Purifying water in an aquarium (aquarium filters). How to purify water in an aquarium Aquarium water filter

Choosing the right filtration system for your aquarium is an important decision that will affect not only the species and population, but also the amount of aquarium maintenance required to maintain the system. The filtration system helps keep the water clean, free of particulates (tiny fragments of plant materials, food debris, feces, fish waste, etc.) and toxic compounds that are hazardous to residents. This article will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the commonly available types of aquarium filters so that you can make the right decision when choosing equipment for your aquarium.

There are three types of filtration that are necessary to maintain the health of any aquarium:

• mechanical;
• chemical;
• biological

Before choosing an aquarium filter, you should understand how all three types of filtration work to benefit your aquarium.

Filtering Types

Mechanical filtration

Mechanical filtration is the process of removing solid particles from water. To do this, aquarium water is forced through some substance (material) in order to catch and hold these tiny particles. The filter material can be presented in many forms: fibrous threads, foam rubber or synthetic padding sponges, pressed paper or infusor soil, gravel. For proper operation, it is important that the filter material regularly cleans the water, retaining solid particles until they are completely broken down and released back into the aquarium.

A very common misconception among aquarists is that the more powerful the filter in the aquarium, the more fish can be kept in the system, and the filter requires less maintenance. All mechanical filtration filters will become clogged with particulate matter over time. When a filter becomes severely clogged, it will either reduce the flow of water through it or cause water to bypass the filter media. In this case, mandatory filter cleaning is required. The filter can become completely clogged within a month, which means that the filter should be cleaned from clogging at least once a month. Even if the aquarium appears to be completely free of solids, the filter will continually release large amounts of waste products (tiny particles of decomposed plant and animal materials) and other debris that will slowly rot, polluting the water with toxic waste products such as ammonia, nitrites and nitrates. This waste will actually reduce the aquarium population.

Chemical filtration

Chemical filtration removes toxic or unwanted chemicals by passing water through a filter media. There have been many advances in this area recently, resulting in new filter media that focus on eliminating specific chemicals or excess nutrients from water. These products can be added to a filtration system and, when used correctly, will help improve water quality as well as reduce the number of water changes needed to maintain a healthy aquarium. However, it should be remembered that with chemical filtration it is necessary to control the chemical composition of the water and, if necessary, make water changes. Typically, activated carbon is used for chemical filtration.

Biological filtration

In biological filtration, various types of bacteria convert toxic chemicals from aquarium inhabitants into less toxic nutrients. This bacteriological recycling process is called the nitrogen cycle.

Let's see how it goes nitrogen cycle. As a result of the processing by bacteria and fungi of waste products of fish, plants and invertebrates, as well as dead organisms and food residues, ammonia is formed. Ammonia is extremely toxic to all aquarium inhabitants. Ammonia is converted to nitrites by nitrifying aerobic bacteria of the genus Nitrosomonas. Although nitrites are not as toxic as ammonia, even at low concentrations they are still harmful to fish and invertebrates. Other aerobic bacteria Nitrobacter, acting in the same way as Nitrosomonas, significantly convert nitrites and convert them into harmless nitrates. At low to moderate concentrations, nitrates do not harm most fish and invertebrates, but excess nitrates can cause algae and algae overgrowth unless regular water changes or chemical filtration are used.

The diagram shows the nitrogen cycle.

In order for the nitrogen cycle to work properly in an aquarium, there must be sufficient growth area for the bacteria needed for the nitrogen cycle to grow. Also, aerobic bacteria need oxygen for growth and full functioning, so their need for it must be replenished.

Biological filtration to some extent occurs in the aquarium wherever the necessary bacteria can be found: in all filters, on all surfaces, in the water, in the soil and on decorations. The capacity of a biological filter is determined by the available surface area for bacterial growth and the oxygen content of the water passing through it. Not all filters have the same capabilities when it comes to biological filtration. Filters in which the filter media allows air to pass through better will have the greatest power.

Aquarium filters. Types

There are many aquarium filters on the market today that vary in size, price, and ability to perform the three main types of filtration. The following filters exist:

• internal airlift
• bottom (under the ground)
• external power (mounted)
• canister internal
• wet-dry external

Before purchasing an aquarium filter, decide who and what will inhabit your aquarium. For example, a freshwater aquarium with live aquarium plants usually does not require an active biological filtration filter, but does require effective chemical and mechanical filtration. And in an aquarium without live plants, densely populated with African cichlids, you need a filter, or a combination of filters in which all three types of filtration will be effective. Below we will look at the current filters available and their ability to perform all three types of filtration, their price range and their care. A summary table is provided at the end of the article.

Internal airlift filters

Internal airlift filters come in different types: there are those that are installed in the aquarium directly on the bottom or soil, others are attached to the wall of the aquarium with suction cups. These filters have an air supply line that is connected at the inlet and is driven by an air pump that is located outside the aquarium. Air is pumped into the bottom of the filter, passes through the filter material and is expelled out at the top of the filter, where it is dispersed over the surface of the water. The action of the air bubbles creates movement of water through the filter, allowing it to perform filtration.

Corner filter in the form of a box. Typically, such a filter is made in the shape of a box so that it fits into the corner of the aquarium. It is simply a box with slots at the top and bottom that allow water to pass through freely. Air is supplied to the bottom of the filter using a pump (compressor) installed on the surface outside the aquarium. Air pushes water through the filter from the bottom and pushes it out at the top of the filter.

The corner filter performs all three types of filtration, but the effectiveness of all three types is limited due to low oxygen content and low water flow. The filter media used for mechanical and chemical filtration are typically sponge and activated carbon for these types of filters, but other mechanical and chemical materials can also be used. Bacteria growing on the filter media provide biological filtration.

This filter needs to be washed/replaced depending on the load of the aquarium. And take care not to destroy the biological environment that has multiplied on the sponge. To do this, it is better to rinse it in water that was drained from the aquarium during the change, and not under running water from a tap. And under no circumstances should you boil the sponge or treat it with hot water!

Sponge model. U-shaped model, in which air and water pass through a sponge with a large surface area. A separate pump (compressor) is required to provide air flow.

The sponge material is capable of performing mechanical and biological filtration. The sponge retains solid particles from the water passing through it, thereby performing mechanical filtration. Biological filtration is carried out by beneficial bacteria living on the sponge. The mechanical and biological functions of such a filter are limited due to the low flow of air and water passing through the sponge.

Airlift filters very cheap and easy to care for. It is enough to wash the filter material once a week to remove organic substances before they begin to spoil the water. Using aquarium water to clean the filter media is very important so as not to kill the beneficial bacteria involved in biological filtration.

Both types of internal airlift filters have limited use and are only effective in small aquariums with a small population. Most often, this type of filter is used in aquariums for fry or for quarantine aquariums. Since there is no movement of the water flow, newly hatched fry are prevented from being sucked into the filter, which reduces their mortality. Such a filter is placed in a quarantine aquarium in order to pre-populate it with beneficial bacteria. In addition, the lack of water flow reduces additional stress on sick fish. Well, again, these filters are inexpensive and very easy to use.

Bottom filters (under the ground)

A bottom filter uses a slot plate mounted under a substrate (gravel, for example) and has several tubes, called riser tubes, that extend upward to the surface of the water.

Mechanical filtration occurs when water flows through a substrate that traps all solids. It is very important to siphon (“vacuum” with a hose) the soil every week, removing solid particles before they begin to decompose.

Biological filtration is carried out using bacteria that live on a large surface area of ​​the substrate through which water passes. However, biological filtration is limited due to the low oxygen content of the water passing through the gravel. In addition, the level of biological filtration drops because water does not flow evenly through the soil due to its different levels and because of the decorations located on it. This creates dead zones within the filter layer. Detritus accumulates in these dead zones and pockets filled with dangerous levels of hydrogen sulfide can occur. Therefore, it is important to regularly stir, mix the soil in the aquarium and, again, siphon it. Some types of bottom filters have carbonate cartridges for chemical filtration.

Aquariums that use bottom filters are prone to high levels of nitrates and phosphates if not properly maintained. Weekly substrate cleaning along with water changes are essential to maintaining the health of your aquarium system.

These filters, as a rule, are in the low and medium price category, depending on whether they have additional filter materials (cartridges) and running water under the plate. They can be used in various aquarium systems, but the number of aquarium inhabitants with a bottom filter is limited. Additionally, bottom filters are not recommended for freshwater aquariums with aquarium plants (herbalists), as plant roots can grow into the gravel filter and impede water flow.

External mounted (power) filters

“Power filter” is a term used to describe the huge array of filters available on the market that hang on the back of the aquarium. Most of these filters use all three types of filtration and are very easy to maintain. Such devices are equipped with a pump capable of drawing the required amount of water into the filter and are completely self-sufficient. Aquarium water is drawn into the filter using a U-shaped tube and passed through a cartridge or other type of filter media. Most models have filter cartridges containing activated carbon. Each specific filter model has its own type of cartridge.

Mechanical filtration is carried out when water passes through a filter material - padding polyester and foam rubber - and is moderately effective. The weak point of mechanical filtration with all electric filters is that the cartridges tend to clog quite quickly, making it difficult for water to pass through it. Therefore, it is very important to regularly clean the filter and rinse the filter material. The frequency of cleaning and replacing cartridges will depend on the bioload of the system.

For chemical filtration, there is usually a built-in filter cartridge containing activated carbon. Some models have chambers into which more specialized chemicals and resins can be added. The effectiveness of chemical filtration is similar to that of mechanical filtration and will depend on the percentage of water passing through the cartridge. Again, the biological load on the systems will dictate how often the cartridge and filter media need to be replaced.

Biological filtration occurs inside the filter cartridge. The mechanical and chemical sections of the filter harbor a large number of beneficial bacteria that help carry out the nitrogen cycle.

The effectiveness of biological filtration in the cartridge is limited due to the moderate amount of oxygen present in the water passing through the filter media. The downside to these cartridges is that once they are replaced, you lose all the bacteria along with the old cartridge. Before replacing the old cartridge, you can place a new one anywhere in the aquarium or near the filter so that beneficial bacteria begin to grow before the old one is removed.

Some mounted power filters contain a bio-wheel. The Bio Wheel is a biological filter because it has folds on the surface that rotate as water passes through it. The Bio-wheel provides excellent biological filtration due to the fact that the surface of the folds is in contact with air when the wheel rotates. These wheels require minimal maintenance and only need to be washed periodically in aquarium water to remove any build-up.

Due to the low to mid price range of power mounted cartridges and ease of maintenance, these filters are ideal for beginner hobbyists. However, they are not suitable for freshwater aquariums with live plants (herbalists) and saltwater aquariums. Ideally, the surface of the water in a freshwater aquarium should remain undisturbed so that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the water is maintained. All wall-mounted filters disturb the water surface, making them less suitable for a planted aquarium with a carbon dioxide (CO2) system. The disadvantage of using this filter in a saltwater aquarium is, again, the movement of water on the surface, which results in the formation of salt deposits on the walls of the tank and on the devices. These filters can be used in a saltwater aquarium, but be prepared for the additional maintenance and potential damage that salt encrustation will cause.

Canister internal filters

Canister internal filters are usually located underwater in the aquarium and perform all three types of filtration. They are available in either an assembled form, which includes its own pump, or in a modular form, which requires an additional pump. Typically, such filters have a U-shaped water intake, in which water enters from below and is discharged out in a spray or stream. As soon as the filter is installed in the aquarium and connected, water begins to flow into the canister through the filter material (foam rubber, padding polyester, etc.), then it undergoes chemical filtration through the filter medium. After the chemical filtration is completed, the water enters the final chamber containing the biological media, where the nitrogen cycle occurs and the water is returned to the aquarium.

The mechanical filtration of a canister filter is far superior to any other type of filter. This is because the filter container is pressurized and the water is forced through the filter media, allowing it to hold more solids. These materials or cartridges are capable of retaining very minimal particulates in some cases.

Chemical filtration in a canister filter is also the most effective compared to other types of filters available. Again, this is due to the fact that water is forced through the filter material under pressure. Another advantage of a canister filter is that any material can be used as a chemical filter. Activated carbon is usually used by default, but other substances can be added. Special products are designed to remove a wide range of chemicals and excess nutrients from the system and can be used in emergency situations to urgently clean the system.

Biological filtration is limited due to the low oxygen concentration in the water passing through the filter. There are many types of fillers that are used for biological filtration in this type of filter: glass, ceramic rings, and porous gravel. There are canister filters that include a bio-wheel that rotates in the aquarium.

Canister filters are in a moderate price range and require an average level of maintenance. The strength of this type of filter is the ability to install it in any type of aquarium. If it does not have a bio-wheel, it can be placed in an aquarium with live plants (a filter with a bio-wheel disturbs the water surface and will help reduce the CO2 concentration in the aquarium, which is bad for plant growth). Canister filters, when combined with biological filters, are an excellent choice for saltwater and live reef aquariums. In combination with a biological filter, a canister filter can be used very effectively for purely mechanical and chemical filtration. In any case, the filter material for mechanical cleaning must be washed regularly to avoid the growth of nitrates in the aquarium. The frequency of cleaning will depend on the degree of biological load on the system, but at least once every 4 weeks.

Wet-dry external filters

Wet-dry filters are usually placed under the aquarium, below the water level, using a device to regulate the flow of water from the aquarium. The filter consists of two boxes: one is located in the aquarium, the other is outside it. A U-shaped siphon carries water from the aquarium into the outer box. When water enters an outdoor unit, it is pre-filtered mechanically (usually through a sponge material) before it moves on to the main filter. When water enters the main filter, it mixes with air and enters the chambers through spraying. It then passes through the biological media and flows through the bottom of the chamber into another part of the filter, often called a settling tank. This compartment can use several filter media to remove various chemicals, including chlorine and calcium. In the same compartment there is usually a pump responsible for returning water back to the aquarium.

Due to the fact that water is supplied to the filter material with low pressure, mechanical filtration in such devices is very weak and the water is only purified from large solid particles. Chemical filtration is also very weak for the same reason - the water in the filter moves by gravity.

The biological filtration of a wet-dry filter is far superior to all previously described filter types. Firstly, the large filter surface provides space for a colony of bacteria to settle. Secondly, not only does the water come into sufficient contact with air, but the oxygen concentration in the filter media is quite high. There are many types of media for wet-dry filters, such as organic glass, plastic cylinders and living stones. When choosing a filter material, consider the surface area to increase the level of biological filtration.

Wet-dry filters are in the high price range and require little maintenance. Due to their high biological filtration capacity, these filters are often used commercially and are ideal for overcrowded aquariums and are used for both freshwater and saltwater aquariums. However, these filters are not suitable for use in aquariums with live plants due to the excessive oxygenation of the water, which reduces the concentration of CO2. To compensate for insufficient mechanical and chemical filtration, this type of filter is often combined with canister filters. Maintenance of a wet-dry filter requires weekly washing of the filter media and adding fresh water to the aquarium. The water box in the aquarium must be ensured that it is always immersed in water, otherwise the pump may fail.

General table of data for all considered filter types.

Corner airliftLowMediumLowLowLow

Advances that have been made in recent years in the field of filtration have greatly simplified the lives of amateur aquarists and have helped save the lives of aquarium populations. Before purchasing, be sure to decide on the type of aquarium system, the inhabitants of the aquarium and their number, and after that, study the recommendations for choosing filters and decide on the necessary equipment.

Today we will talk about such a device as an internal aquarium filter. Many people who keep fish at home think that it is enough to throw a little food into the aquarium once a day and that’s where their responsibility for caring for the device and its inhabitants ends. This is far from the truth, and if you do not properly care for it, you will be convinced of this in the shortest possible time when the fish begin to float to the top with their belly. Water must be constantly filtered, and fish waste products and various harmful chemicals must be removed in a timely manner. Today we will try together to choose the device that will maximize the life of your pets and make their life as comfortable as possible.

No. 10 – JBL ProCristal i30

Price: 550 rubles

Affordable filter for tiny aquariums from 10 to 40 liters. In an hour, the device circulates up to 200 liters of water, which will be more than enough for small tanks.

In addition to the filter, the kit includes a sponge, an activated carbon cartridge, an air intake, several suction cups and a cable. For effective operation, the temperature should not exceed 35 degrees.

It’s clear that you shouldn’t expect unheard-of reliability from such a budget device, but the model’s durability indicators are quite acceptable. Even for a modest amount you can buy a completely useful device. Some users complain that the declared IPX8 protection is disappointing and the device is damaged by moisture, but if you strictly follow the instructions, there should be no problems.

JBL ProCristal i30

No. 9 – Tetra EasyCrystal 600

Price: 600 rubles

Activated carbon will eliminate all unnecessary chemicals, and biosponge and large surface area balls provide high-quality biological treatment. Maintenance of the device is simple - you just need to change the cartridge once a month, which is not difficult even for beginners. Even the suction cups are surprisingly reliable and durable.

Tetra EasyCrystal 600

The lack of aeration and constant costs for new cartridges may scare away some potential buyers, but keeping in mind how much the device costs, it is simply impossible to find a more productive option for the same money.

No. 8 – Hagen Fluval U1

Price: 1400 rubles

An interesting filter for a small aquarium, the volume of which does not exceed 55 liters. Water is supplied using a special system that does not repel fish. Even shrimp and delicate fish will feel great in a tank served with such a device.

There is a compartment for a carbon filter, but you will have to purchase it separately. The productivity of the device reaches impressive figures - 200 liters per hour. The device was assembled in Italy, which has a negative impact on its cost, but a positive effect on its quality.

The lack of chemical cleaning in the absence of a carbon filter is, of course, a minus, but for small aquariums this is not a problem. A good device with good technical capabilities.

No. 7 – AQUAEL TURBO 2000

Price: 2800 rubles

A good option for aquariums with a volume of up to 350 liters. The highest water treatment speed in our top is up to 2000 liters per hour. Moreover, such enviable agility requires only 27 W of electricity.

You can install any filtration blocks and sponges, the direction of water can be easily changed using the ergonomic regulator. Such functionality and efficiency could not go unnoticed, so the device’s inclusion in our top best is not surprising.

But it is not without its drawbacks - the motor gets hot, a rather noticeable low-frequency hum is produced during operation, and due to imperfections in the design, there are possible interruptions in operation. However, the power of the gadget is too tempting to give preference to more stable options.

AQUAEL TURBO 2000

No. 6 – Dennerle Nano Clean Eckfilter

Price: 2400 rubles

An absolutely silent, tiny and at the same time very efficient aquarium filter. Narrow intake holes and fine-pored tubing make this option ideal for small aquariums containing crustaceans.

The water flow can be adjusted and rotated within 90 degrees. Energy consumption is minimal, which is also important.

The disadvantages are the lack of aeration, as well as not the highest quality suction cups, which quickly lose elasticity - you will have to solve this issue manually. Easy installation and excellent price-quality ratio make this filter a fairly popular model in our country.

Dennerle Nano Clean Eckfilter

No. 5 – Eheim aquaball

Price: 3000 rubles

What makes this filter unique is its spherical head, thanks to which it is possible to direct the flow of water in absolutely any direction. The design consists of a number of compartments that can be washed separately, so that clogging one of them will not affect the operation of the entire filter as a whole.

There is one free compartment that can be filled with any filter substrate that seems optimal to you. The presence of aeration is another definite plus.

There is a standard problem with the suction cups, but this is a minor issue compared to all the advantages of the device. An excellent choice for small tanks from 30 to 60 liters.

No. 4 – Aquael Unifilter 500 UV

Price: 2100 rubles

As the name suggests, this filter is capable of processing up to 500 liters of water in an hour and has a separate ultraviolet module at its disposal.

Energy consumption is simply ridiculous - only 4.4 W, even with non-stop operation per month, using this gadget will cost you about ten rubles. The device does an excellent job of eliminating nitrites and ammonium, mechanical and biological filtration is also at the highest level.

Aquael Unifilter 500 UV

The device supplies oxygen even to great depths, so it is ideal for aquariums containing crustaceans. Reviews online are overwhelmingly positive, a good all-round option, especially considering how much it costs.

No. 3 – JBL CRISTALPROFI I200 GREENLINE

Price: 6000 rubles

Internal corner filter designed for biological and mechanical purification. This device is suitable for medium-sized aquariums with a volume not exceeding 200 liters. The adjustable water flow varies from 300 to 720 liters per hour.

The filter design is modular, which means it can be expanded through various improvements. The design is attached to high-quality and reliable suction cups, the nozzle can be rotated 90 degrees.

The active component of cleaning is anaerobic bacteria, which easily cope with organic contaminants. A sponge will deal with mechanical debris. Any of the modules can be removed and easily cleaned.

JBL CRISTALPROFI I200 GREENLINE

No. 2 – EHEIM BIOPOWER

Price: 4000 rubles

An extremely efficient device with a rotating pump and a modular design from Eheim. This device is suitable for aquariums with a volume of 160 to 240 liters, the filtration speed is up to 750 liters per hour.

You can additionally install a carbon filter, with it you will get water that is completely ideal for the life of your pets.

Such power is needed if your aquarium is densely populated with fish - their waste products need to be filtered regularly and in a timely manner. The only caveat is that the suction cups weaken over time and become unusable; you need to be prepared to replace them.

No. 1 – JUWEL BIOFLOW 8.0

Price: 9400 rubles

The first line of our review is occupied not just by a filter, but by an entire filtration system under the JUWEL brand. Such a monster can be safely installed in aquariums with a volume of up to five hundred liters, but for tanks less than 350 liters, installing such a powerful device simply seems impractical.

The filter with a volume of 8 liters catches all solid waste and chemical impurities. Removing the active layers is easy, and there is access to the compressor and heater for easy maintenance.

The double-flow cleaning principle, based on different speeds of water movement from above and below, guarantees maximum cleanliness of your aquarium.

JUWEL BIOFLOW 8.0

Despite its impressive dimensions, the device operates almost silently and the fish do not notice its existence. Its performance is truly impressive - up to a thousand liters per hour, so you simply cannot find a better device for servicing a large tank. Deserved first place in our top!

Is it necessary to filter the water in an aquarium? And if necessary, then how and how often? To answer these and other questions regarding the state of the aquatic environment in a confined space, you need to imagine what processes are continuously occurring in aquarium water.

Just as people in their homes, in need of order, periodically remove garbage after themselves and ventilate the premises, so the residents of a water house feel the need for a clean and comfortable environment.

• leftover feed,
• excrement of its inhabitants,
• pieces of plants.

The obvious conclusion is: this garbage just needs to be removed (or the water changed), and the problem will be solved. But most often, mechanical water purification is clearly not enough to create comfortable living conditions for domestic aquatic fauna.

The remaining organic matter inside the container decomposes quite quickly in warm standing water. Excess ammonium, nitrites, ammonia, and methane gas released as a result of such decomposition can lead to the death of living creatures.

If 2-3 fish live in an aquarium, then the ammonia released during the breakdown of organic substances is processed by absorbing it.

What if there are a lot of fish? Then chemical or biological purification of aquarium water is required.

Many aquarists believe that the aquatic environment requires complex filtration - mechanical, chemical, biological. In special cases, disinfection must be carried out.

Mechanical filtration of water in an aquarium

This function is performed (internal or external), which pump the aqueous medium through a special element (porous sponge). Relatively large particles of debris - waste, leftover food, pieces of vegetation - are retained in the pores of the sponge. Purified water flows back into the container.

When a large amount of dirt accumulates on the sponge, it is either changed or washed. The frequency of maintenance of the filter element is specified in the instructions for the device.

Such filtration and its effectiveness have been a topic of long-term controversy in the community of professional aquarists.

Proponents of mechanics believe that decaying dirt from the sponge must be constantly removed in order to prevent large amounts of accumulated waste from being released back into the water.

Their opponents believe that the waste of the aquarium inhabitants collected on the surface of the filter element is an almost ideal material for the development of colonies of beneficial bacteria - saprophytes. These microorganisms cope quite successfully with the processing of nitrites and ammonia.

Biological filtration of water in an aquarium

It is partially produced by saprophytes settling in the sponges of mechanical filters, as well as aquatic vegetation. There are also special bacteria that are contained in the porous ceramic element of such aquarium devices as biofilters.

A standard biofilter contains 2 types of active microorganisms:

• ammonifying (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosocystis, etc.),
• nitrifying (Nitrobacter, Nitrospina and Nitrococcus) bacteria.

How do they work?

First, one type of bacteria converts the ammonium produced in the aquarium into nitrites. Other microorganisms convert toxic nitrite into nitrate, which is then freely absorbed by aquatic flora and removed through water changes.

Another way to reduce nitrate levels is to partially replace the water. The normal dose of nitrates in an aquarium environment is up to 15 mg per 1 liter of water. You can check the dose using special tests.

It is important to remember that during their life, bacteria emit a lot of carbon dioxide, so you need water in the aquarium. Air bubbles not only enrich the water with oxygen, but also remove harmful carbon dioxide.

Some aquarists use it as an auxiliary method of biological purification. It is used, as a rule, in aquariums with large fish that produce a lot of waste and do not coexist well with any aquarium vegetation.

In a phytofilter, aquarium water is supplied by a pump into a tray with coarse filler and terrestrial plants. Their roots, washed by contaminated water, absorb some of the organic matter from it, after which the liquid is drained back into the aquarium.

This cleaning technique not only helps to lighten the load on the biological filter, but also allows you to grow various types of plants - from ornamental ficus to edible greens for the table.

The next level of purification in biofilters is chemical purification.

Ceramic filler for biofilter.

Chemical filtration of aquarium water

It is carried out using activated carbon, which well absorbs protein molecules of disintegrated substances.

Some biological filters use zeolites - aqueous minerals based on calcium and sodium - as a chemically active filter composition. They absorb dissolved ammonia well.

First of all, chemical filtration is necessary for the health of the fish. Aquatic vegetation processes ammonia and other harmful substances on its own, being inherently an excellent chemical and biological filter.

Chemical cleaning with activated carbon should only be used as a last resort, since such filtration can disrupt the biological balance of the aquarium. In worst cases, if the filler is excessively contaminated, waste may be released back into the water.

Typically, activated carbon filtration is used after long-term treatment of the aquarium with medication. This cleaning method effectively removes various drug residues from the water that can harm aquarium inhabitants.

Activated carbon granules for aquarium filter.

Aquarium disinfection

There are several ways to disinfect water, including:

• ozonation,
• ultraviolet irradiation,
• chemical disinfection.

Ozonizer treatment- an expensive and time-consuming task. First, the water is treated with ozone in a special container (separate from the aquarium), and then poured into the aquarium environment through an activated carbon filter. The advantage is high disinfection efficiency.

Aquarium water also destroys quite well

• harmful bacteria,
• fungal spores,
• viruses.

It is not the aquarium itself that should be irradiated, but the water, which must be pumped along a special source of ultraviolet radiation.

Recently, ready-made antiseptic and antibacterial agents have appeared on sale. These include, for example, antiseptic conditioner for aquarium water Aquacons and Malachite green.

As a rule, certain doses of such conditioners are dissolved in a separate vessel in a certain proportion, and then the finished solution is poured into the aquarium. Air conditioners not only disinfect water, but also successfully treat some diseases of ornamental fish. It is necessary to use such products only according to the instructions.

Filtration of water in an aquarium is a necessity. It is better if it is carried out comprehensively. This will provide a healthy and comfortable habitat for decorative aquatic fauna and flora.

This material is subjective in nature, does not constitute advertising and does not serve as a purchase guide. Before purchasing, consultation with a specialist is required.

An aquarium is a small artificial reservoir with a closed space in which there are no processes for natural purification of water from waste products of its inhabitants. As a result, the water becomes polluted with waste, a population of small algae and pathogenic bacteria grows in it, and the environment becomes destructive for the life of fish. Aquarium pumps are designed to solve the problem of purification, providing mechanical, chemical, and biological purification of water. Another useful property is mixing water flows. Thus, the environment is maintained in a qualitatively homogeneous state throughout the entire volume of the aquarium.

The filter is a container with a compressor and a cleaning filler, which consists of sponges, carbon components and other complex systems. Based on their location, devices are divided into 2 types - internal and external.

Experts from the online magazine EXPERTOLOGY selected the best aquarium pumps in terms of characteristics and reviews in two categories: internal and external devices.

Rating of the best aquarium filters

The best internal filters for an aquarium

Internal type devices are great for small aquariums with a small number of inhabitants. The filters are a compact plastic cylinder, inside of which, in addition to the compressor, there are filter layers made of organic sponges and carbon. Such devices are easy to maintain (clean), the risk of leaks is completely eliminated, and they are economical in terms of price and energy consumption.

JUWEL Bioflow 8.0 1000l/h

The rating opens with the JUWEL Bioflow 8.0 water filtration system, designed for aquariums with a capacity of up to 500 liters, but it is not advisable to install it in a capacity of less than 350 liters. Increased volume filter 8 l. acts in all directions: traps solid waste, chemical impurities, growing colonies of bacteria. The active layers are easy to remove and clean, and there is access to the compressor and heater for easy maintenance. The device is fixed to the inner wall with silicone glue included in the kit.

The peculiarity of the filter model is the two-flow purification principle; the device creates different speeds of water movement: from above - high for better capture of solid and chemical impurities, from below - slow for the development of anaerobic bacteria and purification of water from organic matter.

The JUWEL Bioflow 8.0 system operates relatively silently for a device of similar productivity up to 1000 liters per hour, it is also possible to install a water heater of the same brand - together they form an organic circuit for uniform cleaning and distribution of the warm environment in all corners of the aquarium.

The JUWEL Bioflow 8.0 filter is ideal for a large aquarium with exotic inhabitants. You can buy it from 9,000 rubles.

Advantages

• Effective cleaning of all types of contaminants;
• Two streams to improve the quality of water purification;
• Reliable device without hose connections;
• Convenient maintenance and cleaning;
• Glue for installation included.

Flaws

• Too big for a compact aquarium;
• High price.

Second place went to a less efficient, but very effective filter with a rotating pump and a modular design, EHEIM Biopower, designed for aquariums from 160 to 240 liters. It drives water through a complex of filter layers at a speed of up to 750 l/hour. The direction of the liquid inside is from bottom to top, the active component is SUBSTRATpro filler, which, in combination with an organic sponge, performs comprehensive cleaning from solid particles and excess bacteria, the filter also maintains nitrates at zero. It is possible to additionally install a carbon filter (optional). The output is water that is ideal for the quality of life of fish.

A special feature of the system is a rotating pump that sets the direction for the movement of water, simulating natural flows, additionally enriched with oxygen. The device is attached to the wall using suction cups, and the kit includes replaceable SUBSTRATpro modules.

You can buy EHEIM Biopower 240 l from 4,600 rubles.

Advantages

• Suitable for sea and fresh water;
• Solution for an aquarium densely populated with fish;
• Comprehensive cleaning from solid particles, bacteria and chemicals;
• Rotating pump to change the direction of water flow;
• Easy to attach to the inside wall of the aquarium.

Flaws

• Frequent movements of the device weaken the suction cups.

Internal corner filter for biological and mechanical purification JBL CristalProfi i200 greenline is designed for small aquariums up to 200 liters with an adjustable flow from 300 to 720 l/h. Its feature is the ability to expand the modular filter design, which collects contaminants and reliably blocks them, so that perfectly clean water flows into the tank. The nozzle can be rotated up to 90 0. The structure is attached to suction cups.

The active component of cleaning is anaerobic bacteria that process organic pollution; the mechanical particles are retained by the sponge. All modules are easy to remove for cleaning.

The device is compact and ready to use, just connect it to the network and attach a flute to cut the water at the outlet. The cost of the JBL CristalProfi i200 greenline device is about 7,000 rubles.

Advantages

• Economical power consumption of only 8 W;
• Effective cleaning of solid particles and organic matter;
• Rotating nozzle;
• Velcro for fastening.

Flaws

• Does not regulate the chemical background.

The Aquael Turbo aquarium filter is designed for large aquariums up to 350 liters, it processes liquid at the highest speed up to 2000 liters in one hour. At the same time, it consumes only 27 W - an economical result, provided by an energy-saving motor, a high-quality gasket under the impeller, minimizing the loss of performance.

A special feature of the filter design is the ability to install any filtration blocks and sponges. The containers are equipped with BIOCERAMAX 600 filler, which traps nitrite and ammonium compounds. You can purchase additional containers for deeper water purification (if necessary), then AQUAEL Turbo 2000 h.max 1.9 m can be used for larger tanks, including those densely populated with inhabitants. The direction of the water can be conveniently changed with an ergonomic regulator.

The functional and efficient pump receives fourth place in the rating due to its not the most aesthetic appearance and low-frequency hum, which creates discomfort for humans at night. In addition, the included filter sponge is too large for the container and requires trimming, otherwise the device “spits” air due to insufficient flow. Motor heating has been noticed. Thus, the AQUAEL Turbo 2000 h.max 1.9 m device is more suitable for large aquariums in living rooms or public places, but not in the bedroom, and will also require the skillful hands of a master for maintenance. At the same time, the cost of the filter is quite budgetary - about 2000 rubles.

Advantages

• The highest cleaning speed in the rating;
• Suitable for large aquariums with the possibility of increasing productivity;
• Biological filtration at two levels;
• Possibility of installing filter layers in the required quantity;
• Budget price.

Flaws

• The motor may become hot;
• There is a low-frequency hum;
• Interruptions in operation occur (imperfect design).

The final product in the rating of internal aquarium filters is the Dennerle Nano Clean Eckfilter, a corner design device with a minimum productivity in the category of only 150 liters per hour, suitable for servicing small aquariums up to 40 liters. The pump is characterized by quiet and stable operation, the output nozzle rotates at an angle of up to 90 0. The filter purifies water from mechanical and bacteriological contaminants. The intake hole is very small, the sponge is finely porous, so the device can be used in aquariums with young shrimp and crustaceans.

The filters are easy to clean; you just need to pull the drain tube forward and remove the model block. To preserve anaerobic active bacteria, it is recommended to wash the filter in a bucket of aquarium water. The total energy consumption does not exceed 2 W, the cost of the device fully corresponds to the functionality - about 1,700 rubles.

Advantages

• Compact dimensions;
• Quiet operation;
• Minimum energy consumption;
• Brush for cleaning injectors included;
• Does not attract crustaceans and shrimp.

Flaws

• Minimum performance.

The best external filters for an aquarium

Externally installed filters differ from internal ones, first of all, in performance - it is much higher, and the dimensions of the devices are larger, the design of the housing is more reliable - it does not come into direct contact with water. The modules are also distinguished by higher practicality and ease of maintenance. They do not spoil the aquarium composition, make virtually no noise, and can be installed next to the tank or put away in a stand.

The first in the rating is an external canister-type filter, the ADA Super Jet Filter ES-600, which is preferred by experienced aquarium enthusiasts. The device is designed in such a way that the water passing through the filter loads the pump to a minimum, which helps to increase its service life.

The canister filter moves water at a speed of 5.5 or 6.0 liters per minute, while simultaneously snatching and retaining excess organic matter, solid particles, and chemical foreign elements. Along with cleaning, oxygen dissolves in the liquid medium, which promotes the growth of the activity of bacteria and microorganisms for natural filtration and recycling of waste.

The peculiarity of the device is not just the retention, but the dissolution of unnecessary substances with anthracite and Bio Cube, included in the purchase package. Undissolved components are retained in the NA Carbon activated carbon module, which is recommended to be changed every 2-3 weeks.

Please note: the Japanese-made Aqua Design Amano (ADA) Super Jet Filter ES-600 aquarium external filter is designed to operate on a 100 Volt network. To prevent the pump from burning out when you turn on the device, you must connect the plug to the network through a 220-100 V convector with a power of at least 50 W.

Aqua Design Amano (ADA) Super Jet Filter ES-600 is suitable for use with aquariums up to 45 cm high. You can buy it for an average of 65,000 rubles.

Advantages

• Complete purification of water from unnecessary impurities of various nature;
• Creates effective circulation of the liquid medium to purify water in each area;
• Processes most impurities, absorbs the rest;
• Reagents included;
• Suitable for professional use in aquariums with exotic inhabitants.

Flaws

• High price;
• A convector adapter is required to reduce the network voltage from 220 to 100 V.

The external filter of the German assembly EHEIM 2275 professional 4+ from 240 to 600 l is as safe as possible for aquarium inhabitants: a suction device with a safety adapter is integrated into its design, operating with a capacity of 1250 liters per hour. The water that gets inside the filter is freed from all impurities of different consistency, which are retained in the modules and are decomposed to the maximum by anaerobic bacteria.

A special feature of the EHEIM 2275 professional 4+ filter is the presence of an ‘Xtender’ button, which redirects the internal flow of water when the entrance to the device narrows due to clogging with organic soft particles. This allows filter cleaning to be delayed for several days without degrading the quality of the environment. The design also eliminates airing (priming).

The cost of the filter is about 28,000 rubles.

Advantages

• Premium external filter for medium and large aquariums from 240 to 600 liters;
• High performance;
• Technology to protect injectors from contamination with the possibility of delaying cleaning;
• The output flow is directionally adjustable;
• Low power consumption 16 W;
• Can be used with any EHEIM accessories and fillers.

Flaws

• You will have to buy filter media from the same brand.

The third place is occupied by the JBL CristalProfi E901 device for cleaning aquariums with a volume of up to 300 liters. The device operates quietly, while creating active circulation in the container and moving it through itself at a speed of 900 liters per hour. The pre-filter absorbs large particles, and the 7.6-liter biological filler processes cloudy and solid organic matter. The cleaning layers are easily replaced, and the hose connections can be rotated 360°, eliminating kinks.

The manufacturer offers a protective grille, replaceable filters (sponge and biofill), spare tubes and hoses.

You can buy an external aquarium filter from 8,000 rubles.

The advantage of the EHEIM classic 250 (2213) filter lies not only in the efficiency of the device, but also in its wide configuration: rings that distribute the output flow; porous bacterial substrate for processing organic matter; fine-cleaning padding polyester and carbon wipes for removing solid fragments and chemicals. Branded detachable taps also do not have to be searched for additionally, and their replacement is required extremely rarely.

The price of EHEIM classic 250 (2213) starts from 5,590 rubles.

Advantages

• Average performance, sufficient for an aquarium up to 250 liters;
• The kit contains everything necessary for the operation of the filter and its maintenance;
• Ergonomic appearance.

Flaws

• The purification is not of absolute quality; part of the suspension remains;
• There are no containers for fillers, making the process of cleaning the internal space difficult.

The AQUAEL MIDI KANI external filter pump with an operating intensity of 800 l/h is optimal for circulating water in an aquarium with a volume of 120…250 liters. A special feature of the device is the location of the pump inside the filter housing, thanks to which it was possible to get rid of many structural elements that complicate the installation of the pump. In addition to the pump, the filter housing contains only a set of tubes, containers with valves and 4 containers with filter media with a total capacity of 7 liters. The active agents are non-woven fabric, organic sponge, zeolite and ceramic layer.

The uniqueness of the design lies in the device’s immunity to clogging, resulting in higher productivity compared to analogues. Suitable for placement in home aquariums and aquaterrariums with low water levels.

The cost of AQUAEL MIDI KANI 800 is about 5,000 rubles.

Advantages

• Completed appearance, it doesn’t have to be hidden;
• Containers that are easy to clean;
• High performance;
• Effective filter layers.

Flaws

• There is no fastening for the input and output tubes.