Red maple disease. Infectious diseases of maple. Leaves wither due to pests

Almost any type of maple tree can become a worthy garden decoration. The beautiful and varied shape of the leaves, their bright autumn colors, original inflorescences and fruits, the texture of the bark and the color of the shoots have long attracted attention. Many species are excellent honey plants and belong to early flowering plants.

The genus and its representatives

Olga Nikitina

Genus Maple (Acer) belongs to the maple family and has about 150 species, most of which grow in the mountain forests of Europe, Asia, North and Central America. The genus includes trees and shrubs with opposite simple or compound, often lobed leaves. The flowers are collected in panicles or corymbs, the fruit is a fractional dipterate.

Most maples are demanding on soil fertility, air and soil moisture, are relatively shade-tolerant, densely crowned, wind-resistant and are characterized by fairly rapid growth. They propagate by seeds, cuttings, and decorative forms by grafting.

Many species of the genus have valuable wood, which is used in the furniture industry, for the manufacture of sports equipment and musical, especially bowed, instruments.

The sap of maple trees contains quite a lot of sugar, especially those species that grow in North America, e.g. to. sugar (A. saccharum). In Canada, the sap of this species is used to obtain maple sugar, and its leaf is the national symbol of the country. A stylized image of a carved sugar leaf appears on the jackets of Canadian hockey players and on the flag of Canada.

The Maple genus is characterized not only by its enormous species and varietal diversity, but also by its special wood structure, leaf shape, and structure of inflorescences and fruits. Taking this into account, botanists divided it into 17 sections, so the systematic position of the genus is very complex.

The most common type of maple found in our country is K. holly (A. platanoides), unlike many, grows not in mountain, but in lowland forests. Its appearance and characteristic leaves are well known to everyone, even those who are far from dendrology. Tree up to 30 m high, with an ovoid, tent-shaped dense crown.

The varietal diversity of K. holly is so great that, using only it, you can create interesting woody compositions. This species has color forms, varieties with a modified growth form and leaf blade. Maples with unusual leaf colors, such as purple, like those of the ‘ Royal Red’, ‘Crimson King’, ‘Deborah’, ‘Schwedleri‘, or with a white stripe along the edge of the leaf blade, like ‘ Drummondii’. Decorative forms ‘ Columnare' And ' Globosum’ attract attention with their crown - columnar and spherical, which makes them a bright accent in compositions. They are also good in solitaire and row planting.

False sycamore maple, or sycamore (A. pseudoplatanus), is a typical representative of mountain forests in the southwestern part of Ukraine and the Caucasus. Tree up to 40 m high and up to 2 m in diameter, with dark gray bark peeling off in plates to reveal light young bark. Forms a dense spherical crown, especially beautiful when standing freely.

Unlike the first two types K. field (A. campestre) is a tree of the second size, up to 15 m high. Sometimes in the Caucasus there are specimens up to 25 m. It has cute small 5-lobed leaves and unusual fruits - the wings of the dipterans diverge at an angle of 180 ◦, forming a straight line. This maple is relatively drought-resistant and can withstand slight soil salinity.

Low Far Eastern k. bearded (A. barbinerve) is found in mountain mixed and coniferous forests, along forest edges and clearings and on rocky slopes. In general, it is characterized as a highly decorative tree, but in central Russia it can freeze. But K. Prirechny (A. ginnala), growing in the same region, is characterized by high frost resistance and unpretentiousness. With a height of up to 6 m, it is quite suitable for creating hedges and single plantings. In autumn, its three-lobed leaves turn purplish-red, imbuing landscapes with vibrant colors.

When listing the Far Eastern species, one cannot fail to mention the often found in this region K. small-leaved(A. mono). This is a tree, up to 15 m high, with a low-hanging crown. The leaves are similar to the foliage of K. holly, but 2–3 times smaller, and in the fall they turn bright yellow and red. Plantings of K. small-leaved plants effectively reduce city noise.

Trunk K. green-haired(A. tegmentosum), growing in mountain mixed and coniferous forests of the Far East, is decorated with smooth green bark with longitudinal white stripes. With such an unusual bark, this maple always stands out from other plants.

If we talk about the beauty of maple leaves, then, of course, first of all we should mention k. palmate, or fan-shaped (A. palmatum), without which not a single garden in Japan can do. Its openwork dissected leaves acquire very bright, picturesque colors in the fall. Unfortunately, this maple is quite thermophilic, and in central Russia it freezes to the level of snow cover. Therefore, when creating stylized Japanese gardens in our climate, it is better to replace it with no less spectacular, but more frost-resistant to. Manchurian (A. mandschuricum) And K. false Sieboldov(A. pseudosieboldianum).

A large number of maples grow in North America. Many of them settled with us in Russia long ago, having acquired a second homeland here, and K. ash-leaved (A. negundo) has become so naturalized in our open spaces that in some plantings it behaves like a weed. Now it is difficult to imagine that this plant was previously grown in greenhouses as a valuable exotic. Currently, K. ash-leaved is widely distributed in culture, primarily due to its rapid growth, frost resistance, and undemanding soil conditions. However, its fragility and low decorative qualities (by the way, only in female specimens) force this species to be used as a temporary breed with other slow-growing, but more decorative ones. In the assortment of modern nurseries you can find a number of interesting color forms of this species, which are widely used in landscaping: ‘ Aureo-Variegatum’, ‘Variegatum’, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Odessanum’.

North American growing in river valleys and swamps K. red(A. rubrum) tolerates excess moisture and stagnant water well, and is also undemanding to soils. It received its specific name for the red female flowers and the orange-red color of the leaves in autumn. Its decorative forms are 'Red Sunset' And ' Scanlon’ – characterized by a pyramidal crown and dark red leaves in autumn.

Perhaps one of the most beautiful can be called, again, the North American species - K. silver(A. saccharinum) and its decorative form ‘ Wieri’. The spectacular crown with drooping branches is covered with carved, deeply dissected leaves, green on top and silvery-white below.

In conclusion, I would like to note that maples are unique and highly decorative plants, without which our forests and artificial landscapes would not be so bright and attractive.

Maple diseases

Ella Sokolova, Candidate of Biological Sciences

Leaf diseases lead to a decrease in the decorative value of maple, premature leaf fall and weakening of young plants.

Powdery mildew caused by fungi of the genus Sawadaia. A characteristic sign of the disease is a white, cobwebby or denser, powdery coating of mycelium on both sides of the leaves. Later, the fruiting bodies of the pathogens form on the mycelium in the form of small black dots, evenly scattered over the entire affected surface or collected in groups, often along the leaf veins.

Different types of maple are affected.

Black spot caused by a fungus Rhytisma acerinum. In the second half of summer, large, round, black, slightly convex spots with a yellowish-green border form on the upper side of the leaves. Often numerous spots merge, covering almost the entire surface of the leaves.

Norway and field maples are affected, and other species are less common.

Pink spot caused by a fungus Phyllosticta platanoides. Large pinkish, merging spots with a dark brown border appear on both sides of the leaves. On the underside of the spots, sporulation of the pathogen forms in the form of numerous small, dark gray or black dots.

Norway maple is affected.

Variable spotting caused by a fungus Phyllosticta negundinis. In early July, numerous merging spots of round or irregular shape appear on both sides of the leaves. At first they are yellowish, ocher, later they become white with a darker edge. Fungal spores form on both sides of the spots in the form of scattered small dark dots. With severe damage, the spots cover almost the entire surface of the leaves.

Ash-leaved maple is affected.

Deformations caused by a fungus Taphrina polyspora. In the second half of summer, angular, dark brown or black, swollen, wrinkled spots form on both sides of the leaves. Numerous spots merge and cover a significant part of the surface of the leaves, which leads to their severe deformation.

Tatarian maple is affected.

Vascular and necrosis-cancer diseases of trunks and branches

Diseases of this group lead to weakening and drying out of the maple, reducing the decorative value of the species. In addition, necrosis-cancer diseases contribute to the infection of trees with rot.

Verticillium wilt (wilt) caused by a fungus Verticillium dahliae. With this disease, the vascular system is affected, so outwardly it manifests itself in the drying out of individual branches or the entire crown. The main sign of the disease - affected vessels - can only be seen on cross sections of trunks and branches. They look like individual dark dots or dark brown blurry rings. In this case, the wood acquires a greenish, olive or greenish-black color. Drying of plants, depending on age, occurs within 1–5 years.

Various types of maple are affected, but Norway maple is more common.

Tubercular (nectria) necrosis caused by a fungus Tubercularia vulgaris. During the growing season, from cracks in the bark of affected trunks and branches, sporulation of the pathogen emerges in longitudinal rows in the form of rounded pads with a diameter of up to 3 mm, pink, rose-red, brick-red, dark brown. In Norway maple, in addition to the bark, blood vessels are affected, which leads to faster drying out. Various types of maple are affected, but Norway maple is more common.

Stepped (common, nectria) cancer caused by a fungus Nectria galligena. Round or oval wounds form on trunks and branches, growing from year to year. At first they are noticeable in the form of depressions in the bark. After the dead bark falls off, the wood of the wounds is exposed with a clearly defined gradation. Often, several wounds develop on different sides of trunks and branches.

Rot diseases of trunks and branches

Infection with stem rot reduces the resistance of trees to wind and leads to the formation of windbreaks, which is especially dangerous for plantings on private plots and in the city.

White, core (central), fibrous rot caused by false tinder fungus (Phellinus igniarius). The fruiting bodies are perennial, woody, hoof-shaped, up to 20 cm in diameter, up to 12 cm in height, with a dark gray upper surface and a rusty brown lower surface. Rot rises up the trunk to a height of 2–3 m.

Yellowish-brown, core (central), fibrous lamellar rot caused by maple polypore (Oxyporus populinus). The fruiting bodies are perennial, in the form of small caps with a diameter of 2–6 cm, a height of 1–2 cm, solitary or collected in imbricate groups. The upper side of the caps is white, yellowish-gray, overgrown with green moss, the lower side is yellowish-white. Rot develops in the lower and middle parts of the trunk.

Brown, sound (central), prismatic rot caused by sulfur-yellow tinder fungus (Laetiporus sulphureus) The fruiting bodies are annual, in the form of spade-shaped caps with a diameter of 10–40 cm, up to 4 cm thick, collected in tiled groups. The caps are flat, fleshy, soft, and harden when dry. Their upper side is bright yellow or yellow-orange, the lower side is gray-yellow. Rot develops in the butt part of the trunks, rising to a height of 2–3 m, sometimes higher.

White, sound (central), fissured rot caused by scaly polypore (Polyporus squamosus). The fruiting bodies are annual, fleshy, in the form of large caps with a diameter of 10–15 cm, on central or lateral thick stalks. The upper side of the caps is yellowish with brown scales, the lower side is yellowish-brown. Rot extending up to 5–6 m develops in the lower and middle parts of the trunk.

In addition to them, other rots are also found on maple: white marble, heartwood-sapwood (the causative agent is a real tinder fungus - Fomes fomentarius), white heartwood-sapwood (causative agent – ​​Phellinus punctata – Phellinus punctatus), white fissured sound (causative agent – ​​Climacodon northern – Climacodon septentrionalis), brown superficial (causative agent – ​​common chinwort – Schizophyllum commune) and etc.

Black spot maple
Variable spotting of ash maple
Step cancer

Section of a stem affected by wilt
Tubercular (nectria) necrosis of maple trunk
Rot of a trunk affected by real tinder fungus

Maple pests

Tamara Galasyeva, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences

Various maple species feed on about 200 species of harmful insects and herbivorous mites, which damage leaves, shoots, branches, trunks, roots and seeds. The infestation of maples by pests is rarely widespread, so the wrong impression is created that these plants are almost not affected by insects.

Most of the harmful insects recorded on maples are polyphagous, and their number increases in areas with a warm climate, in the south of the European part of Russia, as well as in Moldova, Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the southern regions of the Far East.

Leaf-eating insects

Leaf-boring pests include pests whose larvae eat holes in leaves or eat them entirely. These are mainly caterpillars of butterflies of various families: leaf rollers (omnivorous, hawthorn, variegated golden, etc.), moths (smoky dotted, winter, peeled, etc.), noctuid moths (maple winged, pear, etc.), red-tailed moths , gypsy moth, etc.), corydalis (maple, humpback, silver hole, etc.), woodlice butterflies of the family Limacodidae, as well as maple sawfly larvae. Leaf-cutter bees gnaw out small, almost round holes in the leaves. The maple leaf weevil beetles eat the leaves from the edges in the form of small, irregularly shaped cutouts.

Sucking pests

These insects suck juices from leaves, shoots, branches and trunks. These include several species of aphids, including the giant maple aphid, which sucks sap from trunks and feeds in colonies in cracks in the bark of growing trees. 17 species of coccids have been recorded on various types of maple: scale insects, false scale insects and mealybugs, most of which can be found on other deciduous species. The most common scale insects found on maples are (willow and comma scale), acacia false scale, maple mealybug and maple feltbug. The larvae and adult insects of the maple whitefly suck the juices from the underside of the leaves.

Leaf-mining insects

This group includes mainly caterpillars of small species of butterflies - moths and sawfly larvae, which gnaw tissue inside the leaf, laying passages of various shapes, noticeable on one or both sides.

More often on maple leaves there are small, light, oval-shaped mines of the maple moth, visible on the underside, and brown, large, slightly swollen mines of the maple blister sawfly, visible on both sides of the leaf.

Gall formers

This category includes 13 species of herbivorous mites that form galls, tubercles and warts of various colors on the leaves. Galls of the maple felt mite are most often found on maple leaves. The galls are initially white and later turn brown.

Xylophagous

These are insects that mainly inhabit the trunks and branches of drying and withered trees. Several species of bark beetles live in maple wood, including gypsy beetle and sapwood, and longhorn beetles of the genus Rhopalopus, green narrow-bodied borer, horntails of the genus Xiphydria and some others.

Root pests - rhizophages

Maple gallworm larvae develop on the thin roots of living maples, forming dense spherical galls up to 8 mm in diameter.

Seed pests - carpophages

Not only birds and small rodents feed on maple seeds, but also insects, including caterpillars of codling moths and seed-eating weevils.

Maple in landscaping

Olga Nikitina

Maple is often called a symbol of autumn for the amazing colors of its foliage during this period. The Japanese say that few flowers can compare with the beauty of autumn maple leaves. At this time, a wide variety of combinations of shades are possible: from yellow-orange and red to burgundy, almost purple and pink. Even fallen leaves look like a beautiful carpet for a long time.

Usage

Many types of maple have long been valued by gardeners as reliable, very decorative woody plants and decorate parks, squares, and private gardens. These types include, first of all, large trees - K. holly, K. false sycamore, K. silver, K. ash-leaved. Their thick, lush, tent-shaped crowns are very beautiful, casting extensive shadows and trapping large amounts of dust and dirt on the leaves. Many maples are shade-tolerant, withstand urban conditions well, tolerate compacted and dry soil, and are wind-resistant thanks to a fairly powerful root system. The branches of K. ash-leaved and especially K. silverweed are fragile, often breaking under strong gusts of wind and under the weight of snow, and therefore these species require planting in a protected place. Almost all maples suffer from soil salinity and cannot tolerate stagnant water.

Large maples are usually used for single, alley plantings, to create arrays and groups, dense protective strips.

More compact maple species, often growing as vigorous shrubs, such as K. Prirechny, K. Tatar, can be found in the form of tapeworms, in groups with other woody and herbaceous plants; they look very impressive on the edges, in free-growing and trimmed hedges.

Types and varieties

Among the many decorative maple varieties introduced into cultivation, preference should be given to long-tested, reliable and winter-hardy ones.

First of all, these are varieties K. holly:

'Royal Red' , 'Crimson King' ,‘Faaseen’s Black’ ’ and others with leaves of various red shades throughout the growing season;

‘Drummondii’ with a very decorative white border along the edge of the sheet;

'Cleveland' And 'Emerald Queen' – these varieties change color throughout the season: light red when blooming, bright green in summer, yellow-orange in autumn.

Shapes and varieties invariably attract attention and cause delight K. ash-leaved with elegant leaf colors:

'Flamingo' – the leaves are green with a pink border when blooming, which later turns white;

‘Argenteo-variegatum’ with bright white-variegated leaf blades.

Popular garden decorative forms K. false sycamore: ‘Leopoldii’ – green leaves with a variegated white pattern. ‘Purpurea’ – the underside of the leaf blade is purple, the top is dark green. When the wind blows, the leaves sway on long petioles, turning first one side or the other, which produces a stunning impression.

Decorative deciduous varieties of large maples are most suitable for single plantings and for adding bright color accents to the composition. The rich color of the leaves appears in well-lit spaces and with a sufficient amount of nutrients in the soil. However, varieties with edged leaf blades suffer from the scorching rays of the sun; for planting them it is better to select places with sparse light.

The decorative value of maples lies not only in the attractiveness of the leaves. The Greenbark and the Pennsylvanian with their very impressive bark, the pattern of which consists of alternating contrasting white and green stripes, deserve special compliments. The Norway maple is beautiful during its flowering period, and the Tatarian maple is beautiful when it is covered with ripening burgundy lionfish.

Spherical crown that does not require pruning, variety 'Globosum' K. holly corresponds to the aesthetics of the regular style and is often used to decorate ceremonial areas. Not so common, but very interesting columnar shape K. holly 'Columnare' .

A small garden will be decorated with an unusually beautiful K. False Sieboldov. This charming maple forms a tiered, loose, see-through crown, as if covered with a lace of exclusively decorative dissected leaves. It is always used in Japanese gardens and is a magnificent sight planted near water or among stones, in compositions with shrubs such as azaleas, rhododendrons, hydrangeas, mahonias, low creeping conifers, perennials (bulbs, hostas, grasses, ferns).

Healing properties

Marina Kulikova, Candidate of Biological Sciences

WITH Among the large maple family, there are practically no plants used in traditional medicine. But traditional healers did not ignore this group either. Leaves, flowers and fruits are used for medicinal purposes. Norway maple. The leaves are harvested in the first half of summer, dried in the sun and dried in a room with good ventilation. The fruits are collected when ripe and dried in the oven at a temperature of 50–60 °C. Raw materials are stored in bags or closed wooden containers for two years.

Maple juice, collected in early spring, is used in the treatment of gout, scurvy, atherosclerosis, liver and kidney diseases, to strengthen the nervous system, as well as for vitamin deficiencies. It is also used for medicinal purposes young leaves as a choleretic, antiseptic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent. Flowers And fruit used for stomach and intestinal disorders.

A decoction of leaves and seeds of Norway maple is drunk for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, as an antipyretic. Prepare the decoction as follows: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of dry crushed raw materials is poured into a glass of boiling water and boiled in a water bath for 30 minutes, then cooled, filtered, squeezed and boiled water is added to the original volume. Take 2 tbsp. spoons 4 – 5 times a day 20 minutes before meals. The same decoction is used as a rinse for inflammation of the mouth.

Long-term non-healing wounds can be sprinkled with crushed fresh leaves of Norway maple, having previously treated them with any antiseptic agent. Hard-to-heal ulcers are treated in the same way.

Honey, obtained from maple, is rich in zinc. 100 g of honey contains about 0.5 mg, with a daily norm of 12–15 mg. Zinc is involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, the activity of the sex glands, improves immunity, and promotes wound healing.

Norway maple sap, which contains ascorbic and other organic acids, is collected in early spring, before flowering begins. At the same time, the bark of young shoots is harvested. Ripe fruits and leaves collected in summer are also used. The bark, leaves and fruits contain saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. Maple sap has been used for a long time as a general tonic and anti-scorbutic remedy.

Traditional healers advise taking an infusion of fruits, bark or leaves for diseases of the kidneys and bladder, as an anti-inflammatory and expectorant for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, and also as a tonic. It is also used to wash purulent and poorly healing wounds.

The infusion is easy to prepare at home. To do this, you can use 1 teaspoon of crushed fruits or 2 tbsp. spoons of leaves, as well as 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed dry bark. The raw materials are poured with 250 ml of boiling water, left in a water bath for 45 minutes, and filtered. Take the resulting infusion 3 – 4 times a day, 50 ml. Store it in the refrigerator.

And “healing” brooms are obtained from Norway maple. This broom absorbs sweat well, draws out toxins, impurities and other harmful substances from human skin. Massage with a maple broom has not only an analgesic, but also an anti-inflammatory effect. Maple leaves are strong antiseptics. Maple leaves and juice crushed into pulp promote wound healing.

Sometimes The leaves of the plant wither. What could be causing this? Perhaps your watering is not adjusted. Either the plant suffers from lack of moisture, or there is too much water. First, check the soil in the pot to determine the exact cause.

Leaves wither from lack of moisture

If the soil is dry to the touch and the earthen lump has shrunk and moved away from the walls of the pot, the pot seems light, then water the plant thoroughly. To soak the earthen lump, you need to water the plant by immersing it in water.

The flower pot is immersed two-thirds in a container of water for about 30 minutes, so that the earthen ball is well saturated with water, and at the same time, so that the roots of the plant do not become soaked and suffocate. Watch this plant for a few days: do not place the pot in bright sunlight and water regularly.

If the leaves are still wilting, the pot may not be retaining water. Look at the bottom of the pot - if there are very large holes there, then it is better to replace such a pot.

Leaves wither due to disease

Due to excess moisture, root rot can develop very quickly. If the soil in the pot has been damp for a long time, it turns sour, the roots begin to suffocate without access to air, and the leaves wither. We start watering more, and only make things worse for the plants. In this case, you will need to transplant the plant into new soil and treat the roots with phytosporin, foundationazole or other fungicide. In order for the plant to quickly adapt after transplantation and quickly restore the root system, growth stimulants and root formation stimulants can be used.

Due to too cold water for irrigation, cold drafts, fusarium may develop. For some unknown reason, the leaves begin to wither, then the whole plant dries out. Sometimes fungicide treatments can help. If you realize it too late, the plant cannot be restored and will have to be thrown out.

Due to a high dose of fertilizer, or the wrong fertilizer, you can burn the roots, and the leaves will first begin to wither, turn yellow and fly off.

Leaves wither due to pests

If everything is fine with watering and fertilizing, then perhaps the leaves are withering due to pests. For example, from millipedes, nematodes, scale insects, whiteflies, scale insects. In this case, isolate the diseased plant and carry out several insecticide treatments with a break of a week. To make the treatments more effective, after spraying, place a large plastic bag on the plant for two hours. By doing this, you will not breathe in the evaporation from the drugs, and the plant will have longer contact with the active substance.

Norway maple is very popular in cities. But this tree has various diseases. Leaves are especially susceptible to infection. Pests are also very harmful to this tree. We'll tell you how to get rid of them. Diseases and infections disrupt his normal nutrition and other physiological processes. The plant dies from a lack of substances and carbon dioxide, which it absorbs. The decorative quality of maple and its ability to withstand negative environmental factors suffer.

Powdery mildew and methods of combating it

The most common disease is powdery mildew. It looks like a white coating on the surface of the leaves, which appears in late May-early June. What is the treatment for this disease? Use an infusion of field sow thistle: pour 1 kg of green mass into 3 liters of water, leave for 8 – 10 hours.

Powdery mildew is a fungus in origin. If you see a white powdery coating on the leaves, you need to take action immediately. If this is done correctly, you will restore the health of your green spaces very quickly. Please note that at first, powdery mildew on the surface of the leaves is invisible to the naked eye. Then the maple becomes covered with a white coating and, despite normal watering, gradually begins to dry out. Using preventative measures is the most important thing you can do for your tree.

Powdery mildew spreads mainly in the first days of summer. Due to the wind, the fungus migrates from plant to plant and spreads very quickly. Not only maple is susceptible to infection, this attack can appear on oak and garden trees, especially when the summer is not very hot. The peculiarity of powdery mildew is that it tends to appear very high.

Powdery mildew does not pose a direct threat to humans. This fungus can cause enormous damage in the agricultural sector. Powdery mildew can affect gooseberry bushes, currants and other berries. If sow thistle treatment does not help, you need to resort to spraying with fungicides using hot fog technology.

Black spot

Norway maple can also suffer from black spot. How does she look? Dark, uneven spots on the leaves are its manifestation. As a preventative measure, use spraying with a 2% solution of foundationazole or copper sulfate and 300 g of grated laundry soap per 10 liters of water. This is done in early spring. And if the disease has already begun, then spraying with an infusion of onion peels helps.

Black spot

Black spotting indicates good ecology of the area. Apart from reducing decorativeness, there is no harm from this disease. It is very important to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of maple, which increase the plant’s resistance to disease. Branches affected by diseases must be pruned and destroyed. The same is done with the fallen leaves of the affected tree. You can carry out preventive spring spraying with fungicides.

Pests

The maple weevil is a common pest of both Norway maple and Japanese maple. If treatment of diseases is possible with folk remedies, then it is better to use special preparations to rid the maple of pests. The Norway maple suffers greatly because the weevil destroys the leaves, and the tree may die. The two most effective drugs against pests are 0.05% decis and inta-vir.

When another pest of Norway maple, the maple mealybug, appears, the leaves are sprayed with 3% nitrafen in cool weather. Garlic solution helps a lot (50 g of chopped garlic per 3 liters of water).

Some pests attack apparently healthy trees (for example, caterpillars or leaf beetles), others (bark beetles) attack weakened ones. Caterpillars pose a danger to leaves. They damage the buds and flowers of Norway maple. Such an insect is, for example, the maple whitefly. The leaves simply fall off if it settles on a maple tree. And sucking insects feed on tree sap and gradually cause it to dry out (for example, cutworms and ticks can be distinguished among this group of pests).

Less common insects, such as marbled beetles and June beetles, can also cause damage. Aphids are brought into the nursery along with seed and planting material.

Ash beetle is another beetle dangerous to wood; its characteristic feature is the mouse smell it emits. You can find eaten leaves, only the middle remains. The entire planting can be eaten in a couple of nights. To prevent this from happening, you can use a product called decis.

The false scale insect sucks the sap of the plant, which greatly weakens it. Leaves fall, branches die. To prevent this from happening, carry out prophylaxis with the drug Admiral Ke.

Factors contributing to the appearance of pests

Whether the maple is young or old also plays a significant role. Plants of different ages are “loved” by different pests and different diseases. Young plants are susceptible to attack by beetles, click beetles, flea beetles, elephant beetles and cicadas. After the closure of the crowns, the maple takes a fancy to the borer.

Factors such as smoke and night lighting reduce the protective powers of maple. The fauna of maple pests in forest plantations depends on the age of the plantings. In young and middle age, 10% of trees in maple and mixed plantations die off. Young trees often die from May beetle.

To prevent pests from multiplying, dead trees must be removed immediately. Proper care extends the life of the maple tree.

Non-insect pests

Thus, the incidence of certain diseases depends on age, type and environment. It is in your power to maintain the beautiful appearance of the tree and extend its life. Both Norway maple and Japanese maple are a worthy decoration of parks and gardens. In summer it can serve as a great place to escape the heat. In autumn, this tree pleases with a variety of leaf colors.

The main diseases of deciduous trees include root and stem rot, necrosis and cancer. Most hardwood diseases are caused by fungal pathogens. Less commonly, bacteria and viruses are pathogens. Let's look at the most common diseases of deciduous trees and the main methods of treating them.

Aspen diseases

Yellow heart rot

Black cancer

Another disease that can affect aspens is black cancer It most often affects trees older than twenty years. In sick plants, the crown begins to dry out, the risk of windbreak increases, and the decorative effect is lost. The disease begins with the formation of brown depressed spots on the trunks. Then they become swollen, and when pressed, a whitish liquid begins to flow out of them. At the same time, grayish-black fruiting bodies develop in the bark. Subsequently, oblong wounds from one and a half to two centimeters long appear in the lower or middle part of the trunk.

Gray spot - uh This fungal disease usually develops in the second half of summer. On the leaves, gray spotting appears in the form of irregularly shaped gray spots with a dark border. Over time, dark brown sporulation pads begin to develop on them. The spots can merge and occupy the entire leaf blade. Such diseased leaves begin to fall off prematurely.

Linden diseases

Ophstomosis of oak on linden

The disease is caused by the fungus Ophiostoma valachicum C. Georg. et Teod. As it progresses, the leaves turn yellow, the branches suddenly begin to wither and dry out, and dryness may be observed. Under the cover of the bark, wet lesions with the smell of rot develop. Sometimes the bark cracks and cancerous ulcers with raised edges form. Gradually the tree dies. The fungus tolerates winter well in infected trees.

Cytosporosis of linden

The disease is caused by the fungus Cytospora carphosperma Fr. As a rule, it occurs on trees that have been damaged by frost and on weakened plants. In this case, the tree bark begins to gradually dry out and then become covered with small gray-white tubercles. Young trees dry out very quickly. In adult plants, the bark of the skeletal branches peels off, then they dry out and the entire tree dies.

Thyrostromosis

The disease is caused by the fungus Thyrostroma compactum (Sacc). This is one of the most common diseases in young trees. In this disease, the bark of branches becomes covered with dark brown necrotic spots. After this, the bark dies and the branches dry out. Subsequently, the tree crown thins out. Flattened black warts are clearly visible on the bark.

Oak diseases

Oak brown spot, oak powdery mildew .

The disease is caused by a fungus - Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et Vaubl. It is characterized by the appearance of a dense white coating on the leaves. Gradually, the plaque darkens, and the leaves themselves dry out and acquire a brownish-brown color. Young leaves and shoots are especially often affected. This mushroom is frost-resistant.

Oak trunk rot

The number of tinder fungi that cause oak stem rot is very large. Any mechanical damage or frost damage promotes the proliferation of these fungi. Large, leathery fruiting bodies appear on the bark of trees. The affected wood has a different color depending on what type of tinder fungus the tree is infected with. Most often, this disease leads to drying out of the entire plant.

Maple diseases

Maple powdery mildew

The disease is caused by a fungus - Uncinula aceris Sacc. Its characteristic feature is the appearance of a white cobwebby coating on the maple leaves. The leaves begin to acquire brownish-brown shades and gradually dry out. The tree's winter hardiness decreases, leaves fall prematurely, and shoots do not ripen.

Marginal necrosis of maple leaves

The disease is caused by a number of unfavorable factors. This may be a lack of moisture, especially in young maples; insufficient amount of nutrients in the soil; a large percentage of gas pollution, environmental pollution; Central trunk rot caused by tinder fungi.

Stage cancer of maple.

The disease is caused by the fungus Nectria ditissima Tul., and Cylindrocarpon willkommii (Lind) Wr. With this disease, the maple bark begins to turn brown, then gradually dries out. In some places, pockets of bare wood appear with an influx around the ulcer, which can increase in length by more than a meter and go deeper. Pads of a whitish-cream color appear, gradually the wood of the maples dies and the tree dries out. Young maples die especially quickly.

Birch diseases

Birch Cytosporosis

The disease is caused by a fungus - Cytospora horrida Sacc. Many dark gray tubercles appear on the bark of diseased trees. Gradually, the bark dies off, the branches dry out, and then the whole tree.

Nectria necrosis of birch bark

This disease is caused by a fungus - Nectria cinnabarina Fr. (Tode) Wint. It is characterized by the appearance on the bark of many spherical warts of orange-red color with a diameter of up to 2 mm. Gradually, the bark begins to die off, individual branches dry out, which leads to the death of the plant.

Birch trunk overflow or burl

The disease is characterized by the appearance of a spherical influx on the tree trunk. It occurs due to damage to plant tissue and has a rough surface. This disease is not infectious. Such influxes do not pose a danger to the life of the plant.

Mixed yellow-brown trunk rot, or birch tinder fungus

The disease is caused by a fungus - Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) Karst. The first signs of damage to a tree by stem rot include dry sides of the trunks, as well as water shoots and hollows. Fruiting bodies appear on the trunk in the form of yellow-gray caps. The wood turns yellow-brown and becomes brittle. Rot can spread along the trunk to great heights. Gradually the infected tree dries out.

Elm diseases

Graphiosis (Dutch disease)

One of the most dangerous elm diseases is Dutch elm disease (graphiosis). This vascular disease is caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism). Mor.

Most often, above-ground organs are affected, but often the disease spreads to the roots. The fungus, starting to develop in the cambium layer, clogs the conducting vessels, as a result of which the tree dries out. The disease can occur in an acute form, in which case the tree can die within a year, or in a chronic form, in which case the disease lasts for several years. The main spreaders of Dutch disease are elm sapwood, elm bark beetle, gypsy moth caterpillars and Asian longhorned beetle.

There is another, not fully understood, disease of elms, which is characterized by drying out of its branches and wilting of the leaves. The disease is accompanied by the rapid death of branches, first the youngest, then the oldest. On dying branches, the leaves quickly wither and curl, but do not lose their green color. On cross sections of diseased shoots, areas of browned wood are observed. Some scientists believe that the cause of this disease is unfavorable climatic conditions, others suggest that this bacterial disease is caused by Micrococcus Ulmi Bruss, and still others believe that the cause of the disease is the Graphium fungus.

For prevention diseases almost all major deciduous trees It is recommended annually, preferably in the spring, to spray the plants with Bordeaux mixture, uproot and burn diseased trees and remove dry branches. It is also recommended to collect and destroy fall foliage. At the first signs of disease, spray the trees with appropriate preparations. If damage is detected on the bark, it must be cleaned and treated with a 5% solution of copper sulfate, and then covered with oil paint.