Archive of Alexander N. Yakovlev. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR
Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of October 25, 1956 No. 1443-719 “On measures to improve the work of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR” is announced for guidance and strict implementation.
I ORDER:
1. The Ministers of Internal Affairs of the union and autonomous republics, the heads of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of territories and regions, familiarize all personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with this Resolution and study it deeply. At meetings of the boards of ministries, outline and approve practical measures to implement the said Resolution.
During November and December, hold active and service meetings in ministries and institutions of internal affairs, at which the tasks set out in the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU are widely explained, and measures to implement the said Resolution are discussed.
2. The Ministers of Internal Affairs of the Union republics shall review the current structure and staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Regional Ministry of Internal Affairs and police departments in the autonomous republics, territories and regions, bring them into conformity with the new organization of internal affairs institutions, as well as with the newly established job titles, and submit them to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR by November 25, 1956.
Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR Comrade. Chernyaev K.P. together with the head of the Main Police Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and the head of the Financial Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, consider the new structure and staff of local internal affairs agencies and submit for approval by December 1, 1956.
In December 1956, the Ministers of Internal Affairs of the Union Republics reorganized the regional and regional Ministry of Internal Affairs into the internal affairs departments of the executive committees of the regional (territorial) Soviets of Working People's Deputies, and transformed the police departments (departments, branches) in cities and districts into departments (departments, branches) police executive committees of city and district Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
When carrying out reorganization, keep in mind the merging of homogeneous apparatuses, reducing their numbers and sending qualified workers released from the administrative apparatus and offices to strengthen the most important sections of the police service and correctional labor colonies.
3. To the Head of the Main Police Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs:
a) prepare and present measures for a radical restructuring of the work of the police, bearing in mind a dramatic improvement in the protection of public order and the safety of citizens, strengthening the fight against criminal crime, timely prevention and suppression of criminal offenses, especially murder, rape, theft, hooliganism, as well as ensuring complete detection rate of all crimes;
b) when developing measures, pay special attention to the dramatic improvement of the criminal investigation service and the organization of strict control over its work;
c) ensure that the technical means supplied to the police are used only for operational purposes.
4. Reorganize the Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs into the Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The ministers of internal affairs of the union republics should accordingly reorganize the departments of forced labor camps and colonies into the apparatus of forced labor colonies under the relevant institutions of internal affairs.
5. To the Head of the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs:
a) develop measures to restructure the work of correctional labor colonies in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU;
b) in November 1956, together with the USSR Prosecutor's Office, develop and submit for consideration to the Board of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs a draft of a new Regulation on correctional labor institutions;
c) in December 1956, submit proposals for the creation of correctional labor colonies on the basis of industrial and agricultural enterprises, having previously agreed on them with the State Planning Committee of the USSR, the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics and interested ministries and departments.
6. The head of the Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the ministers of internal affairs of the union republics, in agreement with party and Soviet bodies, strengthen the personnel of the police and correctional labor colonies, select and send politically trained communists and Komsomol members to work in these institutions, recruit in every possible way to work in the police and correctional labor colonies for officers, sergeants and soldiers transferred to the reserve from the Soviet Army.
7. To the Head of the Main Directorate of Military Supply of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR together with the Head of the Main Directorate of Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR:
a) submit for approval a plan for the distribution of cars, motorcycles and boats allocated by the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs for the police for the IV quarter of 1956 in accordance with measures to improve the technical equipment of the police, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the CPSU Central Committee of October 25, 1956, and accept measures for the timely implementation of allocated equipment;
b) draw up technical requirements and submit them to the Ministry of Radio Engineering Industry of the USSR for the development of prototypes of motorcycle and portable radio stations, as well as small-sized radio stations weighing from 1.0 to 1.5 kg, together with power supplies, within a time period in agreement with the USSR MRTP;
c) prepare initial data for the development of standard wire and radio communication schemes for the police and submit them to the relevant design organizations of the USSR Ministry of Communications within the time period agreed upon with it.
8. The heads of the Main Directorate of Military Supply, the Main Directorate of Police, the Economic Directorate and the Financial Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, respectively, within five days, submit to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for approval the distribution of funds that the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR is allowed to spend on technical equipment and other needs of the police, according to paragraph 8 of Appendix No. 1 to the Resolution.
9. Within five days, the Head of the Financial Department and Economic Administration of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs must submit for approval to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs proposals on the distribution of the loan allocated by the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs through Tsekombank for individual housing construction for police officers.
10. In February 1957, the heads of the Planning and Financial Departments, together with the head of the Main Police Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, submitted to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs proposals for the use of 50% of the balance of funds for this protection not spent in 1956 for the construction of residential buildings for employees of non-departmental external police guards.
11. The heads of the Main Directorate of Military Supply, the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Colonies, the 5th Special Department and the Financial Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs should prepare proposals related to the introduction of a new procedure for staffing the paramilitary guards of correctional labor institutions with privates and non-commissioned officers, providing the personnel of this guard with all types of allowances , as well as providing him with benefits and advantages provided for the personnel of the internal and convoy guards of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
12. In accordance with measures to reduce staffing levels and reduce costs for the maintenance of internal affairs institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs troops, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU, the head of the Main Fire Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, within a month, reduce the staffing level of the paramilitary fire protection facilities by 25,300 units, having coordinated this issue with interested ministries and departments.
13. The head of the Main Police Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the ministers of internal affairs of the union republics must ensure the transfer of civil registration functions to the executive committees of local Councils of Working People's Deputies by January 1, 1957.
14. Control over the implementation of this order is entrusted to the First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Comrade.
Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR
The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU note that in recent years a lot of work has been done to strengthen socialist legality in the country. Measures have been taken to strictly observe the rights of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution of the USSR. Prosecutor's supervision has been restored and strengthened. The 20th Congress of the CPSU obliged all party and Soviet bodies to vigilantly guard the rule of law and resolutely suppress manifestations of lawlessness, arbitrariness, and violations of the socialist legal order.
In further strengthening socialist legality and strengthening the protection of public order in the country, it is important to fully improve the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the ministries of internal affairs of the union and autonomous republics, as well as regional, regional, city and district institutions of internal affairs. However, these institutions have not yet taken all the necessary measures to improve the quality of their work and unsatisfactorily perform the main function - ensuring the protection of public order, weakly fight against criminals and other malicious violators of the law, do not provide reliable protection of the lives of citizens and their property from attacks by criminals elements, while in a number of cities and towns of the country there is an increase in crime.
Operational work to prevent and solve crimes is poorly done. Up to thirty percent of such dangerous crimes as murder, robbery, theft of state, public and personal property remain unsolved, and the criminals remain unpunished. The work of the criminal investigation department is in a state of disrepair.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the ministries of the Union republics do not properly combat the established anti-state practice, when local institutions of internal affairs in a number of cases hide crimes committed from recording and often unreasonably refuse to initiate criminal cases based on statements from citizens.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the Ministries of Internal Affairs of the Union republics do not ensure the fulfillment of an important state task - the correction and re-education of criminals and their return to an honest working life. The work of educating prisoners in the spirit of strict observance of Soviet laws and rules of socialist society, an honest attitude towards work, state and public property continues to be at a low level.
The labor use of prisoners in forced labor camps is organized unsatisfactorily. Most prisoners are used for general work, without taking into account their existing specialties. The training of prisoners in mass professions and the improvement of their labor qualifications are extremely weak.
Political agencies of correctional labor camps and colonies do not conduct appropriate political, educational and cultural work with prisoners, as well as actively fight to eliminate the existing serious shortcomings in the correction and re-education of prisoners.
Dangerous criminals and recidivist thieves are often released early from prison without sufficient grounds on the grounds that they have allegedly embarked on the path of reform or under the guise of their illness.
One of the main reasons for serious shortcomings in the activities of internal affairs institutions is the unsatisfactory work on educating personnel in the spirit of high consciousness of their official duty, strict discipline and responsibility for the assigned work.
The matter of selection and placement of personnel was poorly handled both in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and in the ministries of the Union republics. In many cases, people without proper training are appointed to important areas of operational and investigative work in the police and to work in correctional labor institutions. A significant part of the employees of city and district departments, police departments, as well as local commissioners, heads of camp centers and departments do not meet the requirements for them. There is an infestation of camp police personnel with morally unstable people. The heads of internal affairs agencies are weak in their efforts to improve the qualifications of workers and retain them in the service.
The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU also note that Soviet and party organizations in regions, territories and republics do not properly manage the work of internal affairs institutions to improve the selection and training of personnel, strengthen public order, re-educate prisoners and have little control over practical activities of these institutions. The centralization of leadership from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to local institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in a number of cases led to their separation from party and Soviet organizations and lack of control.
In order to eliminate major shortcomings in the work of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the ministries of internal union autonomous republics, regional, regional, city and district institutions of internal affairs and radically improve their activities, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU decide:
1. Consider the main task of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the ministries of internal affairs of the union and autonomous republics and local institutions of internal affairs to ensure the protection of public order and the safety of citizens, a radical improvement in the fight against criminal crime, the timely prevention and suppression of criminal offenses, especially murders and rapes , thefts, hooliganism, as well as ensuring the full detection of all crimes.
In order for the fight against criminal crime to be successful, it is necessary to improve operational work and especially the work of the criminal investigation department, release qualified workers from the administrative apparatus and offices and direct them to strengthen the most important areas of the police service, and make it incumbent on the heads of internal affairs agencies to personally direct and control the work criminal investigation.
Police officers, called upon to ensure the protection of public order, will be able to successfully fulfill this important state task only with widespread help and support from the population. Therefore, in their work they are obliged to strengthen ties with the working people in every possible way and rely on their help.
2. Considering the existing centralization of the management of local internal affairs agencies by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, as well as the division into bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and police bodies, incorrect, it is advisable to reorganize the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and police departments in the regions and territories into unified departments of internal affairs of the executive committees of regional (territorial) ) Councils of Working People's Deputies, and transform police departments (branches) in cities and regions into police departments (branches) of the executive committees of city and district Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
Establish that the heads of regional and regional departments of internal affairs, as well as the ministers of internal affairs of autonomous republics, are at the same time the chiefs of police of the region, territory, autonomous republic and that the heads of these departments are accountable in their activities to both the relevant Council of Working People's Deputies and its executive committee, and to a higher authority institution of internal affairs.
3. In order to further improve the work of the police in combating crime and maintaining public order, it is necessary to recognize the need to improve the equipment of the police with vehicles, communications equipment, as well as the equipment of office premises.
Approve measures to improve the technical equipment of the police in accordance with Appendix No. 1.
4. Oblige the Prosecutor General of the USSR to strengthen prosecutorial supervision over the investigation of criminal cases by employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and compliance with the established deadlines for the investigation, as well as to increase the responsibility of prosecutors for the timely and complete disclosure of crimes committed.
5. Recognize it expedient to take additional measures to combat hooliganism and submit the attached draft Decree on this issue for approval by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
6. Oblige the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics to eliminate serious shortcomings in the work of correctional labor institutions, establish strict order in the regime of detention and protection of prisoners, ensure the maintenance of persons convicted of less dangerous crimes, separately from repeat thieves and other dangerous criminals.
7. Consider the main task of correctional labor institutions to be the re-education of prisoners on the basis of introducing them to socially useful work. Organize work in labor colonies in such a way that every prisoner during his stay in the colony can obtain labor qualifications and, after serving his sentence, quickly become involved in honest labor activities.
To direct political and educational work with prisoners to educate them in the spirit of strict adherence to Soviet laws and rules of socialist society, an honest attitude towards work, state and public property; to increase the consciousness and labor activity of prisoners, to develop their initiative in cultural and mass production work.
8. Recognize the continued existence of forced labor camps of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs as inappropriate, as they do not ensure the fulfillment of the most important state task - the re-education of prisoners in labor. In this regard, reorganize the forced labor camps of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs into forced labor colonies.
Establish that persons sentenced to imprisonment must serve their sentence, as a rule, within the region, territory, republic at their place of residence or at the place of conviction.
Instruct the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (Comrade Dudorov) and the State Planning Committee of the USSR (Comrade) together with the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics and interested ministries and departments to submit proposals to the Council of Ministers of the USSR within three months on the creation of forced labor colonies on the basis of industrial and agricultural enterprises. The proposals also include strengthening the material and technical base of existing correctional labor colonies.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, together with the Prosecutor's Office, within two months, prepare a draft of a new Regulation on correctional labor institutions and submit it to the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
10. Oblige the USSR Prosecutor's Office (t.), the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (t. Dudorov) and the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics to ensure strict compliance with the law allowing early release from places of imprisonment only of those prisoners who have firmly taken the path of correction, as well as persons suffering from a serious incurable illness and who are no longer socially dangerous.
11. In order to strengthen public control over the activities of correctional labor institutions, it is necessary to create supervisory commissions from representatives of Soviet, trade union and Komsomol organizations under the executive committees of local Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
Oblige the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics to develop and approve regulations on supervisory commissions within two months.
12. Entrust the Councils of Ministers of the union and autonomous republics, the executive committees of the regional, regional, city and district Councils of Working People's Deputies with responsibility for the employment of persons released from prison.
Establish that persons who have served their sentences in places of detention must be employed no later than two weeks from the date of their arrival at their place of residence, taking into account their existing specialties. Local Soviet bodies are obliged, in necessary cases, to provide persons released from places of imprisonment with living space, and also to ensure that they are quickly included in social and working life.
13. Oblige the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Union Republics, regional committees, regional committees of the CPSU and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR to strengthen the cadres of the police and forced labor colonies, to select and send politically trained communists and Komsomol members to work in these institutions; to involve in every possible way officers, sergeants and soldiers discharged from the Soviet Army into the reserve to work in the police and correctional labor institutions.
As a rule, people who have an education of at least seven years of secondary school are hired to work in the police.
14. To establish that the private and non-commissioned personnel of the paramilitary guards of correctional labor institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR are recruited upon conscription from among those limitedly fit for combat service and are provided with all types of allowances, and also enjoy the benefits and advantages provided for the personnel of internal and convoy military personnel security of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
From now on, the security of correctional labor colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs will be called the convoy security of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
15. Accept the proposal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR to staff secondary police schools at the expense of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Army who are subject to demobilization and have a secondary education.
16. Approve measures to reduce staffing levels and reduce costs for maintaining institutions and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in accordance with Appendix No. 2.
17. Oblige the Councils of Ministers of the union and autonomous republics, the executive committees of the regional, regional and city Councils of Working People's Deputies to provide local police officers in cities and workers' settlements with living space in the area of their activity.
18. Oblige the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR to transfer by January 1, 1957 the functions of registering acts of civil status to the executive committees of local Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
Oblige the executive committees of local Soviets of Workers' Deputies to:
improve the work of civil registry offices, staff them with literate, cultured workers, eliminate the formal, bureaucratic attitude to the registration of civil status acts and ensure the creation of the proper environment for the registration of civil status acts;
place registry offices in well-equipped premises, equip them with the necessary furniture, equipment and ensure that these premises are maintained in an exemplary manner.
19. Oblige republican, regional, regional, city and district Soviet and party organizations to improve the management of the work of internal affairs institutions, strengthen control over their activities, provide them with all possible assistance in ensuring public order and improving the work of correctional labor colonies; to ensure that party organizations of internal affairs institutions persistently carry out political and educational work with personnel, ensuring that each employee has an honest and conscientious attitude to work, high moral purity and firm discipline.
To fully support and develop the initiative of Komsomol and other public organizations in the fight against violators of public order, assign communists, Komsomol members and non-party activists to police assistance teams, create an atmosphere of intolerance around violators of public order.
20. The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU consider it necessary to draw the attention of the Councils of Ministers of the union and autonomous republics, the executive committees of the regional, regional, city and district Councils of Working People's Deputies, the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees, city committees, district party committees to the fact that they are responsible to the people for the state of public order and the fight against crime in every republic, territory, region, city, district.
The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU express confidence that Soviet, party and public organizations and employees of internal affairs agencies will truly take up the eradication of murders, robberies, thefts, hooliganism - this intolerable evil in our socialist society, and will establish the necessary social order and thereby create normal living, working and cultural conditions for Soviet people.
GARF. F. 9401. Op. 12. D. 315. Lll. 140–146. Printed copy.
The Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR is a normative document adopted jointly by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - the highest party body in the period between congresses of the CPSU, and the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the highest executive and administrative body of state power in the USSR. These regulations determined various aspects of the company’s activities in the USSR and were mandatory for execution by all organizations and enterprises.
The practice of issuing joint resolutions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR has been known since the 1930s. .
Sometimes joint resolutions were adopted by an “expanded” composition of subjects: in addition to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, and in some cases the Central Committee of the Komsomol participated in their adoption.
In accordance with the doctrine of that period, “party legal norms have a richer content than the norms issued by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, due to which they extend their effect to a much wider range of persons. They are mandatory for both state bodies and party organizations, and their effect also applies to public organizations working under the leadership of the CPSU.” Other authors saw in joint resolutions signs of “a combination of acts of political (socio-political) and legal regulation.”
The famous legal theorist Sergei Alekseev expressed the idea of a “chain of political acts” as the embodiment of the leading and directing role of the CPSU: “First - a decision or other leading position in the party document, then - a general, often joint, Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, party-state a normative decision on a relevant issue and, finally, a specific normative act of a government body, and often a set of acts.”
From the point of view of modern assessments, participation in the publication of such resolutions by the “Council of Ministers” gave formal legitimacy, and the CPSU Central Committee indicated the real source of power and hinted at the possibility of party responsibility if it was not implemented. Sometimes, depending on their nature, the Central Committee of the Komsomol or the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, that is, the governing bodies of Komsomol or trade union organizations, were involved in signing such resolutions. Such a joint decision, symbolizing its “democratic” character, had normative functions and was binding.”
Notes
- Constitution of the USSR 1977 (Russian). Retrieved May 16, 2010. Archived July 6, 2012.
- Korelsky V. M. On the features and significance of the norms contained in joint resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR (undefined) . Jurisprudence. 1965. No. 2. S. 23 - 28 // Legal Russia. Federal legal portal. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- Ignatov V. G. Chapter 17. Evolution and stagnation of the public administration system in the USSR (late 60s - early 80s)// History of public administration in Russia. - M., 2002.
- See, for example: Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated August 28, 1969 No. 723 “ON THE ORDER OF SUMMING UP THE RESULTS IN THE SOCIALIST COMPETITION IN HONOR OF THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF V.I. LENIN AND O MEASURES TO INCENTIVE THE WINNERS IN THIS COMPETITION" (undefined) . Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- See, for example: Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of March 26, 1981 N 304 “On the All-Union Socialist Competition for the Successful Fulfillment and Exceeding of the Tasks of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan” (undefined) . Retrieved October 19, 2013.
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From the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR
SPACE SYSTEMS AND PROSPECTIVE SPACE SYSTEMS
COMPLEXES":
The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, attaching special importance to increasing the country's defense capability and intensifying work on creating promising space complexes to solve
military, national economic and scientific tasks, DECIDE:
1. Accept the proposals of the weapon based on known and general machine-new physical principles;
structures, the Ministry of Defense - launching into near-Earth orbits of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, servicing in these USSR: orbits and returning to Earth) on the creation of reusable spacecraft for the development of a space system for personal use, delivery (ISS) as part of a rocket service orbital stations of the cosmogon stage, orbital nauts and cargo and the return of the aircraft, interorbital them to Earth.
a tugboat, a complex for the launch of the ISS as a whole - landing and repair-recovery - 1983.
establishment complexes and Determine the creation of the ISS of other ground-based means, ensuring a qualitatively new prospect for the introduction of the native direction of development of the north-eastern orbits of the development and improvement of the rocket hundred 200 kilometers of useful space and aviation cargo weighing up to 30 tons and the return of equipment - special provisioning works for launch and landing of national importance;
complex of payloads web-b) on the creation of a global space of up to 20 tons and a dedicated space command for: a relay system
– comprehensive countermeasures (GKKRS), ensuring the follow-up to measures likely to increase the efficiency of the enemy in expanding surveillance of military and the use of space objects and active space for military purposes; actions of a potential enemy
– solving target problems by relaying with the cosmic interests of the Ministry of Observational Apparatuses of the Strategic Council of the USSR, the People's Economic Intelligence and Friendship and Science; go special information in
– carrying out military-real-time research at storage sites and ground stations, as well as pre-experiments in space – in a space not intended for the operational creation of combat space control of existing space systems with usable systems. (…).
5. Determine: At 6:00 a.m. Moscow time, the Ministry of General Mask Time MRKK “Energiyashinostroeniya head on Buran” breaks away from the launching of the ISS, the State Control and Space Station, a long table and almost immediately leaves the temporary orbital camps in low clouds. Passes the DOS-7K type station with a system for 8 minutes of the launch section. In 6 service ships of the type hours 08 minutes 03 seconds ZAK-S, as well as the work of the launch vehicle is completed, and the OK “Bubot for finding ways has been created” begins the first self-standing of combat space systems. (...) During the next 40 minutes with weapons on known and new pro-physical principles. (...) two maneuvers are ongoing to complete the insertion of the spacecraft into a working orbit. From the BOOK “Reusable at 51.6° and at an altitude of 250-260 km orbital spacecraft. (...) “Buran” (Edited by Yu.P. Semenova, the first maneuver takes place): in the zone communications of ground stations “Tracking has been preparing for this flight, the second one over Tikhim for more than 12 years. (...) the ocean.
(...) Baikonur Cosmodrome 15 November - At 8:20 a.m. in late December 1988. At the launch of the MRSC, the Energia-Buran sustainer is turned on for the first time. The cyclogram engine also works out this speed value during pre-launch preparation. OK goes without any comments. But it begins to decline and after 30 the weather conditions worsen. The mine “catches” the atmosphere. For the Chairman of the State- time of descent to altitude 100, the commission receives the next km RSU deployed an OK-nosed meteorological report forward, and, “squeezing” into the services with the forecast: “Curtain-narrow gap of restrictions, on-line warning.” (...) enters the atmosphere. At 8 o’clock the Specialists who created OK 53 minutes at an altitude of 90 km with it “Buran” assured the members of the State Commission that they At 9 o’clock 11 minutes, when OK were confident of success: for the system was on at an altitude of 50 km, a sta-automatic landing, is it possible to receive reports: “There is an unlimited case. The decision is to receive telemetry!”, “There is a launch detection that has been made. finding the ship by means.
landing locators!”, “With a headwind and a side wind, the ship’s softstems are working well, touched the runway just a little!”(...) the runway and after a short “Buran” came into sight - the run at 9 hours 25 minutes 24 zone - at the 20 km mark - froze in its center for a minute. Above the minimal deviations (...) it, saying goodbye, flew by itself After the 10 km mark, "Buran" years of escort... It flies unusually, one might say, along a sign- beautiful, correct and graceful road, blazed by the flight landing of an 80-ton tuning laboratory -154LL and fuck! (...) It so happened that the cosanalogue is OK. mos is considered technological At OKDP, the highest degree is the showcase of the world. And this landing was tense: the Buran changed abruptly - allowed the people on the runway to change course and fly almost across the cooling Buran or the axis of the runway. What's the matter? Analyzing the TV screens in the MCC, having lised the situation, the service again feels the extraordinary control and reports: “Everything is in the acutest sense of national order! The system was not mistaken, no pride, no joy. Radoa simply this time turned out to be a champion of her state, a powerful “smarter”. (...) intellectual potential Still at an altitude of about 7 km, not of our people. Large, complex, despite the complexity, targeted and difficult work to accomplish, to approach the Buran on! (...) The program of the first escort flight was carried out by the MiG-25, fully manned!”
test pilot M. Tolboev. Thanks to the art of the pilot's message on the screen confidently on November 15, 1988, a clear television image of the ship was maintained in the Soviet Union...(...) successful space tests at 9 hours 24 minutes 42 of the multi-response ship after completing orbital use " Buran."
tal flight and passage After the launch of a universal almost 8000 km in the upper layers of the rocket-space transatmosphere, ahead of the entire port of the Energia system by 1 second, the calculated time of the Buran orbital spacecraft, Buran, fighting with a strong ship, reached the calculated orbit, made a double return and a precise orbital flight around the Earth, landing with a significant landing speed, landing at an automatic landing speed of up to 340 km/ in landing hour and a run of 1–2 km.”
strip of the Baikonur cosmodrome.
This is an outstanding success of domestic science and technology, from Yu.P. Semenov, a hero who covered a qualitatively new socialist stage in the Soviet labor program, a laureate of space research. Leninskaya and state a.s. potter, prize laureate, general state director - general prize of the USSR, constructor NPO chief constructor "Energiya", HEAD OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM for the creation of the super-heavy SYSTEM "EnergIa-Buran"
Launch vehicle and OK "Buran":
“EnergIYA”: “...When developing the ISS, the “BuLaunch” Energia-Buran” wounds” (as it was initially called, which caused a wide resonance in the system) were taken into account as a seal. American military aspects and the pro-magazine “Spaceflight” assessed the peaceful exploration of space as “the greatest experiment, including the promising development of the Soviet Union with the plans for the development of space flight of Yu. Gagarin.” Fundamentals of technology and the need for conscious emphasis in the press was placed on providing the groundwork for future large-scale automation of flight, that of new space projects (which could not be carried out without the participation of orbital complexes, American “Shuttle” pilots, bases on the Moon, interplanetary and on the universality of the carrier, flights etc.) (...) capable of launching into orbit The goals of the ISS development “The payload of the most powerful” were formed for the main purpose. Especially the integrated approach emphasized the ability to both defense tasks and the inorbiter” (as the ship is called in various industries and America) to automatic directions of scientific development.
technology and national economy in all sectors of the national economy. (...) farms - from production to Expect the receipt of economical products for consumer consumption of the miraculous effect from the first and medicine to nuclear power flights of the orbital spacecraft Getik.
The effect of their introduction "Buran" is as unreasonable as it can be calculated in billions; it was unreasonable to demand from them rubles. (...) dachas from the first aircraft or New technologies can effectively be used in the Earth's spacecraft. The orbital ship of any branch of industry, Buran, marked the beginning of a new thing. For example, automatic direction in domestic welding using special astronautics. (...) welding heads can be used. The use of OK "Buran" in the food industry makes it possible to meet the needs for welding pipelines of large cargo flows, as well as equipment for processing more rationally and economically milk and sugar production, and is also ideally suited for petrochemical production. future specialized industries and nuclear powered modules. (...) getika. Soldering with the use of Speaking about the economic removal of solders without silver can give, which was expected from the operation of the Buran OK, it is impossible not to save a significant amount. High-precision heroin is focused on the issue of use-metic casting from heat-resistant scientific and technical alloys, successfully using the groundwork created during its development in the manufacture of cabinets. The design of pans and pumps for dairy and OK "Buran" systems is based on industry.
technical solutions, many of which have no analogues in Buran during the development process, were created in modern world practice; Various experimental new systems have been developed, a design basis for testing and testing materials, equipment, parts, components and assemblies, in protective coatings and new ones, including a complex of unique technological processes. All test stands for these achievements can be static, dynamic, impact, practical and vibration strength.
large-sized structures - access to the foreign market. Aviation, anechoic chamber testing and space industries, radio systems, etc. This base is one of the few whose development could be used on the principles of a strict contractual basis for all my competition with the West. The mechanical engineering industry has always acted according to rules, as it includes a lot of lo: working ahead of the curve, not having a set of modern measuring tools, continuously improving their tools with automation, development; and if the potentiated processing of the resultant competitor had data of measurements, as well as some kind of new product, something similar to the number of techniques and banking and even better software should have been created immediately necessary for the study of co- and us. Therefore, in these branches of standing structural elements, the level of research of any machines and mechanisms is so high. and developments of technical reuse in the national industry and rocket and space industry of scientific and technical means that our country has at its disposal would allow only our country. (...) to compensate with time...BolEnergia-Buran was involved in the creation of MRKK “Energy costs for the creation of MRKK Buran”. However, these scientific and technical developments will depend on the susceptibility of the production and construction responsiveness of our economy and the strength of the entire country. The industry has developed towards innovative, effective cooperation in advance of developments, their reorientation towards practices and industries with highly competitive, qualified personnel that meet the world level with powerful intellectual and technical developments. production potential In connection with the removal of the veil, advanced experience has been accumulated, secrecy and other possible large scientific sources of funds, the technical backlog created allows to compensate for the powerful experimental and costs of space production bases, post-construction work, and also solve part of the cost, equipped and introduced to the tasks associated with the conversion of complex systems and defense industries, is a means of launch preparation and
– – –
UDC 94(47).084.8"1983/1991"(084.121)(093.3)+821.161.1-94 BBK 63.3(2)634yu14+84(2Ros=Rus)6-4ya44 B19 BACLANOV O.D.
SPACE IS MY DESTINY. Notes from Sailor's Silence. Volume 2
/ O.D. Baklanov. – M.: Society for the Preservation of Literary Heritage, 2012.
– 864 p. : ill. – ISBN 978-5-902484-48-6. – ISBN 978-5-902484-50-9.
Agency CIP RSL Editor-compiler Valery LYSENKO In the second part of Oleg Dmitrievich Baklanov’s two-volume book “Space”
- my destiny”, the publication of the author’s “prison diaries” is completed (entries from January 1992 to January 1993). However, the center of the story is not so much the chronicle of the everyday life of his illegal imprisonment in “Matrosskaya Tishina”
(although it is of great interest to the general reader), there are so many reflections on the main work of the life of the once most “secret” minister of the USSR, the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee for Defense Issues - about space, the possibilities of its further development, about the cost of the Soviet Union’s missile- nuclear parity with the West, about the unrealized prospects that opened up in our country in connection with the successful launch of the unique reusable space system “Energia-Buran”. With special warmth O.D. Baklanov talks about his teachers and colleagues, a remarkable cohort of creators of Soviet space triumphs: S.P. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, M.S. Ryazansky, N.A. Pilyugine, V.I. Kuznetsov, V.P.
Barmine. Among O.D.’s relatives Baklanov of people connected either with space or with other areas of activity - people about whom Oleg Dmitrievich spoke heartfeltly - S.A. Afanasyev, B.E. Paton, I.V. Meshcheryakov, V.L. Malkevich, A.V. Usenkov, V.V. Shcherbitsky, V.I. Zaitsev, M.I. Nozhkin, Zh.F. Zinchenko and other outstanding compatriots.
The publication presents numerous photographs from the author's archive. Most of the photographs are published for the first time.
ISBN 978-5-902484-48-6 ISBN 978-5-902484-50-9 © O.D. Baklanov, 2012.
© Society for the Preservation of Literary Heritage (OSLP), 2012.
– – –
1st of January. Wednesday The day was not exactly gloomy, but it seemed to disappoint expectations: the New Year did not bring any changes. I understand that this was not possible in any way, and yet, and yet, and yet... I fill the space of time, reflect... The greatest sin of a Christian is the sin of despondency.
The stars don't lie - astrologers do.
Loyalty and patience - Barclay de Tolly.
Swift: how to break eggs?
*** Yesterday Valery Nikodimovich (the head of the prison) congratulated us on the upcoming New Year, presented us with “Komsomolskaya Pravda” and was allowed (if desired – all night!) to listen to the radio.
“Mayak” was distinguished by an increased dose of hits + vulgarity. I wasn’t smart enough to join the chimes at twelve o’clock:
they beeped formally and fell silent...
Alexander Nikolaevich and I, waiting for the New Year, congratulated each other, wished freedom, health, happiness, success... I mentally congratulated my family and friends.
For Alexander Nikolaevich, in the four years that he has been here, a lot has changed, or rather, fallen apart... It’s scary to think.
It was his words: “Prison does not correct, it hardens”... Long sentences are meaningless. In Russia, there are at least 800 thousand people in prisons and under investigation - approximately 0.6 percent of the total population, and if we take active age, more than a percent. Is not it too much?
Chizhevsky in his works expressed the idea (the main one):
there is a relationship between solar activity and, apparently, the space situation in general and biological and other activities on Earth. And this is natural. Once upon a time they prayed to the Sun God, etc. – and this is also natural. If my memory serves me correctly, the Year of the Monkey coincides with the eleven-year cycle of solar activity, we need to remember another ninety-year cycle, but all these cycles are the essence of the “harmonics” of heterogeneous processes of the Great Cosmos. This means that there must be “beats”, “overlaps”, “surges” and “dips” of activity - of course, all this affects the social life of mankind, the “game” of the entire biomass of our tiny Earth.
*** “I’ll give up looking for questions for answers,” as one wise man said. But in general, as in Benedict’s “Waltz”:
Everything glitters: flowers, kenkets, And diamond, and turquoise, Ribbons, stars, epaulets, Earrings, rings and bracelets, Curls, phrases and eyes.
I caught myself observing how the associative mechanism worked in me: I remembered the lines of Vladimir Benediktov and thought about his poetic fate. He lived a long life, had an undoubted, great talent, but he was ruined by self-doubt: he could not, by and large, resist the irony, ridicule, and parodies of his contemporaries. I didn't have the determination to truly believe in myself. He was crushed by his surroundings, his age. He never rose to the heights of a great poet. He remained the author of several masterpieces, but not a movement.
– – –
*** On the eve of the New Year, relatives of those accused in the “GKChP case” and journalists who sympathized with us gathered in front of “Matrosskaya Tishina”, installed a Christmas tree at the prison gates and drank champagne for the speedy release of the prisoners.
The initiative came not from our loved ones, but from the journalists themselves. We were informed about the impending action through lawyers, but since our cameras look into the courtyard, we could neither see nor hear what was happening on the street.
Therefore, for us the action was purely symbolic.
*** The world is reaping the fruits of the collapse of a great power. Today, not only in the CIS countries, but also beyond their borders, events are taking place that previously could not even be dreamed of...
Observers sadly note that the aspirations with which the Western world entered 1991 were not justified. It was a typical Year of the Goat, “The Year of Naked Kings”, “The Year of the Gulf War and the “Coup” in Russia”... However, the most common characteristic turned out to be “The Year of Defeated Idols”...
*** The program of events for this year has been announced. It includes targeted launches of spacecraft for various purposes, a large-scale event “Planet Earth Mission Day”, conferences, seminars and symposia on the problems of space geoscience, research of the World Ocean, the use of space assets to monitor compliance with international disarmament agreements, for navigation and communications, education, commerce, etc.
The world's national space agencies are committed to making the International Space Year a year for everyone. Postage stamps, envelopes with special cancellations, commemorative coins and badges, books and albums, videos, cassettes with “space” recordings will be released.
– – –
1943 – Alexander Alexandrovich ASMOLOV was born, specialist, head of work in the field of creating control systems for rocket and rocket-space complexes.
Laureate of the USSR State Prize. Participated in the manufacture of the "KYPARIS" equipment for ground testing of the "Buran" ship. General Director of the State Scientific and Production Enterprise “Association “Kommunar””, Kharkov.
January 2. Thursday Commencement of the decree B.N. Yeltsin about the “liberalization” of prices, commentators squeal that “the shelves are empty,” the stores are empty, prices have increased 3–10 times...
Could serious people really count on a miracle of instant transformation of the current situation? Overnight...
It’s unpleasant to listen to this chatter - there is no serious analysis...
Year of Space: 35 years of the space age. Our department prepared the resolution, and I issued it. We are below the line, but the business lives on.
*** Gavriil Popov received additional powers, but B.N. Yeltsin stipulated in his decree that the functions of the Moscow Council would remain intact. Popov characterized the political situation as follows: there are two forces: a) entrepreneurs - liberal forces who want to work, but cannot yet solve all economic issues; b) populist forces that do not want to work and want to receive social guarantees. Naturally, each of these forces individually and together cannot solve the problem of breaking the deadlock without a unifying “center.”
So this “center” should be a democratic dictatorship, but on the condition that foreign countries must save us from totalitarianism.
Exactly. Ears will definitely show up somewhere.
“Democratic government is most suitable for small states, aristocratic government for medium-sized ones, and monarchical government
– for the big ones,” wrote Karamzin.
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
*** I read the details about the New Year’s event under the walls of Sailor’s Silence.
In addition to my relatives, there was the family of Oleg Shenin, the daughters of Lukyanov and Yanaev, Pavlov’s wife with two relatives and other relatives of the “new political prisoners” - a total of 14 people, and together with Soviet and foreign journalists - 25-30 people.
Writer Nikolai Mishin handed out a book of prison poems by Anatoly Lukyanov to everyone and poured champagne. The first toast was made by People's Deputy of the RSFSR Tatyana Koryagina1, declaring: “History will judge the right and the wrong.” Koryagina explained her participation in the action to journalists not so much by the closeness of her views with Valentin Pavlov, but by her rejection of any political repression. The second toast to the defendants was made by People's Deputy of the USSR Alexander Kraiko2: “They committed a heroic, but hopeless act.”
1908 – Evgeniy Georgievich RUDYAK was born (died April 4, 1991), scientist, designer, developer of launch equipment for land- and sea-based missile systems. Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin and State Prizes. Until 1970 he worked as chief designer at the Bolshevik, Barrikady (Stalingrad) factories, at the Machine-Building Plant in Yurga, Kemerovo Region, at the Leningrad TsAKB, and MATSKB.
January 3. Friday Radio Russia reported: Stepankov said in Perm that he has data in the “GKChP case” that will cause an international scandal, and he will not hide the facts, as Gdlyan and Ivanov did. How much disgusting and petty fussiness is in Stepankov’s behavior!
Sobchak said that Leningrad is ready for a hard winter, there are reserves, but this is his “secret remedy”, which he himself chatters about! Buffoon.
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
*** Residents of Nagorno-Karabakh celebrated the New Year amid cannonade. On the festive night, 94 Alazan missiles were fired from the Azerbaijani side at Stepanakert. At the same time, several thousand Azerbaijani riot police in armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles began an attack on Armenian villages adjacent to Stepanakert. The leadership of Nagorno-Karabakh sent a message to the UN Secretary General with a request to send UN troops to prevent the beginning of the genocide of the Armenian population.
During these events, Mayak radio station correspondent Leonid Lazarevich died.
*** I am closely following the space epic: the flight of Alexander Volkov and Sergei Krikalev on the orbital complex “Soyuz TM-13” - “Kvant” - “Mir” - “Kvant-2” continues
– “Progress M-10” – “Crystal”. Sergei Krikalev has been in space for 228 days, and Alexander Volkov has been working with him in orbit for three months. God bless the guys!
*** At the meeting of CIS leaders in Minsk, it seems that the military-political agreement failed. It becomes clear that the CIS has little reason to call itself a Commonwealth.
4 January. Saturday Investigator Leonid Georgievich's mood is somewhat depressed, apparently there is some kind of breakdown, loss of interest.
He promised to close the case in the near future and hand it over for review... He spoke about more than a hundred volumes of amazing material... Regarding petitions regarding health and preventive measures before trial, he somehow reacted sourly, in the sense that it was hardly a question will be resolved positively. Regarding face-to-face bets, he said that, apparently, there won’t be any. Without going into details,
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
what? Regarding the involvement of communication equipment developers as experts, he said that they are interested people and this is undesirable, I objected: the investigator is also an interested person, but they trust him?!
The conversation did not continue. Leonid Georgievich said that there is no point in using us as a political force to support the Russian leadership, because the crowd standing in line no longer believes anything, including the idols whom this crowd brought to power. Apparently, Leonid Georgievich is an unsteady idealist (he counted on a quick transition to new ways) and, moreover, at least in the recent past,
- a pro-Gorbachevite, so to speak. A person who dreams, wants something, but without relying on the solid ground of calculation and exact knowledge.
*** Today was a terrible night, I woke up with a headache, increased blood pressure and pain under my left shoulder blade...
*** Alarming messages are coming from Chechnya. Illegitimate authorities are formed there, a regime is established in which Russian and foreign criminal groups begin to feel at ease in the republic. Chechnya is turning into a “free criminal zone.”
*** According to the newspaper Izvestia: The world is fascinated by the events in Russia, which began its entry into the market with the liberalization of prices. Nobody denies Russia's courage. But price control mechanisms cannot be destroyed without privatizing industry, without regulating the land issue and without developing laws on freedom of enterprise and private property. The Russian government acts with little and little thought.
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
5 January. Sunday M.S. Gorbachev entered into an agreement with the Japanese publishing house "Yomiuri" (Izvestia No. 2 of January 2, 1992) regarding the publication of his materials - of course, not for free. The gamble is being made in convulsive haste: he is still the president, but of a non-existent state, the secretary general, but... the first and last president, who did everything in his power to strangle “this country”... There are wars, a deal... The Judases are in a hurry to get thirty pieces of silver. Judushka Golovlev or Chichikov. "Govorun", experimenter on human blood.
*** Betrayal has many faces, but in a single guise it is dangerous, because it constantly chameleonizes, mimics... The last days of the presidency are devoted to worries about the “person”: he begs for “immunity”... Apparently, it was not possible... He begs for two hundred guards and servants - this is necessary! Only a sick conceit can imagine and allow this. We bargained for 20 units of servants. Refusal to adjust for inflation to pension-salary!? Apparently, there is help in the accounts...
*** In the Sea of Okhotsk there is a predatory destruction of schools of fish; from time immemorial, they have been gaining weight there and have been protected.
The predators of the “new thinking” were civilized by the norms of industrialized countries. Licenses were sold for 150 million tons of oil – more than we produce. Where are Shevardnadze, Yakovlev, Gorbachev, Sitaryan? I don’t want to poison my soul before the holiday.
– – –
to slowly withdraw parts of the former Soviet army from their territory and leave military bases, weapons and equipment there so that the three Baltic states could create their own defense forces.
– – –
*** Lists of our richest compatriots have appeared in some Russian newspapers... Among them are businessmen Artem Tarasov, German Sterligov, Konstantin Borovoy, Sergei Monakhov and the mayor of Moscow, Gavriil Popov (?!). And this is just a few months after the collapse of the Union...
1929 – Ilariy Nikolaevich SAPOZHNIKOV, scientist, leader of work on the creation of gyro devices for RKT products, was born. Lenin Prize laureate. Since 1956 - at NII-944 (NII PM), worked his way up from senior engineer to chief designer, deputy general director for scientific work.
6th January. Monday Gamsakhurdia3 today escaped between four and six o'clock under the cover of darkness... Another perishable president escaped...
Americans are expelled from the Philippines (naval base). Bush went to places to “conquer markets for American goods,” and at the same time agreed to transfer a military base... now to Singapore. Here is an example of "new thinking"
according to Gorbachev-Bush. And the smokescreen is a statement by President Bush (or his staff) that he has ordered to consider a program of long-term measures to reduce the armed forces - 13 -
– – –
USA in the future not by 25%, as previously envisaged, but by /3! What did Gorbachev, Shevardnadze, Yakovlev do to our country in 5 years... And we looked into their mouths. It's scary to think about. Here they are - traitors to the Motherland under Article 64...
– – –
*** Yesterday at the airport. John Kennedy, the popular actor Innokenty Smoktunovsky was arrested while trying to bring a blowgun on board the plane. Under New York state law, his act, which will be heard in a US court on February 28, could result in up to one year in prison. The blowgun is designed for target shooting. But in New York State it is considered the same as a firearm. What an unfortunate misunderstanding!
*** I read in Izvestia: The third stage of the national congress of the Ingush people took place in the village of Nesterovskaya, which recognized the inappropriateness of the proclamation of the Ingush Republic until the return of the Ingush territories. Hopes for resolving this protracted issue rest with the Russian parliament and President Boris Yeltsin. The Congress condemned attempts to solve the problems of the people in unconstitutional ways.
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
1933 – Oleg Grigorievich MAKAROV was born (died May 28, 2003), USSR pilot-cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. From 1986 to 1999 – Deputy Head of the RSC Energia complex named after. S.P. Queen. Made three space flights.
1938 – Vyacheslav Grigorievich PETROV, State Prize laureate, was born. From 1978 to 1997 - General Director of the Arsenal Production Association named after. M.V. Frunze, Leningrad.
Chants, religious music, sermons - another excess, without a sense of proportion and common sense. Prophecies, fortune telling, astrology - to the sound of guitars and drums. I think, sooner or later, this will cause, as in the case of the shameless and thoughtless imposition of social propaganda, heartburn and rejection. Can't you be more calm?
“And someone is trying to separate us...”
The world is concerned about the growing contradictions between Russia and Ukraine. The conflict between our countries calls into question the future of the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which they form the backbone. Foreign observers come to this conclusion after observing the events of the first week of the new year.
Relations between Moscow and Kiev, already strained by the introduction of free prices in Russia, were further tested after Ukraine took the first steps to create a republican army. The actions of Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk are perceived by many in the world as a challenge posed to Russia. First of all, this concerns the decision of the Ukrainian authorities to establish control over the Black Sea Fleet based in Sevastopol. “The loss of the fleet would be a blow to Russia’s national pride,” notes an Associated Press commentator...
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
Addition 2011: over the past twenty years, one way or another, problems have arisen related to the relations between our two fraternal peoples. For me, frankly, this is a sore subject, it bleeds.
I head the Friendship Society of Russia and Ukraine, I am one of the co-chairs of the public association “Kievan Rus”.
In the most disgusting times of confrontation between our countries (during Yushchenko’s presidency), our organizations clearly and timely declared their attitude to certain events (see block of materials in volume 1, in the “Appendices”, pp. 548–576. - Ed. .) I did not avoid meeting with journalists, I gave interviews in which I always emphasized: the life of our peoples is inseparable (see.
in the “Appendices” there is an example of such a conversation on p. 787) despite the fact that “someone is trying to separate us.” By the way, I have now used these wonderful words of Mikhail Ivanovich Nozhkin because they themselves surfaced in my consciousness, just as folk sayings emerge at the right moment - the wisdom of human memory. The entire poem by Mikhail Ivanovich, written at the dawn of perestroika, in 1986, is a hymn to our common past, a warning to those who are trying to “bite the living thread of kinship.”
It still fully reflects my feelings and thoughts.
Kyiv LAVRA
– – –
And, it seems, it is about to take off from the Dnieper steep slope into the clear sky.
Around her from dawn to dark, from century to century, the human surf boils, And she is permeated with memory, And memory awakens in you and me...
And someone keeps telling us - yes, you are a crowd, there is no one and nothing behind you.
And your whole path is an animal trail, you are barbarians, nothing more.
And someone is trying to separate us, to divide us into the north, into the south, to bite the living thread of kinship, and to completely denigrate everything that was past, to defame, vulgarize, desecrate...
And again I hear the trumpet voice of my ancestors - Don’t bend, don’t be afraid, go your own way.
Know that we are stronger, they are weaker than us, Look confidently into the future!
We have been tempered in the struggle for a long time, Our strength is great through unity, Our powerful choir will never be drowned out, And together with the Lavra we will stand for centuries!
The time has come to straighten our shoulders, The time has come to rise to our full height, History calls us to this, And the past stands unshakably, And a strong bridge is built to the future.
– – –
Judging by reports coming from Tbilisi, there may indeed be one less president on the territory of the former USSR. Following Gorbachev, his Georgian colleague Gamsakhurdia will most likely lose his presidential regalia. After heavy shelling and a decisive assault on the Government House, the armed opposition took possession of the building. The assault began at two o'clock in the morning and ended at five o'clock in the morning on January 6th. At the moment when the armed guards burst into the room, Gamsakhurdia was no longer in the bunker, as I wrote about. According to preliminary information, in the first minutes of the assault, four armored personnel carriers drove away from the Government House and disappeared in an unknown direction. The Georgian Military Council called for an end to the confrontation...
1909 – Samvel Grigorievich KOCHARYANTS was born (died August 4, 1993). Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of Lenin, Stalin and State prizes.
From 1947 to 1990 he worked at KB-11 (VNIIEF), Arzamas-16 (Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) 1930 – Vasily Andreevich ARSENTYEV was born, a specialist in the field of testing quality control equipment and installation connections of on-board devices of RKT products. In 1958–1960 he worked at the Kharkov Instrument-Making Plant named after. Shevchenko: technician, research engineer, senior research engineer of the 1st category.
19 - – – –
January 8. Wednesday I hasten to systematize the material, my investigator Proshkin promised to present “volumes” - then there will be no time!
Yeltsin went to Saratov, Ulyanovsk... Meetings on privatization, trade, prices. As the announcer put it, B.N. Yeltsin was greeted at one store by an excited crowd. But that's not the point. “Mayak” imparts, at best, confused information. Every now and then you hear: shock... bad... hungry... epidemic...
charity... Western help... prices...
Trampling and trampling on Russian dignity.
– – –
*** “...All violent upheavals are disastrous, and every rebel prepares a scaffold for himself.” Or: “The impudent ones raised the ax to the sacred tree, saying: “We will do better!”, “And it will be worse” - Karamzin. 225 years since the birth of the great writer and historian.
*** After the murder of Major Vladimir Chagan, officers of the former Soviet army of the Grozny garrison demand that Dudayev ensure complete security for all military personnel and members of their families. Soldiers and officers reacted negatively to the prospect of taking an oath of allegiance to the Chechen Republic and its President, and on the Koran. They expressed outrage at the collapse of the army, demanding that its unity be preserved.
The parliament of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic unilaterally established the border between Chechnya and Ingushetia. The deputies decided to hold it along the line that separated the Chechen and Ingush autonomous regions before their unification into autonomy in 1934.
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
1923 – Yuri Aleksandrovich PICHUGIN was born (died February 3, 2000), military leader, organizer of work in the field of testing and operation of RKT. Lenin Prize laureate.
WWII participant, Colonel General. From 1973 to 1975 – head of the Kapustin Yar training ground. From 1975 to 1984 - Head of the Main Directorate of Military District - Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces for Armaments. After being transferred to the reserve, he became the chief specialist of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering.
1929 – Yuri Timofeevich MIRONYUK, a specialist in the field of computer technology for on-board equipment of submarine ballistic missiles, was born. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize. In 1952–1982 - at NPO Automation, Sverdlovsk, he worked his way up from engineer to first deputy chief designer, director, general director.
1948 – Alexander Fedorovich STREKALOV, laureate of the USSR State Prize, was born. Since 1967 - at ZEM (ZEM RSC Energia named after S.P. Korolev), since 1999 - first vice-president of RSC Energia named after. S.P. Koroleva, Director of ZEM RSC Energia. He took part in organizing production, developing technologies for manufacturing the first domestic automatic space stations and satellites, and the reusable space system “Energia-Buran”.
Ivanovich Nifantiev petition addressed to Prosecutor General V.G. Stepankova:
“On August 22, 1991, this criminal case was initiated and since August 23, 1991, I have been detained in the detention center IZ-48/4 of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Speaking recently on television, you stated: “The investigation into the case of the State Emergency Committee has actually been completed, and later it became known that on January 10, 1992, the accused and their defense attorneys will begin familiarizing themselves with all the materials of the preliminary investigation, containing more than a hundred volumes with video and sound recordings attached to them.” .
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
Familiarization with each volume of the case, containing about 250 sheets, requires careful reading, making your own significant extracts from them, watching videos and listening to sound recordings. Thus, work on each volume will last at least two days, and in total
– over two hundred working days (there are 52 weeks in a year, each with two days off for the defender and several holidays), i.e. familiarization with the case materials will continue for at least a year.
In the conditions of the IZ-48/4 detention center, there have already been cases when, due to the lack of free offices, the work of investigators and defense attorneys in a case was disrupted. This detention center also houses people under investigation for other cases, so there are not enough rooms for all the defendants in this case to work, which will increase the period of familiarization with the case.
This circumstance alone gives grounds to ask, in order to speed up familiarization with the case, to change my preventive measure to a written undertaking not to leave the place or another not related to deprivation of liberty.
I have already been in custody for about five months, my health has deteriorated sharply, complications of my diseases have appeared, especially of the heart and stomach, etc.
But, in order not to delay the preliminary investigation, I did not apply for a repeat forensic medical examination to decide whether to send me to hospital treatment, as the other defendants in the case reasonably demanded.
In view of the above, I request that this petition for my release from custody be granted.
I fully support the petition and ask that it be granted.
– – –
Two different worlds: freedom and unfreedom. We, who are in prison, have fallen out of life beyond the line where the gears of “justice” rotate monotonously, creaking and grinding, around the clock, without weekends and holidays.
*** The first strikes in the CIS... The situation in the coal regions has worsened... In the Karaganda region, mines are on strike (the first of them stopped working in December). The main demands are economic: 15% of coal is for free sale, wage increases in accordance with the general tariff agreement developed by the independent miners' trade union. Kuzbass and Vorkuta are operating in pre-strike mode. They are waiting for negotiations with the government, which are due to begin on January 12.
Since the possibility of reaching an agreement on the miners’ terms is very problematic (they require constant compensation for rising prices, payment of part of the salary in freely convertible currency), the danger of a strike increases.
In connection with the next round of “couponization,” tension in the Donbass has increased sharply.
The Constitutional Democratic Party announced its transition to opposition to the Russian government. Perhaps in the coming days the Democratic Party of Russia and the Russian Christian Democratic Movement will make the same decision. A Brownian movement began in politics, that is, without clear guidelines, without conscious hopes and goals. This period of ferment and vacillation will cost the country dearly.
1930 – Lev Nikolaevich NIKITIN, a specialist in the development and testing of liquid propellant rocket engines and nuclear propulsion engines, was born. Laureate of the USSR State Prize. From 1958 to 1995 – at OKB-154, Voronezh (OJSC KBHA). In 1974–1988 he took part and was the leading designer of the most powerful oxygen-hydrogen engine in the country for the Energia launch vehicle. High reliability of the engine was achieved, which made it possible to conduct flight tests of the Energia-Buran system.
– – –
1935 – Liliya Rufovna KARTASHEVA was born, a specialist in on-board and ground-based equipment for controlled information and computing systems. From 1957 to 1996 she worked at the Kharkov Gas Processing Plant named after. Shevchenko: design technician, engineer, senior research engineer, leading engineer, head of laboratory, traffic controller.
I went for a walk through force, but I had to. The weather has not yet settled down: there has been no rain and snow below minus ten degrees during all this time. Both good and bad - similar to some Kharkov winters... The climate is changing.
*** B.N. Yeltsin visited Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Gorky; a “scandal” is breaking out in the army and navy with Ukraine, in addition, the topic of “coupons”... What is this: an addition to money or its replacement? But, some commentators say that 100 rubles. ~ 10 coupons ~ 1 dollar. If so, then it is dangerous! Will the people really have to go through the worst again?
*** In Georgia, again, there was an attack on border guards by “militants” (about 600), the border guards took up a perimeter defense, their parliamentarian was taken as a hostage, they had to pay off with 36 machine guns. What's this?! In Estonia, the troops are not provided with bread; they have switched to self-sufficient food...
*** Kuznetsov in Stavropol cannot provide leadership.
The democratic platform went into opposition. “I know that the battles of our specific civil strife, rattling incessantly, are of little importance for the mind...”, as Karamzin said, “national feuds”... At a press conference in Vilnius, the Prime Minister of Lithuania accused the Russian leadership of intentionally - 24 -
– – –
destabilizing the Lithuanian economy and threatened an energy blockade of the Kaliningrad region. Probably, these threats are connected with the upcoming anniversary of the Vilnius events of January 13, 1989.
*** It became known that deputies of the Supreme Council of Russia, at a closed meeting on New Year's Eve, decided to introduce a 10-20-fold coefficient to their salaries, depending on their status. This decision means that if the minimum salary per resident is increased by approximately one hundred rubles, the deputy’s earnings will increase accordingly by 1,000–2,000 rubles. And this is called democracy and justice?
*** Izvestia reports: China has rejected Western proposals to declare an amnesty for dissidents arrested after the bloody events in Beijing in June 1989. Visits to prisoners by foreign observers are not permitted. This is the meaning of the response of the Chinese Ministry of Justice to a request from German Bundestag member Klaus Kubler, who is in Beijing.
January 11. Saturday Valery Nikodimovich Panchuk himself brought a resolution signed by E.K. Lisov, addressed to the head of the pre-trial detention center for review by the 14 accused. Its essence: the charge of treason against the Motherland was dropped due to the lack of corpus delicti (without, however, for some reason a reference to the number of Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR). The decision was made on December 23, 1991, the document notifying this was signed on January 10, 1992, it was announced on January 11, 1992. It was inconvenient to rewrite the document.
Apparently, out of 17 surnames, three were excluded - Pugo, Boldin and Achalov. Time will tell what the next move is.
What does it mean: the charge of treason was dropped due to the lack of corpus delicti?
– – –
What is the fate of my application for a preventive measure?
*** The intelligentsia should not go into opposition to the government; who is stopping them from working? Who is stopping her from acting productively and constructively? Apparently, the idiocy of the “rulers” is assumed - this is what Dobrolyubov said. Why not work in one team, where is the sense of responsibility?
There should be no poles or, better, the poles should be connected in one structure of a single state.
*** Last week, Russia became the second CIS republic, after Ukraine, to apply to join the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. According to observers, Russia's prospects for admission and its future positions in the IMF and World Bank are preferable to those of Ukraine, since it has clearly accepted responsibility for the debts of the former USSR.
January 12. Sunday Clear skies are wonderful (S.P. Korolev) Today is the birthday of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev... The famous designer of rocket and space technology, academician would have turned 85 years old.
He once wrote that a clear sky is beautiful. This is what we - scientists, designers and, of course, astronauts - want.
This is what we want because of our profession, as people interested in keeping space clean. We passionately want this as people who want there to never be destructive wars on our beautiful Earth... We are for science to fully serve creative purposes, we believe that this day will come.
Clear skies mean that people will be able to conduct more intensive scientific work in near-Earth space. This means:
It will be possible to quickly put scientific discoveries in space at the service of progress.
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
Korolev dreamed of this and his dreams are coming true.
Academician M.V. called Sergei Pavlovich Korolev a man of powerful talent and inexhaustible energy. Keldysh. The name Korolev is associated with one of the greatest achievements of science and technology - the opening of the era of practical exploration of outer space by mankind.
Korolev was a witty man, I love his aphorism: “A deputy is a stick on which you constantly lean, but you leave it in the boss’s reception room when you visit him.”
Addition 2011: Recently, two of my old acquaintances, two good friends, approached me with a request to write a preface to a book being prepared for publication. One of the authors of the manuscript was USSR pilot-cosmonaut, Honored Test Pilot of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union Igor Petrovich Volk. It was he who, after returning from a space flight in the summer of 1984, flew the laboratory's TU-154 aircraft, equipped with the Buran control system, as well as the MiG-25 aircraft, which was close in aerodynamic quality to the Buran MTKK. It was Igor Petrovich who first lifted into the air an analogue of the Buran MTKK in 1985. Another author of the book is a well-known specialist in our space circles in satellite communication systems and television and radio broadcasting, antenna systems of stationary and mobile general purpose communication facilities, writer Vladimir Savvich Tomsky. I immediately felt that their work, entitled “Made in Russia,” was more thought-provoking than if it had been titled, for example, “Korolyov and Gagarin,” although the book is essentially dedicated to these two great personalities of the twentieth century. The work creates a general high philosophical background for understanding the problem from a clear ideological, cultural and humanitarian perspective. Thinking about Korolev and Gagarin, assessing the fundamental contribution of astronautics to the development of modern society, we have every reason not only to talk about the past great achievements of Russian science and technology, but also to predict the country’s recovery from the crisis, its return to the group of leading countries of human civilization. And here the scientific, creative, organizational legacy of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev is invaluable. That is why I agreed to write a preface to the book by Igor Volk and Vladimir Tomsky, which is reprinted in the “Appendices”. (p. 629) - 27 -
– – –
The “Seven” (the lead singer is Bush’s team) is spinning the “bike”. The West must be strong militarily, since it is unknown what could happen in the former USSR. Here is the height of cynicism:
first we armed ourselves, because, you see, the USSR was “strong”, now we arm ourselves, because The USSR is “weak”, but still has nuclear weapons.
"New Thinking" in action. The author of such thinking fell silent and hid, but his work lives on! Unrest and anarchy in the former USSR, according to Hurd (England), as well as the departure of nuclear weapons specialists from the country, make these republics no less dangerous than the Warsaw Pact. "Lighthouse".
*** All day, from time to time, I return to the memory of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. All its significance for our country, for the development of astronautics, will be fully revealed in the future, I would like it to be in the near future. I've been trying to sing all day:
– – –
1930 – Nikolai Pavlovich LAVEROV, a scientist in the field of radiation problems and fuel energy resources, was born. Laureate of the Russian Government Prize. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Deputy Chairman of the RAS Council on Space.
1941 – Yuri Grigorievich GUSEV, military specialist and head of work on the development and implementation of domestic military and civilian space programs, was born. Lieutenant General. Laureate of State and Government of the Russian Federation awards. Contributed to the organization and conduct of fundamental and applied scientific research in the interests of the development of military astronautics.
– – –
13th of January. Monday The Scientific-Industrial Union was reborn into the Industrial Union with Volsky A. elected as chairman.
Some border military units took the oath to the Ukrainian people(?).
The All-Army Officers' Meeting has been postponed from January 14 to January 17. It is important to monitor its progress and decisions.
Shevardnadze would like to participate in the political life of Georgia (from his statement), but, as noted, no one offered him anything.
*** They gave me documents about the refusal to satisfy the request for confrontations with Gorbachev, Gromov, Shenin, Boldin, Varennikov, Kryuchkov and Tizyakov. I must say that I had little hope for a positive decision. Of course, I understand the attitude of the prosecutor’s office. The request to conduct a forensic technical examination of the fact that all types of communications were disconnected from the residence of the President of the USSR in Crimea during the period from August 18 to August 21, 1991 was also not satisfied.
And this, in general, is clear to me: my requests do not fit into the investigative scenario.
“...The defendant’s request is unfounded and cannot be granted for the following reasons:
the accused indicates that he was not familiar with the decision ordering the said examination.
This statement by the accused is not true. On December 9, 1991, he was familiarized with a number of decisions on the appointment of examinations and expert opinions; among the documents presented to him for review was a decision on the appointment of a forensic technical examination of communications.
Both according to this resolution and a number of other examinations, Baklanov stated that since the issues subject to expert examination are not directly related to the charge brought against him, he does not - 29 -
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
will familiarize himself in detail with the documents presented to him.
Baklanov's refusal was recorded by the investigator in the appropriate protocol.
Baklanov acted similarly earlier and later. In particular, on January 4, 1992, he refused to familiarize himself in detail with the conclusion of the philatelic examination and, in addition, refused to sign the protocol satisfying this fact.
The accused claims that the investigator did not explain his rights when ordering the examination and “as a result, the reliability of the examination conclusion” dated December 24, 1991 is doubtful, which indicates the need for an investigation.
These conclusions of the accused are far-fetched. Thus, when Baklanov was presented with a resolution ordering this examination, a protocol of familiarization was drawn up on a standard printed form. The rights of the accused when ordering an examination are also printed on the form.
Baklanov was repeatedly explained earlier (including on the same day) the rights of the accused related to the conduct of examinations. So, on the same day, December 9, 1991, Baklanov was familiarized with the resolution ordering a phonoscopic examination of sound recordings with the voice of the accused A.I. Lukyanov. Against his signature, the rights of the accused when ordering examinations were announced.”
“...The accused believes that the experts’ conclusions are unsubstantiated and do not contain references to facts confirming them, to the study of specific objects and technical documentation.
At the same time, during the examination, the experts carefully studied the case materials related to the subject of the examination (including the testimony of signalmen serving all types of communications at the residence of the President of the USSR, employees of the control department who disconnected and connected communications, etc.). In addition, experts studied technical and other documentation on all types of communications, incl. and communication diagram. The diagram is attached to the expert report. On January 7, 1992, Baklanov familiarized himself with them along with the expert report.
There is no reason to doubt the validity of the experts’ conclusions and, therefore, there is no reason to conduct a re-examination.
However, the grounds for the recusal of experts Emelyanenko V.A. and Usatiy V.O. No. Before the examination began, the investigation was convinced that they had the knowledge necessary to give an opinion. To resolve the issue of the possibility of disabling any type of communication, there is no need to involve its developers, since any communication is serviced and applied, incl. turns on, turns off, repairs, etc. not developers, but signalmen.
Moreover, the workers of industrial enterprises proposed by the accused as experts, by virtue of the provisions of Art.
59 and 67 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR cannot be experts. One of them has already expressed in the press his opinion about the circumstances of the President’s communications shutdown. The second one is Yu.A. Mozzhorin was previously quite closely associated with Baklanov..."
Everything is swept aside, as if we speak different languages and do not understand each other. They don’t want to hear me, and it seems there is no point in restating all the arguments: empty pounding of water in a mortar. However, we must defend our rights steadily and constantly, and not weaken the pressure of resistance.
*** For a week now, the long-awaited calm has continued in the disputed territories in Croatia. The truce concluded on January 3 is largely respected by all warring parties. At first, rifle shots and machine gun fire were still heard here and there, but now they too have fallen silent. For the first time in a whole week, there were no casualties among the military or civilians on the Croatian fronts. However, far from the front, in a peaceful region of the republic, observers from the European Community mission tragically died on January 7.
The collapse of Yugoslavia is different from the collapse of the Soviet Union. There are many reasons there that are not similar to ours. But the root cause of the tragedy is very similar to what we observe in our country: the inability and unwillingness of the authorities to respond sensitively to the needs of a multinational society.
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
1928 – Pyotr Vasilievich GOLUBEV, specialist, head of work in the field of creating power and control systems for aircraft, was born. Laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. Since 1956 he has been working at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “NPC “Polyus”” (Tomsk):
worked his way up from design engineer to general director, chief designer.
January 14. Tuesday Based on the results of several recent decisions, I filed a complaint addressed to the Prosecutor General V.G. Stepankova, because the deluge of papers drawn up in a formal manner and according to someone’s already thought-out scheme must be stubbornly resisted, even if there is little hope of success. Resist in everything where you see bureaucratic indifference and thoughtless diligence with mistakes and provocations.
On January 14, 1992, I was familiarized with the Protocol drawn up by the deputy. Prosecutor General of Russia E.K. Lisov, who announced to me the completion of the preliminary investigation and the sufficiency of the collected evidence to draw up an indictment.
I don’t agree with this, because... I think the preliminary investigation is not complete and not objective.
According to Art. 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, I have the right to file petitions, which is a means of exercising the right to defense, and according to Art. 19 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, the investigator and prosecutor “are obliged to provide the accused with the opportunity to defend himself by means and methods established by law against the charges brought against him and to ensure the protection of his personal and property rights.” But your deputy actually deprives me of the opportunity to defend myself.
On December 27, 1991, I submitted a petition to include specific specialists related to the development of these systems in the group of experts on communications issues of the President of the USSR, and raised additional questions.
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
On January 4, 1992, I submitted a similar petition for other systems and raised other additional questions, and also proposed holding confrontations.
I have repeatedly submitted requests for confrontations with witnesses M.S. Gorbachev, B.V. Gromov, with accused V.A. Kryuchkov, V.I. Boldin, O.S. Shenin, V.I. Varennikov, A.I. Lukyanov, A.I. Tizyakov. to clarify specific material circumstances relevant to my accusation.
These petitions were denied to me by your deputy E.K. Lisov. and thus, all possible measures were not taken to fully and objectively clarify the circumstances of the case, and I was deprived of the constitutional right to defend myself by legal means and means.
The greatest ambiguity is the resolution of Lisov E.K. dated December 23, 1991 (read about it only on January 11, 1992), which terminated the criminal case against me on charges of treason - Art. 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for lack of corpus delicti, i.e. There is no art in my actions. 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. But despite this, I am accused of a crime under Art. 62 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, which under such circumstances is clearly devoid of common sense.
Therefore, I consider the accusation about the end of the preliminary investigation to be premature, biased and biased.
Since in the future I will have to review the materials of the preliminary investigation for many months, and since almost five months of imprisonment my health has deteriorated sharply, I ask you to release me from custody.
Yesterday they broadcast on the radio (22.00) Stepankov’s statement, “that of those in the “Matrosskaya Tishina” in the “GKChP case”, no one will “rise up”, to which the lawyers reacted as a violation of the principle of the presumption of innocence, and this is in another “ in a democratic country would lead to the resignation of the prosecutor general.
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
*** The first radio program reported that M.S. Gorbachev should begin his work at the “Foundation for Strategic Research” named after him; Today at 12.00 he is due to receive Kissinger
– the acting continues... M.S. Gorbachev is an attractive shell; a close acquaintance with him reveals an inner emptiness, a complete absence of personal and social “core”... Academician of the Academy of Ritual Activities, who led the country to tragedy.
1911 – Lev Mikhailovich GAIDUKOV was born (died January 24, 1999), military leader, WWII participant, member of the Military Council of Guards Mortar Units. Since 1949 - head of the 10th department of the Special Committee on Jet Technology under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1962 - Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces. Since 1962 - head of the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense.
1913 – Serafim Platonovich PARNYAKOV was born (died March 9, 1987), specialist, head of work on targeting systems for ballistic missiles and launch vehicles. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the USSR State Prize. From 1956 to 1987 – chief designer of the Central Design Bureau of the Arsenal plant, Kyiv.
1927 – Alexander Mikhailovich SOLDATENKOV, head of LV flight design tests, was born.
Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. From 1959 to 2005 - at the State Research and Production Space Center "TsSKBProgress", Kuibyshev (Samara), from 2004 - deputy general designer - chief designer of products of the "R-7A" and "Soyuz-2" type - head of service, member of the State Commission for Manned Programs.
1938 – Yuri Vadimovich TRUNOV, scientist, researcher, developer of autonomous control systems for RKT, was born.
Hero of Socialist Labor. Since 1961 – at the Scientific and Practical Center of AP named after. Academician N.A. Pilyugina, since 1998 - General Director - General Designer of SPC AP, since 2001 - General Designer. Contributed to the development of the multi-purpose control system OK "Buran".
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
January 15. Wednesday Shevardnadze went to the States and met with Nixon, Perez de Cuellar and others. B.N. Yeltsin was lured to the States under the pretext of a meeting of the Security Council, they will process...
Khasbulatov speaks impermissibly about the government... “Now a situation is developing when it is already possible to propose to the President to replace the incompetent government...” “We will not watch what the President and the government will do...” The essence of Khasbulatov’s remark at the Presidium meeting The Supreme Council is that the deputies made a mistake at the congress by entrusting the formation of the government to the President.
From now on, only parliament should approve members of the Cabinet of Ministers. What is this - lack of experience, accidental consequences of a trip to Ryazan, or is there something behind it?
B.N. Yeltsin responded: “Sometimes there are emotional outbursts in any leader. The government is not gloves.
It is easier to pass laws than to implement them...", "I will defend the government."
*** The boss came in with the supervising prosecutor and politely asked if they had begun to get acquainted with the case.
- No, we haven’t started, but it’s not clear why I’m in jail!
They parted politely.
*** The head of the Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Pyotr Klimuk, gave an interview to the Italian magazine Espresso, in which he emphasized that the Baikonur Cosmodrome will continue to exist. However, the question of how the costs of its maintenance and income from its use will be distributed between Kazakhstan and other CIS members has not been resolved. According to P. Klimuk, work is currently ongoing on the Buran, which will be launched before the end of this year, as well as on the Energia launch vehicle, capable of launching up to 100 tons of payload into orbit. Plans for joint work with friends are being explored.
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
mi countries using the Mir orbital space station. Klimuk denied reports of its possible sale to the West: “As a last resort, we may rent it out for international research, but we cannot give up space research, since it is needed for the development of the country and the new community.”
What Klimuk said is, of course, correct. But, I'm afraid, he is not the decisive authority in these matters. They may cancel the program.
1928 – Igor Sergeevich BELOUSOV was born (died February 10, 2005), statesman, one of the organizers of work in the defense industries. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. 1984–1988 – Minister of Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR, 1988–1991 – Chairman of the Commission on Military-Industrial Issues of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
1932 – Vladimir Konstantinovich SAMSONOV, a specialist in the development and operation of MCC display systems, was born. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, Prize of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From 1958 to 2003 – at TsNIIMASH.
One of the leaders and organizers of the creation of MCC control rooms, a unique information display system.
January 16. Thursday Today they reported that Kryuchkov has been released and is in his dacha?! Grushko has been released and is home?! Apparently, another provocation. The prosecutor's office loudly announced that the case was over and it depended on the defendants when the trial would take place. But the second day - silence!
The weather breaks from -25° to -5°; heart and bones are a barometer.
– – –
*** Dzhokhar Dudayev published his order obliging all enterprises in Chechnya that were previously part of the Union-Republican ministries to stop any transfers of funds to these ministries.
*** I am anxiously following reports of problems at the Mir station. In the near future, Alexander Volkov and Sergey Krikalev will put aside all their work on the program and will set up the operation of the gyrodins, without which too much fuel would be required to control the complex using micromotors.
*** B.N. Yeltsin spoke at the Supreme Council after a trip around the country and noted the poor work of the prosecutor's office; in 3 years, out of 2300 tons of gold, 230 tons remained; noted the increasing sabotage of local reforms; dispatches were sent abroad about the search for party money in bank accounts.
The palace in Foros and space Swift depicted Gulliver captive in a dream, and so our people are tied up. This is far from being a civil society that quickly responds to events in an organized and meaningful way.
While the people, strictly speaking the street crowd, are being cleverly manipulated by certain circles in their own interests. This happened, for example, in the August days of 1991. The truth is easily hidden from such people, the true intentions are hidden. The actions of the authorities are often opaque. Well, tell me, who, where, when decided what, for example, the same, now well-known, dacha in Gorbachev’s Foros should be like? Who discussed financial, architectural and other issues? Who gave permission for all those excesses and immodesty that the newspaper “Soviet Russia” writes about today?4 This never happened in my presence. Why is Gorbachev given the right to behave this way? I think that this right is only possible - 37 -
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
in a closed society, in the absence of any control on his part. Gorbachev probably expected to live and relax in these mansions, about which no one really knows anything, for many years, if not always.
And the people... Even if he did not know about this and other similar facts, he guessed. And he gradually lost confidence in the party, in the leadership. This is another reason why neither communists nor ordinary people came out to defend the CPSU in August.
I also remembered one of the Politburo meetings, at which Gorbachev, in extreme irritation, shouted to me:
- What kind of money are you eating? How much does one stage of your rocket cost? I spat once into space, billions, look, they’re flying there...5 I’m not talking about the rudeness and vulgarity of our Secretary General, I’m leaving it out of the brackets: it was always characteristic of him. But on the merits of what has been said, I will note: Gorbachev’s constant misunderstanding of the need for spending on space, his obliging adjustment to the mood of the West, interested in our comprehensive weakening, was the main reason that the Energia-Buran complex, its colossal potential facing the future of the country, frozen that this direction is not being developed today. A most serious state crime is being committed.
...Meanwhile, at the same time, a luxurious palace, unheard of in its excesses, was being built in Foros - for Gorbachev.
1921 – Evgeniy Arkadyevich NEGIN was born (died February 3, 1998), a scientist in the field of nuclear physics and technology.
Lieutenant General of Aviation. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of Lenin, Stalin and State Prizes. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1949 he worked at KB-11 (VNIIEF), Arzamas-16. From 1959 to 1978 – chief designer for the development of nuclear charges. From 1978 to 1987 – director
– chief designer and first deputy scientific director. From 1987 to 1991 – chief designer and first deputy scientific director.
– – –
January 17. Friday Nixon, the former President of the United States, said that it is necessary to help what is left of the USSR, but this should be done by the countries of the “seven,” just as the United States once helped the “six.” The United States, as the only superpower now, should occupy a leading position and be favored on the condition: a) our direction of development should be market-oriented; b) the policy must be loyal to US policy; c) the leadership of countries (former republics of the USSR) must ensure “a” and “b” successfully.
I think this is not yet the key point of the “new thinking”.
Presidents Bush and Yeltsin will meet on February 1 after a meeting at the Security Council and will discuss the state of affairs in Russia and the problems of strategic weapons management (both reports from the latest radio news).
*** Yesterday evening, a refutation was given on the radio by Yuri Yudin (press secretary of the prosecutor’s office) regarding the release from custody of V.A. Kryuchkova. This is not true, he was not released, not at the dacha, but in “Matrosskaya Tishina”. Regarding this, Grushko said that he was undergoing treatment, but did not know whether he was at home or in the hospital.
Half of the red sun in the window (From pre-war memories) Flies in the summer. Sticky tape or small saucers on the windowsills with gray thick paper on which is written “fly agaric” and in the corners are drawn skulls and crossbones and two letters “Poison”, an exclamation mark - thick, like a bone near a skull filled with water.
Death to flies!
I’m hot from running around, thirsty, by some miracle I tiptoe (the window sills are low) and reach out, drink... Screams, noise...
Gastric lavage from below, from above... I don’t remember well... I wake up
- quiet, dark, only bright ropes stretched from the window to the opposite wall of the room, the ropes are silver, if you look closely, there is something living in them, moving, disappearing, appearing. Everything is gone... Ropes, but not oblique and silver, but - 39 -
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
horizontal and reddish, and not bright, flies buzzing on the sticky tape...
I understand that I’m in bed and the windows in the room are covered, my mother is still at work... The windows open, I remember half the red sun on the horizon...
This is the village of Repki, Bogodukhovsky district, Kharkov region in 1934 or 1935. There is also a yard fenced with a tyn (wattle fence) with a “climb” to the neighbors. On the grass there was a large, red-and-white, scary rooster, beating other people's dogs, everyone who came, and me. Grandmother dealt with him with a stick, but soon he disappeared, and I became the master of the yard.
I was two or three years old... Acquaintance with the case begins - 125 volumes! Roughly speaking, this is what they are talking about:
T.1. Initiation of a criminal case, creation of an investigation team, changes in its composition, extension of the investigation and detention.
TT. 2–11. Preparation for the conspiracy, meetings at the ABC site, materials regarding V.A. Kryuchkov.
TT. 12–20. Materials regarding Tizyakov A.I.
TT. 21–28. Materials regarding Baklanov O.D.
TT. 29–53. A trip to Crimea and blocking the President.
TT. 62–69. Materials regarding Lukyanov A.I. and Yanaeva G.I.
TT. 70–77. Materials regarding Shenin O.S., the State Emergency Committee and its activities.
TT. 78–80. Materials regarding Starodubtsev V.A.
TT. 81–98. Ministry of Internal Affairs, preparations for the storming of the White House, internment of deputies.
TT. 99–114. Materials regarding Yazov D.T., the entry of troops into Moscow.
TT. 115–124. State Television and Radio, Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
TT. 125. Materials of a separate order; cases allocated by territory.
– – –
*** Broadcast of the officers' meeting on Mayak. Spicy! It came to the point of demanding the resignation of Minister Shaposhnikov and holding Gorbachev accountable for the collapse of the state.
January 18. Saturday I was upset listening to the officers' meeting. It is shameful and alarming that the officers have more common sense than the politicians and the leadership of the Ministry of Defense. The actual beginning of the collapse of the army.
Shaposhnikov could not chew the porridge in his mouth and only when he was directly told about his resignation, he “woke up” and got his bearings at the last moment and agreed to leave, which confused the officers. Stolyarov, with the rank of general, an ideologist of Marxism-Leninism, a talker, led the meeting before Shaposhnikov, made a fool of himself. Shaposhnikov was not smart enough to come to an agreement with the officers so as not to disgrace himself in front of the whole world on live television.
B.N. Yeltsin spoke weakly, with thin applause. “You can only applaud with two palms,” says Eastern wisdom. How many have you used here?
– – –
he cheated and cheated, dodged. It is no coincidence that Karabakh and Mrs. Cox have the experience of Ireland, it is not accidental that Sumgait, Tbilisi, Baku, the Baltics, Chechnya of Ruslan Imranovich are not accidental; one center formed fifteen centers, but the market, a multi-structured economy, merchants, and managers need statehood and protection of their interests.
1917 - Afanasy Yakovlevich LENKOV was born (died June 27, 1980), one of the founders of domestic rocket science, director of the Progress plant, Kuibyshev, head of work on the production of RKT products. Lenin Prize laureate. Under his leadership, the development of the Energia launch vehicle began.
Judging by the amount of information about this biblical event... As one of the observers on the radio wittily put it, if things continue like this, we can expect demonstrations of workers and a military parade on this occasion next year.
The observer is right: there is no sense of proportion... *** The Dreyfus case... A question of convictions and punishment for them.
Gorbachev’s case is still non-existent and difficult to implement.
There are no convictions... You can and should be tried for cheating.
– – –
*** An old parable anecdote: a poor Jew came to a rabbi and complained: “There is not enough housing, there are many children, it is difficult to live, help, advise how to live.” The priest answered: “Take a donkey, a goat and a rooster into your home, live with them for a while and come to me.” This is what the poor Jew did. Life became unbearable, the Jew went to the rebbe. “It has become impossible to live,” he tells the rabbi. “Let go of the rooster... live and come again,” etc. After the donkey was kicked out, life returned to normal. The poor Jew thanked the rabbi for his science.
A current parable. The price for one kilogram of sour cream in early January exceeded 100 rubles, now it’s somewhere around fifty - it’s become easier. Thanks to the donkey and the goat.
There are few reasonable actions, they are looking for enemies, but I like the government - it holds on and at least does something. We would help, but we are “enemies”... Why do they make “enemies” out of us?
*** A prison, a cell overcrowded with young, healthy people, is pushing in a rather elderly man.
- Grandfather, what are you for?
- For “meaning”.
- Like this?
- I'll show you.
He takes a broom, dips it in the bucket, and knocks on the door. The “feeding trough” opens, the grandfather smears the guard with a broom on one cheek, on the other and - walks - quickly to the corner near the door. A team bursts in with batons: “Grandfather, don’t get in the way, move aside!” and starts to “work”...
- Here’s the “mean”...
Modern technologies can be “substituted” – both in a prison cell and on the upper floors of power – as much as you like. Just study, unless, of course, you feel sick and have a tendency to be mean.
– – –
10 million people, 1.7 million qualified engineers from research institutes and design bureaus; d) Utkin proposed not to destroy the missiles, but to launch satellites under control, i.e. what I wrote to the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov about at one time.
1913 – Boris Efimovich BERDICHEVSKY was born, scientist, leader of work in the field of creating and testing autonomous control systems for missile systems. He was involved in organizing the production of products at serial factories in Kharkov, Kyiv, Krasnoyarsk.
1915 – Maxim Andreevich KHARCHENKO was born (died November 29, 2002), specialist, head of work in the field of creating the RK CS and RKK. WWII participant. From 1952 to 1984 – at the plant, post office box 201 (GNPP “Kommunar Association”), Kharkov:
senior foreman, shop manager, quality control department, party committee secretary, plant director, senior engineer, head of the plant museum.
January 20th. Monday Getting familiar with the case takes a lot of time and effort. Apparently, we need to think through a time distribution system.
1926 – Vitaly Ivanovich VOROTNIKOV, statesman and party leader, was born. Contributed to the development of rocket and space technology enterprises. Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
1939 – Alexey Antonovich GREBENNIKOV, specialist, work manager in the field of production of elements and assemblies of launch equipment, was born. Laureate of the USSR State Prize. Since 1986 - General Director of PA "Yurmash", Kemerovo region. With his participation in the process from
– – –
For the preparation of units on the topic “Energy-Buran”, a plastic-free technology for the manufacture of complex profile power elements was introduced.
January 21. Tuesday Summer, life and joy without end (From pre-war memories) Today is another anniversary of the death of my father...
I remember a poor rural hospital cemetery. It seemed to me then that a lot of people had gathered, it was cold, there was an abundance of snow, the grave was like a wound on the white body of the earth. They say “goodbye” to me, they put me under my arms... My father’s forehead is cold. I don’t remember his face, there are few tears. People were often buried there - a tuberculosis "leper colony", always several fresh graves, covered with bright artificial wreaths. Earth
- black soil, and deeper - yellow clay, hard as stone. Down the slope is a pond where in a couple of years I will fall through the ice; on the other side, not far away, our lonely adobe half-wooden hut with a chicken coop in the yard... It gets dark early, crows... Memory loss...
A year or two before this day... It’s also winter, the room, dad is lying on a large bed, there are a lot of pillows, including oxygen pillows brought from the hospital pharmacy. A dim light bulb, for some reason without a lampshade, the electric light was turned off centrally in the entire village. When the engine with the dynamo was stopped via a belt drive, this light bulb began to wink often, often, with a smooth transition, less often and more densely, into complete darkness.
This happened around ten o'clock in the evening. Everything for tens of kilometers around was plunged into darkness...
I was not allowed to see him. My grandmother and I slept in a smaller passage room between the entrance and the one where my father lay. But I missed my dad and asked to see him. They allowed it, but “to keep it quiet.” Dad has no time for me - pneumonia or an exacerbation of the process, I don’t know, he is choking, wheezing, breathing heavily, painfully. Mom is hovering around him, I’m sitting under the table. Suddenly our cat appears, she, you see, can walk, but I can’t. I call her, half force, half affection, I drag her to me, she doesn’t like it, she tries to slip out.
I try to tie it to the table leg - squealing, scratching, noise. I'm - 45 -
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
They drag me out, spank me, send me to bed - it’s time, I’m crying not from pain, but from resentment: I so wanted to be near my dad...
And in the summer, perhaps that same year, I remember my father smiling, cheerful, throwing me over his head with strong arms, I was both scared and happy. Mom is all glowing; short hair, white dress, slender, fast, light: she played in amateur performances, her signature number was hopak. The father is wearing a white shirt, his sleeves rolled up to his elbows. Everything is blooming, sun, summer, life, endless joy...
There were a lot of events today, but I don’t want to write, I’ll write tomorrow...
1922 – Evgeniy Vasilievich SHABAROV was born (died March 14, 2003), Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize laureate. Since 1946 - at OKB-1 (RSC Energia named after S.P. Korolev), worked his way up from design engineer to deputy general designer - deputy general director. He took part in ensuring preparation for launches of almost all RKT products, from the first ballistic missiles and satellites to the manned orbital complexes “Salyut”, “Mir”, ISS “Energia-Buran”.
1932 – Vladimir Fedorovich TROFIMOV was born (died February 25, 2005). Worked at NPO Energomash named after. Academician V.P. Glushko", Khimki. He worked his way up from a design engineer to the first deputy chief designer of the enterprise.
January 22. Wednesday Yesterday I didn’t write anything else, although there were events, my father recalled. On January 19, a nasty, I can’t think of another word, interview with Stepankov, Lisov, Fedorov about the “GKChP case” was published. Briefly:
- the conspiracy was prepared for a long time, they looked closely at each other, there was no solid plan on paper;
– danger, signal – Union Treaty, personal well-being;
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
– August 17 – ABC, development of a plan without paper: isolation of the President; Councils at all levels are cancelled; the leader, but not Pavlov, but someone else from the conspirators; for crimes
– execution on the spot;
– 6 organizers;
– what was successful: capture – yes, emergency – yes; could not overcome the heroic resistance of the people; Gorbachev was not involved in the plot, but he could have succumbed;
- there is no treason - there is a seizure of power, i.e. CONSPIRACY;
– there is a corpus delicti;
– internment – prepared without documents;
– Lukyanov refused to testify, etc.
*** There’s a lot of work to get to know the case, I’m tired, I need to get into a routine, I can’t accumulate residual fatigue.
Without a core (M.S. Gorbachev) His ideology is the absence of any ideology, the main thing is to be afloat, skillfully follow the flow and imitate vigorous activity. A good reaction allows you to “shine” in the intellectual circle of “ringers.” Lack of feedback, and therefore lack of control and controllability; orientation towards the external environment solely from the point of view of one’s own well-being and personal gain, the ability to use appropriate surroundings, authority cliches, at the same time, widely use personal, confidential and affectionate charm, and sociability to achieve a momentary goal. On the other hand, secrecy and unscrupulousness, double-dealing, spiritual emptiness, indifference to one’s comrades, the principle “my home is my fortress”, “processed material” is mercilessly discarded, “motor” elbow work during the “second roles” period has developed a sense of irresponsibility and permissiveness, eloquence and “Komsomol-baiting” attitude to business... Passion for brilliance and showmanship.
Any lack of inner core, a festive balloon - bright, moving, light, empty... Mystification, talkativeness, panache...
– – –
The roots are carefully hidden. The image of a principled martyr is gradually being imposed...
But we believed. Gotcha tight!
1934 – Igor Ivanovich VELICHKO, scientist and leader of work in the field of creating control systems for naval missile systems, was born. Laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. General designer and head of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "GRC Design Bureau named after. Academician V.P. Makeeva", Miass, Chelyabinsk region.
January 23. Thursday Stepankov, as before, in his formal and mechanical manner, refused to change the preventive measure. L.G. Proshkin reprimanded us for not signing our names as we reviewed the materials. But between these minor troubles I wrote and sent through V.I. Nifantiev's message to B.N. Yeltsin. That's all I can do today.
To the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin
(Confidential, urgent) Dear Boris Nikolaevich!
My appeals to you (through the RSFSR Prosecutor's Office on November 18 and December 17, 1991) touched upon the issues of maintaining parity between our country and the United States on nuclear missile issues. We are talking about preserving Russia's sovereignty.
In this regard, an additional danger arises given the possible ratification by the Supreme Council of the treaty signed by Bush-Gorbachev in 1991. The signed agreement, in the opinion of many well-known experts and mine personally (which was previously thoroughly worked out but ignored), has five assumptions that are unacceptable for Russia.
1. Methodology for calculating the “carrier-warhead unit (WU)” ratio and excluding the warheads of England and France (US allies in
NATO) leads to an unacceptable ratio of their quantities:
.Chapter 1. BEYOND THE LINE
we - they 1.0 – 1.5 – 2.0 The treaty excludes restrictions on the US Naval Strategic Forces (NSF), which is the main component of the US strategic nuclear forces (SNF).
The 1972 USSR-USA Treaty allowed the creation of early warning stations for nuclear missile attacks along the perimeter of the territory of the parties. In violation of the Treaty, the United States built (outside the perimeter) a station at Tuma (Greenland) and Force Fox in England. The USSR built (inside the perimeter) the Krasnoyarsk station. We destroyed ours, the USA did not. In our country, a “hole” has formed in the northeast in the defense of Russia. The treaty enshrines this inequality.
The treaty allows the United States to carry out work on strategic defense initiatives (SDI), but we have practically curtailed our work.
NATO is developing and strengthening, the Warsaw Pact does not exist.
In addition, in connection with the creation of the CIS, new circumstances have emerged that require careful study of strategic offensive weapons.
I consider it possible to ask you, dear Boris Nikolaevich, to listen to reports from scientists who are familiar with these problems - academicians V.F. Utkin, Yu.A. Mozzhorin, I.I. Velichko, N.A. Semikhatov. and etc.
I want to assure you that I in no way connect the issues raised above with my current position - I am guided by my civic and professional duty.
Best regards, O. Baklanov.
Today marks five months of my imprisonment. Starting with Christ, all the “greats” were deprived of their freedom and subjected to humiliation, almost all of them are remembered by people for centuries, and if people remember the persecutors, it is only in connection with these “greats”. The allusion to oneself is comic.
– – –
*** “Public opinion” and the court. These two Procrustean beds contain only what fits into the ideas of dullness and everyday life. And what doesn’t fit is assessed by descendants and placed on the pedestal of “misunderstood geniuses.” (Again, not to myself!) January 23 – on this day in past years:
1924 – Evgeniy Avtonomovich ZHELONOV, director of work in the field of organizing the production of instruments and equipment for RKT products, was born. Director of the Omsk Electromechanical Plant, in 1969–1988 – director of the Serpukhov Metallist plant, head of the 6th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering, Deputy Minister of the IOM.
January 24. Friday We worked with the case materials - a novel! Extremely interesting and fascinating: so many positions, points of view, characters, hidden things, you experience an amazing feeling... I will ask for the opportunity to work on the materials daily.
Recipe to overcome fatigue:
1. Rub the ends of your fingers with the palms of your hands – 5 seconds.
2. Rub your cheeks with your fingers, up and down movements – 5 seconds.
3. Lightly tap on the top of the head with a drum roll – 5 seconds.
4. With clenched fists, easily rub your forearms up and down – 5 seconds.
5. Press on the thyroid gland (below the Adam’s apple) with your index and middle fingers – 3 times.
6. On the count of five, press the carotid artery on one side and then on the other.
– – –
The 25th of January. Saturday The day before yesterday I sent a letter to B.N. Yeltsin, but we need to state our position more broadly, otherwise everything will remain in vain, so I will send similar appeals to Khasbulatov, Rutskoi, as well as Mikhail Dmitrievich Malei.
– – –
1911 – Petr Aleksandrovich SYSOEV was born (died March 8, 1991), specialist, head of work in the field of organizing the production of RKT products. Hero of Socialist Labor. He headed factories in Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Tula, Krasnoyarsk. Since 1966 - head of the Main Directorate and member of the board of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering.
1912 – Viktor Nikiforovich BUGAISKY was born (died in 1994), three times laureate of the USSR State Prize. Chief designer of branch No. 1 of OKB-52, first deputy general designer of OKB-52 V.N. Chelomeya, Deputy General Designer of Tushino NPO Molniya
G.E. Lozino-Lozinsky. He took part in the development of the Buran orbital ship.
January 26. Sunday ABC reports that efforts are being made to recruit 2,000 nuclear specialists for skilled jobs so that they are not outbid by the Arabs to build nuclear weapons. They are starting to buy us up like on a slave market.
*** Thatcher and Gorbachev decided to join forces to implement the new ideals to which they had devoted so much effort (Sunday Express), coordinating the actions of their foundations located in London and Moscow. Once upon a time, we followed the ideals of perestroika and renewal in orderly ranks. This is where our boss’s blind line of behavior, not controlled by inner conviction, has been swept away.
– – –
1945 – Valery Andreevich MOISEEV, scientist, specialist, leader of work in the field of organizing the production of RKT products, was born. Laureate of the State Prize, Lenin Komsomol Prize. From 1962 to 1990 he worked at the Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant, rising from a service technician to chief engineer - first deputy general director.
Now, after reading his poems, we must get out and carefully read “Kolyma Tales.” What is the difference from Solzhenitsyn, what is the aesthetics of artistic (fiction!) prose about camp prisoners? For some reason, it seems to me that this reading will bring more satisfaction than the works of Alexander Isaevich.
28 January. Tuesday Sent Proshkin a petition regarding a meeting with his relatives - his wife, son, daughter-in-law. You have to think about how to improve your health - you may not be able to stand it.
January 29. Wednesday “We, like crazy poets, are ready to exchange the previous one for something that didn’t come...” These lines from the song came to mind from the current advertisement “Prices are significantly lower than market prices.” “Price liberalization” is from the official vocabulary, a new “unarrival”, but gradually invading.
*** B.N. Yeltsin exchanged pleasantries with Bush on disarmament issues. As Yeltsin said, on a parity basis. It doesn't smell like this from Bush...
– – –
1919 – Igor Nikolaevich SADOWSKY was born (died January 25, 1993), laureate of the USSR State Prize. One of S.P.’s associates Queen. Since 1958 - at OKB-1 (NPO Energia), he worked his way up from deputy head of department to first deputy chief designer of the Head Design Bureau.
Head of the project development of the reusable space system "Energia-Buran".
1929 – Grigory Vasilievich YUDANOV, specialist, head of work in the field of creating control devices for control of RKT products, was born. Laureate of the USSR State Prize. From 1949 to 1985 - at plant No. 205 of the Korpus Production Association, Saratov, he worked his way up from a mechanic to general director.
1930 – Vladimir Ivanovich LEBEDEV was born (died December 28, 1996), a specialist in the field of creating gyroscopic devices for RKT products. Laureate of the Lenin and Council of Ministers of the USSR prizes. In 1967–1994 – First Deputy Director for Science and First Deputy Chief Designer of the Research Institute of Command Instruments, Leningrad.
1950 – Nikolai Ivanovich VAKHNO, a specialist in economic activities of the Kharkov OJSC Khartron, was born.
Academician of the International Academy of Computer Science and Systems. Since 2002 – Chairman of the Board of JSC Khartron.
January 30. Thursday A lot of work: I looked and worked with volume No. 23, interrogations of witnesses and my personal affairs, main dates and stages...
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1945 – Valery Aleksandrovich MENSHIKOV was born, a specialist and organizer in the field of development, testing and commissioning of RKK for military and socio-economic purposes. Laureate of the Russian Government Prize. In 1968–1991 he served and worked at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, rising from crew chief to chief engineer - deputy head of the cosmodrome for weapons.
1915 - Boris Viktorovich RAUSHENBACH was born (died March 17, 2001). Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, RAS. One of the main leaders in the development of systems for orientation and correction of flight trajectories of the first domestic automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon, Venus, Mars, communication satellites "Molniya", on-board multifunctional control system of the first domestic spacecraft "Zenith", designed to obtain photographs of the Earth's surface with high resolution and accuracy of coordinate reference.
1931 – Viktor Mikhailovich RYUMKIN, military specialist, head of missile weapons and CT work, was born. Laureate of the USSR State Prize. From 1979 to 1989
- Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Strategic Missile Forces, from 1989 to 1991 - Head of the Main Armament Directorate - Deputy Head of Space Facilities of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
– – –
Koryagina Tatyana Ivanovna (1943), people's deputy of the RSFSR (1990–1993) from the Zelenograd territorial electoral district No. 15 of Moscow.
Kraiko Alexander Nikolaevich (1934), People's Deputy of the USSR (1989–1991) from the Baumansky territorial electoral district No. 3 of Moscow.
Gamsakhurdia Zviad Konstantinovich (1939–1993), the first president of Georgia (1991–1992), was one of the leaders of the Georgian national movement.
Anatoly Zeldin from the newspaper “Soviet Belarus” dated January 4, 1992, entitled “Palace in Foros” with the following letter from Radkevich from the city of Borisov:
“Even though four months have passed, the August events continue to excite our readers. Known only to a few, the vacation spot of the President of the USSR became known to the whole world. Much has been written about the GKChP coup attempt. And every day new and new details of those now historical days become known. The situation in the country is changing quickly, political leaders are replacing each other, but Foros is still of interest to our readers. They ask to tell us about the famous dacha of the first and last President of the USSR and its future purpose.
In 1986, some departments, including the USSR Ministry of Defense, were tasked in the Crimea and Caucasus region to determine the site for the construction of a residence for the recreation of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Numerous closed magnificent palaces and sanatoriums for the recreation of the leadership of the highest echelons of power, which the common man never dreamed of, apparently did not suit him.
As a result of intense searches and much thought, two sites were selected: on the undeveloped lands of the Black Sea coast, near Foros Bay, and in the Caucasus
– Gold Coast, in the area between Pitsunda and Gudauta.
The “top” approved the proposals. Now it was necessary to build, but first it was necessary to reconstruct the military airfields of Belbek and Gudauta. And this is the expansion and lengthening of the runway, new wiring of all drive and navigation guidance systems, and the creation of additional parking areas for government aircraft. The necessary documentation was developed promptly and in a short time. Military men are disciplined people. And on March 5, 1988, intense work began at the Belbek airfield, which ended exactly three months later. As a result, conditions were created for the landing of the most modern aircraft.
True, it cost more than 6 million rubles. On June 12, 1988, a presidential plane landed in Belbek on its first technical flight.
The government commission and the flight crew gave a high technical assessment to the airfield. The airfield in Gudauta became similar, but a year earlier.
Simultaneously with the reconstruction, the construction of complexes for the leader of the country was carried out. In Foros, over 1 year and 9 months, more than 50 million rubles were spent for these purposes. The best specialists of the Armed Forces, an average of 4 thousand people, worked tirelessly here around the clock. Military aircraft - 56 -
– – –
the best imported and domestic building materials were delivered, the latest technologies were used... The constructed complex is amazing. This is not a dacha, this is a luxurious modern palace. Dining rooms, kitchens, bedrooms, and other rooms for various purposes are furnished with luxurious furniture and equipped with state-of-the-art equipment. Cladding, finishing materials, and joinery were supplied from abroad.
And if usually doors are adjusted to fit the opening, in this case the walls were adjusted to fit the doors. The pinnacle of everything is the bedroom. Those who saw it say it’s a fairy tale. However, the bathroom... with an area of about 20 square meters, lined with patterned German tiles, leaves the same impression. Naturally, there was a place for a swimming pool and sauna. This “modest” three-story building (not counting the basement) was covered with stamped aluminum, painted to resemble tiles (a special order was carried out by one of the factories of the USSR Ministry of Defense). The auxiliary building for 200 places, where security and technical personnel are housed, is in no way inferior in its amenities and comfort to the best rooms of the Minsk hotels “Planet” and “Yubileinaya.” On the lawn, as expected, there are superbly equipped sports grounds. Everything was thought out and built, including garages, a pier and a helicopter landing. The contents of the food warehouse would allow us to withstand any blockade, and the satellite communications center would allow us to quickly communicate with any point on the planet.
Looking at the trees, you won’t immediately realize, or even just guess, that they were dug up in some garden and brought here to revive and decorate the landscape, to please the President and his immediate circle.
No words, M.S. Gorbachev had to be provided with all the conditions for proper rest. This is undeniable. But, excuse me, what was the need to install a special winged escalator, purchased for foreign currency, which transported from the main house to the sea - 40-50 meters?
Recently I learned completely unexpected information about Bush and Wales, Shamir and Mitterrand. It turns out that these heads of government are very modest in their personal lives. And this cannot but inspire respect... A special conversation about the protection of the dacha in Foros. The fencing and patrolling of the entire area, which is about three square kilometers, are organized in the most thorough manner. More than four hundred television cameras were installed around the perimeter of the dacha. That is, every piece of land was visible. (...) The USSR no longer exists, there is the CIS. Gorbachev resigned. What will happen to the dacha in Foros? This interests many of our readers. In my opinion, the fairest
– give it to children scorched by Chernobyl, let them be treated there. Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian children will improve their health here. Let her actually feel the care and attention of not only foreign governments, but also her own. But will it happen?
The expression used by Gorbachev is confirmed in the book by Assistant General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee A.S. Chernyaev “Six years with Gorbachev. According to diary entries" (M.: Publishing group "Progress", "Culture", 1993. P.
– – –
Mikhail Dmitrievich Maley (1941), Chairman of the RSFSR State Committee for State Property Management (1990–1991), Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation on conversion issues (1992–1993), later served as Chairman of the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on scientific and technical issues of the defense industry.
– – –
1st of February. Saturday Had a date with family. Liliya Fedorovna looks better, but is tense; Dima is holding on, but apparently getting tired. Sveta is the tone of the team. It’s too early to write, you need to re-emotion, change your mind.
Fedorovna threw out the phrase: a new life is coming... But it should be so, it’s natural... *** Following Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia and Azerbaijan, on January 29, the Uzbek leadership announced the transfer under the republican jurisdiction of all military units stationed on the territory of Uzbekistan, for with the exception of strategic forces. The collapse of the Union continues.
*** Viktor Filatov, former editor-in-chief of the Military Historical Journal, Major General, Den newspaper: “We must return Yazov to the Ministry of Defense, Kryuchkov to the KGB. Whether I want it or not, it will be so.” He himself, of course, does not believe in these predictions; they are for something else – to create public opinion. But society is now not in a state to sensibly perceive such ideas.
1935 – Vladimir Viktorovich AKSENOV, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, was born. Participated in the development of designs for manned spacecraft "Soyuz" and orbital stations "Salyut"
and their flight tests.
– – –
1941 – Nikolai Ivanovich ZELENSHCHIKOV, laureate of the Lenin, State and Government of the Russian Federation prizes, was born.
From 1985 to 1994 – Deputy Chief Designer, First Deputy Chief Designer, First Deputy General Director, General Designer of NPO Energia. He supervised work on production support, ground testing, preparation for the launch of space systems under the Mir programs, the Energia-Buran reusable space system, and the International Space Station (ISS).
February 2. Sunday A hard sleepless night... Shards of thoughts, visions, words, pains, a mixture of universal, personal, family, children...
– – –
*** B.N. Yeltsin spoke in favor of introducing “blue helmets” into Karabakh.
A real war breaks out there, Alazan missiles, armored personnel carriers, artillery are used, people die. On the day of January 31, they reported more than 300 people!..
*** Yugoslavia... We are approaching it stubbornly. The desire to isolate oneself on a national basis means to be divided, to become special, alien in relation to another nationality. Friendship - yes, of course, yes, but national community is stronger than interethnic friendship.
Disputes, grievances, territorial claims are born, we run wild, we divide fleets, armies, nuclear weapons, diamonds, gold, plus religious fanaticism, animal passions... “New World Order”... But that was already 50 years ago - it ended in a world war , thank God, without nuclear weapons. Or rather, - 62 -
– – –
*** The Declaration was signed at Camp David; Russia and the United States no longer consider themselves potential adversaries. The beginning of a new era. The end of the Cold War... Leave only 2.5 thousand.
BB on each side. Relationships are built on the basis of “truthfulness and sincerity.” An invitation to sign the Declaration, according to B.N. Yeltsin, at Camp David was a birthday present, cowboy boots were presented. Cowboy
- not a hero from a western, but a shepherd...
– – –
*** Famous writer Eduard Uspensky unveiled plans to create a business textbook for children. He motivated his initiative as follows: “It is necessary to compose some kind of manual, from which our children at least understand that even a huge plant can be private. They need to learn and understand what a share, a joint stock company, a company, marketing is, and how the laws of the market are established.” Uspensky himself learned the laws of the market by traveling to America and talking there with one lady who “succeeded very well - 63 -
. Baklanov O.D. SPACE IS MY DESTINY
in business". Other talented but needy children's writers will also be involved in working on the manual. And how, in our cruel times, to fill children’s souls with spiritual values, to teach love, kindness and compassion - the respected writer did not say a word about this.
*** The Moscow Commercial Training Center held a presentation of graduates of tutors and housekeepers schools. Having presented themselves, representatives of these rather rare professions in our country met families interested in their services and made their choice. Candidate housekeepers - only women over 18 years of age - seriously study cooking. Classes are taught by chefs from Moscow restaurants, and mandatory table setting practice takes place at the Kremlin Palace of Congresses.
Housekeepers are knowledgeable about ethics and the psychology of relationships, they know how to keep the house clean and provide first-aid care.
The cost of services of a tutor and housekeeper costs 500 rubles.
per application, other payments - by agreement (today on average 2-3 thousand rubles per month).
New professions have appeared in an impoverished country... The division of society into rich and poor, masters and servants is gaining strength...
1928 – Vitaly Kirillovich KOPYL was born, scientist, leader of the work on the creation of on-board and ground-based computers and amplification-converter SU devices. Laureate of the USSR State Prize. Deputy General Director of the Kharkov National Scientific Center “Institute of Metrology” - since 1980.
1930 – Valentin Nikolaevich ZADEREY, work manager, specialist in the field of technological support for the production of RKT products, was born. Laureate of the State Prize. From 1977 to 1991 – at the Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Technology - 64 -
– – –
IOM: head of department, first deputy director for scientific work, leading researcher - head of the experimental group.
February 3rd. Monday Yesterday in Crimea, the collection of signatures for holding a referendum on the issue of the sovereignty of the Crimean Republic began.
The Ukrainian leadership was seriously alarmed by such activity of the “Crimean patriots.”
– – –
February 4. Tuesday Today the Moscow government decided to charge fees for rallies and demonstrations. According to experts, a medium-sized rally will cost over 100 thousand rubles. What is this – a commercial impulse or an unnecessary obstacle to the political will of the masses? I'm leaning towards the second one.
| Document's name: | |
| Document Number: | 253 |
| Document type: | Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee |
| Receiving authority: | Council of Ministers of the USSR |
| Status: | Active |
| Published: | |
| Acceptance date: | April 13, 1973 |
| Start date: | April 13, 1973 |
CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE CPSU
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR
RESOLUTION
On the recognition as invalid of the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in connection with the introduction into force of the Rules for calculating the continuous work experience of workers and
employees when assigning benefits for state social insurance
In connection with the introduction of the Rules for calculating the continuous work experience of workers and employees when assigning benefits for state social insurance, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR
decide:
Recognize the decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR as invalid as of July 1, 1973, in accordance with the attached list.
Secretary
Central Committee of the CPSU
L.Brezhnev
Chairman
Council of Ministers of the USSR
A. Kosygin
List of resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which became invalid due to the introduction of the Rules for calculating the continuous work experience of workers and employees when assigning benefits for state social insurance
APPROVED
resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and
Council of Ministers of the USSR
dated April 13, 1973 N 253
1. Paragraph 10 of the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated December 28, 1938 “On measures to streamline labor discipline, improve the practice of state social insurance and combat abuses in this matter” (SP USSR 1939 No. 1, art. .1).
2. Paragraph 17 of Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU dated February 11, 1954 N 258 “On the further development of cotton growing in the Uzbek SSR in 1954-1958.”
3. Paragraph 10 of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU dated April 21, 1954 N 747 “On the further development of cotton growing in the Turkmen SSR for 1954-1958.”
4. Subparagraph “b” of paragraph 5 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated October 14, 1954 N 2150 “On significant shortcomings in the structure of ministries and departments of the USSR and measures to improve the work of the state apparatus.”
5. Paragraph two of paragraph 9 of Appendix No. 8 to the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 5, 1955 No. 1255-705 regarding the preservation of continuous work experience.
6. Paragraphs 9 and 10 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated April 14, 1956 N 474 “On the reorganization of industrial cooperation.”
7. Subparagraph “c” of paragraph 5 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 17, 1956 N 648 “On measures to provide labor for the most important construction projects and enterprises located in the eastern and northern regions of the country and in the Donbass” in terms of maintaining continuous service work to receive state social insurance benefits and pensions.
8. Paragraph two of paragraph 8 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 30, 1956 N 724 “On the reorganization of the ministries of the USSR in connection with the transfer of enterprises of a number of sectors of the national economy to the jurisdiction of the union republics” regarding the extension of the validity of subparagraph “b” of paragraph 5 of the resolution Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated October 14, 1954 N 2150.
9. Paragraph 2 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 20, 1956 N 989 “On the provision of labor for the coal mines of Donbass” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
10. Subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of October 8, 1956 N 1400 “On urgent measures to overcome the backlog of mine construction in the Ukrainian SSR” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions .
11. Subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 28, 1957 N 595 “On the employment arrangement of workers released from the management apparatus in connection with the further improvement of the organization of industry and construction management” (SP USSR 1957 N 6 , art. 64).
12. Paragraph two of paragraph 4 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 4, 1957 N 641 “On providing labor for harvesting and procurement of agricultural products in 1957” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving benefits for state social insurance and pensions .
13. Clause 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 14, 1957 N 684 “On the public conscription of youth in 1957 to work on the most important construction sites located in the eastern and northern regions of the USSR and in the Donbass” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
14. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 9, 1957 N 811 “On benefits and advantages for employees released from the administrative apparatus of agricultural and water management bodies” in terms of the extension of subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 28, 1957 N 595.
15. Paragraph two of paragraph 5 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated April 1, 1958 N 420 “On ensuring the timely commissioning of the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant, its ore and coal bases” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
16. Paragraph three of paragraph 1 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 30, 1958 N 694 “On the public call of youth for the construction and electrification of railways” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions.
17. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 24, 1959 N 333 “On sending Komsomol members and youth on public conscription to enterprises and construction sites of the Magadan Economic Administrative Region” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions.
18. Paragraph two of paragraph 10 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 10, 1959 N 1081 “On measures to ensure the commissioning of capacities for the extraction and processing of ore, the production of crude and refined copper at the Dzhezkazgan Mining and Metallurgical Combine of the Karaganda Economic Council” in part of maintaining continuous work experience to receive state social insurance benefits and pensions.
19. Clause 11 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 20, 1959 N 1312-583 regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving benefits for state social insurance and pensions.
20. Clause 6 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of February 5, 1960 N 134-46 regarding the extension of the validity of subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 28, 1957 N 595.
21. Subparagraph “a” of paragraph 2 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 8, 1960 N 592 “On employment and material and living support for workers and employees dismissed from units, institutions and enterprises of the Soviet Army and Navy in connection with with a new significant reduction in the Armed Forces of the USSR" (SP USSR 1960 No. 12, Art. 85).
22. Paragraph two of paragraph 19 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 20, 1961 N 74 “On the organizational and economic strengthening of existing state farms, on the organization of new state farms and the additional development of virgin and fallow lands in the Virgin Lands of the Kazakh SSR” in terms of maintaining continuous length of service to receive state social insurance benefits and pensions.
23. Clause 6 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 25, 1961 N 466 “On organizing the selection and sending of workers who have expressed a desire to move to permanent work in the virgin regions of the Kazakh SSR” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience in order to receive state social benefits insurance and pensions.
24. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 10, 1961 N 992 “On the public conscription of young people in 1962-1965 to work in transport construction and electrification of railways” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions.
25. Clause 1 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 11, 1962 N 52 “On the public conscription of young people in 1962-1965 to work in the construction of power plants and power transmission lines” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions.
26. Paragraph 11 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 31, 1963 N 139 “On measures of assistance in the construction of enterprises for the production of newsprint” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
27. Paragraph two of paragraph 13 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated February 5, 1963 N 140 “On the organization of the work of the National Economic Council of the Central Asian Economic Region” regarding the extension of the validity of subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 28 May 1957 N 595.
28. Paragraph 1 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 29, 1963 N 377 “On the public conscription of youth in 1963 to work on construction sites and enterprises in the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk regions, Komi ASSR and the city of Temir-Tau (Kazakh SSR)” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience in order to receive state social insurance benefits and pensions.
29. Paragraph two of paragraph 5 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 21, 1964 N 1014 “On streamlining the management of the national economy of the republics of Central Asia” regarding the extension of the action of subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 28 1957 N 595.
30. Subparagraph “b” of paragraph 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 12, 1965 N 756 “On measures for the employment of workers released from the apparatus of economic councils in connection with a change in the system of industrial management bodies.”
31. Clause 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated February 2, 1966 N 84 “On the abolition of planning commissions of the Transcaucasian, Central Asian and Baltic economic regions of the USSR” in terms of extending the validity of subparagraph “b” of clause 3 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated October 12, 1965 N 756.
32. Clause 2 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 6, 1966 N 441 “On the public conscription of youth for the most important construction projects of the five-year plan” (SP USSR 1966 N 10, Art. 100) regarding the preservation of continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions.
33. Paragraph two of paragraph 34 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 8, 1967 N 638 “On measures for the further development of the productive forces of the Far Eastern economic region and the Chita region” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience to receive benefits for state social insurance and pensions .
34. Paragraph 13 of Appendix No. 4 to Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 20, 1967 N 730 “On measures to ensure high rates of development of ferrous metallurgy in accordance with the Directives of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1966-1970 years" in terms of maintaining continuous work experience in order to receive state social insurance benefits and pensions.
35. Paragraph three of paragraph 24 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 23, 1968 N 370 “On measures for the development of the mineral fertilizer industry in 1968-1972” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
36. Paragraph two of paragraph 22 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 11, 1969 N 967 “On measures for the accelerated development of the oil industry in Western Siberia” regarding the preservation of continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
37. Paragraph three of paragraph 3 of Appendix No. 10 to the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 28, 1970 No. 715 “On measures to develop the industry of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products in 1971-1975” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
38. Clause 7 of Appendix No. 8 to Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 29, 1971 No. 473 “On measures for the further development of the coal industry of the Donetsk basin” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience for receiving state social insurance benefits and pensions.
39. Paragraph three of paragraph 13 of Appendix No. 22 to the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 12, 1971 No. 565 “On measures to develop the industry of chemical fibers and raw materials for them in 1971-1975” in terms of maintaining continuous work experience to obtain state social insurance benefits and pensions.
The text of the document is verified according to:
"Collection of resolutions
Government of the USSR",
N 10, 1973
On the recognition as invalid of the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in connection with the introduction into force of the Rules for calculating the continuous work experience of workers and employees when assigning benefits for state social insurance
| Document's name: | On the recognition as invalid of the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in connection with the introduction into force of the Rules for calculating the continuous work experience of workers and employees when assigning benefits for state social insurance |
| Document Number: | 253 |
| Document type: | Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee |
| Receiving authority: | Council of Ministers of the USSR |
| Status: | Active |
| Published: | Collection of resolutions of the USSR government, No. 10, 1973 |
| Acceptance date: | April 13, 1973 |
| Start date: | April 13, 1973 |
“On the all-Union socialist competition for the successful implementation of the tasks of the twelfth five-year plan”
The Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol note that the decisions of the 27th Congress of the CPSU and the course taken by the party to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country received the unanimous support and approval of the Soviet people. They were actively involved in the practical implementation of the planned plans for intensifying production. Many workers, following the traditions of the shock movement and the Stakhanov movement, show creative initiative and innovation, make valuable proposals for improving the organization of labor, equipment and technology, and introducing economic methods of management.
The experience of leading teams in Moscow and Leningrad, the Volga association "AvtoVAZ" in increasing production volumes through scientific and technological progress is becoming widespread; enterprises and organizations of Ukraine - on the effective use of secondary resources; railway workers of Belarus - to accelerate the growth rate of labor productivity. The teams of a number of machine-building enterprises in the Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, and Kharkov regions committed themselves to completely switching over to the production of basic products in the twelfth five-year plan, which are superior in technical level and quality to the best domestic and world samples. Builders in Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Estonia, Arkhangelsk, Kamchatka, Saratov, and Tomsk regions launched a movement for the rhythmic commissioning and high quality of residential buildings and social and cultural facilities, and in the Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk regions for accelerating the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises. Collectives of leading collective farms, state farms and agro-industrial enterprises of the Altai, Krasnodar, Stavropol territories, Kurgan and Oryol regions, introducing economic accounting and collective contracting, decided to work on self-sufficiency. By the 70th anniversary of the Great October Revolution, many workers pledged to fulfill the two-year five-year plan for increasing labor productivity with excellent product quality. The initiative of Komsomol youth brigades to work at least four free days this year on the construction of housing, schools, hospitals, clubs, and sports facilities is receiving active support.
A new surge of labor and socio-political activity was caused by the Appeal of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the working people of the Soviet Union on the deployment of nationwide socialist competition for the successful implementation and overfulfillment of the plans of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. The strength of socialist competition lies in its mass character, in the possibility of repeating and increasing advanced experience, in the practical implementation of the creative abilities of the Soviet person, who above all places concern for strengthening the power of the Motherland. The organization of competition must be improved and the necessary conditions created everywhere for the development of workers' initiative.
Attaching great importance to socialist competition in accelerating the socio-economic development of the country, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol decide:
1. The Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Union Republics, regional committees, regional party committees, ministries and departments, Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, Soviet and economic bodies, party, trade union, Komsomol organizations, relying on the labor and social initiative of the Soviet people, to develop mass political and organizational work on development of the All-Union Socialist Competition for the successful implementation of the tasks of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. Ensure active participation in the competition of all workers, collective farmers, engineers, technical workers, scientists, specialists and employees, teams of brigades, sections, departments and farms, enterprises, associations, state farms, collective farms, organizations and institutions, student teams
The central task in organizing socialist competition is to direct the initiative and creativity of millions of workers in cities and villages to achieve the planned milestones in economic and social development. Everything must be done to ensure that not a single labor initiative is left without attention and support. To develop labor competitiveness in every possible way - individual and collective, comradely mutual assistance. It is better to use the opportunities of competition to educate each participant in the spirit of high responsibility for the assigned work, collectivism, an intolerant attitude towards mismanagement and waste, drunkenness, theft, and any deviations from the norms of socialist morality.
The main goals of the competition are to radically increase labor productivity, product quality, save all types of resources, unconditional fulfillment of contractual obligations, and strengthen labor discipline. To guide competitors to exceed the world level in the most important indicators through scientific and technological progress.
The Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol call to concentrate the efforts of the participants in the All-Union Socialist Competition:
workers, collective farmers, teams of brigades - on increasing output, producing all products of high quality, economy and frugality, efficient use of raw materials, machinery and equipment, active participation in the development and implementation of new equipment and technology, in technical creativity, strict adherence to labor, technological and production discipline;
engineering and technical workers and specialists - on accelerating the use of scientific and technological progress in production, improving equipment and technology, organizing labor and production, reducing the labor intensity and material intensity of products, engineering support for the implementation of plans and socialist obligations of labor collectives, creating safe and healthy working conditions ;
collectives of associations, enterprises, collective farms and state farms, construction and other organizations - on achieving the highest level of labor productivity in the industry, increasing the output of products of the highest quality category, saving material and fuel and energy resources, ensuring the rhythm of production, technological discipline, reducing the loss of working time, growth of capital productivity, fulfillment of all contractual obligations for supplies, development and implementation of new highly efficient equipment and progressive technologies, inventions and innovation proposals, comprehensive increase in production and sales of agricultural and livestock products, consumer goods, ensuring regulatory construction deadlines, labor safety, improvement of production , housing and cultural conditions of workers;
teams of research, design, and engineering organizations - on creating new generations of equipment, effective technological and design solutions, highly productive varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds, achieving leading positions in the world in these areas, reducing the time it takes to introduce developments into production;
working people of cities, districts, regions, territories, republics - on the comprehensive solution of economic and social problems, the implementation of regional scientific and technical programs, the effective use of production and scientific potential, land, labor, material, secondary resources, improving capital construction, expanding output and increasing quality of consumer goods, increasing food production, improving trade, household, transport, medical and other types of services to the population, improvement of populated areas.
2. Ministries, departments, Councils of Ministers of union republics, party, Soviet, trade union, Komsomol, economic bodies to raise the level of organization of socialist competition, to develop the desire of work collectives and individual workers to make maximum use of their reserves, to reach the highest levels. In this work, it is better to rely on progressive methods of management and management, on economic calculation and collective contracting, a combination of material and moral forms of encouragement.
To ensure a comprehensive economic justification for socialist commitments, which should become the most important means of forming intensive plans. Support the initiative of work collectives to include obligations (counter plans) in annual plans.
Also encourage the adoption of obligations beyond the approved plan to increase labor productivity and product quality, save resources, and resolve production and social issues using internal reserves.
Persistently and consistently implement the principle of social justice when assessing the labor contribution and rewarding participants in the competition, to make fuller use of all forms and incentive systems for this purpose, carried out at the expense of the wage fund, material incentive fund and special funds. Recommend to labor collectives to increase the size of bonuses for the main results of economic activity, taking into account the places occupied based on the results of socialist competition, to give preference to those who have consistently achieved high results since the beginning of the year and the five-year period. As conditions are created, work towards ensuring that the bonus system at enterprises and organizations is directly related to achievements in socialist competition.
The winners of the competition are to be given advantages in the distribution of benefits from public consumption funds, to establish that, starting from 1987, the winning teams in the All-Union Socialist Competition, contributions to the fund for social and cultural events and housing construction increase by 25 percent, and in the industry - by 15 percent due to reserve (centralized fund) of a higher organization.
Increasing in every way the role of the moral factor in competition. Timely notice, support and elevate the creative initiative, conscientious work, and professional skills of workers, collective farmers and specialists. Nominate the most distinguished for state awards. The names and deeds of leading workers must be known in the workforce, industry, republic and country. Expand and strengthen the publicity of the competition, its objectives, progress and results. Promptly inform competitors about best practices, help them compare the results of their activities with the achievements of other teams and workers, reveal the reasons for the success of some and the lag of others. It is more effective to use for these purposes the press, radio, television, various means and forms of information and propaganda work, oral and visual campaigning. The entire system of publicity, evaluation and incentives should create an atmosphere in teams that is favorable for creative, highly effective work, the full manifestation of a person’s abilities, and his ideological and moral education.
3. The Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Union Republics, regional and regional party committees, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, ministries, departments and the Central Committee of industrial trade unions, Soviet, trade union, Komsomol and economic bodies to improve the management of socialist competition in industries, regions and in labor collectives. Raise the personal responsibility of economic managers at all levels of management for organizing the competition, creating the necessary economic, technical and social conditions for its development. Ensure timely communication of plans to work collectives, and to teams and each employee - tasks on the most important indicators so that each participant in the competition knows in advance specific guidelines for impact work. Resolutely eradicate the formal bureaucratic attitude towards the formation of obligations, the vicious practice of summing up the results of competition in a narrow circle. Stop attempts to replace live organizational work with the collection of various information and reports.
Reduce the number of competition indicators. They must comply with the tasks set by the five-year plan, ensure comparability and unity of sectoral and territorial requirements for competitors. Be creative in choosing forms and types of competition. Develop those that open up space for initiative, contribute to the intensification of production, and the achievement of high final results. Considering the orientation of the All-Union Socialist Competition towards a comprehensive solution to the problems of accelerating economic and social development, it is inappropriate to consider organizing competition within its framework for intermediate results, the fulfillment of individual indicators, and the production of single types of products.
In order to better ensure the comparability of results, take into account the homogeneity of production facilities, their technical equipment, natural and other objective factors. The results of the All-Union Socialist Competition are summed up annually based on the increasing results of fulfilling five-year tasks. When summing up the results, do not allow any deviations from the approved
1. Construction of the main regional power stations of the first stage and main power lines, correspondingly expanding the range of activities of factories for electrical equipment.
2. Construction of regional stations of the next stage, further development of electrical networks and consistent electrification of the most important production processes.
3. Electrification of industry, transport and agriculture. The economic centers of the Soviet Republic must proceed from this basic economic plan, designed for the coming era, in their next plans and calculations, mobilizing their main forces and means primarily to resolve the main tasks of each economic priority...
The implementation of the planned plan is possible not through a separate, one-time heroic effort of the advanced elements of the working class, but through persistent, systematic, planned work, drawing into its circle more and more masses of working people. The success of this kind of expanding mobilization and labor education can be ensured only by persistently revealing to the broadest masses of town and country the inner meaning of the economic plan, its internal consistency, which ensures tangible fruits for everyone only after a long period that requires the greatest effort and the greatest sacrifices. .
2. GOELRO Plan (Brief summary)*
The “Electrification Plan of the RSFSR”, drawn up by the State Commission for Electrification of Russia and presented by it to the VIII Congress of Soviets (abbreviated as the GOELRO plan), consisted of two main parts.
The first part was called “Introduction to the report of the VIII Congress of Soviets of the State Commission for Electrification of Russia.” It examined the history of the formulation of the problem of electrification, provided a socio-economic and technical justification for the tasks of electrification, characterized the main aspects of the plan and real tasks, and determined the prospects for the development of the national economy for the next 10-15 years. This part was divided into 8 sections: A. Electrification and state economic plan; B. Electrification and fuel supply; B. Electrification and water energy; D. Electrification and agriculture; D. Electrification and transport; E. Electrification and industry; Explanatory note to the schematic map of electrification of Russia; General inventory of materials from the State Commission for Electrification of Russia.
Each of sections A - E was filled with large digital (including tabular) material, diagrams, references to literature, etc. The internal structure of these sections was ambiguous. Sections A, B, C, D were, as a rule, continuous text with sections highlighted in the margins. Sections D and E were divided into parts and smaller subsections. The “Explanatory Note” consisted of an Introduction and characteristics of tasks for 8 economic regions identified by the Commission: Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, Caucasian, Western Siberia, Turkestan. The “General Inventory of Materials” contained about 277 titles. This list gives an idea of both the sources of the plan and the interim development documents of the Commission. The first part included maps and diagrams.
The second part of the GOELRO plan represented Notes on plans for the electrification of designated economic regions. They were compiled with the participation of the district committees of the Commission and were also published for the first time in 1920 for the VIII Congress of Soviets. Each of the notes had a largely different structure, which is primarily due to the level of development of individual areas. Thus, the note on the electrification of the Caucasus region was distinguished by a certain brevity. It was called “General Plan for the Electrification of the Caucasus” and consisted of 7 chapters (I. Mining; II. Railways; III. Cities and population centers; IV. Textile industry; V. Woodworking and metalworking industry; VI. Nutrient processing; VII. Agriculture) and Conclusions.
The note “Electrification of the Central Industrial Region” included a “List of works by employees of the commission for the electrification of the Central Industrial Region, which served as material for drawing up a plan for the electrification of the region” and chapters: I. General description of the Central Region; II. Fuel supply of the Central region; III. Characteristics of the industry of the Central region; IV. Assumption about the development of industry in the Central region; V. Determination of the required power for the electrification of railways; VI. Determination of the power of an electrical station; VII. Location and description of the designed power stations and power transmission lines; VIII. Brief description of distribution networks. Scale and order of structures; IX. Cost considerations; X. Economic considerations regarding the electrification of the Central Industrial Region; XI. On the use of existing city, factory, industrial and other electrical stations (point A of the GOELRO program) to strengthen the supply of electrical energy to the Central Industrial Region. Each of the chapters had numerous subsections and headings noted in their contents. For example, Chapter I included the questions: Composition of the Central region, Surface structure of the Central region, Soils, Irrigation, Communication routes, Climate, Population, Distribution of land by land, Agriculture, Agricultural crops, Collection of food and feed crops, The meaning of the given statistical data, Extractive industry , Iron ores, Fuel, Coal, Peat deposits, Forest resources. Chapter X discussed: Fuel and Energy Balance, Percentage of Electrification, Advantages of Electrification, Fuel Economy, Transport Easement, Relative Importance of a given Electrification Project, Requirement of Manpower, Equipment and Cash.
From the first part of the GOELRO plan
A. Electrification and the state economy plan
Main thesis. It is, of course, impossible to draw up a plan for the national economy of Russia on an electrical basis without giving oneself a more or less clear account of the prospects for this economy as a whole. Moreover, draw up a project for the electrification of Russia- this means giving a red guiding thread for all creative economic activity, building the main forests for the implementation of a unified state plan for the national economy...
In accordance with the above, we arrive at the following eight propositions."
1) The only way out of economic devastation is to increase the productivity of people’s labor in the shortest possible time, using a minimum of labor units and the country’s material resources.
This result can be obtained by simultaneously working in three directions:
a) increase in labor intensity (intensification);
b)increased participation in labor progress of mechanical engines and devices (mechanization);
c) general ordering, mutual consistency and compliance with modern requirements of scientific technology of both the labor organizations themselves and the use of products and waste products (rationalization).
2) Analysis shows that the most reliable tool for the intensification, mechanization and rationalization of labor is the electrification of the national economy. Therefore, electrification should be the main idea of our economic development.
3) In order to draw up an electrification plan, it is necessary to be aware of the main prospects of the country’s economy developing on new principles. The difficulty of this work lies in its creative nature: the old is broken - the new is in the process of emerging. Therefore, statistics, both past and present, in their numerical results cannot give us completely comprehensive and accurate instructions.
4) Taking into account, however, that in the pre-war period, even at the cost of great sacrifices, some consistency was achieved in the work of individual divisions of the national economy, when developing prospects for economic development, it is necessary to begin with such an analysis of the statistical material of our pre-war economy, the purpose of which there would be an identification of a certain proportionality of its main divisions. In this way we obtain, as it were, an algebraic equation expressing the process of development of our economy in its past. We must immediately make amendments here, taking into account the experience of advanced countries and making a feasible assessment of the shift in all areas of the economy that should be an inevitable consequence of the victory of the working people.
5) But in our practical work we cannot limit ourselves only to the general prospects of our economic development. Electric stations cannot operate in vain, but must satisfy the specific demand of a wide range of their consumers. Thus, we have to move from the algebraic equation to its numerical solution. We must make a reservation in advance that such a decision is only roughly approximate in nature, and the timing within which this or that economic task can be carried out is especially guesswork. The implementation of even a roughly approximate economic plan depends not only on ours, but also on the global situation, and the whole world is going through a transition period. Hence the extreme difficulties in consolidating economic relations in hard numbers while simultaneously taking into account the element of time.
6) Nevertheless, there is no choice. Our economic impoverishment requires from us more and more regulation of the economic turnover of the values we produce, more and more decisive pressure in one or another economic direction (impact), more and more intensity, discipline and organization of labor.
Under such conditions, we are increasingly in danger of, when overcoming the next difficulties, straying from the main path and, for the sake of temporary interests, sacrificing the main, essential, necessary according to the general plan of our economic work. The creation of such a plan is therefore an increasingly urgent need, even though it is currently
can only be outlined in the most roughly approximate form.
7) From the above, it is clear what difficulties GOELRO has to overcome when drawing up a project for the electrification of Russia and why the materials of this Commission must inevitably be taken into account when our competent state bodies develop a unified plan for the state economy that is so necessary for us, albeit in its first approximation.
8) Aware of the difficulties of the times we are experiencing, we tried to approach the resolution of our economic problems from the point of view of quickly eliminating those crises, the ongoing effect of which determines the economic devastation we are experiencing. The crises of fuel, food, transport, raw materials, production equipment and labor are in the closest and most direct connection with each other, and a way out can be found
only through such measures, the result of which will have the broadest, most positive impact, covering the main causes of all these crises. We believe that one of these decisive factors should be the electrification of the national economy...
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