EGP of Australia: features, characteristics, main features, pros and cons. Economic and geographical position of Australia and Oceania

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3. Oceania: population

Ko-ren-ny-mi live-te-la-mi Oke-a-nii appear-la-ut-sya po-li-ne-ziy-tsy, micro-ro-ne-ziy-tsy, me-la- ne-ziy-tsy and pa-pua-sy.

The Li-Nezians who live in the countries of Li-Nezia have a mixed racial type: in their external STI pro-smat-ri-va-yut-sya features of the Euro-peo-id-noy and Mon-go-lo-id-noy races, and in a lesser degree - av-stra-lo -id-noy. The largest peoples of the Po-li-ne-zii are the ga-wai-tsy, the sa-mo-an-tsy, the ta-i-tyan.

Mik-ro-ne-zi-tsy live in the countries of Mik-ro-ne-zia. The largest nations are ka-ro-lin-tsy, ki-ri-ba-ti, mar-shall-tsy.

Me-la-ne-zi-tsy live in the countries of Me-la-ne-zia. Ra-co-type - Au-stra-lo-id, with a small Mon-go-lo-id element, they are close to the Pa-pua-sam of New Guinea . Me-la-ne-ziy-tsy speak in me-la-ne-ziy-skih languages.

Pa-pua-sy on the island of New Guinea and some paradise-o-ns of In-do-ne-zia.

Many languages of Oke-a-nii are on the verge of extinction. In everyday life, more and more of them are replaced by English and French languages.

In New Zealand and the Hawaiian Islands, the majority of the population are Europeans, the share of which is also high -ka in New Cal-ledo-nia (34%) and in French Polynesia (12%). On the islands of Fiji, 38.2% of the population is represented by in-do-fi-jiy-tsa-mi, because of the Indian con- -tract works brought to the islands of Bri-tan-tsa-mi in the 19th century.

Recently, in the countries of the Oceania, the share of immigrants from Asia has been increasing (mainly Chinese and Philippine -pin-tsev). For example, on the Northern Ma-ri-an-islands the share of Filipinos is 26.2%, and the Chinese - 22.1%.

On-the-se-le-nie Oke-a-nii in the main-new-is-do-et-Christianity (some-thing, pro-te-stan -tism).

The most populous countries: Papua New Guinea, New Zealand.

Rice. 6. Pa-pua-sy of New Guinea (Is-toch-nik)

4. Oceania: general characteristics of the economy

Most of the countries in Oceania have a very weak eco-no-mi-ku. The basis of the eco-no-mi-ki of most countries of the re-gi-o-na is agriculture (production of copra, palm oil, fruit, fishing).

Mountainous industrial production in Papua New Guinea, New Ka-le-do-nii, New Ze-lan-diy.

Recently, many countries, having a unique and very beautiful nature, pay attention to the development of rhiz-ma.

Rice. 7. Hotels on the island of Bo-ra-Bo-ra (Is-toch-nik)

SOURCE

http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/geografy/10-klass/tema-4/obschiy-obzor-okeanii

http://vimeo.com/99350244

http://nsportal.ru/sites/default/files/2014/01/16/okeaniya_urok_z2.ppt

http://country.in.ua/australia/oceaniya.html

The video lesson is dedicated to the topic “General economic and geographical overview of Australia”. You will get acquainted with the features of the state of Australia, its administrative and territorial divisions, economic sectors and population. As additional material, the teacher discussed three topics in the lesson: “Terra Australis incognita”, “Administrative division” and “Sheep farming”.

Topic: Australia and Oceania

Lesson: General Economic and Geographical Overview of Australia

Australia is the smallest continent on the planet. The mainland and neighboring islands are occupied by the state of the same name. Australia (Union of Australia) is one of the highly developed and rapidly developing countries in the world. It holds a strong position in the world market and is characterized by rapid growth in the standard of living of the population. Australia is the only state in the world that occupies an entire continent. The capital is Canberra.

Rice. 1. Australia on the world map ()

Australia is one of the developed countries. With the second highest Human Development Index, Australia ranks highly in many areas of life, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, protection of civil liberties and political rights. Australia is a member of the G20, OECD, WTO, APEC, UN, Commonwealth, ANZUS and Pacific Islands Forum.

Since Australia is formally a member of the Commonwealth, the head of state in the country remains the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General and six state governors. The Governor-General is subordinate to the Australian Armed Forces and has the authority to submit amendments to the Australian Constitution to a referendum. Australia has a federal structure and includes 6 states - New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia- and 2 territories - Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory.

Rice. 2. Map of administrative divisions of Australia ()

Population Australia has about 23 million people. Population density less than 3 people. per 1 sq. km. The majority of Australia's population are descendants of 19th and 20th century immigrants, with the majority of these immigrants coming from Great Britain and Ireland. The settlement of Australia by immigrants from the British Isles began in 1788, when the first batch of exiles landed on the eastern coast of Australia and the first English settlement of Port Jackson (future Sydney) was founded. Australia's largest city is Sydney, the capital of the most populous state of New South Wales; Melbourne is in second place in terms of population.

The indigenous people of Australia are the Aborigines.

The Australian Capital Territory is the most populous region within the Commonwealth of Australia. The main population lives on the southeastern coast of the country. Official language is English; religion - Protestantism.

Australia has a high standard of living; Migrants from other regions are actively coming to the country.

Australia has developed mining industry Due to the fact that the country is very rich in mineral resources, Australia is one of the Great Mining Countries of the World.

The minerals that Australia is richest in are:

1. Iron ore.

2. Coal.

3. Bauxite.

5. Gold.

6. Zirconium.

The largest deposits of iron ore in Australia, which began to be developed in the 60s of our century, are located in the Hamersley Range in the north-west of the country (the Mount Newman, Mount Goldsworth, etc. deposits). Iron ore is also found on the islands of Kulan and Kokatu in King's Bay (in the north-west), in the state of South Australia in the Middleback Range (Iron Knob, etc.) and in Tasmania.

Large deposits of polymetals (lead, zinc with an admixture of silver and copper) are located in the western desert part of the state of New South Wales - the Broken Hill deposit. An important center for the extraction of non-ferrous metals (copper, lead, zinc) developed near the Mount Isa deposit (in Queensland). Deposits of base metals and copper are also found in Tasmania (Reed Rosebery and Mount Lyell), copper in Tennant Creek (Northern Territory) and in other places.

The main gold reserves are concentrated in the ledges of the Precambrian basement and in the southwest of the mainland (Western Australia). Smaller deposits are found in almost all states.

Rice. 4. Gold mine in Australia ()

Bauxite occurs on the Cape York Peninsula (Waipa deposit) and Arnhem Land (Gove deposit), as well as in the southwest, in the Darling Range (Jarrahdale deposit).

Uranium deposits have been discovered in various parts mainland: in the north (Arnhem Land Peninsula) - near the South and East Alligator rivers, in the state of South Australia.

The main deposits of hard coal are located in the eastern part of the mainland. Most large deposits Both coking and non-coking coal are mined near Newcastle and Lithgow in New South Wales and Collinsville, Blair Athol, Bluff, Baralaba and Moura Keanga in Queensland.

Geological surveys have established that in the bowels of the Australian continent and on the shelf off its coast there are large deposits of oil and natural gas. Oil has been found and produced in Queensland (Mooney, Alton and Bennett fields), on Barrow Island off the northwest coast of the mainland, and on the continental shelf off the southern coast of Victoria (Kingfish field). Gas deposits (the largest Ranken field) and oil were also discovered on the shelf off the northwestern coast of the continent.

Australia has large deposits of chromium.

Non-metallic minerals include clays, sands, limestones, asbestos, and mica, which vary in quality and industrial use.

Australia actively exports minerals to Japan, the USA and European countries.

The water resources of the continent itself are small (the deepest river is the Murray). The rivers flowing from the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range are short and flow in narrow gorges in the upper reaches. Here they may well be used, and in part they are already used for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. In the seas surrounding Australia, sea animals are hunted and fished. IN sea waters They breed edible oysters. In the warm coastal waters in the north and northeast, sea cucumbers, crocodiles and pearl mussels are fished for. Rain forests in the form of narrow galleries stretch for relatively short distances inland along river valleys. In Australia, biological resources are especially valuable.

Agriculture plays an important role in the Australian economy. Australia ranks 2nd in the world in sheep population (inland), 1st in wool production and exports. Australia plays a significant role in the production and export of wheat, sugar, meat, fruit, and wine.

The main region of Australia is the South-East, where the main industries and population are concentrated, and where Largest cities countries. Mechanical engineering enterprises are concentrated in this area, Food Industry etc.

Rice. 7. Canberra is the capital of Australia ()

The unknown southern land was discovered by the Dutch in the 17th century and began to be developed by the British in the 18th century. The new colony was used mainly as a place of hard labor and exile. Later, many resources were found on Australian territory, including gold, and more active development of the territory began. Later, the Commonwealth of Australia was formed, which recognizes the English monarch as its head.

Australia consists of 6 states, 3 territories and other possessions, i.e. Australia has a federal administrative-territorial structure. In addition, Australia owns some overseas territories.

Australia ranks 2nd in sheep population, behind China. Sheep farming is one of the country's specializations.

There are three types of sheep breeding areas:

1. Intensive meat - wool direction

2. Grain - sheep specialization

3. Extensive pastoral sheep farming

Homework

Topic 7, P. 5

1. What administrative-territorial units are distinguished in Australia?

2. Tell us about the population of Australia.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with set contour maps for 10th grade. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

2. Africa // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. (AUSTRALIA?)

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.

2. The most complete edition typical options real tasks Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Exam 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for training students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.

11. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

Australia is located in the southeast of the mainland Eurasia, Oceania - in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. Australia is washed by the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The main feature of the economic and geographical position of Australia and Oceania is isolation, isolation from other continents. The Australian Union is the only state in the world that occupies an entire continent. In terms of territory size (7.7 million km2), it ranks 6th in the world after Russia, Canada, China, the USA and Brazil. From west to east, the Commonwealth of Australia stretches for 4.4 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.1 thousand km. Australia almost in the center it crosses the Southern Tropic. The state is located in subequatorial (north), tropical (centre), subtropical (south) and temperate (southern Tasmania) climatic zones.At the beginning of the 17th century. The Dutch navigator W. Janszoon first discovered Australia, and after him, in 1770, James Cook, an English navigator, visited its shores and declared Australia an English possession. The English Parliament passed a law establishing a convict settlement in Australia. For the period 1788-1850. 146 thousand convicts and 187 thousand people arrived on the continent. free settlers. It follows from this that the population of the country is mainly from Europe and forms the Anglo-Australian nation. The state of the Commonwealth of Australia is named after the mainland, on which over 99% of its territory is located, including about. Tasmania and many small islands. Australia is a federal state, part of the British Commonwealth, consisting of six states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queenland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania. The head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the Australian government. The formation of the state took place in 1901, when six separate English colonies were united into the Union of Australia, which received dominion status, and in 1931, under the Westminster status, Australia received complete independence from the mother country in external and internal affairs. Oceania is a collection of islands in the Pacific Ocean, which are of continental, coral, volcanic origin. The region is located in equatorial and tropical latitudes, except for the extreme northern and southern islands. The air temperature ranges from +23° to +30°C, precipitation falls from 3000 to 14000 mm per year. The exception is the continent of Australia - it is the driest continent on Earth. Deserts occupy vast areas and extend 2.5 thousand km from the coast Indian Ocean to the foothills of the Great Dividing Range, with a temperature of 35°C and 200-300 mm of precipitation. It was generally accepted that almost 1/3 of the continent was generally useless, unpromising from the point of view of economic development. However, deposits were discovered in desert places iron ore, coal, manganese, lead-zinc ores, uranium, bauxite, gold, etc. mineral, which has brought Australia to one of the first places in the world in terms of mineral wealth and as one of the largest producers and exporters of mineral raw materials. Australia has gone through a difficult path of economic development in a short period of time. From an agricultural and raw materials appendage of the metropolis, which the country was at the beginning of the 20th century, it has turned into an economically developed state. Industry, initially mining and then manufacturing, and partly agriculture began to develop at the level of technical development in England, which was the highest in the world at the time when the settlement of Australia began. In the person of settlers from England, Australia received highly skilled workers and engineers. At the same time, the fifth continent has remained one of the largest producers of agricultural raw materials (wool) and food (wheat, meat, sugar, fruits) for a hundred years; occupies one of the first places in the export of raw sugar and honey; First place in the world in terms of sheep population (200 million heads - 12 per person), export of wool and sheepskin, and is the world's largest exporter of beef, lamb and veal. More than 60% of the country's agricultural products are exported. The dairy industry, winemaking and brewing are also well developed.

84.Modern geographical, geopolitical, geo-economic and ecological-geographical position of the Russian Federation.Russian Federation(RF) is the largest state in the world in terms of territory. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, thus being a Eurasian country in geographical location. The geopolitical position of Russia is interconnected by its economic-geographical position (EGP), i.e. position on the economic map of the world, reflecting the country’s position in relation to the main economic markets and centers of the world economy. The concept of EGP was first introduced into geographical science by the famous scientist N.N. Baransky (1881-1963). This concept is widely used to assess the place of countries on the world map, and in addition, to determine the relationship of any geographical object to others located outside it. The area of Russia is 17.1 million km 2, which is almost 2 times larger than the PRC or USA. As of January 1, 2010, the population was 141.9 million people, and the population density was 8.3 people per 1 km 2. Russian Federation ranks 1st in the world in terms of territory, 9th in terms of population and 8th in terms of GDP, calculated in US dollars at purchasing power parity. The size of the territory is an important economic and geographical feature of any state. For Russia, the largest country in the world by area, it has far-reaching consequences of both geopolitical and economic significance. Thanks to the vastness of the territory, all the necessary conditions rational geographical division of labor, the possibility of more free maneuver in the deployment of productive forces, the defense capability of the state increases, and other positive results are achieved in the field of economic and social development. The extreme northern point of the country is Cape Wings on Rudolf Island as part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, and on on the mainland - Cape Chelyuskin; the extreme south - on the border with Azerbaijan; the extreme western - on the border with Poland near the Gulf of Gdansk on the territory of the enclave formed by the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation; the easternmost one is Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait. Most of the territory of Russia is located between the 50th parallel and the Arctic Circle, i.e. located in middle and high latitudes. In this regard, only Canada can serve as an analogue among foreign countries. The maximum distance between the western (not counting the Kaliningrad region) and eastern borders is 9 thousand km, between the northern and southern ones - 4 thousand km. There are 11 time zones within Russia. The length of the borders is 58.6 thousand km, including land - 14.3 thousand km, sea - 44.3 thousand km. International legal registration and activities on the development of Russian state borders are carried out by Federal agency on the arrangement of the state border of the Russian Federation. International agreements on the state border have been concluded with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Georgia, Finland and Norway. A complete list of countries adjacent to the Russian Federation is given in table. 2.1. Russia is the legal successor in many aspects of international relations former USSR and in this capacity serves as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and is a member of the most important international organizations. Geopolitical position of the country- this is its place on the political map of the world and its relationship to various states. The geopolitical position of Russia in modern conditions is determined by many factors at different levels - from global to regional. As a Eurasian country, Russia has ample opportunities for economic and political cooperation with foreign countries of various geopolitical orientations. Communications of global significance pass through its territory, providing transport links between the West and the East, the North and the South. Russia is a single economic space, within which the free movement of people, goods, services and capital is ensured, intra-district and inter-district connections are carried out, covering both material production and non-production spheres. This space is consolidated by a unified transport, energy and information systems, a unified gas supply system, various networks and communications, and other infrastructure facilities. The size of the territory determines the diversity of regional conditions and resources for economic activity. In terms of the scale of its natural resource potential, Russia has virtually no analogues. At the same time, most of the territory is located in temperate and cold agroclimatic zones. The need to travel vast distances poses serious transport challenges, which are aggravated by severe climatic conditions over a large part of the territory. In terms of transport accessibility, conditions are very differentiated. With large territorial spaces, despite the fact that this is generally considered a favorable condition for the development of the economy and ensuring the economic independence of the country, intensive economic development is possible only with a developed transport system. Significant differences in the degree of economic development of the territory, the level of provision with natural and labor resources are reflected in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the economy. The production potential of the European part is much greater, and the economic structure is much more complex and more diversified than in the eastern regions.

Area - 7.7 million km2. Population - 20.3 million people

The state is composed. Commonwealth - six states and two territories. Capital -. Canberra

EGP

. Australia (Australia) is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent. Australia is located southeast of. Eurasia. She is washed by waters. Quiet and Indian Oceans. The main feature of the economic and geographical position of the country. Australia - isolation, distance from other continents. Technical progress in transport and communications has brought it closer to other continents. Relative proximity takes on a positive meaning. Australia to countries. South-Eastern and. Eastern. Asia and. Oceania. In terms of territory size, the country ranks sixth in the world. Russia,. Canada,. China. USA and Brazil. From the west to the east is the territory. Australia stretches for 4.4 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.1 thousand km. km.

Australia - economically highly developed country. In absolute size. GNP, it is included in the group of the first 15 countries in the world, while in the global division of labor it specializes in agricultural and raw materials

Australia is a member. UN,. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and other global and regional organizations

Population

. Modern population. Australia was formed by emigrants. By the beginning of European colonization, about 300 thousand aborigines lived on the mainland, and now their number is more than 150 thousand people. They belong to the Australoid race and do not ethnically form a single whole. The Aborigines are divided into many tribes speaking different languages.

After. Second World War. Australia accepted many so-called “displaced persons”, as well as people from the European south and east - Italians, Yugoslavs, Greeks, etc. Among them were more than 20 thousand Ukrainians. Behind Lately Immigrants account for 40% of population growth. In recent decades, the country has suffered from increasing rates of illegal immigration from countries. South-Eastern and. Eastern. AsiaAsia.

The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. Main areas highest density concentrated in the east and southeast, southwest and south. Here the population density is 25 - -50 people per 1 km2, and the rest of the territory is very sparsely populated (the density does not reach one person per 1 km2). In some inland desert areas. Australia has no population. In recent decades, there have been shifts in the distribution of the country's population, thanks to the discovery of new mineral deposits in the north and south. The Australian government encourages the movement of the population to the center of the continent, to underdeveloped areas.

By level of urbanization. Australia ranks among the first in the world - 90%. Among urban settlements. Australia is divided into three groups of cities: firstly, these are small mountain towns that are scattered throughout the continent and are its integral feature; secondly, these are state capitals that perform not only administrative and political functions, but also economic, commercial, scientific, cultural, thirdly, these are medium-sized centers that arose near the capitals, taking on the functions of centers of various industries.

Employment structure. Australia is typical for post-industrial countries. So, in agriculture employed - 3.6%, in industry - 26.4%, in the service sector - 70%. In 2005, unemployment was about 55%.

Natural conditions and resources

At 0.3% of the world population. Australia 5.8% of the earth's surface. Therefore, her security natural resource potential 20 times higher than the world average, primarily in minerals

resources. The discovery of new deposits brought the country to a leading position in the world in reserves and production of iron and lead-zinc ores, bauxite

The largest deposits of coal, oil and gas are located in the eastern part. Australia. In the western and northern parts of the country there are deposits of ore: iron, nickel, polymetals, gold, silver, copper, manganese. Bauxite deposits are concentrated on the peninsula. Cape York and the north-east. Northern Territory. With the exception of oil, the country fully meets its needs with basic raw materials for industry.

60% of the territory. Australia is occupied by drainage regions. The river network is the densest on the island. Tasmania is the country's deepest river. Murray with its tributaries. Darling and. Murrumbidgee. Rivers flowing down the eastern slopes. Big. The watershed ridge, short and fairly deep rivers of the central. Australia does not have a permanent flow. Most of the country's lakes, like rivers, are characterized almost exclusively by rainfall. They have neither a constant level nor a drain. In summer, the lakes dry up and become shallow salt marsh depressions.

Forest resources. Australia are insignificant. Forested areas, including the Scrabes, account for about 18% of the country's total area. Under the influence of economic activity, vegetation has changed enormously

The country's topography is a vast plateau, concave in the central part and raised at the edges. Mountains occupy 5% of the territory. There is a large depression in the center. The central lowland is an arid region. And Australia.

The northern and northeastern parts of the country are located in the tropical climatic zone. Most. Australia occupies a subtropical climate zone. Only the extreme south is included in the temperate climate zone. Australia is known as arid continent, however, areas with sufficient precipitation account for 1/3 of the total area. In arid areas there are significant reserves of groundwater.

Unique natural landscapes. Australia and the magnificent beaches of its east coast are the basis for the rapid development of environmental, tourist and sports (diving, yachting, windsurfing) tourism

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