Transport corridors- this is a set of main transport communications of various modes of transport with the necessary arrangements that ensure the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit main pipelines.

transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junctions of two or more main modes of transport. In the transport system, the nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Large transport hubs are always large cities, because they attract trade, it is convenient to develop industry here (there are no supply problems), and transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs (many still exist due to this role). First of all, these are port cities: in the UK - this is London, in France - Marseille, Paris, in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, ​​in Italy - Venice, Milan, in the Netherlands - the so-called Ranstadt (a complex of transport hubs connected in a single network - Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague), in Sweden - Stockholm, in the USA - New York, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, in Australia - Sydney, in Japan - Tokyo, in China - Shanghai, Singapore. There are also less common examples. So, the city of Shannon in Ireland mainly lives at the expense of the airport. Some cities play the role of not cargo, but passenger transport hubs, for example, Simferopol in the Crimea, where numerous tourists arrive, transferring there to transport that delivers them to the cities of the Crimean coast.

The largest transport hub in Russia is Moscow. The paths of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railway lines, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge in Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine railway stations. Another interesting example is Vladivostok, where the Trans-Siberian Railway ends and many sea routes begin.

Transport system and communication

Transport and communication can be interchangeable and complementary. Although it is theoretically possible to replace a sufficiently developed transport connection (instead of a personal visit, one could send a telegram, make a phone call, send a fax, an e-mail), but it was found that these modes of communication in reality generate more interactions, including personal ones. Growth in transportation would not be possible without communications, which are vital to advanced transportation systems, from railroads in the need for two-way traffic on the same track to flight control, which requires knowledge of the position of an aircraft in the sky. Thus, it was found that development in one area leads to growth in another.

Transport (shipping) process- a set of organizationally and technologically interrelated actions and operations performed by motor transport enterprises and their divisions independently or in coordination with other organizations in the preparation, implementation and completion of cargo transportation.

The structure of the transport process includes:

1. Marketing of cargo flows.

2. Development on the basis of materials from the survey of cargo flows: rational route schemes, providing for the opening of new and changing the direction of existing routes

3. Selecting the type and determining the required number of rolling stock for transportation

4. Determination of the scope of the expedient use of cars and road trains, depending on the specific conditions of transportation, type and properties of goods, performance indicators of freight transport

5. Rationing of vehicle speeds

6. The choice of systems for organizing the movement of vehicles using rational modes of work for drivers.

7. Coordination of road transport with other modes of transport.

8. Analysis of road conditions in order to develop efficient and safe routes for rolling stock

9. Ensuring efficient and safe transportation of goods by road.

10 Application of economic and mathematical methods and calculations to improve the efficiency of the use of rolling stock and reduce transportation costs.

11. Vehicle traffic control.

12. Operational control over the operation of automobile rolling stock and its use.

Particular attention in the transport process is paid to the use of various methods that provide:

Timely delivery of goods in batches of required sizes.

Preservation of the quality and quantity of the transported cargo;

Fulfillment of safety requirements and traffic safety requirements,

fuel economy,

environmental protection;

Compliance with labor law requirements

Air (aviation) transport.

The main function of air transport is the transportation of passengers over long distances, although this type of transport is also engaged in the transportation of perishable and expensive goods. Today it Expensive , But the fastest kind of transport. Its role is especially great in remote and hard-to-reach regions of the North and Siberia, where it carries not only passengers, but also various cargoes due to the lack of railways and roads.

The level of development of air transport is an indicator of the degree of scientific and technical potential of the country. In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed down. Currently, the technical staffing of the ground base is 60%, and for air terminal complexes no more than 30%. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%.

In Russia today there are about 800 airports, of which 50 have international status.

Thus, level of development of the transport system Russian Federation varies by region . Provision of means of communication both in terms of total length and density (kilometers of path per 1000 km of area) differ by ten or more times. most developed the Central Black Earth, Central, North-Western, North Caucasian, Volga-Vyatka regions have a transport system, least developed - Far Eastern, East Siberian, West Siberian, Northern economic regions.

The regions are different and according to the structure of cargo turnover . In areas where such minerals as iron ore, coal are developed, the main transportation is carried out by rail; where oil and gas are extracted, the share of pipeline transport is large; in areas where forest resources are developed, the proportion of inland water transport is significant; in areas specializing in manufacturing industries, the main role belongs to rail transport. So, for example, in the West Siberian region, rail transport prevails, and the proportion of pipeline transport is high, in the Central region, the vast majority of transportation is carried out by rail.

Extractive industries have active transport balance , i.e. export exceeds import, since the mass of raw materials and fuel is greater than the mass of finished products, and the areas of the manufacturing industry, respectively - passive , i.e. imports exceed exports.

Transport capacity flows also have significant differences and depend on the location of the main sources of raw materials, fuel, materials, etc. Can be distinguished three main main directions of the country's transport system :

1. Latitudinal main Siberian direction "east-west" and back; it includes railway, pipeline and water routes using the Kama and Volga rivers;

2. meridional main Central European direction "north-south" with access to Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus, formed mainly by railway lines;

3. Meridional Volga-Caucasian the main direction "north-south" along the Volga river, railway and pipeline routes, connecting the Volga region and the Caucasus with the Center, the North of the European part of the country and the Urals. The main cargo flows of the country go along these main trunk lines, and rail, inland waterway and road transport modes closely interact. The main air routes also basically coincide with the land ones.

In addition to the main main routes, there is a dense transport network of intra-district and local significance . Combining with each other, they form the Unified Transport System of Russia. As the productive forces of the country as a whole and its individual regions develop, the transport “system needs constant improvement both in the field of rationalization of location and its quality level: updating the material and technical base, improving the organizational and management system, using the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress . The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at better meeting the needs of the economy and the population of the country with transport services.

Transport is an important link in the economy of the Russian Federation, without which the normal functioning of any sector of the economy, any region of the country is impossible. Stabilization of the economy and its rise are impossible without solving the main problems of the transport complex. Currently being developed integrated program "Transport of Russia" . First of all, the issues of increasing investment in this industry need to be addressed, attraction of foreign capital , establishing the work of suppliers of the transport complex - transport engineering, electrical and electronic industries, instrumentation, construction industry, etc. In the transport complex itself, closer coordination work of all types of transport among themselves and with branches of the national economy. One of the main tasks is also restoration of transport and economic ties with neighboring countries, since the transport complex of the USSR was formed as a single whole, and the separate functioning of its individual parts led to the degradation of the transport economy not only in Russia, but in all the former republics of the USSR. Problems are acute transport support of rural settlements , passenger traffic in large cities, reduce the negative impact transport on the natural environment and a person.

The transition to market relations of the Russian transport complex is complicated due to the previously formed highly centralized management structure and the previously created super-large transport monopolies. When solving the problem of denationalization of certain parts of the transport complex, creating conditions for competition, an objective need arose for small and medium-sized businesses. The process of privatization of motor transport enterprises, the creation of small corporatized airlines, and water transport enterprises is actively underway.

Russian service sector

The service sector (service sector), being the most important element of the infrastructure of the economy, is a complex of industries that satisfy the social needs of the population. It belongs to the tertiary sector of the economy.

The most important the importance of the service industry consists in increasing labor productivity through the training of highly qualified personnel, good rest, reducing the loss of working time due to illness, etc. Service sector includes :

-Department of Housing and Utilities:(housing operation; electricity supply; heat supply; gas supply, etc.);

- Healthcare:(polyclinics, hospitals, first-aid posts, ambulance stations, pharmacies, etc.);

- Household service(studio; repair shops; laundries, dry cleaners);

- Catering(canteens; cafes; restaurants);

- Retail:(shops; markets; kiosks);

- cultural institutions(theatres; museums; libraries);

- Education:(kindergartens; schools and colleges; universities);

- Recreational economy (sanatoriums; rest houses; camp sites);

- Credit and financial services (Insurance companies; Banks).

Placement of service enterprises coincides with the geography of the population. However, the level, quality and completeness of the set of services provided differ not only by region, but also within each region - between the countryside and the city, and even within the same city - between central and outlying ("sleeping" and "industrial" areas).

Placement of enterprises is determined first of all frequency and volume of demand .

The only service industry with large regional differences is the recreational economy.

The recreational economy unites a large number of various enterprises and institutions that provide the population with the opportunity to relax and restore their strength, health, and creative abilities. It covers a network of health-improving institutions, recreation centers, and various forms of tourism.

There are several types of tourism: health (treatment, recreation), educational (trips to cultural and historical places), sports (hunting, fishing, mountaineering), adventure and ecological.

In Russia, with its unique potential, there are relatively few places of recreation. Major recreational areas:

the Black Sea coast with the resort area of ​​"Greater Sochi";

St. Petersburg with its environs;

Moscow and Moscow region;

- "Golden Ring of Russia" (Moscow - Zagorsk - Pereslavl-Zalessky - Rostov - Yaroslavl - Kostroma - Suzdal - Vladimir);

River cruises (Volga, Ob, Lena, Yenisei, etc.);

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki).

Geography - Grade 9 The importance of transport in the country's economy. Types of transport and their features. Main transport routes and nodes. Transport and environment. Prospects for the development of the transport system in Russia.
Transport provides production links between sectors of the economy, the exchange of products between different parts of the country, its foreign trade. An indicator of the work of transport is the freight turnover (passenger-turnover) - the product of the transported for the year

Masses of cargo (number of passengers) per transportation distance.

The main modes of transport are rail, road, water (river and sea), air and pipeline. A transport hub is a point where several modes of transport converge and goods are exchanged between them.

The main role in transportation in our country belongs to the railways. This is due to the large size of the country and such advantages of the railway. transport, as a relatively low cost of transportation at a fairly high average speed. Main Railway the main highway of the country is Siberia ekaya (from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok), in the European part of the country - Pechora (Salekhard-Vorkuta-Konosha).

In second place in terms of cargo turnover is pipeline transport. A huge amount of oil and gas is annually transported through the pipeline system from the eastern regions of the country to the western regions and abroad. The largest pipelines are Druzhba, Mir, Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod.

Road transport transports the most cargo in tons, its importance is growing rapidly. It has a high speed, it has the ability to deliver cargo directly to the consumer. Road transport is of great importance in mountainous and northern regions where there are no railways. The largest highways (12 highways) diverge from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Simferopol, Brest, Chelyabinsk, and Riga.

Maritime transport has the largest average transportation distances. He has a big role in foreign transportation. The main ports of Russia are St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka.

River transport is of particular importance in the north and in Siberia, where large rivers flow, and land transport is not developed. In the European part of the country, navigable river routes (the largest of them is the Volga-Kama) are connected by a system of canals (the White Sea-Baltic, the Moscow Canal, the Volga-Donskoy) into the Unified Deep-water System of the European part of the country.

The main advantage of air transport is the high speed of transportation, however, due to their high cost, its cargo turnover is small. This type of transport is used for the transportation of perishable and urgent goods. Its role is great in mountainous and northern hard-to-reach areas. Its main specialization is the transportation of passengers over long distances (20% of the country's passenger turnover).
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The entire sea area of ​​Russia is divided into 5 sea basins, in which work is carried out on the transportation of goods and passengers. Each of them gravitates to specific economic regions.

The Baltic basin - the Northwestern economic region, as well as a number of regions of the Volga-Vyatka and Ural economic regions gravitate towards it. The access to this basin of the regions of the Volga-Vyatka and Ural economic regions is due to the high development of industry and external relations of a number of industries. The main seaports here are: Baltiysk, Vyborg, Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg.

The northern basin transports goods from the four economic regions adjacent to it: Northern, Ural, West Siberian and partly East Siberian. The vessels of this basin carry out cargo transportation for the population and enterprises of the entire coast of the Far North, i.e. carry out large cabotage between such Arctic ports as Tiksi, the mouths of the rivers Khatanga, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma and the port of Pevsk. The main ports of this basin are Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Dikson, Kandalaksha, Murmansk, Naryan-Mar, Onega, Pevsk.

The Black Sea-Azov basin occupies an advantageous geographical position, has access to the countries of Europe and the Middle East. A part of the territory of the North Caucasian economic region, a number of regions of the Central, Ural and Volga economic regions gravitate towards it.

The main ports of this basin are: Azov, Yeysk, Novorossiysk, Taganrog, Sochi, Tuapse.

Caspian basin. It adjoins the North Caucasian and Volga economic regions. Through navigable rivers and canals, it is connected with almost all sea basins of the European part of Russia. Makhachkala is a major port. The first stage of the Olya deep-water port has been erected.

Far East basin. It covers a significant territory of the Far Eastern economic region. In this region, sea transport for the entire coast from the Bering Strait to Vladivostok is the main mode of transport and performs small and large cabotage, as well as international transportation. The main ports of the basin: Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Vladivostok, Magadan, Nakhodka, Okhotsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Provideniya, Sovetskaya Gavan, Ust-Kamchatsk, Kholmsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

The movement of sea vessels is organized either according to a schedule (more often linear navigation, passenger) or by successive flights (without a preliminary announcement of the schedule). Schedules are drawn up for planning and dispatching, on the basis of control over execution - executive.

Maritime transport is managed by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, the Department of Maritime Transport. This is the first link in the management of the marine fleet. The second is the shipping company (association). Ports have the general status of structural units.

Now the issue of building in the Gulf of Finland the largest port in Luga on the Sea of ​​Azov - Taganrog is being decided. The linear form of shipping is systematically expanding both in coastal and international traffic. Intensive work is underway to introduce ACS in traffic control, especially in large transport hubs.

Maritime transport occupies a special place in the country's economy. They carry out 50% of all export-import shipments. Its importance is especially great in the regions of the North, North - East. Maritime transport in transportation closely interacts with rail transport. This is especially important in the current conditions of the collapse of the USSR. Direct multimodal transport, especially the direct ship-to-car option, has caused the reconstruction of railway stations and tracks in a number of ports. In seaports located at the mouths of rivers, sea and river transport interact more closely. Maritime transport is increasingly interacting with road transport, especially in the transportation of general cargo.