coordinating connections:

  • “Mom came home, and at that time my son went for a walk.”
  • “I felt bad, but my friends were able to cheer me up.”
  • “The sun has set, and the heads of the dandelions in the meadow have closed.”
  • “Winter has come, and everything around has plunged into white silence.”

The coordinating connection in variants with the conjunction “a” is often used in Russian folk proverbs and sayings based on the opposition of any characteristics, for example: “The hair is expensive, but the mind is short.” In the old Russian language, for example, in folklore works (fairy tales, epics, sayings, fables), the conjunction “a” is often replaced by its Old Russian synonym “da”, for example: “Grandfather came to pull a turnip, but the turnip grew big. The grandfather pulled and pulled the turnip and called the grandmother for help.”

Compound Sentences They are especially often used in descriptions of nature, when the author of a work wants to give the most complete picture of a summer day, a winter night or a bright, beautiful landscape. Here is an example of such a descriptive text with a coordinating connection in complex sentences: “It was snowing, and people ran home with their collars turned up. It was still light outside, but the birds had long since fallen silent. All that was heard was the creaking of snow underfoot, and there was no wind. The sun was slowly setting behind the horizon, and two lovers on a park bench admired the short winter sunset.”

Also, complex sentences, especially sentences with the conjunctions “a” and “but,” are actively used in the scientific style of writing, in reasoning texts. Here is an example of such reasoning: “The human body is resilient, but the immune system can be easily destroyed by uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Antibiotics as medicines have many advantages, but they cause dysbiosis and have a negative effect on the immune system.”

Features of punctuation

Two parts of a subordinating clause are connected by subordinating conjunctions. Parts of the coordinating type, in turn, are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions. A conjunction is a small particle that visually resembles a preposition, but performs a completely different function: connects or two sentences that are inside one.

Both in complex and compound sentences, conjunctions must be preceded by a comma. When reading aloud, you need to pause before this comma. Omitting a comma before conjunctions using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions is considered a gross syntactic error. However, primary and even secondary school students often make such mistakes in dictations, in independent and test work in the Russian language, in essays and written works on literature. In this regard, the school curriculum for studying the Russian language includes a separate section devoted to practicing the rules of punctuation.

In complex non-union sentences To connect two parts, you can use not only a comma, but also other punctuation marks, for example:

  • “The sun has risen, the birds have woken up with their usual morning song.”
  • “I warned you: playing with fire is very dangerous!”
  • “The full moon lit up, illuminating the earth with its radiance; sensing the approach of night, a wolf howled in the distant forest; somewhere in the distance, on a tree, an eagle owl hooted.”

Complex sentences help make written and spoken language especially expressive. They are actively used in texts of various contents. Competent writing of them in compliance with all punctuation rules indicates that the person knows the Russian language well and knows how to clearly express his thoughts in writing. Neglect of existing punctuation rules, on the contrary, speaks of a low level of human speech culture. Teachers of Russian language and literature should pay special attention to the correct spelling of complex sentences when checking students' written work.