Abstract: Light and food industries. Geography of the food industry

The food industry is a set of enterprises engaged in the production of raw materials, materials and products aimed at meeting the nutritional needs of the population. The agro-industrial complex is a complex conglomerate of enterprises and organizations whose goal is to produce, process and bring products to final condition. The productivity and degree of development of agriculture has a direct impact on the quality and productive capabilities of various sectors of the food industry.

Main elements of the Russian food industry

The priority direction in the country is livestock farming. This industry provides about 65% of valuable raw materials, from which all kinds of food products are subsequently produced.

There are two main directions:

Meat and dairy segment;
Dairy farming.

The climate and food supply are acceptable only in the European part of the state, where the main production centers are concentrated. Almost 70% of all meat raw materials are replenished through pig farming. Pork is an expensive product, but it is always of excellent quality and is in demand among consumers.

Branches of the food industry in Russia

Facilities producing products depend on the raw material base and consumer factors. There are three main areas in the country’s food industry:

Enterprises in the dairy sector, starch, molasses, sugar, and canned food gravitate towards sources of raw materials plant origin. For example, in the south there is a large ASTON concert, where oil is produced. Sugar is actively produced in the Caucasus region;
Bakery production facilities are located relatively evenly throughout the country. Linking is carried out on a consumer basis;
Flour mills are located only near the places where raw materials are extracted. The situation is similar with the meat and fish industries.

Development of food industry sectors

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the first enterprises were formed for the subsequent development of the food industry. The most developed were considered to be flour milling, sugar, oil, alcohol and distillery production lines. All segments developed quite actively.

The first blow to the economy came during the First World War. At that time, productivity in all areas fell by 3 to 5 times. It took several decades for all industries to fully recover. To produce high-quality raw materials, collective farms and agricultural cooperatives were formed.

During World War II, the food industry again fell into decline. However, in the post-war period, agriculture and prerogative industries were among the first to be restored. The country grew and developed rapidly. The food industry had difficulty meeting the needs of the population. Growing mismanagement and incorrect distribution of resources led to the fact that by the beginning of the 90s the national economy was losing up to 40% finished products and starting materials.

Light and food industries around the world

The food and flavoring industry is complex in its structure. Currently, several major groups have formed around the world. Basic industries that offer products for further processing (flour milling, sugar, dairy, fish, meat) are presented in the form of agricultural formations, places for slaughtering livestock and fishing. Such products can either go directly to the market or be transported to enterprises that are more complex in terms of technological processes.

In the food and flavoring industries around the world, powerful concerns have emerged that produce high-quality products with a name. For example, Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Unilever and many others.

Each corporation owns a huge number of enterprises scattered throughout the world. Each country forms a complex of enterprises in the industrial sector according to the characteristics of its economy, the country's potential, climate and various resources.

Today, the countries with the most advanced food industry are: Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, Chile, China. It is worth mentioning separately the countries that are engaged in the sale of exotic goods (tea, tobacco, pearls, exotic varieties of fish, seafood, fruits, snapdragon, vegetables). The most famous of them: Uganda, India, China, Japan, Iceland, Thailand, Tanzania, Peru, Mozambique.

It is worth mentioning the fact that production in these countries is built on rather primitive principles. Most products are created on basic industries, and then transported to regions where there is the highest demand for goods of this type.

The food industry is a set of industries whose enterprises primarily produce food. In almost every relatively large locality there are enterprises in this industry. In some countries, the food industry is an industry of international specialization, in others it satisfies the needs of only its population.

The sectoral structure of the food industry is complex. It includes enterprises producing food products, as well as soap and perfumes and cosmetics.

The location of enterprises in the industry is influenced mainly by two factors: orientation towards the raw material base or towards the consumer.

The location of enterprises near areas where raw materials are produced is explained by the fact that in some industries (sugar, alcohol, canning industries) the consumption of raw materials far exceeds the mass of the finished product. In addition, such agricultural raw materials are difficult to transport.

The attraction of enterprises to areas of consumption is explained by the fact that most branches of the food industry produce mass products that have a limited shelf life and cannot be transported over long distances. Therefore, bakeries, confectionery and pasta factories, breweries are created in areas where products are consumed, regardless of whether there are raw materials for them here.

Sugar factories are located as close as possible to sugar beet or cane growing areas, since these raw materials cannot withstand long-distance transportation. Tobacco as a raw material does not require on-site processing. Therefore, tobacco factories, for example Western Europe, use exclusively imported raw materials.

Especially big influence Cities influence the location of the food industry, since their population is the main consumer of meat, milk, eggs, and bread.

The main type of food industry enterprises are plants that combine the integrated use of raw materials with complete waste processing. There are sugar, canning, oil and fat and other plants.

For example, at an oil and fat plant they produce vegetable oil, solid fat, mayonnaise, margarine, from waste - soap, detergents, drying oil, glycerin, etc. Nothing is lost in meat-packing plants. Even the horns and hooves of animals are used in industry, and some animal organs are valuable raw materials in the manufacture of medicines.

The food industry has achieved great success in developed countries. Among them there are those that are famous for their traditions in the production of high-quality food products or are distinguished by the scale of production.

Denmark is called the “dairy farm” of Europe. Switzerland, the Netherlands, and France are famous for the production of hard cheeses. High-quality canned meat is produced by many developed countries in Europe and America, fish - Norway, Iceland, Spain and Portugal, vegetables - Bulgaria and Hungary. Italy is the birthplace of spaghetti and pizza. Germany is famous for its sausages and beer, and France and Spain for its wines. Recently, new industries have developed - the production of ready-to-eat and frozen foods, various food additives.

Conclusions:

The food industry is closely related to agriculture, which provides it with raw materials.

The main factor in the location of enterprises in the food industry is the orientation towards the raw material base and the consumer.

The main type of food industry enterprises is factories.

Food industry enterprises are located everywhere.

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Food industry. The location of the world food industry is characterized by a number of mutually exclusive trends. On the one hand, the traditional food industry is still growing in less developed countries, on the other hand, many traditional industries in developed countries are beginning to collapse, partly because the movement for a healthy lifestyle is intensifying in them, and this is leading to a decline in such traditional industries , such as winemaking, tobacco production, sugar production. On the contrary, in less developed countries both tobacco production and beer production are still growing, as is the case in Russia, which, by the nature of its consumption, is close to developing countries.

In highly developed countries, the reduction of traditional industries, especially in industries that are “harmful” to health, is accompanied by an increase in production in industries that free women from “kitchen work”; a kind of “industrialization of the kitchen” is taking place. The food industry in less developed countries follows to some extent the development of the global food industry during its early growth. Therefore, the tobacco industry is moving from highly developed countries to less developed ones; the same process is taking place in the sugar industry; Even winemaking is growing in some less developed countries, despite the general global stagnation of this production. Brewing, while hardly developing in highly developed countries, is increasing its capacity in less developed countries, for example, in third world countries and China.

By technical level stands out among the food industry sugar, although there are handicraft enterprises there, especially in India. But anyway most of Sugar production accounts for factory sugar, unlike any other types of food industry, since both meat processing and especially bread baking are 50-60% of the volume subject to “home production” at the expense of less developed countries. A significant part of sugar goes to the world market, with major exporters being Brazil, Cuba, Australia, South Africa and Thailand, as well as European countries - France, the Netherlands, and even Germany. Large importers are Russia, the USA, Japan, some European countries, and Iran. 2/3 of world production comes from cane sugar and only 1/3 from beet sugar.

Sugar is traditionally export goods, as well as tobacco, supplied mainly to tobacco-producing countries. However last years Sugar production, in connection with the general trends characteristic of the entire food industry - the movement from highly developed countries to underdeveloped ones - was concentrated to a large extent in developing countries, and in highly developed countries, primarily in the United States.

Market tobacco consists of two groups of countries - highly developed countries, whose market is not only saturated with tobacco products, but is also declining as a result of the fight against smoking, and the market of less developed countries (including Russia), where the consumption of tobacco products and their production is growing. The “surplus” capacity of the tobacco industry in highly developed countries has been partially working for a long time on the market of these countries, including Russia.

A significant part of tobacco enterprises is concentrated either in large centers or in ports of import of tobacco, which is typical for Western European countries and those countries that operate on imported raw materials. In the United States, where tobacco is grown, many plants are located in tobacco distribution centers where the tobacco market is adjacent to areas with relatively cheap labor. Labor is a very important attraction for locating tobacco businesses.

In general, the largest producer of tobacco products is the United States, followed by China and India, and among European countries, Germany has a particularly large tobacco industry, where the main center is Berlin, since in the post-war years it was West Berlin that had large resources of unemployed labor and the main construction of enterprises began precisely in West Berlin. Today, except for Russia, in all developed countries the production of tobacco products is being reduced, but capacity is being increased in countries such as Turkey. The Chinese tobacco industry is growing even more, as is the case in many other developing countries where consumption has not yet peaked.

Approximately the same phenomenon occurs with wine production or production of wine and vodka products, just like beer. If in highly developed countries the production of wine is declining and the growth of beer production has stopped, as well as the production of other alcoholic beverages, then in the NIS countries the production of not only brewing or alcoholic beverages is rapidly growing, but also the production of wine is expanding, although to a small extent, not covering general reduction in wine production in highly developed countries.

In recent decades, wine production in Western European countries has decreased by more than 10 million hl (which is equal to the total wine production in former USSR). Nevertheless, Italy still ranks first in the world in the production of grape wines - 61 million hl (1994), France is second (57 million hl). These two countries account for 40% of the world's wine production, the rest of the world produces 180 million hl. Among them, the major producers in Europe are Spain (15-18 million hl), Portugal (10-12 million hl) and Germany (10 million hl). In the Western Hemisphere, the United States (20 million hl) and Argentina (8-10 million hl) stand out.

IN brewing major producers are the USA, Germany, Great Britain and many other Western European countries, but in them production is growing only due to export demand. And only in Japan and in the NIS countries and China is beer production growing rapidly; Most of the European surplus beer is also exported there. Russia is one of the major producers of beer, but since its consumption is growing rapidly (similar to demand in less developed countries), a large number of beer is imported, as are wines and spirits.

In general, the development trend of the food industry in less developed countries follows the development trends characteristic of highly developed countries. However, in highly developed countries, the production of various kinds of semi-finished products in the food industry is growing. It is these industries that today are leaders in the development of the food industry in highly developed countries, while the “classical” food industry, including bakery, is gradually being phased out. At the same time, the canning industry is growing in developing countries, targeting the market of highly developed countries, where numerous juices, canned fruits, and, to a lesser extent, meat and fish products are supplied.

The light industry includes a significant number of sub-sectors, making clothes, shoes, textile products, leather and fur products, etc.
Mostly the products of the light (as well as food) industry are designed to satisfy the demand of the country's population for consumer goods and have little export value. However, global corporations and branded clothing and footwear companies, trade marks which are especially famous, distribute the production and sale of finished products throughout the world. These include both the world-famous elite fashion clothing enterprises "Dolce Habana", "Hermes", "Armani", "Christian Dior", "Versace", and brands of more democratic sportswear and footwear ("Adidas", "Puma", Nike, etc.) Textiles occupy a leading place in the global production of light industrial goods.
The textile industry provides approximately half of the total production of light industrial goods in the world, and also ranks first in terms of the number of employees. Its main function is to produce consumer goods, primarily fabrics and knitwear. Along with this, it satisfies many production needs with its products. Depending on the raw materials, the textile industry is divided into sub-sectors: cotton, wool, silk, linen, knitting, the industry for the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, and the production of non-woven materials.

Textile industry

The textile industry is the oldest of all modern industries. It was with her that the industrial revolution began in England in the 18th century, which marked the transition from manufacturing to factory production. For a long time The textile industry remained the leading industry in most developed countries of the world, but in the 20th century. its share in gross output and in the structure of employment of the economically active population began to decrease, and in the second half of the 20th century. The textile industry has entered a period of prolonged structural crisis. During the industrialization of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the ratio between developed countries and developing countries in textile production began to change.
The modern textile industry is not one of the sectors of the world economy that is developing dynamically. At least in the 90s of the XX century. World production of textiles of all types remained at approximately 100-120 billion m2 per year. The growth rate of global consumption of textile fibers grew quite rapidly until the early 1990s, then slowed down. Scientific and technological revolution had a significant influence on the development of the textile industry, primarily as a result of automation and electronicization of textile production, changes in its structure, the nature of location, etc. Two factors have had a significant influence on the development and location of the textile industry in the world over the past decades:
1) dramatic changes in its raw material base and, accordingly, in its industry structure;
2) the change in the role of individual factors in the orientation of its location led to significant shifts in its territorial structure.
Let us characterize the raw material base of the textile industry. The main changes in this area are closely related to the achievements of scientific and technological revolution and consist in a gradual but steady reduction in the share of natural fibers and an increase in the share of chemical fibers, especially synthetic ones. This made it possible to significantly expand and strengthen the industry’s raw material base. By the mid-1990s, the consumption of natural and chemical fibers had actually become equal. At the same time, the structure of consumption of natural fibers has hardly changed: as before, 80% of it was cotton, 11% was wool, and the rest was other types of fibers. The structure of consumption of chemical fibers, on the contrary, has changed greatly in recent decades: for example, in 1955, the ratio of artificial (viscose) and synthetic fibers was 90: 10, and in the mid-1990s - 15: 85.
Another important structural and technological innovation of the scientific and technological revolution era is the rapid development of knitting production, which in Western countries has become perhaps the main sub-sector of the entire textile industry. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in knitting production is several times higher than, for example, in weaving. But the industry of nonwoven materials has developed even faster and are increasingly used for technical purposes. In addition, labor productivity in this sub-industry is higher than in the knitting industry.
Changes in the industry's raw material base have largely determined shifts in its industry structure. At the end of the 1990s, the world produced 75 million m2 of cotton fabrics (on average 13 m2 per capita), 21-22 million m2 of silk fabrics (9 m2 per capita), 2.5 million m2 of woolen fabrics (0.5 m2 per capita) and even less linen and other types of fabrics. Regarding chemical fibers, it should be borne in mind that they are now mainly used in so-called mixed fabrics, i.e. in combination with wool, silk, cotton (especially bulk polyester fiber). For example, almost all production of silk fabrics is now based on chemical fibers.
Changes in the geography of the global textile industry, also caused by shifts in its raw material base, but to an even greater extent they depend on factors such as labor costs. It turned out that in this regard the difference between economically developed and developing countries is enormous: for example, in Indonesia the cost of labor is 0.24 US dollars per hour, in Pakistan - 0.4, in India and China - 0.6; in the USA - 13, in France - 14-15, in Germany - 21-22 US dollars. It was the reduction in labor costs that played a decisive role in the “great migration” of the textile (and clothing) industry from developed countries to developing ones. It should be borne in mind that in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Morocco, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina, this industry was formed before the Second World War, and therefore needed significant modernization.
But in the newly industrialized countries of Asia (for example, in Thailand) it arose relatively recently on a completely modern technical basis. In the 2000s, the process of reducing the production of fabrics in developed Western countries and increasing their production in developing countries continued especially actively. As a result, from 1970 to 2000, developing countries almost doubled their production on the world market, and in the mid-1990s their share in global textile production reached 60%.
The same geographical shifts can be traced in the example of individual sub-sectors of the textile industry, primarily the main one - cotton. To do this, just familiarize yourself with the top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics. The same shifts can be clearly seen in the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, as well as, but to a lesser extent, in the production of wool and silk fabrics. It is worth adding that among developing countries, there are differences. For example, the subregions of East and Southeast Asia have now become a kind of epicenter of the global textile industry.
Closely related to the main geographical shifts described above are changes in foreign trade in textile goods. Back in the mid-1980s, developing countries accounted for approximately 1/4 of global textile exports, but now their share is much larger. Sometimes 2/3, and even 3/4 of the goods produced are sent to foreign markets. Therefore, today the world leaders in textile exports are China (together with Hong Kong), Turkey, India, Tunisia, Morocco, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.

Garment industry

Now this industry is gradually moving to developing countries, to their cheap labor, where the beginning of industrialization is associated with the clothing industry. In the leading countries of the world, there is a process of sharp reduction in the clothing industry, which is increasingly specializing in the production of fashionable unique products, reducing mass tailoring. The international exchange of garments is developing, with developed countries increasingly specializing in elite products, and developing countries in mass tailoring. Despite such shifts among the largest centers of the clothing industry, New York still stands out as the world's largest center of the clothing industry, Paris and Rome as “fashion centers”, providing not only a significant share of individual products, but also determining the direction of fashion development in the world . Dispersed, often home-based, production of garments is most developed in Hong Kong, which has become part of the PRC.

Shoe industry

Shift trends in developing countries, especially characteristic of the footwear industry, which over the last decade has dramatically changed its location and literally moved from developed countries to developing ones, again to countries with cheap labor. This process continues today; experts predict the emergence of new shoe-producing countries, for example China and Vietnam. Even 10 years ago main role The USA and Italy played in the footwear industry, and now the countries of Asia and the Middle East account for 60% of world shoe production, Western Europe - 9, South America- 7, USA - only 6%. The largest producing countries are China, the CIS, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the USA.
So, today the location of the footwear industry has changed significantly, focusing primarily on cheap labor. The trendsetters are still Italian firms, and sometimes manufacturers in countries such as Austria, where only the main enterprises remain - suppliers of models for mass production of enterprises that are scattered around the world. In general, light industry is characterized by the location of mass production in less developed countries and the production of models in industrialized countries.

General characteristics of the food industry

The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Almost all food consumed by people is industrially processed. Therefore, the role of the food industry is constantly increasing. Its development makes it possible to sustainably provide people with food throughout the year. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage. Without their production, the development of territories with complex natural conditions unfavorable for agriculture would be impossible. The food industry is closely connected with agriculture, which is the main source of raw materials for the industry. Processing of agricultural raw materials into shelf-stable products and large refrigerator capacities of food enterprises ensure a constant, uniform supply of food to the market, in particular perishable products. Industrial waste is used both in agriculture and in other industries (light, pharmaceutical, etc.).
The food industry satisfies the daily needs of the population in a very diverse range of products (for example, there are hundreds of varieties of cheese or beer alone). This led to the formation of many enterprises in the industry (in the world, about 50 thousand companies are engaged in the production of confectionery products alone), specializing in the production of certain food or flavoring products. At the same time, the product range is constantly updated and new consumer qualities are added to it.

Structure of the food industry

The food industry has complex structure, including dozens of different raw materials and process technologies. Currently, several groups of them have formed.
Food industry
Basic
production
Basic
production
Food flavoring
industry
Products require further processing
Products are used as food
Uses food raw materials for its production
flour mill
obtaining raw sugar
slaughter
fish catch
production of semi-finished products
meat
fish
canning
dairy
bakery
confectionery
fruit and vegetable
and etc.
production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks
production of tea, coffee, herbs and spices
yeast
salt
Features of individual sectors of the food industry
Meat industry. Production meat products is growing faster than the number of people on the planet. The differences in meat production per capita are very large - from 365 to 5 kg in individual countries (in the world - 36 kg). In the geography of the meat industry by the end of the 20th century. There have been big changes: for the first time, developing countries account for more than half of the output. The main region of the industry has become Asia, and in it China is the leader in meat production, ahead of the United States. North America produces it, as does the West. Europe, half the size. The production of meat in Russia and other CIS countries has dropped significantly. A small amount of this product enters the world market.

Fishing industry.

The world receives 2 times less fish and seafood than meat. A powerful fishing fleet and special ports with enterprises for deep processing of seafood have been created, although some of them are processed on fish canning floating bases directly at the fishing grounds. The geography of the industry has undergone profound changes. Pacific Ocean has become a leading fishing area, and the countries of this basin provide more than 70% of the world's production. Thus, there was a shift in the industry from Western Europe to Asia. The composition of fishing leaders also changed: in the 50s. they were Japan, the USA and the USSR, and in 2000 - China, Peru, Chile. Catches in Russia have decreased significantly.
The butter and cheese industry provides the most valuable food products based on the deep processing of milk. The production of cheese in the world is already 1.5 times higher than the production of animal oil. Its per capita consumption varies greatly across countries: from 5 kg in Russia to 50 kg in New Zealand or Denmark. Zap. Europe remains its main producer, North. America is second (the largest number in the world is given by the USA). These two regions produce more than 70% of the world's cheese. Another important change in the industry: the production of margarine is already twice as high as the production of animal oil; the leader in production is the United States.
Sugar industry. The main type of raw material is sugar cane. This determined the geography of the industry: more than 1/3 of the product comes from Asia, a little less from the South. America (their total share in the world is 60%). The main producers are India and Brazil.
Geography of the world food industry
The world's food industry in economically developed and developing countries is diverse. The production of products in this industry, which provides the population with food, is constantly growing.
The production of certain types of products is determined by the demand for it.
Some sectors of the food industry are experiencing a crisis of overproduction, but at the same time new sectors are emerging.
In economically developed countries, due to changes in the nutritional structure in order to improve health, new food industries are being formed that produce special goods.
Food production has a direct connection with one of the global problems humanity - a food problem.
The food industry consists of two categories of industries, different in scale and location.
The first category is industries that rely on imported raw materials. They are focused on ports of entry of products, railway junctions, large industrial centers, and capitals. The manufactured products are highly transportable. This is the production of confectionery products, drinks, flour mills, tobacco industry, etc. The second group of enterprises includes:
1) industries that focus on raw materials (sugar factories, meat processing plants, butter making, cheese making, etc.);
2) industries that focus on the consumer (baking industry, production of semi-finished products, etc.).

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Creative work on the Geography of Russia

Topic: Features of the food industry

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Introduction

The food industry of Russia is a branch of Russian industry engaged in the production of ready-made food products or semi-finished products, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. The food and processing industry is considered as a system-forming sector of the country’s economy, shaping the agri-food market, food and economic security. The Russian food industry includes about 30 different industries and sub-sectors. The main ones are: food processing, meat and dairy, flour and cereals and fishing industries. The structure of the food industry also includes tobacco industry enterprises. In 2014, a total of 1.19 million people were employed in the food industry. The largest industry is the food and flavoring industry, which (together with the flour and cereal industry) employs 63% of workers. The second place is occupied by the production of dairy products and cheese making - 17% of workers. The meat and seafood industries employ 13% and 7% of workers, respectively. The development and location of the food industry is determined by the location of the population and agricultural production. The industry has developed most in areas of high population concentration and large agricultural production (for example, Moscow, Krasnodar region). Depending on the degree of influence of raw materials and consumer factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries: those dependent on raw materials - sugar, oil and fat, fish, starch, and canned milk; consumer-oriented - bakery, dairy, etc.; dependent on both raw materials and consumer factors - meat, flour-grinding, wine-making, tobacco, etc. Food enterprises account for 14% of the total production volume of the country's industrial complex. At the end of 2014, the volume of shipped goods of the Russian food industry’s own production amounted to 4.7 trillion rubles. The food and processing industry, along with metallurgical production and the fuel industry, is one of the Russian leaders for the production of industrial products. The Russian food industry is mainly focused on the domestic market. Its products are quality characteristics is not inferior, and in some cases superior to imported ones, and is competitive in the domestic market in terms of price characteristics. In 2014, exports of products from the Russian food industry amounted to 11.47 billion US dollars, imports - 36.25 billion US dollars. The most important in Russian exports food products are divided into three product groups: fish and shellfish, fats and oils, as well as food industry waste and animal feed. These three groups accounts for 55% of all Russian exports.

Food industry sectors

The Russian food industry includes about 30 industries and more than 60 types of production. All this unites over 22 thousand enterprises engaged in various activities. They employ about 2 million people. At present there is no shortage of food products in Russia. Shops and hypermarkets offer simply a huge range of products to choose from. Here everyone can choose and buy any product according to their taste and financial capabilities. This type of industry has simply enormous potential, due to the presence of large raw material bases with an abundance of food products produced by agriculture. All of them have high quality, which helped them win the trust and love of not only Russians, but also other countries around the world. Today the food industry in Russia is a leader. Thanks to the experience gained from foreign colleagues, our entrepreneurs are not afraid to experiment in producing a high-quality product. The most important thing here is to constantly monitor and improve all the technical and technological components of such production. The state itself strictly ensures that all norms and standards responsible for the quality of food products, as well as their safety, are observed. The food industry in Russia today is represented by thousands of enterprises that have different shapes ownership and production volumes.

Food itself has already become a rather specific product. This is due to the fact that most products cannot be stored for a long period of time. All this forces manufacturers to look for new innovative production technologies that can increase the shelf life of food products. This results in very high sales competition. All this only moves the Russian food industry forward, introducing various technical innovations.

The fact that almost all domestic products are present on the shelves of the country’s stores indicates that there is a progressive development of this industry. It is, and has always been, closely connected with agriculture - the main supplier of raw materials. It is also closely connected with trade.

What industries are included in the Russian food industry?

Dairy;

Bakery;

Pasta;

Flour-coarse;

Oily;

Fruit and vegetable;

Food.

The bulk of enterprises involved in the food industry currently belong to the processing industries. The modern food industry in Russia uses a wide variety of methods for processing food raw materials. All this is done with the aim of ensuring safe food consumption and increasing taste qualities. This includes a special heat treatment, salting, canning, etc. Changes in the technological processing of food products make it possible to achieve significant growth in the quality of such products. According to the State Inspectorate, in recent years the quality of domestic products has increased significantly, and the majority of Russian products have completely surpassed the quality of imported ones. All this helps reduce demand for imported goods.

To develop their own activities of goods manufacturers, the state granted them the right to develop and approve various technical specifications for your products. This allows you to significantly increase the range and diversify the design of food products sold. About current growth trends and promising directions in the Russian food industry you will be able to get acquainted in more detail at the Agroprodmash exhibition. To do this, you need to come to the largest exhibition complex in the capital, Expocentre Fairgrounds, and attend various seminars, lectures, exhibition halls and much more.

Peculiarities

The food industry in Russia is considered a high-potential area of activity, since there are a huge number of very big companies and enterprises that produce food products. Additionally, the country has a lot of land, which leads to the fact that agriculture can develop constantly and quite effectively. As a result, large and significant raw material bases are formed, which are constantly used by all food industry enterprises. It should also be noted that modern enterprises The Russian food industry practically does not use any hazardous or harmful additives, therefore, Russians have confidence in the products being created, and therefore, to a greater extent, give preference to them rather than to foreign-made products. At the moment, this field of activity belongs to one of the leading industries, and this is explained by the fact that working in this area is convenient and profitable for every enterprise. High demand for high-quality and varied food products leads to the fact that enterprises can sell almost all of the products they create, and there are no losses or delays. Additionally, even the Russian food industry is beginning to introduce various goods innovative technologies and unique modern equipment, as a result of which the procedure for creating goods is simple, fast and automated. The state constantly monitors the development of this area of activity, as a result of which it encourages the introduction of various unique installations and technologies. That is why modern food industry products are considered to be of very high quality and tasty, as well as healthy and safe. Additionally, the Russian food industry is constantly monitored by the state to ensure that all conditions and requirements, as well as standards and rules, are constantly observed in the process of activity. Only in this case can you be sure that all products will be truly high-quality and reliable, and also created from natural and safe ingredients. It should be noted that in this field of activity they operate as the largest companies that specialize in the production of various types of food products, and you can also find small companies, whose scope of activity is strictly limited, so they are engaged in the production only specific product. At the same time, even small companies can produce high-quality and competitive products that can compete even with various products produced by large concerns and firms. Modern organizations, whose activities are related to the production of food products, try their best to ensure that their goods are stored as much as possible, since food products are items that have a limited service life, so companies often have to incur significant losses. That is why the food industry is constantly developing, as all companies are trying to find various unique and modern methods, with which you can significantly increase the shelf life various products, and it is extremely important not to use preservatives or other hazardous substances in the production process. Thanks to this, the prospects for the development of the industry are quite good, and there is also confidence that in the near future more and more unique, high-quality and safe products, which will appeal to buyers in the domestic market and in other countries, as a result of which fairly large and stable exports can be ensured. It is important to note that the food industry is closely related to other activities. That is why the Russian food and processing industries always develop and improve together. Also, the level of agriculture depends on the level of the food industry, which is the main supplier of raw materials for manufacturing companies that process and prepare food products for the population acting as the final consumer. Trade is also considered to be closely related to the food industry, both domestic and foreign trade, since some Russian consumer goods are in demand in many other countries. The food industry includes quite a few industries, since companies can specialize in working with meat, milk, grain, fish or other goods that act as raw materials, and depending on which element they have to deal with, the direction of activity is determined specific company.

Advantages and disadvantages

food industry Russia

Strengths

High expansion rates and significant market sizes. The growth rate of markets that are undersaturated, compared to consumption standards in developed countries, has been 10-15% per year or more over the past five years. Another positive factor is the possibility of import substitution, including through the transfer of production facilities of foreign companies to Russia. The rapid and sustainable growth of markets and their large scale are significant factors in the investment attractiveness of the industry.

Availability of modern production facilities (for a significant part of production). On average, the industry has updated over half of its production capacity over the past seven years, which is a record level among all major industries. In certain sub-sectors (fruit and vegetable production, brewing, production of soft drinks, tobacco and tobacco), almost all operating capacities are new.

The presence of large, strong companies, including foreign ones.

Developed auxiliary production(competitiveness clusters). In recent years, auxiliary and service production (container and packaging, logistics and marketing services) has rapidly developed, which provides additional stability to the competitive positions of companies operating in Russia.

Weak sides

Imperfection of the mechanism of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex (customs duties, quotas, interventions). This question most relevant for grain, meat, sugar markets. State regulation does not yet ensure adequate market stability and the formation of effective incentives for producers and processors of raw materials, although progress is being made in this matter.

Shortage individual species raw materials (especially relevant for the meat and dairy industry).

Powerful protectionism in the markets of developed countries, making it difficult to realize export potential. Markets for agricultural products in developed countries are among the most closed; a set of instruments is actively used - subsidies, price regulation, trade barriers, tax breaks. According to estimates by the Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), the cost of production of mass agricultural products in developed countries is 25-40% higher than world prices (in Europe - up to 50%). The elimination of subsidies and trade barriers would ensure a 30% increase in agricultural production in developing countries.

In a number of markets there are low incentives for modernization. Some large markets, due to natural reasons, practically do not grow, and manufacturers do not compete with imports (non-tradable goods). The result is low incentives for modernization (especially with high concentration of production). This applies to the baking and flour-grinding industries, a number of raw materials food production: starch, yeast, salt, etc.).

Conclusion

The food industry is one of the most important industries in the country's agro-industrial complex, including the food industry. Its share (together with the primary processing of agricultural raw materials for light industry) accounts for about 2/5 of the total production volume of the agro-industrial complex.

The food industry includes over two dozen industries. With such diversity, the unifying features are: agricultural raw materials, technological processes processing, food preparation equipment and product purpose.

The location of the food industry is carried out on the basis of taking into account the specific features of its industries. For example, industries such as flour milling, baking, butter, cheese and meat production gravitate to areas where finished products are consumed, especially to large industrial centers.

Russia, as a great power with a favorable geographical location in Eurasia, has always had powerful international economic ties. A revived Russia will not only restore, but also significantly increase them. Integration processes with neighboring countries will also be restored and increased. All this will also become a powerful economic incentive and a prerequisite for the further development of the food industry. Food production is the basis of human life. The food industry will always be a priority in the sphere of material production.

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