Locomotive engine. Steam locomotives. The fastest locomotive

The image of the steam locomotive is clickable

A steam locomotive uses the energy of high pressure steam. This superheated steam pushes a series of pistons, which, with the help of connecting rods (picture below), cause the wheels to rotate. The relative simplicity of design and reliability of the steam locomotive made it the most popular means of transportation from the time the first locomotives appeared in the early 1800s until the end of World War II.

Although steam locomotives are still widely used in India and China. However, their main disadvantage is their low efficiency: even in the best steam locomotives, no more than 6 percent of the energy released during the combustion of coal is converted into motion energy.

In modern steam engine coal for combustion is supplied automatically from the tender to the firebox. Where it burns at a temperature of about 2550 degrees Fahrenheit (which corresponds to 1400 ° C). Cold water, which is also stored in the tender, is heated twice in the steam boiler and turns into superheated high-pressure steam. This steam, then entering the cylinders, moves the pistons and causes the wheels of the train to spin. Part of the steam, cooling, turns back into water and returns to the steam boiler. The rest of the steam is released through chimney.

Heat preservation

The steam that has worked on the pistons is still hot. In some locomotive designs, part of the exhaust steam is used for preheating cold water- before this water enters the steam boiler.

Temperature increase

The warm water inside a water tube boiler passes through the pipes surrounding the firebox and turns into steam. This steam then passes through other pipes inside the furnace.

Steam driven piston

The left piston valve opens and high pressure steam enters the cylinder (as shown in (1) above). The steam causes the piston to move to the right and turns the wheel (2.). The left valve then closes. The right valve opens and fresh steam enters the other side of the piston (3). Now, under the influence of steam energy, the piston returns to its original position, causing the wheel to make one revolution by this time (4). Then everything repeats all over again.

Union Pacific "Challenger"

A steam locomotive is an autonomous locomotive with a steam power plant that uses steam engines as an engine.

Steam locomotives are one of the unique technical means created by man, they carried out the bulk of traffic in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, playing a significant role in the rise of the economies of many countries.

Steam locomotives were constantly improved and developed, which led to a wide variety of their designs, including those different from the classical one.

Classification of steam locomotives

By axial formula

Describes the number of runner, driving and supporting axes. Methods for writing axial formulas (types) are very diverse. In the Russian form of recording, the number of each type of axle is taken into account, in the English form - of each type of wheel, and in the Old German form, only the total number of axles and driving ones is taken into account. Thus, the axial formula of the Chinese steam locomotive QJ in Russian notation will be 1-5-1, in English - 2-10-2, and in Old German - 5/7. In addition, many types have names from the American classification, for example: 2-2-0 - “American”, 1-3-1 - “Prairie”, 1-4-1 - “Mikado”, 1-5-0 - "Decapod".

Running wheelsets- free (that is, traction forces from traction motors are not transmitted to them) wheelsets located in front of the driving wheelsets. They serve to unload the front part of the locomotive, as well as to improve the fit of the locomotive into curves.
According to the conditions for fitting into curves, the running axles must have a significant deviation from the average axis of the locomotive. They are placed on a rotating bogie capable of moving transversely relative to the locomotive frame.

Driving wheelsets- wheelsets to which traction forces from locomotive engines are directly transmitted.

Support wheelsets- serve to support the rear of the locomotive and ensure fit into curves.

According to the number of cylinders of a steam engine

The most widespread two-cylinder(one cylinder on the right and left) steam locomotives are simpler and more reliable in design, but multi-cylinder ones have better dynamic performance.

U three-cylinder In steam locomotives, 2 cylinders are located outside the frame, and the third is between them.

U four-cylinder In steam locomotives, two cylinders are located outside the frame, and the remaining two can be located either between the halves of the frame or outside, and in this case, 2 cylinders on each side, in turn, can be located either behind each other:

Or on top of each other:

On four-cylinder locomotives a compound type machine was used:

Compounding machine has two (or more) working cylinders of different diameters. Fresh steam from the boiler enters a smaller high-pressure cylinder. Having worked there (the first expansion), the steam is transferred to a larger one of low pressure. This operating scheme allows for more complete use of steam energy and increases the efficiency of the engine.

Principle of operation:

Locomotive diagram:

HPC - high pressure cylinder.
LPC - low pressure cylinder.

By type of steam used

On saturated steam- the resulting steam after evaporation of water immediately enters the cylinders. This scheme was used on the first steam locomotives, but was very uneconomical and severely limited power.

On superheated steam- steam is additionally heated in a superheater to a temperature of over 300 °C, and then enters the cylinders of the steam engine. This scheme allows for significant savings in steam (up to 1/3), and therefore in fuel and water, due to which it began to be used on the vast majority of powerful steam locomotives produced.

The superheater is a system of tubular channels passing through the firebox (see the “boilers” section).

Steam locomotive diagram

A special carriage attached to a steam locomotive is designed to transport a supply of fuel for the locomotive (wood, coal or oil) and water. For powerful locomotives that consume a large number of coal, a mechanical coal feeder (stoker) is also placed in the tender.

2. Driver's booth

It makes no sense to describe the purpose of all controls and monitoring devices; in one way or another they are related to the supply and distribution of steam.
Some of the taps, valves and pressure gauges are duplicated for safety reasons or for hot repairs.
There is also a reverse lever for switching driving forward and backward, and a lever for regulating the amount of steam supplied to the cylinders, “gas” in a word.
There is also a brake lever and a whistle drive. Instead of levers there may be valves.

Since a steam locomotive is a dangerous thing, there must be two people in the cabin to monitor the instruments.

And yes, it is still hot in the cabin.

3. Whistle

To give signals, a simple but very important device is installed on the locomotive - a steam whistle, the drive of which is connected to the driver's cabin. If the whistle is faulty, it is prohibited to release the locomotive under the train.
Modern locomotives are equipped with multi-ton whistles.

4. Draft from reverse to steam distribution mechanism

It is connected to the reverse lever in the cabin, with the help of which the movement is switched forward and backward. In modern locomotives, the same lever controls the supply of steam to the cylinders.

Designed to protect against destruction of equipment and pipelines by excess pressure by automatically releasing excess steam.

7. Sandbox

A container with sand installed on traction rolling stock (locomotive, tram, etc.). It is part of a sand supply system designed to supply sand under the wheels, thereby increasing the coefficient of adhesion of the wheels to the rails.

Dry quartz sand is used to feed under the wheels. With the help of compressed air, sand is supplied from the sandbox to special nozzles, which direct a stream of sand to the contact area between the wheels and the rails. On steam locomotives, one or more sandboxes were installed, usually in the upper part of the steam boiler.

The boiler is equipped with a sandbox body filled with dry fine sand. The body contains nozzles that supply sand to pipes leading to the wheels of the locomotive. There is a tap installed in the driver’s booth that directs air to the nozzles.

The steam steamer is part of the boiler and serves to separate steam from water droplets and scale particles (so that they do not get into the machine).
The cavity on the right is the sandbox.

In the steam tank there is the beginning of the steam pipeline, from here (through a thick pipe) the steam flows through the valve-regulator into the superheater, and from there to the steam engine. The regulator allows you to very smoothly increase the steam supply and thereby control the power of the locomotive. The control handle for this valve is located in the locomotive box.

Designed to supply the train's brake network with compressed air and to service various mechanisms, for example, a sandbox.

It is a compressor (pump) driven by a small steam engine powered by a common boiler.
Productivity is about 3000 liters of air per minute.

Located at the front of the locomotive. It collects the gases coming out of the smoke and flame pipes and releases them into the atmosphere through the chimney.

Plays an important role in creating traction in the firebox, which in turn can significantly increase the power of the locomotive. (The better the draft, the more air passes through the firebox. The more air, the better it burns. The better it burns, the higher the temperature.)

To create draft in the firebox, you need to create a vacuum in the smoke box:

Exhaust steam from the cylinders of the machine rushes into the cone of the pipe and sucks gases from the furnace with it. This creates a vacuum.

15. Support trolley

Support wheelsets are free (that is, traction forces from traction motors are not transmitted to them) wheelsets located behind the driving wheelsets. They serve to support the rear of the locomotive and ensure that they fit into curves.

A device that alternately directs the flow of steam into different cavities of the cylinder.

Piston steam distributor (top).

Scheme of work.

There are also spool valves:

Depending on the position of the spool (1), windows (4) and (5) communicate with a closed space (6) surrounding the spool and filled with steam, or with a cavity (7) connected to the atmosphere.

Structural elements of a steam boiler that serve to increase the heating area.
The pipes pass through the entire boiler and transfer the heat of the gases passing through them to the water in the boiler.

Thin, blue pipes are smoke pipes.

Thick pipes are heat, they have superheater pipes (yellow) running inside them. A white, thick pipe (above) goes from the steam boiler to the superheater.

It is curious that a steam locomotive, like a car, requires high-quality fuel. If the coal is of poor quality, the smoke pipes quickly become clogged with soot. Cleaning them is not the easiest task.

Over time, the pipes burn out and are replaced with new ones.

Flame tubes are the main component tubular superheaters.

Fire pipes are thick, blue pipes with yellow pipes running inside them.

The yellow pipes are part of the superheater.

In the manifold (the big yellow thing), steam from the steam chamber is distributed through thin tubes (which in turn pass in a loop inside the flame tubes) and is heated to ~300 degrees. and enters the cylinders of the machine through a thick pipe.

35. Brake line sleeve

Each carriage is equipped with a braking system powered by compressed air from the locomotive.
The hose is designed to connect cars to a common braking system.

38. Grate

It is a cast iron grate with burning fuel (coal, firewood) on it. The grate has holes or slots through which ash spills out into the ash pan.

Ash pan (ash pit) is a bunker located in the lower part (under the grate) of the furnace of a steam locomotive, which serves to collect ash and slag formed as a result of fuel combustion. The ash pan must be capable of periodic cleaning.

A steel or cast iron box containing a plain bearing, liner, lubricant and feeding device lubricant to the axle journal, or a rolling bearing and lubricant.

Elastic suspension element vehicle. The spring transfers the load from the frame or body to the chassis (wheels, track rollers, etc.) and softens the shock when passing over uneven paths.

Now that the reader has become familiar with the basic elements of a steam locomotive, it’s time to figure out how it works.

Principle of operation

Trevithick built a circular railway in London, along which a locomotive moved at a speed of 20 km/h without a load and at a speed of 8 km/h with a load of 10 tons.

Trevithick's steam locomotive burned so much coal that the invention did not provide any commercial benefits. Due to its weight, the locomotive quickly rendered the rails, designed for small horse-driven carriages, unusable.
In subsequent years, Trevithick designed and built several more locomotives.

In 1813 English engineer William Brunton patented and soon built a steam locomotive, which was called the “Mechanical Traveler”.

The locomotive had two axles, on which a horizontal steam boiler rested on top. On the side there was one steam cylinder, which, through a lever transmission and horizontal gear set in motion mechanical “legs” located at the rear of the locomotive.
The legs alternately clinging to the path and pushing the locomotive forward, for which the nickname “Walking Steam Locomotive” was assigned to the locomotive.

In 1815, during tests to increase pressure, the boiler exploded. The locomotive was destroyed and several people died. This incident is considered to be the world's first train accident.

"Puffing Billy"

Perhaps the first steam locomotive that turned out to be truly practical. For the first time, train driving was realized on it only due to the adhesion force between the wheels and the rails, without any additional devices(like a rack and pinion on tracks).

Built in 1813-1814 William Hedley, Jonathon Foster and Timothy Hackworth for Wylam Mines owner Christopher Blackett.

Puffing Billy is the oldest surviving steam locomotive.

In 1814, the English inventor designed his first locomotive, designed to tow coal cars for a mining railway.
The car was named "Blücher" in honor of the Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, famous for his victory in the battle with Napoleon at Waterloo.

During the tests, the locomotive carried a train of eight loaded carts with a total weight of about 30 tons at speeds of up to 6-7 km/h.

15 years later, Stevenson built a steam locomotive - it was the world's first steam locomotive with tubular steam boiler.

Directorate transport company Manchester-Liverpool Road has announced a free competition for better design locomotive Stephenson exhibited his new steam locomotive, the Rocket, which was built at his factory, at Rainhill.
With its own weight of 4.5 tons, this locomotive freely pulled a train with a total weight of 17 tons at a speed of 21 km/h. In all respects, the “Rocket” turned out to be an order of magnitude better than all other locomotives.

Genuine Stevenson locomotive. Science Museum (London)

Replica. National Railway Museum. York, England

From that time on, the Age of Steam Locomotives began.

Happened in Paris on October 22, 1895. The passenger train, unable to brake on the slope, knocked out the track stop, drove onto the station platform, broke through the wall of the building and fell from a height onto the street.

As a result of the crash, five people were injured. The only person killed was evening newspaper saleswoman Marie-Augustin Aguilar, whose kiosk was hit by a collapsed wall.

The fastest locomotive

"Mallard" No. 4468, designed by Nigel Gracely (England).
The locomotive is 22.4 meters long and weighs about 270 tons.
In 1938, he set a speed record for steam locomotives - 202.7 km/h.

The most popular locomotive

Developed in 1910 by the Lugansk plant. It was produced until 1957 by the Kharkov, Sormovsky, Kolomna and Bryansk factories. About 10,000 copies were produced.

Steam locomotive "Andrey Andreev"

The only locomotive in the world with a 4-14-4 wheel arrangement. It had seven driving axles. He made just one trip and then disappeared.
The fact is that due to its length, it did not fit into the curves and went off the rails.
It stood at the Shcherbinka station for 25 years and in 1960 it was scrapped.

Named after this man.

Steam locomotive "Joseph Stalin"

The pride of the Soviet locomotive industry - at the time of its creation it was the most powerful passenger locomotive in Europe, and it was the one that won the Grand Prix at the 1937 Paris World Exhibition.
Accelerated up to 155 km/h.

The same express train so beloved by Agatha Christie. Now it is very popular.

S1 "Big Motor"

At the 1939 World's Fair in New York.

The largest experimental rigid frame locomotive ever built. It became the only steam locomotive in the world with an axial formula of 3-2-2-3, but unlike other types of articulated locomotives, it had a rigid frame.

According to the original design, it was assumed that the locomotive would be able to pull a train weighing up to 1000 tons and move at a speed of up to 160 km/h, but this goal was not achieved.
The locomotive's insufficient towing weight (the locomotive weighed little) resulted in wheel slippage quite frequently, and the locomotive's extremely long length (150 feet) limited its usefulness, preventing it from negotiating curves on most Pennsylvania tracks. railways.

The only example built was in service until December 1945, and in 1949 it was scrapped.

Union Pacific "Big Boy"

The Big Boy steam locomotives (American company ALCO) are the largest production steam locomotives in the world (the length of the locomotive with tender is 40.47 meters) and the second largest in the history of world steam locomotive building (after the experimental steam locomotive PRR S1), as well as the heaviest locomotives in the world (mass of the locomotive with tender - 548.3 tons).

A steam locomotive consists of three main parts: a boiler, a steam engine and a crew section. In addition, the locomotive includes a tender - a special carriage where water and fuel supplies are stored. If water and fuel are stored on the locomotive itself, then it is called a tank locomotive.

A steam boiler is used to produce steam, that is, it is the primary source of energy. Steam on a steam locomotive is the main working fluid in many devices and mechanisms, and above all in a traction steam engine, which converts steam energy into reciprocating motion of the piston, which in turn, with the help of a crank mechanism, is transformed into rotational motion, causing the driving wheels to spin. In addition, steam serves to drive a steam-air pump, a steam turbine generator, and is also used in sound signals - whistle and typhon. The crew of a steam locomotive, consisting of a frame and running parts, is like a mobile base (frame) of the locomotive and serves to carry equipment and to move the locomotive along the rails. Also sometimes the main parts of a steam locomotive include tender- a wagon attached to a locomotive, used to store water and fuel supplies.

Steam boiler

Since the steam boiler is the primary source of energy, this makes it the main component of a steam locomotive. In this regard, a number of requirements are placed on the boiler. These requirements primarily include reliability (safety) boiler operation - due to the fact that steam pressure can reach very high values (up to 20 atm and higher), which turns the boiler into a potential bomb, and any design defect can lead to an explosion, thereby depriving the locomotive of a source of energy. It was the explosion of a steam boiler that was one of the most compelling arguments against the introduction of steam locomotive traction in the 19th century. Also, the steam boiler must be easy to operate, maintain and repair, and be able to operate on various types and fuel grades, to be as powerful as possible, as well as economical.

A steam boiler consists of parts, which for convenience are often divided into five groups:

main parts;
steam line and superheater;
auxiliary equipment.

Main parts of the boiler

A classic steam locomotive boiler consists of the following main parts (in the figure above - from left to right): firebox, cylindrical part And smoke box .

Firebox

Firebox, she's the same the combustion chamber, serves to convert chemical energy contained in the fuel into heat. Structurally, the firebox consists of two steel boxes nested inside each other: the fire box (the firebox itself) and the casing, connected to each other by special connections. The locomotive firebox operates under extremely difficult temperature conditions, since the temperature from the burned fuel can reach 1600 °C, and during operation there is a layer of steam under high pressure (tens of atmospheres) between the fire box and the casing. Therefore, the firebox is assembled from the minimum possible number of parts; in particular, the firebox consists of five sheets: a ceiling, two side sheets, a rear sheet and a tubular grille. The latter is the place of transition from the firebox to the cylindrical part.

At the bottom of the firebox there is a grate, which serves to maintain the burning layer solid fuel. As the name implies, it has a lattice structure, which ensures the flow of fresh air into the firebox. Large grates consist of several individual grates - grates. In the back sheet of the firebox there is a screw hole through which fuel is thrown. On powerful steam locomotives, circulation pipes and (or) thermosyphons are located in the upper part of the furnace, which serve to increase water circulation in the boiler. A special vault made of bricks, protecting the ceiling and tubular grille from exposure to open flames.

Fireboxes are distinguished among themselves by the shape of the ceiling: with a flat ceiling and radial. Flat ceiling firebox, also known as Belper firebox, has a relatively large volume of the firebox, which ensures complete fuel combustion. As a result, such fireboxes were very common in early steam locomotives, and in a number of countries they were produced until the end of steam locomotive construction (for example, ER steam locomotives, produced by Czechoslovakia and Poland until 1957). However, the Belper firebox is difficult to connect to the cylindrical part of the boiler. In addition, the large width limits the use in terms of size, especially in the upper part, and on powerful locomotives it is necessary to install a large number of connections between the fire box and the casing, since flat sheets are less resistant to high boiler pressure. Therefore, on powerful steam locomotives they began to use fireboxes with a radial ceiling ( radial firebox). The radial firebox is lighter than the Belper firebox and has better resistance to high blood pressure pair. But the radial firebox has a serious drawback: a relatively small volume of combustion space, due to which the fuel is burned less efficiently, and unburned coal particles can damage the internal surface of the boiler. Therefore, an afterburning chamber is often installed in the front upper part of such fireboxes, which improves the efficiency of fuel combustion (although this opinion is often exaggerated).

Cylindrical part of the boiler

The cylindrical part of the steam boiler is its main part, since it is in it that the main steam formation occurs. In fact, the cylindrical part is a combustion boiler, since water is heated due to a large number (up to several hundred pieces) passing through it. smoke-burning pipes, inside of which thermal energy flows air currents. The shell of the cylindrical part consists of several drums (usually three or more), connected by a telescopic method, that is, one is nested inside the other. The first use of a multi-tubular boiler on steam locomotives was in 1829, namely on the famous “Rocket” by Stephenson.

Often in the cylindrical part there is also a steam superheater, which is placed in pipes that are basically similar to smoke tubes, but with a larger diameter. Such pipes are already called flame pipes, and the superheater itself is called fire tube.

Smoke box

Boiler set

Furnace set

First of all, it is worth noting about the firebox set grate, located in the fire box at the level of the combustion frame. This grate serves to maintain a layer of burning solid fuel, and also, as the name implies, provides to it, due to the cracks, the flow of air necessary for combustion. Due to its large size (on a series locomotive its dimensions are 3280×1830 mm), the grate is made from separate elements - grates, which are arranged in transverse rows. On early steam locomotives, the grates were stationary; later, locomotives with movable (swinging) grates began to be built, which made it easier to clean the firebox from slag and ash. The drive of the swinging grate is predominantly pneumatic. Slags and ash from the firebox are poured into a special bunker located under the firebox - ash pan, the upper part of which covers the entire grate, and the lower part, due to the lack of free space, is located mainly between the sidewalls of the main frame of the locomotive. To allow air into the firebox, the ash pan is equipped with special valves, which are also used to clean the hopper from slag. The firebox set also includes combustion doors, which close the screw hole (used to throw fuel into the firebox), thereby separating the spaces of the firebox and the driver’s booth. Since both the ash pan and the grate provide a flow of fresh air into the fire box, clogging (slaging) of their air ducts and cracks can lead to a serious drop in boiler power, therefore, when using anthracite and low-calorie coals, use slag humidifier, which is several tubes with holes located around the perimeter of the grate. Periodically, steam is passed through them, which lowers the temperature at the grate itself, and in contact with the slag makes it more porous.

Smoke box set

For fuel combustion, air is needed, and quite a lot of it is needed: for 1 kg of coal or fuel oil, 10-14 kg or 16-18 kg of air are required, respectively. It is obvious that supplying such an amount of air to the combustion chamber (furnace) in a natural way is practically impossible, which forces the creation of artificial draft of gases in the boiler. For this purpose, a special device is installed in the smoke box. smoke exhaust device, which provides air flow into the firebox by creating a vacuum in the smoke chamber. Locomotive smoke exhaust devices come in several designs, but almost all of them operate on already exhausted steam coming from a traction steam engine, which allows you to change the air supply depending on the power of the machine used, that is, the more hard the locomotive works, the stronger the combustion and the more steam is being produced.
The simplest smoke exhaust device is cone, which looks like a cone-shaped nozzle installed under the chimney. The operating principle of the cone is that the exhaust steam passed through it acquires high speed(up to 250-350 m/s), after which it is directed into the chimney, where it, carrying air along with it, creates a vacuum in the smoke chamber. There are cones various designs, including one-, two- and four-hole, variable and constant cross-section, with common and separate outlet. The most widely used is a four-hole cone of variable cross-section with separate exhaust, that is, when steam from the right and left cylinders is released separately. However, despite the simplicity of the design, the cone cannot be used on steam locomotives with exhaust steam condensation, so on the latter it is used as a smoke exhaust device fan (gas pump). The fan is driven by exhaust steam, which, just like with a cone, makes the draft adjustment automatic. Due to its advantages, fan draft began to be used even on steam locomotives without exhaust steam condensation (for example, Soviet SO V and S Um), however, due to a number of disadvantages (a more complex design than that of a cone, and therefore more high price repairs, high back pressure when releasing steam, difficulty working at high cut-offs) in the 1950s. the fan draft was replaced with a cone draft.

Boiler characteristics

The boiler is characterized by the following parameters:

total heating area in m² - this area consists of the heating areas of the furnace, the superheater area, as well as the areas of smoke and flame pipes;
volume of steam space in m³;
evaporation surface in m²;
working pressure in atm;
Volume of water poured.

Steam engine

Equipment

Brakes. The locomotives were mainly equipped with Westinghouse, Kazantsev and Matrosov automatic air brakes. Compressed air was pumped by a steam-air pump into a special tank, and from the tank air was supplied to brake cylinders, a system of levers associated with brake pads. When the tap located in the booth was opened, the pressure in the train's common air line dropped, and the pads were pressed against the wheels by air pressure from the reservoir.
Locomotive speedometer, driven by one of the wheels.
Steam pressure gauge- a device for measuring steam pressure in the boiler.
Sandbox. Usually installed on top of the boiler. The sandbox contains specially sifted river sand, which is supplied by air pressure to the wheels when starting and moving uphill and for emergency braking to increase friction between the wheels and rails.
Whistle. The latest series of locomotives used harmonic multi-tone five-tone whistles, which are considered the most beautiful in the world.
Water meter glasses- show the water level in the boiler.
Stoker- mechanical coal feeder (on later steam locomotives).
Servomotor- pneumatic transfer of the rocker stone (on later locomotives).

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Notes

Literature

Nikolsky A. S. Steam locomotives of the S series - "Victoria", 1997. - 176 p.
TSB, 2nd ed.

An excerpt characterizing the design of a steam locomotive

While Boris continued to make mazurka figures, he was constantly tormented by the thought of what news Balashev had brought and how to find out about it before others.
In the figure where he had to choose ladies, whispering to Helen that he wanted to take Countess Pototskaya, who seemed to have gone out onto the balcony, he, sliding his feet along the parquet floor, ran out the exit door into the garden and, noticing the sovereign entering the terrace with Balashev , paused. The Emperor and Balashev headed towards the door. Boris, in a hurry, as if not having time to move away, respectfully pressed himself against the lintel and bowed his head.
With the emotion of a personally insulted man, the Emperor finished the following words:
- Enter Russia without declaring war. “I will make peace only when not a single armed enemy remains on my land,” he said. It seemed to Boris that the sovereign was pleased to express these words: he was pleased with the form of expression of his thoughts, but was dissatisfied with the fact that Boris heard them.
- So that no one knows anything! – the sovereign added, frowning. Boris realized that this applied to him, and, closing his eyes, bowed his head slightly. The Emperor again entered the hall and remained at the ball for about half an hour.
Boris was the first to learn the news about the crossing of the Neman by French troops and thanks to this he had the opportunity to show some important persons that he knew many things hidden from others, and through this he had the opportunity to rise higher in the opinion of these persons.

The unexpected news about the French crossing the Neman was especially unexpected after a month of unfulfilled anticipation, and at a ball! The Emperor, at the first minute of receiving the news, under the influence of indignation and insult, found what later became famous, a saying that he himself liked and fully expressed his feelings. Returning home from the ball, the sovereign at two o'clock in the morning sent for secretary Shishkov and ordered to write an order to the troops and a rescript to Field Marshal Prince Saltykov, in which he certainly demanded that the words be placed that he would not make peace until at least one the armed Frenchman will remain on Russian soil.
The next day the following letter was written to Napoleon.
“Monsieur mon frere. J"ai appris hier que malgre la loyaute avec laquelle j"ai maintenu mes engagements envers Votre Majeste, ses troupes ont franchis les frontieres de la Russie, et je recois a l"instant de Petersbourg une note par laquelle le comte Lauriston, pour cause de cette aggression, annonce que Votre Majeste s"est consideree comme en etat de guerre avec moi des le moment ou le prince Kourakine a fait la demande de ses passeports. Les motifs sur lesquels le duc de Bassano fondait son refus de les lui delivrer, n "auraient jamais pu me faire supposer que cette demarche servirait jamais de pretexte a l" aggression. En effet cet ambassadeur n"y a jamais ete autorise comme il l"a declare lui meme, et aussitot que j"en fus informe, je lui ai fait connaitre combien je le desapprouvais en lui donnant l"ordre de rester a son poste. Si Votre Majeste n"est pas intentionnee de verser le sang de nos peuples pour un malentendu de ce genre et qu"elle consente a retirer ses troupes du territoire russe, je regarderai ce qui s"est passe comme non avenu, et un accommodement entre nous sera possible. Dans le cas contraire, Votre Majeste, je me verrai force de repousser une attaque que rien n"a provoquee de ma part. Il depend encore de Votre Majeste d"eviter a l"humanite les calamites d"une nouvelle guerre.
Je suis, etc.
(signe) Alexandre.”
[“My lord brother! Yesterday it dawned on me that, despite the straightforwardness with which I observed my obligations towards Your Imperial Majesty, your troops crossed the Russian borders, and only now have I received a note from St. Petersburg, with which Count Lauriston informs me regarding this invasion, that Your Majesty considers yourself to be on hostile terms with me from the time Prince Kurakin demanded his passports. The reasons on which the Duke of Bassano based his refusal to issue these passports could never have led me to suppose that the act of my ambassador served as a reason for the attack. And in fact, he did not have a command from me to do this, as he himself announced; and as soon as I learned about this, I immediately expressed my displeasure to Prince Kurakin, ordering him to carry out the duties entrusted to him as before. If Your Majesty is not inclined to shed the blood of our subjects because of such a misunderstanding and if you agree to withdraw your troops from Russian possessions, then I will ignore everything that happened, and an agreement between us will be possible. Otherwise, I will be forced to repel an attack that was not provoked by anything on my part. Your Majesty, you still have the opportunity to save humanity from the scourge of a new war.
(signed) Alexander.” ]

On June 13, at two o'clock in the morning, the sovereign, calling Balashev to him and reading him his letter to Napoleon, ordered him to take this letter and personally hand it over to the French emperor. Sending Balashev away, the sovereign again repeated to him the words that he would not make peace until at least one armed enemy remained on Russian soil, and ordered that these words be conveyed to Napoleon without fail. The Emperor did not write these words in the letter, because he felt with his tact that these words were inconvenient to convey at the moment when the last attempt at reconciliation was being made; but he certainly ordered Balashev to hand them over to Napoleon personally.
Having left on the night of June 13th to 14th, Balashev, accompanied by a trumpeter and two Cossacks, arrived at dawn in the village of Rykonty, at the French outposts on this side of the Neman. He was stopped by French cavalry sentries.
A French hussar non-commissioned officer, in a crimson uniform and a shaggy hat, shouted at Balashev as he approached, ordering him to stop. Balashev did not stop immediately, but continued to walk along the road.
The non-commissioned officer, frowning and muttering some kind of curse, advanced with the chest of his horse towards Balashev, took up his saber and rudely shouted at the Russian general, asking him: is he deaf, that he does not hear what is being said to him. Balashev identified himself. The non-commissioned officer sent the soldier to the officer.
Not paying attention to Balashev, the non-commissioned officer began to talk with his comrades about his regimental business and did not look at the Russian general.
It was unusually strange for Balashev, after being close to the highest power and might, after a conversation three hours ago with the sovereign and generally accustomed to honors from his service, to see here, on Russian soil, this hostile and, most importantly, disrespectful attitude towards himself of brute force.
The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. On the way, the herd was driven out of the village. In the fields, one by one, like bubbles in water, the larks burst into life with a hooting sound.
Balashev looked around him, waiting for the arrival of an officer from the village. The Russian Cossacks, the trumpeter, and the French hussars silently looked at each other from time to time.
A French hussar colonel, apparently just out of bed, rode out of the village on a beautiful, well-fed gray horse, accompanied by two hussars. The officer, the soldiers and their horses wore an air of contentment and panache.
This was the first time of the campaign, when the troops were still in good order, almost equal to the inspection, peaceful activity, only with a touch of smart belligerence in clothing and with a moral connotation of that fun and enterprise that always accompany the beginning of campaigns.
The French colonel had difficulty holding back a yawn, but was polite and, apparently, understood the full significance of Balashev. He led him past his soldiers by the chain and said that his desire to be presented to the emperor would probably be fulfilled immediately, since the imperial apartment, as far as he knew, was not far away.
They drove through the village of Rykonty, past French hussar hitching posts, sentries and soldiers saluting their colonel and curiously examining the Russian uniform, and drove out to the other side of the village. According to the colonel, the division chief was two kilometers away, who would receive Balashev and see him off to his destination.
The sun had already risen and shone cheerfully on the bright greenery.
They had just left the tavern on the mountain when a group of horsemen appeared from under the mountain to meet them, in front of which, on a black horse with harness shining in the sun, rode a tall man in a hat with feathers and black hair curled to the shoulders, in a red robe and with with long legs stuck out forward, like the French ride. This man galloped towards Balashev, his feathers, stones and gold braid shining and fluttering in the bright June sun.
Balashev was already two horses away from the horseman galloping towards him with a solemnly theatrical face in bracelets, feathers, necklaces and gold, when Yulner, the French colonel, respectfully whispered: “Le roi de Naples.” [King of Naples.] Indeed, it was Murat, now called the King of Naples. Although it was completely incomprehensible why he was the Neapolitan king, he was called that, and he himself was convinced of this and therefore had a more solemn and important appearance than before. He was so sure that he was really the Neapolitan king that, on the eve of his departure from Naples, while he was walking with his wife through the streets of Naples, several Italians shouted to him: “Viva il re!” [Long live the king! (Italian) ] he turned to his wife with a sad smile and said: “Les malheureux, ils ne savent pas que je les quitte demain! [Unhappy people, they don’t know that I’m leaving them tomorrow!]
But despite the fact that he firmly believed that he was the Neapolitan king, and that he regretted the sorrow of his subjects leaving him, in Lately, after he was ordered to enter the service again, and especially after a meeting with Napoleon in Danzig, when the august brother-in-law told him: “Je vous ai fait Roi pour regner a maniere, mais pas a la votre,” [I have made you king in order to reign not in his own way, but in mine.] - he cheerfully set about a task familiar to him and, like a well-fed, but not fat, horse fit for service, feeling himself in the harness, began to play in the shafts and, having discharged himself as colorfully as possible and dearer, cheerful and contented, he galloped, not knowing where or why, along the roads of Poland.
Seeing the Russian general, he royally and solemnly threw back his head with shoulder-length curled hair and looked questioningly at the French colonel. The Colonel respectfully conveyed to His Majesty the significance of Balashev, whose surname he could not pronounce.
- De Bal macheve! - said the king (with his decisiveness overcoming the difficulty presented to the colonel), - charme de faire votre connaissance, general, [it’s very nice to meet you, general] - he added with a royally gracious gesture. As soon as the king began to speak loudly and quickly, all royal dignity instantly left him, and he, without noticing it, switched to his characteristic tone of good-natured familiarity. He put his hand on the withers of Balashev's horse.
“Eh, bien, general, tout est a la guerre, a ce qu"il parait, [Well, general, things seem to be heading towards war,] he said, as if regretting a circumstance about which he did not could judge.
“Sire,” answered Balashev. “l"Empereur mon maitre ne desire point la guerre, et comme Votre Majeste le voit,” said Balashev, using Votre Majeste in all cases, [The Russian Emperor does not want her, as your Majesty deigns to see... your Majesty.] with inevitable the affectation of increasing the frequency of the title, addressing a person for whom this title is still news.
Murat's face shone with stupid contentment as he listened to Monsieur de Balachoff. But royaute oblige: [the royal rank has its responsibilities:] he felt the need to talk with Alexander's envoy about state affairs, as a king and an ally. He got off his horse and, taking Balashev by the arm and moving a few steps away from the respectfully waiting retinue, began walking with him back and forth, trying to speak significantly. He mentioned that Emperor Napoleon was offended by the demands for the withdrawal of troops from Prussia, especially now that this demand had become known to everyone and when the dignity of France was insulted. Balashev said that there was nothing offensive in this demand, because... Murat interrupted him:
- So you think it was not Emperor Alexander who was the instigator? - he said unexpectedly with a good-naturedly stupid smile.
Balashev said why he really believed that Napoleon was the start of the war.
“Eh, mon cher general,” Murat interrupted him again, “je desire de tout mon c?ur que les Empereurs s"arrangent entre eux, et que la guerre commencee malgre moi se termine le plutot possible, [Ah, dear general, I wish with all my heart that the emperors put an end to the matter between themselves and that the war, started against my will, ends as soon as possible.] - he said in the tone of the conversation of servants who want to remain good friends, despite the quarrel between the masters. And he moved on to questions about the Grand Duke, about his health and about the memories of the fun and amusing time spent with him in Naples. Then, as if suddenly remembering his royal dignity, Murat solemnly straightened up, stood in the same position in which he stood at the coronation, and , waving his right hand, said: - Je ne vous retiens plus, general; je souhaite le succes de vorte mission, [I will not detain you any longer, General; I wish success to your embassy,] - and, fluttering his red embroidered robe and feathers and shining jewels, he went to his retinue, who were respectfully waiting for him.
Balashev went further, according to Murat, expecting to be introduced to Napoleon himself very soon. But instead of a quick meeting with Napoleon, the sentries of Davout's infantry corps again detained him at the next village, as in the advanced chain, and the adjutant of the corps commander was summoned and escorted him to the village to see Marshal Davout.

Davout was Arakcheev of the Emperor Napoleon - Arakcheev is not a coward, but just as serviceable, cruel and unable to express his devotion except by cruelty.
The mechanism of the state organism needs these people, just as wolves are needed in the body of nature, and they always exist, always appear and stick around, no matter how incongruous their presence and proximity to the head of government seems. Only this necessity can explain how the cruel, uneducated, uncourtly Arakcheev, who personally tore out the mustaches of the grenadiers and could not withstand danger due to his weak nerves, could maintain such strength despite the knightly noble and gentle character of Alexander.
Balashev found Marshal Davout in the barn of a peasant hut, sitting on a barrel and busy written works(he checked the accounts). The adjutant stood next to him. It was possible to find best room, but Marshal Davout was one of those people who deliberately put themselves in the gloomiest conditions of life in order to have the right to be gloomy. For the same reason, they are always hastily and persistently busy. “Where is there to think about the happy side? human life when, you see, I’m sitting on a barrel in a dirty barn and working,” said the expression on his face. The main pleasure and need of these people is to, having encountered the revival of life, throw gloomy, stubborn activity into the eyes of this revival. Davout gave himself this pleasure when Balashev was brought in to him. He went even deeper into his work when the Russian general entered, and, looking through his glasses at Balashev’s animated face, impressed by the wonderful morning and the conversation with Murat, he did not get up, did not even move, but frowned even more and grinned viciously.
Noticing the unpleasant impression this technique produced on Balashev’s face, Davout raised his head and coldly asked what he needed.
Assuming that such a reception could be given to him only because Davout does not know that he is the adjutant general of Emperor Alexander and even his representative before Napoleon, Balashev hastened to announce his rank and appointment. Contrary to his expectations, Davout, after listening to Balashev, became even more severe and rude.
- Where is your package? - he said. – Donnez le moi, ije l"enverrai a l"Empereur. [Give it to me, I will send it to the emperor.]
Balashev said that he had orders to personally hand over the package to the emperor himself.
“The orders of your emperor are carried out in your army, but here,” said Davout, “you must do what you are told.”
And as if in order to make the Russian general even more aware of his dependence on brute force, Davout sent the adjutant for the duty officer.
Balashev took out the package containing the sovereign’s letter and placed it on the table (a table consisting of a door with torn hinges sticking out, placed on two barrels). Davout took the envelope and read the inscription.
“You have absolutely the right to show or not show me respect,” said Balashev. “But let me point out that I have the honor to bear the title of His Majesty’s Adjutant General...”
Davout looked at him silently, and some excitement and embarrassment expressed on Balashev’s face apparently gave him pleasure.
“You will be given your due,” he said and, putting the envelope in his pocket, he left the barn.
A minute later, the Marshal's adjutant, Mr. de Castres, entered and led Balashev into the room prepared for him.
Balashev dined that day with the marshal in the same barn, on the same board on barrels.
The next day, Davout left early in the morning and, inviting Balashev to his place, impressively told him that he asked him to stay here, move along with the luggage if they had orders to do so, and not talk to anyone except Mister de Castro.
After four days of solitude, boredom, a sense of subordination and insignificance, especially noticeable after the environment of power in which he had so recently found himself, after several marches along with the marshal’s luggage, with the French troops occupying the entire area, Balashev was brought to Vilna, now occupied by the French , to the same outpost where he left four days ago.
The next day, the imperial chamberlain, monsieur de Turenne, came to Balashev and conveyed to him the desire of Emperor Napoleon to honor him with an audience.
Four days ago, at the house to which Balashev was taken, there were sentries of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, but now there were two French grenadiers in blue uniforms open on their chests and in shaggy hats, a convoy of hussars and lancers and a brilliant retinue of adjutants, pages and generals waiting to leave Napoleon around a riding horse standing at the porch and his Mameluke Rustav. Napoleon received Balashev in the very house in Vilva from which Alexander sent him.

Despite Balashev's habit of court solemnity, the luxury and pomp of Emperor Napoleon's court amazed him.
Count Turen led him into a large reception room, where many generals, chamberlains and Polish magnates were waiting, many of whom Balashev had seen at the court of the Russian emperor. Duroc said that Emperor Napoleon would receive the Russian general before his walk.
After several minutes of waiting, the chamberlain on duty came out into the large reception room and, bowing politely to Balashev, invited him to follow him.
Balashev entered a small reception room, from which there was one door to an office, the very office from which the Russian emperor sent him. Balashev stood there for about two minutes, waiting. Hasty steps were heard outside the door. Both halves of the door quickly opened, the chamberlain who opened it stopped respectfully, waiting, everything became quiet, and other, firm, decisive steps sounded from the office: it was Napoleon. He had just finished his riding toilet. He was wearing a blue uniform, open over a white vest that hung down over his round belly, white leggings that hugged the fat thighs of his short legs, and boots. His short hair had obviously just been combed, but one strand of hair hung down over the middle of his wide forehead. His white, plump neck protruded sharply from behind the black collar of his uniform; he smelled of cologne. On his youthful, plump face with a prominent chin there was an expression of gracious and majestic imperial greeting.
He walked out, shaking quickly with every step and throwing his head back a little. His entire plump, short figure with wide, thick shoulders and an involuntarily protruding belly and chest had that representative, dignified appearance that forty-year-old people living in the hallway have. In addition, it was clear that he was in the best spirits that day.
He nodded his head, responding to Balashev’s low and respectful bow, and, approaching him, immediately began to speak like a man who treasures every minute of his time and does not deign to prepare his speeches, but is confident in what he will always say ok and what needs to be said.
- Hello, general! - he said. “I received the letter from Emperor Alexander that you delivered, and I am very glad to see you.” “He looked into Balashev’s face with his big eyes and immediately began to look ahead past him.
It was obvious that he was not at all interested in Balashev’s personality. It was clear that only what was happening in his soul was of interest to him. Everything that was outside of him did not matter to him, because everything in the world, as it seemed to him, depended only on his will.
“I do not want and did not want war,” he said, “but I was forced into it.” Even now (he said this word with emphasis) I am ready to accept all the explanations that you can give me. - And he clearly and briefly began to state the reasons for his displeasure against the Russian government.
Judging by the moderately calm and friendly tone with which the French emperor spoke, Balashev was firmly convinced that he wanted peace and intended to enter into negotiations.
- Sire! L "Empereur, mon maitre, [Your Majesty! The Emperor, my lord,] - Balashev began a long-prepared speech when Napoleon, having finished his speech, looked questioningly at the Russian ambassador; but the look of the emperor’s eyes fixed on him confused him. “You are confused “Get over yourself,” Napoleon seemed to say, looking at Balashev’s uniform and sword with a barely noticeable smile. Balashev recovered and began to speak. He said that Emperor Alexander did not consider Kurakin’s demand for passports to be a sufficient reason for war, that Kurakin did so of his own free will and without the consent of the sovereign, that Emperor Alexander does not want war and that there are no relations with England.
“Not yet,” Napoleon interjected and, as if afraid to give in to his feelings, he frowned and nodded his head slightly, thereby letting Balashev feel that he could continue.
Having expressed everything that was ordered to him, Balashev said that Emperor Alexander wants peace, but will not begin negotiations except on the condition that... Here Balashev hesitated: he remembered those words that Emperor Alexander did not write in the letter, but which he certainly ordered that Saltykov be inserted into the rescript and which Balashev ordered to hand over to Napoleon. Balashev remembered these words: “until not a single armed enemy remains on Russian land,” but some complex feeling held him back. He could not say these words, although he wanted to do so. He hesitated and said: on the condition that the French troops retreat beyond the Neman.
Napoleon noticed Balashev's embarrassment when uttering his last words; his face trembled, his left calf began to tremble rhythmically. Without leaving his place, he began to speak in a voice higher and more hasty than before. During the subsequent speech, Balashev, more than once lowering his eyes, involuntarily observed the trembling of the calf in Napoleon’s left leg, which intensified the more he raised his voice.
“I wish peace no less than Emperor Alexander,” he began. “Isn’t it me who has been doing everything for eighteen months to get it?” I've been waiting eighteen months for an explanation. But in order to start negotiations, what is required of me? - he said, frowning and making an energetic questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand.
“The retreat of the troops beyond the Neman, sir,” said Balashev.
- For Neman? - Napoleon repeated. - So now you want them to retreat beyond the Neman - only beyond the Neman? – Napoleon repeated, looking directly at Balashev.
Balashev bowed his head respectfully.
Instead of the demand four months ago to retreat from Numberania, now they demanded to retreat only beyond the Neman. Napoleon quickly turned and began to walk around the room.
– You say that they require me to retreat beyond the Neman to begin negotiations; but they demanded of me in exactly the same way two months ago to retreat beyond the Oder and Vistula, and, despite this, you agree to negotiate.
He silently walked from one corner of the room to the other and again stopped opposite Balashev. His face seemed to harden in its stern expression, and his left leg trembled even faster than before. Napoleon knew this trembling of his left calf. “La vibration de mon mollet gauche est un grand signe chez moi,” he said later.
“Such proposals as clearing the Oder and the Vistula can be made to the Prince of Baden, and not to me,” Napoleon almost cried out, completely unexpectedly for himself. – If you had given me St. Petersburg and Moscow, I would not have accepted these conditions. Are you saying I started the war? Who came to the army first? - Emperor Alexander, not me. And you offer me negotiations when I have spent millions, while you are in an alliance with England and when your position is bad - you offer me negotiations! What is the purpose of your alliance with England? What did she give you? - he said hastily, obviously already directing his speech not in order to express the benefits of concluding peace and discussing its possibility, but only in order to prove both his rightness and his strength, and to prove Alexander’s wrongness and mistakes.
The introduction of his speech was made, obviously, with the aim of showing the advantage of his position and showing that, despite the fact, he accepted the opening of negotiations. But he had already begun to speak, and the more he spoke, the less able he was to control his speech.
The whole purpose of his speech now, obviously, was only to exalt himself and insult Alexander, that is, to do exactly what he least wanted at the beginning of the date.
- They say you made peace with the Turks?
Balashev tilted his head affirmatively.
“The world is concluded...” he began. But Napoleon did not let him speak. He apparently needed to speak on his own, alone, and he continued to speak with that eloquence and intemperance of irritation to which spoiled people are so prone.
– Yes, I know, you made peace with the Turks without receiving Moldavia and Wallachia. And I would give these provinces to your sovereign just as I gave him Finland. Yes,” he continued, “I promised and would have given Moldavia and Wallachia to Emperor Alexander, but now he will not have these beautiful provinces. He could, however, annex them to his empire, and in one reign he would expand Russia from the Gulf of Bothnia to the mouth of the Danube. “Katherine the Great could not have done more,” said Napoleon, becoming more and more excited, walking around the room and repeating to Balashev almost the same words that he said to Alexander himself in Tilsit. “Tout cela il l"aurait du a mon amitie... Ah! quel beau regne, quel beau regne!” he repeated several times, stopped, took a gold snuff box out of his pocket and greedily sniffed from it.
- Quel beau regne aurait pu etre celui de l "Empereur Alexandre! [He would owe all this to my friendship... Oh, what a wonderful reign, what a wonderful reign! Oh, what a wonderful reign the reign of Emperor Alexander could have been!]
He looked at Balashev with regret, and just as Balashev was about to notice something, he again hastily interrupted him.
“What could he want and seek that he would not find in my friendship?..” said Napoleon, shrugging his shoulders in bewilderment. - No, he found it best to surround himself with my enemies, and who? - he continued. - He called to him the Steins, Armfelds, Wintzingerode, Bennigsenov, Stein - a traitor driven out of his fatherland, Armfeld - a libertine and intriguer, Wintzingerode - a fugitive subject of France, Bennigsen somewhat more military than the others, but still incapable, who could not do anything to do in 1807 and which should arouse terrible memories in Emperor Alexander... Suppose, if they were capable, one could use them, - continued Napoleon, barely managing to keep up with the words that constantly arise, showing him his rightness or strength (which in in his concept were one and the same) - but even that is not the case: they are not suitable for either war or peace. Barclay, they say, is more efficient than all of them; but I won’t say that, judging by his first movements. What are they doing? What are all these courtiers doing! Pfuhl proposes, Armfeld argues, Bennigsen considers, and Barclay, called to act, does not know what to decide on, and time passes. One Bagration is a military man. He is stupid, but he has experience, an eye and determination... And what role does your young sovereign play in this ugly crowd. They compromise him and blame him for everything that happens. “Un souverain ne doit etre a l"armee que quand il est general, [The sovereign should be with the army only when he is a commander,] he said, obviously sending these words directly as a challenge to the sovereign’s face. Napoleon knew how the emperor wanted Alexander to be a commander.

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Subtitles

A steam boiler is used to produce steam, that is, it is the primary source of energy. Steam on a steam locomotive is the main working fluid in many devices and mechanisms, and above all in a traction steam engine, which converts the energy of steam into the reciprocating motion of the piston, which in turn, with the help of a crank mechanism, is transformed into a rotational one, causing the driving wheels to spin. In addition, steam serves to drive a steam-air pump, steam turbine generator, and is also used in sound signals - whistle and typhon. The crew of a steam locomotive, consisting of a frame and running parts, is like a mobile base (frame) of the locomotive and serves to carry equipment and to move the locomotive along the rails. Also sometimes the main parts of a steam locomotive include tender- a wagon attached to a locomotive, used to store water and fuel supplies.

Steam boiler

Since the steam boiler is the primary source of energy, this makes it the main component of a steam locomotive. In this regard, a number of requirements are placed on the boiler. These requirements primarily include reliability (safety) boiler operation - due to the fact that steam pressure can reach very high values (up to 20 atm and higher), which turns the boiler into a potential bomb, and any design defect can lead to an explosion, thereby depriving the locomotive of a source of energy. It was the explosion of a steam boiler that was one of the most compelling arguments against the introduction of steam locomotive traction in the 19th century. Also, a steam boiler must be easy to operate, maintain and repair, be able to operate on various types and grades of fuel, be as powerful as possible, and also be economical.

A steam boiler consists of parts, which for convenience are often divided into five groups:

main parts;
fittings;
steam line and superheater;
auxiliary equipment.