Movement of gears. Mechanism of gears for circular movement on magnets. Bevel gears

This is a cognitive mechanism created in our club that children love to endlessly assemble and take apart. The meaning of the mechanism is that 4 gears with magnets in the center rotate in a circle and around their axis. a lid is put on them, and any souvenir figures are placed on it, also with a magnet, in our case, these are flowers. When the mechanism is turned on, the flowers begin to rotate by magnetic attraction. All parts for the mechanism are printed on a 3D printer.

We have 2 options - the first is driven by a motor, and the second by a handle rotated by a person. Inside, they contain the same elements; they differ only in a small part of the body to which either the motor or the handle is attached.

Option with motor.


These are the parts our toy consists of:
1) Housing:


2) Cap:


3) Large gear in the center:

4) 4 small gears with magnets and bearings:


We use small magnets - 12 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, and bearings with a 13 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height.
5) Central small gear:



6) Gear for the motor, rotating the large gear:


And we used the following motor in our design:

We have detailed video, about how this design is assembled:

Option with handle.
As already mentioned, this option differs in the part of the body that supports the handle.


This part consists of two half-cylinders connected by three screws, and the handle is assembled from three parts.

Still printing different variants toys rotating on magnets.

Glue on the back of the toys metal wheels to save magnets.

Here is a video about the second design option:

We also offer you stl files of parts and project files made in Blender 3D.

Imagine a gear. Most likely, in your imagination a toothed circle has been drawn, transmitting its movement to another similar gear. They may be big or small, but in your mind they all represent a circle, right? Today I will show you gears that will break your brain. Get ready!

Cubic gears

This part was designed and 3D printed by the folks at Stratasys. By the way, it’s interesting that it comes out of the printer already assembled. The interacting parts are usually round, but outwardly the entire system resembles a cube. He can't do anything useful, but he looks cool.

Spiral gear

Instead of the usual round shape, this gear bends in the form of a so-called Golden spiral. As in the previous case, there is no practical benefit from this part, but it has one interesting feature: if one gear rotates with constant speed, then the second will either accelerate or slow down. Perhaps this can be applied somewhere.

Oval gears

This type of gear has found its application in some devices, such as a mechanical hydrometer. As a result of the T-shaped interaction of the two gears, sufficient space is formed between them. If it is sealed, then water can be passed through it, and, taking into account the number of revolutions of the gears, the volume of water passed can be calculated. Comfortable!

Spherical gears

The author of this invention is Oscar van Deventer, who uploads many videos about interesting designs to his YouTube channel. Distinctive feature This transmission is the fact that its axles can rotate 180°, while the system will continue to work. At this stage, the design has not yet been perfected, but it can already find many applications.

Bean Gears

It's difficult to say why they were made this way. Perhaps, as in the case of a helical gear, they are capable of sharply increasing and decreasing the speed of their rotation, as a result of which they find use in the design of pumps.

Alien gears

It is simply impossible to describe in words the shape of these gears, however, it cannot be denied that they work the same as any ordinary ones. The most interesting thing is the manufacturing process of these parts, so I recommend watching this video.

Round gear inside an oval gear

Yes, the internal gear here seems relatively ordinary, but only a small part of it has teeth. At that time, thanks to the presence of an oval gear, a rack and pinion mechanism is created.

The essence of the design is that the endless rotation of a round gear can be turned into movement in a straight line.

Square gears

Another interesting mechanism without a known application is three parts, the interaction of which is demonstrated by a mathematical phenomenon called “Borromean Rings”. Naturally, in this case the rings are replaced by rectangles. Interesting and educational.

Spherical gear in vacuum

A small motor drives a large round gear, which, in turn, activates this entire incomprehensible mechanism. It is somewhat reminiscent of a complicated transmission from the first point, located in a gyroscope. Naturally, it will not be possible to find a use for this transmission, but we must give the author his due: he did a great job, and his mechanism is capable of breaking the brain.

Donut Gear

Another piece of art featuring interlocking donut-shaped gears driven by a piece running through the center of the structure. Not a bad replacement for an eternal pendulum, not everyone has one!

Magic gears

Another invention of Oscar Deventer's bathtubs, this time with a little pinch of magic. The outer two gears rotate counterclockwise and the center gear rotates clockwise, however, if you flip the center gear, all three will rotate counterclockwise in the same direction. How so? The maestro demonstrates this in his video.

While the gear rotates in one direction, the pawl slides along the teeth of the wheel, jumping from tooth to tooth. When the gear changes direction, the pawl rests against one of the teeth, preventing the gear from turning.

Ratchets are often used in applications that require rotational or translational motion in only one direction.
Ratchets are found in clocks, jacks, and lifting devices.

A mechanical device consisting of an eccentric attachment on a rotating shaft, the shape of which is designed to provide the necessary reciprocating linear motion of another part.

Typically, cam mechanisms are used in hubs, electric toothbrushes, and camshafts of automobile engines.

Climbers use spring-loaded cams to firmly secure a safety rope device into a crevice in the rock.

Gear

Form gear wheels that engage and are capable of effectively transmitting force and motion.

Leading A gear is a wheel that rotates under the influence of an external force, such as a hand or a motor. The drive wheel transmits external force to slave a wheel that also begins to rotate.

With help gears You can change the speed, direction of movement and force.

You cannot increase both the force and the speed of rotation at the same time.

To obtain the gear ratio of two gears in mesh, you need to divide the number of teeth on the driven gear by the number of teeth on the drive gear.

Gears don't have to be round. There are gears that are square, triangular, and even elliptical.

Problems

Problem 1

If the left gear turns in the direction indicated by the arrow, in which direction will the right gear turn?
1. In the direction of arrow A.
2. In the direction of arrow B.
3. I don't know.

Problem 2

In what direction will the gear move if the handle on the left is moved down and up in the direction of the dotted arrows?
1. Forward and backward along the arrows A-B.
2. In the direction of arrow A.
3. In the direction of arrow B.

Problem 3

Which gear rotates in the same direction as the drive gear? Or maybe none of the gears rotate in this direction?

3. None of them rotate.

Problem 4

Which axis, A or B, rotates faster or do both axes rotate at the same speed?
1. Axis A rotates faster.
2. Axis B rotates faster.
3. Both axes rotate at the same speed.

Problem 5

Which gear rotates faster?

In 1901 Elias Stadiatos with a group of other Greek divers caught sea sponges off the coast of a small rocky island Antikythera, located between the southern tip of the Peloponnese peninsula and the island of Crete. While examining the bottom at a depth of 43-60 meters, a diver discovered the remains of a sunken Roman cargo ship 164 feet long. The ship contained items from the 1st century. BC e.: marble and bronze statues, coins, gold jewelry, pottery and, as it later turned out, pieces of oxidized bronze that fell apart immediately after rising from the bottom of the sea.
Findings from the shipwreck were immediately studied, described and sent to the National Museum of Athens for display and storage. On May 17, 1902, Greek archaeologist Spyridon Stais, while studying unusual debris covered with marine growths from sunken ships that had lain in the sea for up to 2000 years, noticed in one piece a cogwheel with an inscription similar to Greek writing. A wooden box was discovered next to the unusual object, but it, like wooden boards from the ship itself, soon dried out and crumbled. Further research And thorough cleaning oxidized bronze allowed us to identify several more fragments of the mysterious object. Soon, a skillfully made gear mechanism made of bronze, measuring 33x17x9 cm, was found. Stais believed that the mechanism was an ancient astronomical clock, however, according to the generally accepted assumptions of the time, this object was too complex a mechanism for the beginning of the 1st century. BC e. - this is how the sunken ship was dated based on the pottery found on it. Many researchers believed that the mechanism was a medieval astrolabe - an astronomical instrument for observing the movement of planets, used in navigation (the oldest known example was an Iraqi astrolabe of the 9th century). However, it was not possible to reach a common opinion regarding the dating and purpose of creating the artifact, and soon the mysterious object was forgotten.

In 1951, British physicist Derek De Solla Price, then a professor of the history of science at Yale University, became interested in the ingenious mechanism from the sunken ship and began studying it in detail. In June 1959, after eight years of careful study of X-rays of the object, the results of the analysis were presented in an article entitled "The Ancient Greek Computer" and published in Scientific American. Using X-rays, it was possible to examine at least 20 individual gears, including the semi-axial gear, which was previously considered a 16th-century invention. The semi-axial gear allowed the two rods to rotate with at different speeds, similar to the rear axle of cars. Summing up the results of his research, Price came to the conclusion that the Antikythera find represents the fragments of the greatest astronomical clocks, prototypes of modern analog computers. His article was met with disapproval in the scientific world. Some professors refused to believe in the possibility of such a device and suggested that the object must have fallen into the sea in the Middle Ages and accidentally ended up among the wreckage of a shipwreck.

The main fragment of the Antiker mechanism.

Fragment of the Antikersky mechanism.

G. Price published the results of more than full research in a monograph entitled "Greek Instruments: Antikythera Mechanism - Calendar Computer of 80 BC." In his work, he analyzed x-rays taken by the Greek radiographer Christos Karakalos and the gamma radiography data he obtained. Further research Price showed that the ancient scientific instrument actually consists of more than 30 gears, but they most of not fully presented. However, even the surviving fragments allowed Price to conclude that when the handle was turned, the mechanism must have shown the movement of the Moon, the Sun, possibly the planets, as well as the rise of the main stars. In terms of its functions, the device resembled a complex astronomical computer. It was a working model. solar system, once located in wooden box with hinged doors that protected inner part mechanism. The inscriptions and arrangement of the gears (as well as the object's annual circle) led Price to conclude that the mechanism is associated with the name of Geminus of Rhodes, a Greek astronomer and mathematician who lived around 110-40 AD. BC e. Price believed that the Antikythera mechanism was designed on the Greek island of Rhodes, off the coast of Turkey, perhaps even by Geminus himself, around 87 BC. e. Among the remains of the cargo with which the wrecked ship sailed, jugs from the island of Rhodes were actually found. Apparently they were taken from Rhodes to Rome. The date when the ship went under water can be attributed with a certain degree of certainty to 80 BC. e. The object was already several years old at the time of the crash, so today the date of creation of the Antikythera mechanism is considered to be 87 BC. e.
In this case, it is quite possible that the device was created by Geminus on the island of Rhodes. This conclusion also seems plausible because Rhodes at that time was known as a center of astronomical and technological research. In the II century. BC e. the Greek writer and mechanic Philo of Byzantium described the polyboli he saw in Rhodes. These amazing catapults could fire without reloading: they had two gears connected by a chain, which was driven by a gate (a mechanical device consisting of a horizontal cylinder with a handle that allowed it to rotate). It was on Rhodes that the Greek Stoic philosopher, astronomer and geographer Posidonius(135-51 BC) was able to reveal the nature of the ebb and flow of the tides. In addition, Posidonius quite accurately (for that time) calculated the size of the Sun, as well as the size of the Moon and the distance to it. The name of the astronomer Hipparchus of Rhodes (190-125 BC) is associated with the discovery of trigonometry and the creation of the first star catalogue. Moreover, he was one of the first Europeans who, using data from Babylonian astronomy and his own observations, explored the solar system. Perhaps some of the data obtained by Hipparchus and his ideas were used in the creation of the Antikythera mechanism.
The Antikythera device is the oldest example of complex mechanical technology that has survived to this day. The use of gears more than 2,000 years ago is a matter of great astonishment, and the skill with which they were made is comparable to the art of watchmaking in the 18th century. IN last years several working copies were created ancient computer. One of them was made by Austrian computer specialist Allan George Bromley (1947-2002) from the University of Sydney and watchmaker Frank Percival. Bromley also took the clearest X-ray photographs of the object, which served as the basis for his student Bernard Garner to create a three-dimensional model of the mechanism. A few years later, the British inventor, author of the orrery (a tabletop demonstration mechanical planetarium - a model of the solar system) John Gleave designed a more accurate model: on the front panel of the working model there was a dial that displayed the movement of the Sun and Moon along the zodiacal constellations of the Egyptian calendar.

Another attempt to examine and recreate the artifact was made in 2002 by Michael Wright, curator of the mechanical engineering department of the science museum, together with Allan Bromley. Although some of the results of Wright's research differ from the work of Derek De Solla Price, he concluded that the mechanism is even more amazing invention than Price expected. In substantiating his theory, Wright relied on x-rays of the object and used the method of so-called linear tomography. This technology allows you to see an object in detail, looking at only one of its planes or edges, clearly focusing the image. Thus, Wright was able to carefully study the gears and establish that the device could accurately simulate not only the movement of the Sun and Moon, but also all the planets known to the ancient Greeks: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Apparently, thanks to those arranged in a circle on front panel artifact to the bronze marks that marked the zodiacal constellations, the mechanism could (and quite accurately) calculate the position of the known planets in relation to any date. In September 2002, Wright completed the model and it became part of the "Ancient Technologies" exhibition at the Technopark of the Athens Museum.
Many years of research, attempts to reconstruct and various assumptions have not given an exact answer to the question: how the Antikythera mechanism worked. There were theories that it performed astrological functions and was used to computerize horoscopes, created as training model solar system or even as a complex toy for the rich. Derek De Solla Price considered the mechanism evidence of established traditions high technology metal processing by the ancient Greeks. In his opinion, when Ancient Greece fell into decay, this knowledge was not lost - it became the property of the Arab world, where similar mechanisms later appeared, and later created the foundation for the development of watch manufacturing technology in medieval Europe. Price believed that at first the device was in the statue, on a special display. The mechanism may once have been housed in a structure similar to the stunning octagonal marble Tower of the Winds with water clock located on the Roman Agora in Athens.
Research and attempts to recreate the Antikythera mechanism forced scientists to look at the description of devices of this type in ancient texts from a different point of view. Previously, it was believed that references to mechanical astronomical models in the works of ancient authors should not be taken literally. It was assumed that the Greeks owned general theory, and not specific knowledge in the field of mechanics. However, after the discovery and study of the Antikythera mechanism, this opinion should change. Roman orator and writer Cicero, who lived and worked in the 1st century. BC e., that is, during the period when the shipwreck occurred at Antikythera, talks about the invention of his friend and teacher, the previously mentioned Posidonius. Cicero says that Posidonius recently created a device<которое при каждом обороте воспроизводит движение Солнца, Луны и пяти планет, занимающих каждые день и ночь в небе определенное место>. Cicero also mentions that the astronomer, engineer and mathematician Archimedes from Syracuse (287-212 BC),<по слухам, создал небольшую модель Солнечной системы>. The device may also be related to the speaker's remark that the Roman consul Marcelius was very proud of the fact that he had a model of the solar system designed by Archimedes himself. He took it as a trophy in Syracuse, located on the east coast of Sicily. It was during the siege of the city, in 212 BC. BC, Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier. Some researchers believe that the astronomical instrument recovered from the shipwreck off Antikythera was designed and created by Archimedes. However, what is certain is that one of the most stunning artifacts ancient world, the real Antikythera mechanism, is today in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum in Athens and, together with the reconstructed example, is part of its exhibition. Copy ancient device also exhibited at the American Computer Museum in Bozeman (Montana). The discovery of the Antikythera mechanism clearly challenged the generally accepted understanding of the scientific and technological achievements of the ancient world.

Recreated Antikythera Mechanism.

Reconstructed models of the device proved that it served as an astronomical computer, and Greek and Roman scientists of the 1st century. BC e. They quite skillfully designed and created complex mechanisms that had no equal for thousands of years. Derek De Solla Price noted that civilizations with the technology and knowledge necessary to create such mechanisms could build almost anything they wanted. Unfortunately, most of what they created has not survived. The fact that the Antikythera mechanism is mentioned so little in ancient texts that have survived to this day proves how much has been lost from that important and amazing period of European history. And if it weren't for the sponge catchers 100 years ago, we wouldn't have this evidence of scientific advances in Greece 2000 years ago.

Antikythera Mechanism

This mysterious artifact is rightfully included in the TOP 5 lost technologies of antiquity and in the top ten mysterious ancient artifacts. Antikythera mechanism (Greek: Μηχανισμς των Αντικυθρων) - mechanical device, discovered in 1902 on a sunken ancient ship near the Greek island of Antikythera (Greek: Αντικθηρα). Dating back to approximately 100 BC. e. (possibly before 150 BC).

The amazing find - several strange-looking details - along with numerous amphorae and statues was placed in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. It is possible that the fragments of the device, overgrown with limestone, could at first be mistaken for a piece of a statue. One way or another, the unique artifact was forgotten for exactly half a century.

In 1951, an English historian of science began studying the artifact. Derek de Solla Price. It was he who first suggested that the debris discovered at the bottom of the Aegean Sea were parts of some kind of mechanical computing device. He also conducted the first X-ray study of fragments of the mechanism and was even able to construct its diagram. Price's Scientific American article, published in 1959, sparked interest in the ancient artifact. Perhaps because Price was the first to dare to call the mechanism an “ancient computer.”

The mechanism contained big number bronze gears in a wooden case, on which dials with arrows were placed and, according to reconstruction, used to calculate movement celestial bodies. Other devices of similar complexity are unknown in Hellenistic culture. It uses differential gearing, which was previously thought to have been invented no earlier than the 16th century. Using differential transmission, the difference in the positions of the Sun and the Moon was calculated, which corresponds to the phases of the Moon. The level of miniaturization and complexity is comparable to mechanical watch XVIII century. Approximate dimensions of the assembled mechanism are 33x18x10 mm.

It remains a mystery how the Greeks at that time, without the necessary knowledge and, most importantly, technology, were able to create such a complex device. For example, to make gears, it was first necessary to master metal processing techniques and use, albeit a simple, but still a lathe.

In 1971, a complete diagram of the Antikythera mechanism was drawn up, consisting of 32 gears.

However, despite all attempts at research, the device remained a mystery to humanity for as long as long years. Until modern scientists took up its research.

In 2005, the Greek-British Antikythera Mechanism Research Project was launched to study the Antikythera mechanism.

In order to restore the position of the gears inside the mineral-coated fragments, they used computed tomography, which uses X-rays to make three-dimensional maps of the hidden contents. Due to this, it was possible to determine the relationship of individual components and, if possible, calculate their functional affiliation.

On July 30, 2008, the final report on the results of the study was announced in Athens. So, scientists have found the following:

1. The device could perform addition, subtraction and division operations. It follows from this that we have before us something like an ancient calculator.
2. The Antikythera mechanism is capable of taking into account the elliptical orbit of the Moon using a sinusoidal correction (the first anomaly of Hipparchus's lunar theory) - for this a gear with a displaced center of rotation was used.
3. The reverse side of the mechanism, badly damaged, was used to predict solar and lunar eclipses.
4. The text on the device represents ordinary operating instructions.

The number of bronze gears in the reconstructed model was increased to 37 (30 actually survived).

But the device had another purpose, which researchers learned about only in 2006. A detailed study of the results of a computed tomogram of the object showed that there are marks on the body of the Antikythera mechanism that can be used to calculate another time parameter - the periods of Olympic Games.

In 2010, an Apple engineer Andrew Carol Using Lego, he created an analogue of the Antikythera mechanism. This model consists of LEGOTechnics construction elements. It took 1,500 cubes and 110 gears to assemble the mechanism, and it took 30 days to design and build it

The famous Swiss watch company Hublot this year released a wrist version of the Antikythera mechanism. This grandiose device is a beautiful replica of the original ancient device. The Antikythera Caliber 2033-CH01 manual winding movement from Hublot has a length of 38.00 mm, a width of 30.40 mm, a thickness of 14.14 mm, consists of 495 parts, 69 jewels, with a balance frequency of 21,600 vibrations per hour (3 Hz ), a power reserve of 120 hours (5 days), functions for displaying hours, minutes, seconds (on a flying tourbillon), and moon phases. In addition, it displays the signs of the Zodiac, the indicators of the Egyptian calendar, the four-year ancient Greek calendar (Olympic Games cycle), the Callipic cycle (4 x 235 months), the Saros cycle (223 months) and the Exeligmos cycle (3 x 223 months).

When preparing the article, the following materials were used:
Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
and website