"spelling of unstressed case endings of nouns." Topic: Spelling of case unstressed endings of nouns

There are cases when one noun in the same case has two endings - main and variant. The basic meaning is that which most words belonging to this declension have. A variant ending is an ending that occurs only in small word categories or in individual words. Variant forms of cases usually differ from the main ones either semantically, or stylistically, or simultaneously in both respects.

1. Endings genitive case singular masculine nouns of the 1st declension: -a/-i - -u/-yu: cheese-cheese, tea-tea, go-go.

Main ending -and I, variant - -у/-у.

2. Endings instrumental case singular feminine nouns of the 2nd declension: -oh/-her - -oh/-her: wall-wall, soul-soul, beauty-beauty.

Ending -oh/-ey is commonly used, neutral, and the variant ending -oh/-her usually used in book speech.

3. Endings prepositional case singular masculine nouns of the 1st declension: -е - -у/-у: on glue - on glue, in alcohol - in alcohol, on vacation - on vacation.

Main ending - -e.

4. Endings nominative case plural of masculine nouns of the 1st declension: -i/-s - -a/-i: turners - turners, mechanics - mechanics, engineers - engineers.

Main ending - - and/-s, variant -and I. Forms on -and I have a colloquial connotation and are used in professional speech.

5. Endings genitive case plural of masculine, feminine, neuter and pluralia tantum nouns: -ov/-ev, -ey, - ø: orange-oranges, tomato-tomatoes. candles, candles, everyday life, etc. The selection of the leading option is carried out for each pair separately.

For masculine nouns of the 1st declension, the main ending is the materially expressed -ov/-ev, variant – zero: five kilograms, five grams, a kilogram of tangerines, oranges, eggplants, tomatoes etc. Options with zero endings are colloquial or colloquial in nature. However a pair of boots, shoes, stockings; several Georgians, partisans; kilogram of apples, where zero-ending forms are normative.

6. Endings instrumental case plural of 3rd declension nouns: -ami/-mi. Variant ending –емі characteristic of free use only of words daughter - daughters, door - doors, horse - horses.

Topic 6. Adjective

1. Categorical meaning of an adjective

An adjective is a part of speech that expresses a characteristic of an object, changes according to gender, number and case; in a sentence is a definition or a nominal part of a compound predicate.

The meaning of the attribute is the categorical (classifying) meaning of the adjective as a part of speech. A sign is usually understood as a wide range of properties, qualities, phenomena, relationships that characterize objects, namely:

1) external qualities of people and animals: young, lame, blind, thin, lean;

2) internal (psychological) qualities of people: good, evil, wise, proud;

3) spatial relations: tall, narrow, low, local;

4) temporary relationships: morning, evening, minute, last year, afternoon;

5) color: white, dark blue, sand, red;

6) various properties of things: soft, sweetish, sour;

7) relationships between objects: mother's scarf, fox tail, rainy weather;

8) characteristics of objects by action: fidgety, timid, brittle, crumbly.

Adjectives have full and short forms and have a grammatical category of degree of comparison.

< Simonova I.A., teacher primary classes

MBOU "School No. 112" Samara>

Subject: "Spelling unstressed case endings nouns of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension"

Grade: 4th grade

Level: Intermediate

Lesson type: explanation of new material

Lesson type: introduction to the topic

Goal: to develop the ability to distinguish and check unstressed endings of nouns of the same declension, to teach students to solve spelling problems in the endings of nouns.

Objectives: 1. Practice the ability to recognize the type of declension and case of nouns. Systematize the essential features of a noun as a part of speech

2. Create conditions for development logical thinking, memory, attention through the organization of differentiated and group work in the lesson, the use of tools feedback, choice training rational way to solve educational problems through changing types of activities.

3. Develop children's speech

4. Shape emotional attitude to study native language through the game plot.

5. Foster a sense of mutual assistance, sympathy for other people’s mistakes, and responsibility for the assigned work.

Methods and techniques used: work in pairs, frontal work, drawing up an algorithm.

Equipment: envelopes with tasks for differentiated work (according to the number of children), a sample of writing a sentence for a minute of penmanship, a memo “How to recognize letters in unstressed case endings of nouns.”

During the classes:

1.Organizational moment

I am glad to see your faces and your eyes again. And I think that today’s lesson will bring us all the joy of communicating with each other. Good luck to you!

2.Communication of the topic, setting lesson goals.

Today in class I invite you to imagine yourself as a researcher.

3. A minute of penmanship

Let's start with correcting our handwriting. Today we will remember how to connect letters in the combination “oro”.

(The teacher shows on the board the writing of the combination of letters “oro” with a lower and an upper connection)

Read the sentence, pay attention to the connection of letters:

One hundred and forty and one hundred and forty are two hundred and forty.

Is this statement true? (Children's answers)

Place emphasis.

Why didn’t you immediately guess what it was about and read it incorrectly? (Because without placing the emphasis it was not clear what the word “forty” means; words have different meaning, read differently, but written the same)

Write down the entire sentence beautifully in your notebook. (Children write)

Don't forget to check yourself.

4. Repetition of theoretical information about the noun. Annex 1

1.

2 .What is called declination?

3.

a) apple, lemon, tomato

b) plum, uncle, cherry.

a) window, car, friend

b) winter, spring, Saturday

a) bullfinch, day, stump

b) carrots, oven, steppe

The check is carried out on a computer.

5.Work on the topic of the lesson

1. Preparatory work(helps students master the signs of test words and collect the necessary examples)

Sort out the words from " Help Desk» in columns according to declination. Highlight their endings and show where possible that they are percussive.

Oven, earth, window, wall, table, steppe, fire, hand, sleeve.

2.Creating a situation leading to staging educational task

On the desk:

Arm, shoulder, chest, barrel, sky, wool

Read the assignment carefully and complete the work “step by step.”

Indicate the declension to which the word refers.

Change these nouns by case.

Highlight the endings. If you don’t know which letter to write, put a “?”

Place emphasis.

Was it easy to determine which letter to write at the end of nouns? (children's guess)

Which words did not have any difficulty ending? Why? (Arm, shoulder, chest. In these words the ending is stressed, we clearly hear the sound.)

In which words did you have doubts about the spelling of endings? Why? (Barrel, sky, wool. The endings are unstressed; in place of an unstressed vowel sound when writing there is a danger of choosing the wrong letter)

In which cases is it easiest to make a mistake? (In the genitive, instrumental, dative and prepositional cases.)

Where else can an unstressed vowel be found? (Fundamentally)

How will you proceed? (choose a word in which the root is the same as in the one being tested, but the dangerous place has become safe)

Correctly, having recognized the letter in the test word, you need to write the same letter in the word being tested.

How can I check it at the end? Can we answer this question right away? Why? (No, we don’t know the verification rule.)

Determine the purpose of our lesson. (Learn the rule for checking unstressed case endings of nouns.)

Let's use a method of action that is already familiar to us - I check an unstressed vowel with a stressed one - to solve the spelling problem not only in the root, but also in the ending. To do this, we must follow the algorithm:

Let's read the information that is given to us in exercise 204 p. 88

Name the actions that should be performed in order to correctly solve spelling problems in unstressed endings of nouns. (-Begin f. → genus → cl. → wire word).

On the board: Head.f. Rod Skl. Prov.Sl. Finish

1. Determine the type of declination.

2. Substitute a test word of the same declension in the same form in place of the person being tested.

3.Write the same letter at the end of the word as at the end of the test.

Conclusion: The test for the unstressed ending of a noun will be a word of the same declension, in the same case as the one being tested, but with a stressed ending.

How do we proceed to solve the spelling problem at the end of nouns?

3.Working with the textbook:

T.t. 206 p.51-write out auxiliary words

4. Work on the application of an algorithm for solving spelling problems in unstressed case endings of nouns

T.t.208 p.52

5.. Exercise in checking unstressed case endings of nouns.

Game task: Find the endings of some words in sayings. (work in pairs) Appendix 2.

How to act correctly so as not to make mistakes in writing the unstressed case ending of nouns?

Who found it easy to complete this task and who found it difficult?

Well done! You are very attentive.

6. Differentiated work. Appendix 3

Well, we have rested and continue our work with fresh strength. Let's divide into groups. You'll get individual assignments.

1 group

2nd group

3 group

4 group

"Game "Typesetters"

(1 E, 2 I, 3 E, 4 E, 5 I, 6 I, 7 I, 8 I, 9 I, 10 E, 11 E)

7. Summing up the lesson Reflection

Who isn't afraid of unstressed vowels in case endings of nouns?

Who learned to solve a spelling problem in unstressed case endings of nouns?

How will you act if the noun has an unstressed ending? How to recognize the letters in the unstressed case endings of nouns?

Whose work in class deserves highly appreciated? Who needs to be more active?

8. Homework

Ex. 209, similar to exercise 208, learn the algorithm.

List of used literature.

Uzorova O.V., Nefedova E.A., 3000 examples in the Russian language. M: AST, 2010

Kasatkina N.A. Entertaining materials for literacy and Russian language lessons in elementary school. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2003.

Zubareva L.V., Writing correction in the classroom. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2007.

Annex 1.

1. What part of speech is called a noun?

a) A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?;

b) A noun is a part of a word that designates an object.

2 .What is called declination?

a) Changing nouns by case;

b) By changing nouns by gender?

3. How to determine the declension of a noun in the nominative singular case?

a) using gender and ending.

b) using a test word

4.Which group of words belongs to the 1st declension?

a) apple, lemon, tomato

b) plum, uncle, cherry.

5.Which group of words belongs to the 2nd declension?

a) window, car, friend

b) winter, spring, Saturday

6.Which group of words belongs to the 3rd declension?

a) bullfinch, day, stump

b) carrots, oven, steppe

Appendix 2

(work in pairs)

Pick a bunch of berries - you'll fill up a box. Without a primer and grammar, even a mathematician cannot learn. Drop by drop the stone wears away. The primer is a stepping stone to wisdom.

Appendix 3

1 group

1.Read and mark the spellings

It snowed in the morning. Fluffy snowflakes swirled in the air. They covered the ground with a white blanket. The river was covered with thin ice. She became quiet and fell asleep, like in a fairy tale.

2. Write down the sentences, leaving “windows” in place of spelling vowels and consonants weak positions.

3. Look at the letters you need and use a different color pen to insert them into the “windows”

2nd group

1. Correct the mistakes, write down the phrases correctly.

A red tomato, a new towel, a rake fell, delicious noodles, a gray mouse, new shoes, my last name, a lot of coats.

2. Parse one of the nouns as a part of speech.

3 group

1. Complete the sentences with appropriate nouns to make a coherent story. Title it.

My brother took me and my mother for a ride on ___________ along a quiet river. Brother worked cleverly ______. White __________ and yellow _________ quietly swayed on the water. The banks of the river are buried in __________. It's good in the summer on the river!

4 group

"Game "Typesetters"

1) Word combinations with missing endings are written on the board. Solve a spelling problem, determine which vowel is missing. Write this vowel under the corresponding number.

On the branch_ of sirens_, to the theater_ for a performance_, from the life_ of girls_, from the pier_ to the village_, near the garden beds_, along the paths_ to the dachas_.

What case endings do nouns have? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of the presented article. We will also tell you about the differences between case endings of different declension and give some examples.

General information

Knowing how words change by case is extremely important. After all, spelling case endings brings a lot of problems when creating a literate text. It should be noted that the choice of one or another letter in nouns depends entirely on which declension they belong to. By the way, there are errors in the spelling of endings -And or -e occur only in certain case forms: dative, genitive and prepositional cases. That is why it is recommended to remember them.

What is declination? Types of declinations

Nominal ones are declined according to the adjectival type, as well as the substantive and pronominal type. In this article we are only interested in the substantive declension. It is divided into three subtypes. Let's look at them in more detail:

1. According to the 1st declension, nouns change (in singular) general (crybaby), masculine (dad) and feminine (mother) gender, which have the endings -я or -а in the nominative case.
2. According to the 2nd declension, nouns (in the singular) of the masculine gender are changed, having (nail, house) or endings -e, -o (domishche, little house), as well as neuter nouns with endings -е, -е and -о ( field, spear, window) in the nominative case.
3. The 3rd declension changes feminine nouns (singular) that end in a hissing or soft consonant (for example, pride, thought, branch). If such a word has a hissing consonant at the end, then its belonging to the 3rd declension should be indicated soft sign(for example, mouse, rye, stove, etc.).

Singular case endings for nouns

To write a letter correctly, for example, it is advisable to know all the possible endings of nouns of different declensions. To do this, you should decline the corresponding words by case.

Nouns of the 1st declension

1. Nominative case (who? what?) - dad(a), iv(a), Kol(ya), Yul(ya).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - dad(s), iv(s), Kol(s), Yul(s).
3. Dative case (to what? to whom?) - pap(e), iv(e), Kol(e), Yul(e).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - pap(u), iv(u), Kol(yu), Yul(yu).
5. Instrumental case (with what? by whom?) - dad(oh), iv(oh), Kol(ey), Yul(ey).
6. Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about dad (e), about iv (e), about Kol (e), about Yul (e).

The case endings of 1st declension nouns are the same for all similar words. That is why, if you have difficulties while writing them, you can safely look at this table and determine the correct ending.

Nouns of the 2nd declension

1. Nominative case (who? what?) - deer(_), watermelon(_), gender(e), sky(o).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - deer(s), watermelon(s), gender(s), sky(s).
3. Dative case (to what? to whom?) - deer (y), watermelon (y), floor (y), sky (y).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - deer (me), watermelon (_), floor (e), sky (o).
5. Instrumental case (with what? by whom?) - deer (em), watermelon (s), floor (s), sky (s).
6. Prepositional case (about whom? about what?) - about deer (e), about watermelon (e), about gender (e), about sky (e).

Nouns of the 3rd declension

Unstressed case endings of nouns

In order to avoid making mistakes while writing a text, teachers recommend that their students memorize the endings of all three declensions. However, this is not as simple as it seems at first glance. It is especially difficult to remember those words that have unstressed case endings. But even in this case in Russian there is separate rule. Let's imagine it right now.

If the case endings of nouns are in an unstressed position, then their correct spelling is determined by checking words of the same type of declension that end in a similar stressed letter. Here's an example:

• knee, field, lake (face, window, chisel);
• about the book, (about the hand);
• horses, bowls (stumps, tables);
• watchman, house, field, glue (knife, table, edge, window);
• lake, chair, stone (window, table, stump);
• about the watchman, about the teacher, in the field, about the dress, (about the knife, about the horse, in the window, about the linen);
• songs, servants, windows (teachers, cities, seas).

Plural nouns

We discussed above what case endings the singular nouns have. But sometimes it is necessary to correctly decline words that are in plural. It should be especially noted that their case endings do not depend on what declension they have. However, they can differ markedly for inanimate and animate objects (not always).

Plural inanimate nouns

1. Nominative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
2. Genitive case (of what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
3. Dative case (to what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
4. Accusative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
5. Instrumental case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
6. Prepositional case (about what?) - about chair(s), watermelon(s).

Animate nouns in the plural

1. Nominative case (who?) - lan(s), lionesses(s).
2. Genitive case (whom?) - lan(s), lionesses(_).
3. Dative case (to whom?) - lan(yam), lioness(am).
4. Accusative case (who?) - lan(s), lionesses(_).
5. Instrumental case (by whom?) - lan(s), lionesses(s).
6. Prepositional case (about whom?) - about doe(s), lioness(es).

Indeclinable words (nouns)

As mentioned above, nouns have one or another case ending depending on which of the three declensions they belong to. However, in Russian there are often words that are indeclinable. These include nouns that, after changing cases, have endings of different declensions.

So to disparate names noun refers to ten that end in -my. Let's call them in order:

• burden;
• banner;
• tribe;
• time;
• stirrup;
• udder;
• crown;
• flame;
• seed.

Among other things, the masculine word “path” is classified as indeclinable. In order to correctly decline such nouns, you should know that when changed they have the suffix -en- or -yon (for example: banner - banner, crown - crown, name - names, etc.).

Note

Nouns that end in -iya (series, army, Maria, line, etc.) represent a special variant of declension. Thus, in the prepositional, genitive and dative forms they have the ending -i. Here's an example:

• Genitive case (what? whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Dative case (to what? to whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about seri (s), about army (s), about Mari (s), about line (s).

It should be noted that these words are not recommended to be confused with nouns ending in -ya (for example, Natalya, Marya, Sophia). After all, they are bowing down general rules, and also have the ending -e in the forms of the prepositional and dative cases (Natalia, Marya, Sophia).

By the way, proper names that are used to call settlements(Kashin, Borodino Kalinin), have a special form in the instrumental case (singular). Thus, the presented words are declined according to the model of nouns of the 2nd declension and have a case ending -om (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin). It should also be said that such words should not be confused with Russian surnames (Kashin, Borodin, Kalinin), which in the instrumental case have the ending -y (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin).

In this article we will analyze spelling unstressed case endings nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension.

So, which unstressed endings need to be checked, and which ones you just need to remember. You need to check the unstressed endings –е, –и in nouns of the genitive, dative, and prepositional case. You should remember unstressed endings in nouns in the instrumental case.

1st declension: -th memo(s) Ouch, village to her.

2nd declension: ohm (th) year, ohm, gender.

To check the correct definition of the unstressed ending of a noun, you should determine the case (see how to determine). Then determine the declination (see how to determine). Next, we remember the ending of the noun of a certain declension in the required case.

In the summer the children swam in the lake.

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) In the lake, that means prepositional.

Ozer O (it, mine) is a neuter noun, has the ending -o, which means it belongs to the second declension. A noun of the second declension in the prepositional case has the ending -e. So, let's write down:

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) PP 2nd class., -e) to the lakes e .

Another way to check the ending of a noun is to insert instead of a noun with an unstressed ending, substitute a noun of the same declension and in the same case, but with a stressed ending: the guys swam in the river, in the lake .

Now let's look at the spelling of unstressed endings of nouns in all cases.

The declension of a noun is determined by nominative case and we talked about this in.

Genitive

A noun in the genitive case answers questions whom? what? (from where? where?) . Prepositions used: from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with.

Endings:

1st declension: -i, -s.

2nd declension: -a, -i.

3rd declension: -i.

Example: The sheep has soft long wool . → Wool(who?) in sheep s – 1st declension.

Dative

A noun in the dative case answers questions to whom? what? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: to, by.

Endings:

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -у, -у.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: The boy ran to the lake . → fled(where? to what?) to the lakes at – 2nd declension.

IN genitive case nouns of the first declension have the ending -i, in the dative - the ending -e.

Nouns of the third meaning in both cases have the ending -i.

Accusative

A noun in the accusative case answers questions whom? What? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: in, on, for, through, about .

Endings:

1st declension: -у, -у.

2nd declension: -a, -i.

Example: You can often find a heron in the swamps . → Meet(whom?) herons Yu – 1st declension.

Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be distinguished by prepositions. In the first declension, the nouns in these cases differ in endings.

Instrumental case.

A noun in the instrumental case answers questions by whom? how? (where? where?) . Prepositions used: with, behind, under, over, between .

1st declension: -oi(s).

2nd declension: -ом (-ем).

3rd declension: -yu.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: Fish is caught with a fishing rod . → They catch(how?) fishing rod Ouch – 1st declension.

Prepositional

A noun in the prepositional case answers questions about whom? about what? (Where?) . Prepositions used: o (about), in, on, with.

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -e.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a secondary member in a sentence.

Example: We talked about autumn . → They talked(about what?) about autumn And – 3rd declension.

In the next article we will talk about the declension of plural nouns.