Question: A fairy tale about the structure of the escape, its functions and meaning. Escape and its structure Modifications of underground shoots

>>Escape and buds

The escape

1 - pine; 2 - dandelion; 3 - bird cherry shoot

§ 20. Escape and buds

You already know that a stem with leaves and buds located on it is called a shoot. Each shoot develops from a bud. The sections of the stem on which leaves develop are called nodes, and the sections of the stem between the two closest nodes of the same shoot are called internodes 34 .

Many plants, such as poplar and apple trees, have two types of shoots. In such plants, some shoots have long internodes and, accordingly, nodes far apart from each other. On these shoots others develop with short internodes. The nodes on them are located at short distances from one another 3 5 .

The angle between the leaf and the internode above is called the leaf axil.

If you cut several buds, you can see that inside some of them, on the rudimentary stem, there are only rudimentary leaves. Such buds are called vegetative 37. Inside other buds there are rudimentary buds. These are generative (flower) buds 37 . Generative buds usually differ in appearance from vegetative ones. They are larger than vegetative ones and more rounded.

By the location of the buds on the shoots, by the shape of the buds, their size, color, pubescence and by some other characteristics, even in winter we can determine which tree or shrub is in front of us. The buds are usually located directly on the stem. The exception is alder: its buds sit on special legs. By this characteristic, as well as by the earrings and small cones, alder can be easily distinguished from other trees before the leaves bloom.

Poplar is recognized by its sticky, resinous, pointed points, which have a peculiar, pleasant odor. The willow bud is covered with only one cap-like scale. Buckthorn has no kidney scales at all.

The oblong large buds of rowan are pubescent and therefore clearly distinguishable from the buds of other trees 38 .

Bird cherry and black currant buds have a pleasant smell. The oppositely located elderberry buds, on the contrary, have an unpleasant odor. By smelling them, you will immediately distinguish elderberry from other shrubs.

1. What is an escape? What parts does it consist of?
2. What types of leaf arrangement do you know?
3. What is a kidney?
4. What are the different types of kidneys?
5. How are the buds located on the shoots?
6. What is the structure of a vegetative bud?
7. How do generative buds differ from vegetative ones?
8. According to what characteristic features buds can you recognize trees and shrubs in winter?

> 1. Place a branch of a tree or shrub in water and watch the development of shoots from the buds. Write down when the branch was placed in water, when its buds swelled, its scales opened, a shoot appeared and leaves blossomed.
2. Try to determine by the characteristic features of the buds which trees and shrubs grow near your home and school.

Korchagina V. A., Biology: Plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens: Textbook. for 6th grade. avg. school - 24th ed. - M.: Education, 2003. - 256 p.: ill.

Calendar and thematic planning in biology, video in biology online, Biology at school download

1. What are the structural features and growth of shoots?

The escape -this is a vegetative organ that arose in plants as an adaptation to life in air environment sushi. The structure of the shoot is more complex than the root. It consists of a stem, leaves and buds. Stem- escape axis. It is adapted to perform a very important function - the movement of substances throughout the plant. The stem holds on itself leaves. A leaf is the side part of a shoot. The main functions of the leaf are photosynthesis and evaporation of water, or transpiration. Thanks to the kidneys, escape can branch and form escape systems, increasing the feeding area of ​​plants. The shoot that develops from the embryo is called the main thing.

In most plants, nodes and internodes are clearly visible on the stem. Knot- the place where the leaves come off the stem, and internode - distance between neighboring nodes. The imaginary angle between the stem and the leaf is called leaf sinus At the top of the stem and in the leaf axils there are kidneys Those located at the tops of the shoots are called apical, and those that are located in the sinuses - lateral, or axillary. The growth of the shoot is ensured by the activity of the educational tissue, which is located at the top of the stem - the axial part of the shoot. Due to the apical nocti the shoot grows in height, and due to the lateral nodules it grows into branches. Thus, bud — this is a rudimentary shoot. Distinguish between kidneys vegetative And generative. A bud from which new shoots can form is called vegetative. The bud from which a flower or inflorescence develops is called generative.

Some plant buds develop annually. Others can develop over several years, then they are called sleeping.Important In plant life, they also have accessory buds, which can form not only on shoots, but also on roots.

2. What determines the diversity of shoots?Material from the site

Escapes different plants differ in many ways. Based on their origin, the main and side shoots are distinguished. Main called the first shoot of a plant, which is formed from the embryonic shoot of the seed. And the shoots that form on the main one will be lateral. Depending on their functions, beatings are divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative shoots perform the basic vital functions of the plant organism (photosynthesis, respiration, etc.), and reproductive - specialize as reproductive organs and carry out reproduction. According to the length of the internodes, the shoots are elongated And shortened. In some plants, the internodes are so short that the leaves are tightly packed next to each other, resulting in the formation of a rosette (for example, dandelion, daisies, plantain). Such shortened shoots are called rosette. Gardeners call shortened shoots of fruit trees (for example, apple trees, pears), on which flowers and fruits are formed. fruits, they are carefully preserved during tree pruning. Sometimes on trees from dormant buds very long shoots with large leaves, significantly larger than typical. Such shoots are called tops, they are infertile and must be removed. According to the direction of growth they distinguish vertical And horizontal shoots. Vertical shoots usually called erect, they grow straight up (for example, tree trunks, tomato shoots). A creeping shoots strawberries, recumbent shoots melon, watermelon, lateral branches trees are examples of shoots growing horizontally. There are shoots that first grow horizontally and then vertically (for example, wheatgrass, dead nettle). So, the diversity of shoots is determined by their origin, functions and structural features.

3. What is the structure and significance of the kidneys?

The bud is a rudimentary shoot. If the bud is a rudimentary shoot, then it should contain the rudiments of the stem, leaves and buds. You can verify this by making a cross section of the kidney and examining it with a magnifying glass. At the top of the embryonic stem there is educational tissue called growth cone. Due to the activity of the educational tissue of the growth cone, permanent tissues are formed and shoot growth occurs. On the outside, the buds are protected by integumentary scales, which are modified leaves. The kidneys differ in size, shape, location, functions, etc. The characteristics of the buds are used to distinguish trees and shrubs in winter. Buds ensure plant growth in height and branching, tolerance of unfavorable conditions, reproduction, etc.

Municipal preschool educational institution

"Kindergarten No. 193" Leninsky district of Saratov

Summary of a comprehensive lesson

By fiction and drawing

in the preparatory group

teacher Volodina S.V.

Topic: “The Tale of the Birch Tree. Drawing a young shoot."

Program content.

Continue to develop an interest in fiction. Replenish your literary baggage with fairy tales. To educate a reader who is capable of feeling compassion and empathy for the heroine of the fairy tale (the birch tree). Help explain to children the main differences between literary genres: fairy tale, short story, poem.

Continue to practice matching words in a sentence. Help to build correctly complex sentences, use linguistic means to connect their parts (so that, when, because, if, if, etc.). Improve dialogic and monologue forms of speech. Activate vocabulary with words: spade (large metal shovel for earthworks), shoot (young branch, plant stem with leaves and buds), clothespin (insert a cutting into a split twig to graft the plant).

To form a sustainable interest in visual arts. Continue to develop figurative aesthetic perception, figurative ideas, form aesthetic judgments; teach to reasonedly and comprehensively evaluate images created both by the child himself and his peers, paying attention to the obligation of a friendly and respectful attitude to the works of his comrades. Learn to actively and creatively use previously learned methods of depiction in drawing. Continue to teach children to convey differences in the size of the depicted object. Expand the range of materials that children can use in drawing.

To cultivate a humane attitude towards all living things, a sense of mercy; teach correct behavior in natural environment, laying the foundations of an individual’s ecological culture.

Previous work.

Observations, looking at illustrations, conducting classes, reading poems, fairy tales about birch.

Material.

Landscape sheet, simple pencil, paints (colored pencils or felt-tip pens).

Progress of the lesson.

Tale of a birch tree.

A very beautiful birch tree grew in a birch grove, very thin, with beautiful branches. When spring came, beautiful golden earrings appeared on her. And in late spring, when the earrings fell off, the wind came and carried the last, most beautiful earring far into the forest. She fell into a hole and lay there until the fall.

Then winter came. The catkin lay under the snow during the winter, and in the spring, when the sun warmed the wet ground, the grain from the catkin began to germinate: it sent down a root and sent up the first 2 leaves. A stem with a bud ran out of the leaves, and out of the bud at the top came green leaves.

Bud by bud, leaf by leaf, twig by twig - and five years later a pretty birch tree stood in the place where the earring had fallen.

A gardener came to the forest with a spade, saw a birch tree and said: “This is a good tree, it will be useful to me!” The birch tree trembled when the gardener began to dig it up, and thought: “I’m completely lost!” But the gardener dug up the birch tree carefully, without damaging the roots, moved it to the garden and planted it in good soil.

The birch tree in the garden became proud! “I must be a rare tree,” she thinks, “when they took me from the forest to the garden,” and looks down on the little children around her. She didn’t know that she ended up in kindergarten No. 193 “Kalinka”. In this garden grew the most beautiful trees and strange flowers, and the most beautiful songbirds flew here. In other gardens there was no such paradise and the teachers and children were jealous kindergarten No. 193, because the children of this kindergarten were friends of nature. They knew that if they broke off a branch, shot a bird with a slingshot, or crushed an ant, then after a while all life on earth, including humans, could die.

The next year a gardener came with a curved knife and began to cut the birch tree. The birch tree trembled and thought: “Well, now I’m completely lost!”

The gardener cut off the entire green top of the tree, left one stump, and even split it on top: the gardener stuck a young shoot from a good birch tree into the crack, covered the wound with putty, tied it with a rag, surrounded the new clothespin with pegs and left.

The birch tree fell ill; but she was young and strong, she soon recovered and grew together with someone else’s branch. The twig drinks the juice of a strong birch tree and grows quickly: it throws out bud after bud, leaf after leaf, shoots out shoot after shoot, twig after twig, and three years later the tree blooms with golden earrings.

The earrings fell off, but young green leaves remained on the birch tree. And the birch tree was such a pretty success that people from other kindergartens came to take shoots from it for clothespins.

Questions for the fairy tale:

What is the story about?

What is the name of the place where birches grow?

What happened to the birch earring?

What did the gardener do with the young birch tree?

And then what happened to the birch tree in kindergarten?

Drawing of a young shoot.

Children, did you like the fairy tale? Do you want beautiful birch trees in all gardens?

Let's draw young shoots for clothespins for the children of other kindergartens, from which beautiful birch trees will then grow.

Children draw young shoots to the music. Then the teacher hangs up the drawings and analyzes them with the children. Gives a summary of the lesson:

Did you like the fairy tale?

What did you like about the lesson?

What needs to be done to ensure that we always have a good and beautiful life in kindergarten?

The lesson is over.

The organism of a flowering plant is a system of roots and shoots. The main function of aboveground shoots is the creation of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water using solar energy. This process is called air feeding of plants.

A shoot is a complex organ consisting of a stem, leaves, and buds formed during one summer.

Main escape- a shoot developed from the bud of a seed embryo.

Side shoot- a shoot that appears from a lateral axillary bud, due to which the stem branches.

Extended escape- shoot, with elongated internodes.

Shortened escape- shoot, with shortened internodes.

Vegetative shoot- a shoot bearing leaves and buds.

Generative escape- a shoot bearing reproductive organs - flowers, then fruits and seeds.

Branching and tillering of shoots

Branching- this is the formation of lateral shoots from axillary buds. A highly branched system of shoots is obtained when lateral shoots grow on one (“mother”) shoot, and on them, the next lateral shoots, and so on. In this way, as much air supply as possible is captured. The branched crown of the tree creates a huge leaf surface.

Tillering- this is branching in which large lateral shoots grow from the lowest buds located near the surface of the earth or even underground. As a result of tillering, a bush is formed. Very dense perennial bushes are called turfs.

Types of shoot branching

During evolution, branching appeared in thallus (lower) plants; in these plants the growing points simply bifurcate. This branching is called dichotomous, it is characteristic of pre-shoot forms - algae, lichens, liverworts and anthocerotic mosses, as well as thickets of horsetails and ferns.

With the appearance of developed shoots and buds, monopodial branching in which one apical bud retains its dominant position throughout the life of the plant. Such shoots are orderly and the crowns are slender (cypress, spruce). But if the apical bud is damaged, this type of branching is not restored, and the tree loses its typical appearance(habit).

The most recent type of branching in terms of time of occurrence is sympodial, in which any nearby bud can develop into a shoot and replace the previous one. Trees and shrubs with this type of branching can easily be pruned, crown formed, and after a few years they grow new shoots without losing their habit (linden, apple, poplar).

A type of sympodial branching false dichotomous, which is characteristic of shoots with opposite arrangement of leaves and buds, so instead of the previous shoot, two grow at once (lilac, maple, chebushnik).

Kidney structure

Bud- a rudimentary, not yet developed shoot, at the top of which there is a growth cone.

Vegetative (leaf bud)- a bud consisting of a shortened stem with rudimentary leaves and a growth cone.

Generative (flower) bud- a bud represented by a shortened stem with the rudiments of a flower or inflorescence. A flower bud containing 1 flower is called a bud.

Apical bud- a bud located at the top of the stem, covered with young leaf buds overlapping each other. Due to the apical bud, the shoot grows in length. It has an inhibitory effect on the axillary buds; removing it leads to the activity of dormant buds. Inhibitory reactions are disrupted and the buds bloom.

At the top of the embryonic stem there is the growth part of the shoot - growth cone. This is the apical part of the stem or root, consisting of educational tissue, the cells of which constantly divide through mitosis and give the organ an increase in length. At the top of the stem, the growth cone is protected by bud scale-like leaves; it contains all the elements of the shoot - stem, leaves, buds, inflorescences, flowers. The root growth cone is protected by a root cap.

Lateral axillary bud- a bud that appears in the axil of a leaf, from which a lateral branching shoot is formed. The axillary buds have the same structure as the apical one. The lateral branches, therefore, also grow at their apices, and on each lateral branch the terminal bud is also apical.

At the top of the shoot there is usually an apical bud, and in the axils of the leaves there are axillary buds.

In addition to apical and axillary buds, plants often form so-called accessory buds. These buds do not have a certain regularity in location and arise from internal tissues. The source of their formation can be the pericycle, cambium, parenchyma of the medullary rays. Adventitious buds can form on stems, leaves, and even roots. However, in structure, these buds are no different from ordinary apical and axillary ones. They provide intensive vegetative regeneration and reproduction and are of great biological importance. In particular, root shoot plants reproduce with the help of adventitious buds.

Dormant buds. Not all buds realize their ability to grow into a long or short annual shoot. Some buds do not develop into shoots for many years. At the same time, they remain alive, capable, under certain conditions, of developing into leafy or flowering shoots.

They seem to be sleeping, which is why they are called sleeping buds. When the main trunk slows down its growth or is cut down, the dormant buds begin to grow, and leafy shoots grow from them. Thus, dormant buds are a very important reserve for the regrowth of shoots. And even without external damage, old trees can “rejuvenate” due to them.

Dormant buds, very characteristic of deciduous trees, bushes and rows perennial herbs. These buds do not develop into normal shoots for many years; they often remain dormant throughout the life of the plant. Typically, dormant buds grow annually, exactly as much as the stem thickens, which is why they are not buried by growing tissues. The stimulus for awakening dormant buds is usually the death of the trunk. When cutting down a birch, for example, stump growth is formed from such dormant buds. Dormant buds play a special role in the life of shrubs. The shrub differs from a tree in its multi-stemmed nature. Typically, in shrubs the main mother stem does not function for long, several years. When the growth of the main stem subsides, dormant buds awaken and daughter stems are formed from them, which outstrip the mother in growth. Thus, the shrub form itself arises as a result of the activity of dormant buds.

Mixed kidney- a bud consisting of a shortened stem, rudimentary leaves and flowers.

Kidney renewal- wintering bud perennial plant, from which the shoot develops.

Vegetative propagation of plants

Way	Drawing	Description	Example
Creeping shoots		Creeping shoots or tendrils, in the nodes of which small plants with leaves and roots develop	Clover, cranberry, chlorophytum
Rhizome		With the help of horizontal rhizomes, plants quickly cover a large area, sometimes several square meters. The older parts of the rhizomes gradually die and are destroyed, and individual branches separate and become independent.	Lingonberries, blueberries, wheatgrass, lily of the valley
Tubers		When there are not enough tubers, you can propagate by parts of the tuber, bud eyes, sprouts and tops of tubers.	Jerusalem artichoke, potatoes
Bulbs		From the lateral buds on the mother bulb, daughter buds are formed, which are easily separated. Each daughter bulb can produce a new plant.	Bow, tulip
Leaf cuttings		The leaves are planted in wet sand, and adventitious buds and adventitious roots develop on them	Violet, sansevieria
By layering		In spring, bend the young shoot so that its middle part touches the ground and the top is directed upward. On the lower part of the shoot under the bud, you need to cut the bark, pin the shoot to the soil at the cut site and cover it with damp soil. By autumn, adventitious roots are formed.	Currants, gooseberries, viburnum, apple trees
Shoot cuttings		A cut branch with 3-4 leaves is placed in water, or planted in wet sand and covered to create favorable conditions. Adventitious roots form on the lower part of the cutting.	Tradescantia, willow, poplar, currant
Root cuttings		A root cutting is a piece of root 15-20 cm long. If you cut off a piece of dandelion root with a shovel, adventitious buds will form on it in the summer, from which new plants will form	Raspberry, rosehip, dandelion
Root suckers		Some plants are able to form buds on their roots
Grafting with cuttings		First, annual seedlings called wildflowers are grown from seeds. They serve as a rootstock. WITH cultivated plant cuttings are cut - this is a scion. Then the stem parts of the scion and rootstock are connected, trying to connect their cambium. This way the tissues grow together more easily.	Fruit trees and shrubs
Kidney grafting		WITH fruit tree cut off an annual shoot. Remove the leaves, leaving the petiole. Using a knife, an incision is made in the bark in the shape of the letter T. A developed bud from a cultivated plant, 2-3 cm long, is inserted. The grafting site is tightly tied.	Fruit trees and shrubs
Tissue culture		Growing a plant from educational tissue cells placed in a special nutrient medium. 1. Plant 2. Educational fabric 3. Cell separation 4. Growing a cell culture on a nutrient medium 5. Obtaining a sprout 6. Landing in the ground	Orchid, carnation, gerbera, ginseng, potato

Modifications of underground shoots

Rhizome- an underground shoot that performs the functions of deposition of reserve substances, renewal, and sometimes vegetative propagation. The rhizome has no leaves, but has a well-defined metameric structure; nodes are distinguished either by leaf scars and remains of dry leaves, or by leaf scars and remains of dry leaves, or by living scale-like leaves and the location of axillary buds. Adventitious roots can form on the rhizome. From the buds of the rhizome, its lateral branches and above-ground shoots grow.

Rhizomes are characteristic mainly of herbaceous perennials- hoofweed, violet, lily of the valley, wheatgrass, strawberry, etc., but they also occur in shrubs and shrubs. The lifespan of rhizomes ranges from two or three to several decades.

Tubers- thickened fleshy parts of the stem, consisting of one or more internodes. There are above-ground and underground.

Overhead- thickening of the main stem and side shoots. Often have leaves. Aboveground tubers are a reservoir of reserve nutrients and serve for vegetative propagation; they may contain metamorphosed axillary buds with leaf buds, which fall off and also serve for vegetative propagation.

Underground tubers - thickening of the subcotyledon or underground shoots. On underground tubers, the leaves are reduced to scales that fall off. In the axils of the leaves there are buds - eyes. Underground tubers usually develop on stolons - daughter shoots - from buds located at the base of the main shoot, look like very thin white stems bearing small colorless scale-like leaves, grow horizontally. Tubers develop from the apical buds of stolons.

Bulb- underground, less often above-ground shoot with a very short thickened stem (bottom) and scaly, fleshy, succulent leaves that store water and nutrients, mostly sugar. Aboveground shoots grow from the apical and axillary buds of the bulbs, and adventitious roots form on the bottom. Depending on the placement of leaves, bulbs are classified as scaly (onion), imbricated (lily) and compound or complex (garlic). In the axil of some scales of the bulb there are buds from which daughter bulbs develop - children. Bulbs help the plant survive in unfavorable conditions and are an organ of vegetative propagation.

Corms- outwardly similar to bulbs, but their leaves do not serve as storage organs, they are dry, filmy, often the remains of dead sheaths green leaves. The storage organ is the stem part of the corm; it is thickened.

Aboveground stolons (lashes)- short-lived creeping shoots used for vegetative propagation. Found in many plants (drupes, bentgrass, strawberries). They usually lack developed green leaves, their stems are thin, fragile, with very long internodes. The apical bud of the stolon, bending upward, produces a rosette of leaves that easily takes root. After the new plant takes root, the stolons are destroyed. Popular name these aboveground stolons are whiskers.

spines- shortened shoots with limited growth. In some plants they form in the axils of the leaves and correspond to the side shoots (hawthorn) or are formed on the trunks from dormant buds (locust locust). Characteristic for plants in hot and dry growing areas. Perform a protective function.

Succulent shoots- aboveground shoots adapted to accumulate water. Typically, the formation of a succulent shoot is associated with the loss or metamorphosis (transformation into spines) of leaves. The succulent stem performs two functions - assimilation and water storage. Characteristic of plants living in conditions long-term lack moisture. Stem succulents are most represented in the cactus and euphorbia family.

A fairy tale about the structure of an escape, its functions and meaning

Answers:

A shoot is a vegetative organ that arose in plants as an adaptation to life in the airy environment of land. The structure of the shoot is more complex than the root. It consists of a stem, leaves and buds. The stem is the axis of the shoot. It is adapted to perform a very important function - the movement of substances throughout the plant. The stem holds the leaves on itself. Leaf - the side part of the shoot. The main functions of the leaf are photosynthesis and water evaporation, or transpiration. Thanks to the buds, the shoot can branch and form shoot systems, increasing the plant's feeding area. The shoot that develops from the embryo is called the main shoot. In most plants, nodes and internodes are clearly visible on the stem. A node is the place where leaves emerge from the stem, and an internode is the distance between adjacent nodes. The imaginary angle between the stem and the leaf is called the leaf axil. At the top of the stem and in the leaf axils there are buds. Those located on the tips of the shoots are called apical, and those located in the axils are called lateral or axillary. The growth of the shoot is ensured by the activity of the educational tissue, which is located at the top of the stem - the axial part of the shoot. Due to the apical node, the shoot grows in height, and due to the lateral nodes, it branches. Thus, a bud is a rudimentary shoot. There are vegetative and generative buds. A bud from which new shoots can form is called vegetative. The bud from which a flower or inflorescence develops is called generative. Some plant buds develop annually. Others can develop over several years, then they are called dormant. Adventitious buds, which can form not only on shoots, but also on roots, are also important in the life of plants.