There are several types of classifications of entrepreneurship. Main classification criteria enterprises are: industry and subject specialization; production structure; enterprise size.

The main ones are considered industry differences manufactured products .

According to this classification, enterprises are divided into: industrial; agricultural; enterprises of transport, communications, construction.

Industry is traditionally divided into two large industry groups: mining and processing industries. In turn, the processing industry is divided into light industry, food industry, heavy industry, etc.

In practice, there are rarely enterprises whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined.

As a rule, most of them have intersectoral structure . In this regard, enterprises are divided into: highly specialized; multidisciplinary; combined.

Highly specialized enterprises are those that produce a limited range of products in mass or large-scale production. Multi-industry enterprises include enterprises that produce a wide range of products for various purposes - most often found in industry and agriculture. Combined enterprises are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, and in agriculture. The essence of combining production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into the next type. The most complex form of combining production is the integrated use of raw materials for the manufacture of products that differ in structure and chemical composition, when, based on the same raw materials, the enterprise produces products that differ in characteristics, purpose and manufacturing technology.

Grouping of enterprises By enterprise size received the most widespread use. As a rule, all enterprises are divided into three groups: small (up to 50 employees), medium (from 50 to 500 (less often up to 300)) and large (over 500 employees). When assigning an enterprise to one of the groups, the following indicators can be used: number of employees; cost of manufactured products; cost of fixed production assets. There is no single international standard for differentiating enterprises, dividing them into small, medium and large. It all depends on the specific situation, level of development, type of economy, and its sectoral structure. The classification based on the number of employees with differentiation by economic sectors is mainly used. Small enterprises in industry, construction and transport began to include enterprises with up to 100 employees, in agriculture - up to 60 people, in retail trade and consumer services - up to 30 people, in other industries - up to 50 people. In this case, the average number of employees who are not on the staff of the enterprise is added to the average annual number of employees. These criteria (taking into account world practice) are conditional criteria for dividing enterprises by size.

By field of activity are divided into enterprises of the production and non-production spheres.

According to the nature of the raw materials consumed They are divided into mining industry enterprises and manufacturing industry enterprises.

By type of ownership enterprises are divided into state, municipal, private, cooperative, etc.

By scale of business activity enterprises can be divided into the following types: individual enterprise: any creative activity of one person and his family; collective enterprise.

By working hours During the year they are divided into year-round enterprises and seasonal enterprises.

By level of specialization enterprises are divided into: specialized - these enterprises produce a certain range of products; universal – these enterprises produce a wide range of products; mixed - these enterprises occupy an intermediate position between specialized and universal enterprises.

By degree of automation Production enterprises are divided into automated, partially automated, mechanized, partially mechanized, machine-manual and manual.

By nature of activity enterprises are: non-profit – not related to the sale of products for the sake of enrichment (charitable activities); commercial – income-generating enterprises. This type of activity is usually called business. The most important is the classification of enterprises (firms) by legal status and form of business. Sole proprietorship is the property of one person or family; it is liable for its obligations with all its property (capital). Such an enterprise can be registered as independent or as a branch of another enterprise (another company). The form of sole proprietorships is predominantly carried out by firms with a small number of employees. Cooperative enterprises(cooperatives) are voluntary associations of citizens for the purpose of jointly conducting economic or other activities. Their characteristic feature is the personal participation of everyone in joint activities, use of own or rented property. There are two main types of cooperatives in the Ukrainian economy: production and consumer cooperatives. In the future, we can expect a wide spread of cooperatives in other areas of activity - scientific, financial, insurance, etc. In the public sector of the economy, one of the forms of entrepreneurship is rental businesses. Lease consists of temporary (on a contractual basis) possession and use of property necessary for the tenant to carry out business activities. Lease objects can be entire property complexes of state enterprises or their structural divisions (branches, workshops, sites), as well as individual units of property. Selected on this basis business companies are associations of entrepreneurs. In most countries with market economies, such societies, depending on the nature of integration (persons or capital) and the extent of liability for obligations (full or partial), are divided into full, limited liability, limited And joint stock. A full company (full liability company) is a company in which all participants are engaged in joint entrepreneurial activities and bear joint liability for the obligations of the enterprise with all their property. A limited liability company is one that has an authorized capital divided into parts; their size is determined by the constituent documents. The participants of this society are liable to the extent of their contribution. A limited partnership is a company that, along with members with full liability, includes one or more participants whose liability is limited to a personal contribution to the property of such a company. The most developed form of business companies is a joint stock company. Let us dwell on it in more detail, since it is directly related to the enterprise under study. .

The main attribute of society is promotion- a security without a specified circulation period, which indicates the shareholder’s equity participation in the authorized capital of the company; confirms membership in it and the right to receive part of the profit in the form of dividends and to participate in the distribution of property during the liquidation of the company. There are two types of joint stock companies: open type, whose shares are distributed through open subscription and purchase and sale on stock exchanges; closed type, shares of which can only be distributed between its founders. The joint stock form of business has significant advantages: financial - it creates a mechanism for the rapid mobilization of large-scale investments and regular receipt of income in the form of dividends on shares; economic - share capital contributes to the establishment of a flexible system of production and economic relations mediated by cross or valuable share ownership; social - corporatization is an important form of denationalization of the property of enterprises of any size, transforming employees into owners of a certain share of the enterprise’s property.

Technological and territorial integrity have the so-called parent (parent) enterprises or firms. The peculiarity of their activities is that they control other companies. Depending on the amount of capital owned by the parent (parent) company, as well as the legal status and degree of subordination, enterprises within the sphere of influence of the parent company can be divided into subsidiaries, associates and branches.

Subsidiary (company)- a legally independent organizational entity that carries out commercial operations and draws up a balance sheet. At the same time, the parent company strictly controls the activities of all its subsidiaries, since it owns a controlling stake in their shares.

Associated enterprise is also formally independent, but according to various reasons it depends on the parent company and must be subordinate to its strategic goals. Unlike subsidiaries and associates branch does not enjoy legal and economic independence, does not have its own charter and balance sheet, acts on behalf and on behalf of the parent enterprise, and has the same name as it. Almost the entire share capital of the branch belongs to the parent company.

To summarize, we systematize the above information in the form of a table (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 - Classification of enterprises

Source

As can be seen from Table 3.1, the classification of enterprises in accordance with industry and functional types of activity in most cases is clear from the very name of the individual groups of such activities. Explanations are required only leasing companies.

In the global economy, this name refers to international rental companies - producers who, for an appropriate fee, rent out consumer goods, computer equipment, various technological equipment, vehicles, etc.

Thus, the enterprise under study, JSC KEZ, is a commercial enterprise, private, with national capital, production and trading, parent (in this case, the only one), average in terms of the number of employees.

Since one of the methods of cognition of processes and phenomena is classification, i.e. dividing the population into groups according to various signs, the above classifications, according to which enterprises are divided into types, give us a complete picture of the activities of the organization under study and its role and place in the economy. Now we can move on to consider the life cycle of an enterprise.

COURSE WORK

Classification of organizations

Introduction

social economic market

The main reason for the management crisis is that the public consciousness retains ideas about power and management as identical concepts. The most important task in the development of a modern Russian leader is to master scientific approaches to management and understand the essence of organizational processes.

Organization theory occupies a special place among academic disciplines. Each person, consciously or unconsciously, participates in organizational processes, being an element of various social, economic, cultural and other organizational structures. As for management, the organization (enterprise), on the one hand, is the environment for the manager’s activities, on the other, the organization is one of the main functions of management.

With the structural approach, the organization acts as a certain structure, an element of the socio-economic structure of society, as a group of people interacting with each other through material, economic, legal and other conditions in order to solve the problems they face and achieve a common goal. An organization is not only an element of the socio-economic structure of society, but also a subject of law.

Economy, economy, market are, to a certain extent, synonyms with a common causal basis - limited resources, division of labor and exchange of labor products. An organization, or system, is necessary here to establish a certain balance between limited resources for the production of goods and the unlimited needs of people for these goods. People's needs for various goods are growing and changing, outstripping the resource capabilities of their production even with the use of the most modern technologies. It is possible to combine these facts of economic existence only under the conditions of such an organization (economic system) in which production would be really interested in effective use limited (and therefore expensive) resources, as well as the release of only those goods that are actually in demand by consumers, and at prices that compensate for production costs, the resource costs of producing these goods.

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the need to classify organizations, the signs necessary for its implementation, and types of organizations. The concepts of social and economic organizations will also be considered.

1. Classification of organizations

.1 Forms of organizations, characteristics, similarities

To improve methods for optimizing the enterprise management system, to simplify the procedure for analyzing their activities, classification is used. The classification of organizations, in addition to everything else, makes it possible to determine the state policy in relation to various types of organizations (credit and tax policy, support policy various forms business).

The most common is the division of organizations according to their legal form into four types:

.Legal entity - an organization created and registered in established by law order having separate property in ownership or operational management and answering with this property for its obligations. Must have an approved and registered charter, independent balance sheet or estimate.

.Non-legal entity - an organization not registered with a government agency (a branch of a legal entity or simple form partnership).

.Non-legal entity (individual entrepreneur) - an organization without registration of a legal entity.

.Informal associations are a group of persons carrying out joint activities without being a legally registered organization, without concluding a legal agreement.

According to the definition, a legal entity is an organization that: has a charter, a constituent agreement, or both, depending on the field of activity, has passed the registration procedure government organization, has a legal / actual address, maintains accounting documentation and acts in various authorities on its own behalf, and is subordinate to supervisory authorities.

Organizations that are not legal entities include branches (divisions) that operate on the basis of regulations approved by the parent enterprise, individual entrepreneurs operating without forming a legal entity, and simple partnerships.

Informal associations can be characterized as groups of people that arise spontaneously and unite people to achieve common goals (youth organizations, public organizations, spiritual associations). Today it is important to pay special attention to this form of organizations, since it can become paramount in the organization and influence management processes

All forms of organizations have the following common features:

· Presence of at least one employee

· The presence of a goal aimed at satisfying the needs of one or more members of the organization.

· Obtaining surplus product in any form.

· Transformation of financial, raw materials, information and other resources in the process of activity.

.2 Signs for classification

For the most correct classification of organizations, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term itself. Term organization (from lat. organizare - to give a slender appearance, to arrange) is interpreted in science as achieving the following parameters:) Internal order, consistency in the interaction of more or less differentiated and autonomous parts of the whole, determined by its structure.) A set of processes or actions leading to the formation and improvement of relationships between parts of the whole.) An association of people who jointly implement a certain program or goal and act on the basis of certain procedures and rules.

Organizations are classified according to a number of criteria:

)In relation to profit - commercial and non-commercial.

)By type of ownership - private, state, public, municipal and mixed-form organizations

)By intended purpose- public and economic.

)According to the level of formalization - formal and informal.

)According to the independence of decision-making - head, subsidiary, dependent.

)By size and number of personnel - large, medium, small.

)In relation to the budget - budgetary and extra-budgetary.

)By industry - industrial, trade, transport, etc.

2. Typology modern organizations

.1 Basic concepts

IN modern world There is a huge number of different organizations, state and non-state, production and non-production, etc., the effectiveness of any organization depends on the use of the potential of resources (financial, human, etc.). Particular attention should be paid to the management of these resources, their optimal use and the introduction of resource-saving technologies. The typology is based on the search for certain characteristics and criteria that serve as the basis for identifying similar organizations into groups as objects of research. The number of such signs is unlimited and depends on the methods of analysis, on the problems being solved and on the personal characteristics of the researcher. When determining the type of organization, the following concepts are used:

A commercial organization is an organization whose primary goal is to obtain the maximum possible profit.

Not commercial organization- an organization that does not have its own main goal receipt of profit and its distribution among members. Such organizations can be created to achieve the social, spiritual and other interests of citizens.

Business partnerships and companies are organizations with an authorized capital divided into shares of participants. Partnerships can be created either as a general partnership or as a limited partnership. Companies can be created in the following forms: JSC - joint stock company, LLC - limited liability company or ALC - additional liability company. Business partnerships and companies are implemented in the following forms: association, cartel, bank, exchange, venture, jobber, combine, company, conglomerate, condominium, consortium, concern, concession, cooperative, corner, corporation, society, association, enterprise, pool, syndicate , tender, partnership, trust, trust, financial and industrial group, firm, fund, franchise, holding.

A general partnership is an association whose participants engage in activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with all their property.

A limited partnership is a commercial organization based on share capital, in which there are two categories of members: general partners and limited investors. General partners carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. Limited depositors are responsible only for their contribution. Currently, this organizational legal form practically not used.

A limited liability company (LLC) is a business company established by one or more persons, the constituent capital of which is divided into shares of sizes determined by the constituent documents and the number of participants is limited by the Law on Limited Liability Companies.

An additional liability company (ALS) is a business company whose participants are jointly and severally liable for its debts if the company’s property lacks their personal property in the same multiple of the value of their contributions.

Joint-stock company (JSC) is a business company formed by persons who have combined their property and cash V authorized capital, divided into a certain number of equal shares secured by securities.

An open joint-stock company (OJSC) is a joint-stock company whose participants can freely sell and buy shares of the company without the consent of other shareholders.

Closed Joint Stock Company (CJSC) - securities are distributed among a predetermined circle of persons (founders).

A production cooperative is a voluntary association of citizens for joint production or other economic activity(production, processing, marketing of industrial agricultural and other products, performance of work, trade, consumer services, provision of other services), based on their personal labor or participation and the pooling of their property shares.

A foundation is a non-profit organization that manages capital created for charitable, social or other socially beneficial purposes.

Associations and unions are associations of various legal entities based on corporate (membership) principles. In contrast to non-legal holding-type associations (including “parent” and affiliated companies) these associations, firstly, are independent legal entities, and secondly, pursue non-profit goals, mainly coordinating the activities of participants and representing and protecting their common, including property, interests, thus being non-profit organizations.

.2 Types of modern organizations and their characteristics

Conventionally, all existing organizations according to the type of product sold can be divided into the following:

Organizations that sell tangible things.

Organizations that sell time.

Organizations that sell intangible things.

Many enterprises successfully implement all three models in their activities, mixing them.

The first group contains traditional enterprises: trading firms, factories, farms, etc., which sell physically tangible products to their customers. In my opinion, this model business is the easiest one that can be implemented, what is called “from scratch”. For enterprises of this type, the overriding law is supply and demand. In other words, the more a company saves on products that are in demand and the higher its quality, the more successful the business.

The second type of organization sells a commodity that everyone constantly lacks - time. Associations of this type concentrate professionals: lawyers, doctors, lawyers, freight forwarders, hotels, all of them sell their time for someone else's use. Depending on demand, they can change the price, raising it or lowering it, but they are always limited by time.

The third type of company sells an intangible product. These include: creative products, information, reports and other types of intellectual property. This group includes owners of media corporations, actors, singers, manufacturers software. The advantage of companies of this type is that they can sell their products repeatedly, but the competition in this market is such that not everyone can stay afloat.

It is not at all necessary that the organization must comply with any of the three models; enterprises that combine them receive the greatest benefit. This helps to increase alternative income, which in turn guarantees the most stable and predictable income. For example, a business whose business is the purchase, storage, and sale of tangible products may sell consulting services to other businesses. Also, such an organization may have on its staff a group of software developers designed to facilitate customer participation in its logistics processes, thereby increasing profits by combining several areas of activity.

Entrepreneurs, in my opinion, should constantly look for additional sources of income in addition to their main line of business that will strengthen their business. But you should not focus on activities in which the entrepreneur does not have special knowledge and skills.

3 . Social organizations

Social organization is a system of social groups and relationships between them. There are production, labor, socio-political and other social organizations. The main features of social organization: the presence of a common goal; presence of a system of power; distribution of functions.

There are many classifications of social systems. However, they are incomplete, since they do not include classes of natural and natural-artificial organizations. At the same time, create complete system classification of social organizations is currently hardly possible, given the insufficient knowledge of these classes of organizations.

Each classification is associated with the selection of a certain limited set of classification characteristics for the purpose of systematization for the convenience of studying, designing and improving organizations.

Based on their origin, organizations are divided into natural, artificial and natural-artificial. Natural organizations arise spontaneously, unintentionally; artificial - created deliberately, according to a specific plan or project; natural-artificial (mixed) organizations are partly created naturally and partly artificially.

Table 1 - Typical types of natural, artificial and natural-artificial social organizations

Social organizationsNaturalNatural-artificialArtificialFamiliesSettlementsMaternity hospitalsInformal groupsCitiesNurses, kindergartensFriendly companiesNationsSchools, universitiesSocial movementsPartiesHospitals, firmsEgalitarian societiesChurchesEnterprises Interest groupsCorporationsInstitutionsCivilizationsArmy

The second important feature of the classification is the main prerequisite for the rapprochement of subjects during the formation of organizations. The latter are formed mainly on the basis of territorial, spiritual or business proximity. Examples of territorial organizations are cities, settlements, countries, and world communities. Examples of organizations that have arisen on the basis of spiritual affinity are families, religious and party organizations, social movements and unions. Examples of organizations that arose on a business basis are corporate associations: business associations and unions, concerns, consortia, cartels, conglomerates, trusts, syndicates, holdings, financial and industrial groups.

Based on the types of main activities, organizations are divided into economic and public. Business organizations produce products and services. These include production, research and production, intermediary and other organizations. In turn, production organizations can be industrial, transport, agricultural, etc. Public organizations include political parties, blocs, social movements, churches and other religious societies, trade unions, environmental, human rights and other voluntary organizations.

Based on their legitimacy, organizations are divided into formal and informal. Formal organizations are officially registered, operating on the basis of existing legislation and established regulations (charter, regulations, constituent agreement, etc.). Organizations that have not registered their activities are classified as informal (from a legal point of view).

Based on problem orientation, organizations are divided into problem-oriented (single-problem) and multi-problem.

Based on ownership, there are state, municipal, private, public, and organizations with mixed ownership.

Based on the distribution of profits, organizations are divided into commercial and non-profit. Non-profit organizations do not aim to make a profit and cannot distribute the latter among participants.

Based on size, determined mainly by the number of members, organizations are divided into small, medium and large.

Depending on the composition of the subjects, organizations are divided into elementary and composite. Elementary organizations consist of individuals ( individuals), constituents include at least one smaller organization. Examples of elementary organizations are families, informal groups, some small businesses; examples of composites are concerns, holdings, financial and industrial groups, cities.

Based on the presence of special management bodies, organizations are divided into nuclear and non-nuclear. Examples of nuclear organizations are large modern cities, enterprises, and corporate associations. Examples of non-nuclear organizations are families, interest clubs, friendly companies, egalitarian, pre-state societies.

Let's consider 5 main directions common to all social organizations.

.Integrity and sustainability

Some definitions of society include integrity and sustainability as one of the main characteristics.

Thus, according to the modern educational sociological dictionary: “society is a collection of people united by historically established forms of their interaction in order to satisfy their needs. It is characterized by stability and integrity, self-reproduction, self-regulation and self-development.”

In some sources, the property of sustainability also applies to ethnic groups, societies, and civilizations.

Thus, an ethnos is defined as “a stable set of people historically formed in a certain territory, possessing a single language, general features and stable features of culture and psychology. Ethnic groups become a reality when there is a feeling of intra-group unity in contrast with other communities surrounding them, that is, ethnic self-awareness is formed.”

.Availability of organizational culture (OC)

The components of OK are not yet entirely clear. Each author tries to give his own definition, different from others. M. Meskon, M. Albert, F. Khedouri identify OK with the atmosphere or social climate of the organization.

O.S. Vikhansky and A.I. Naumov believe that OK includes the following components:

-a philosophy that sets the meaning of the organization’s existence and its attitude towards employees and clients;

-dominant values ​​on which the organization is based and which relate to the goals of its existence or to the means of achieving these goals;

-norms shared by employees of the organization and defining the principles of relationships in the organization;

-the rules by which the “game” is played in the organization;

-the climate that exists in the organization and is manifested in the kind of atmosphere that exists in the organization and how members of the organization interact with outsiders;

-behavioral rituals (ceremonies).

According to E. Shein, “organizational culture is an integrated set of basic ideas that a given group invented, accidentally discovered, borrowed, or achieved in some other way as a result of attempts to solve problems of adaptation to the external environment and internal integration, which served the organization quite effectively, to be recognized, effective and worthy of being retained and passed on to new generations of organization members.”

In addition to dividing culture into material and intangible, the division of culture into natural and artificial is used. Natural culture arises unintentionally as social facts, while artificial culture is created intentionally. The importance of this division is due to the fact that in most social organizations OC is of a mixed nature, that is, one part of OC is natural and the other is artificial.

The sign of OK is so important for social organizations that it is present in the definitions of society, nationality, nation, ethnic group, society, civilization, etc.

.Regulated behavior and activities of organization members

Regulated behavior means that each member of the organization, whether an individual or a smaller organization (formal or informal), is subject to certain “rules of the game”, which are elements of the organization’s culture.

Modern civilization is a complex interweaving of many spontaneous orders. The basis of this order is made up of institutions, moral traditions and practices spontaneously developed in the course of cultural evolution - individual sovereignty and autonomy, private property, private enterprise, political and intellectual freedom, democracy and the rule of law.

The concept of society includes a number of elements, the main of which include the regulation of public interests through generally binding rules of conduct.

.The ability of organizations to identify and satisfy their needs, or the ability to identify and solve their problems.

This ability has been known since ancient times, when Plato compared the Polis (city-state) with a living organism.

IN economic literature, dedicated to production and economic organizations, usually talks not about needs, but about problems. In this case, problems are understood as threats and obstacles to achieving the goals of the organization.

Thus, both in relation to natural organizations and in relation to artificial ones, many authors note the ability to identify and solve their problems. However, for natural organizations the concept of “problem” takes on a slightly different meaning than for artificial ones. When people talk about the problems of a city, society or humanity, they usually mean problems related to their survival. For example, when they talk about housing, food, energy, environmental problems, public health and safety issues, they are not usually considered in relation to any social purpose. These problems can be called survival problems. They must be solved in any case, regardless of the presence of strategic goals that a society or organization may set for itself.

.Ability for self-development and self-learning

In addition to these general features, many authors name others. For example, some attribute the presence of a certain geographical territory, common origin, common language, etc. to such features. However, such features meet with serious objections.

Thus, the famous Austrian scientist O. Bauer wrote in relation to the nation: “What is a nation? Does it represent a special group of people with a common origin? But the Italians are descended from the Etruscans, Romans, Celts, Germans, Saracens; modern French - from the Gauls, Romans, Britons and Germans; modern Germans are from the Germans, Celts and Slavs. Is there a common language that unites people into a nation? But the English and the Irish, the Danes, Norwegians, Serbs and Croats speak the same language, without, however, representing a single people.”

From O. Bauer's research it follows that neither a common territory, nor a common origin, nor a common language can be considered as common features of social organizations.

So, common features social organizations that distinguish them from others (less organized) social formations, is integrity and stability, the presence of an organizational culture, regulated behavior, the ability to identify and satisfy social needs, the ability for self-learning and self-development.

Of the above-mentioned features of social organizations, the most important is the ability of organizations to identify and satisfy social needs, since the very existence of the organization depends on this ability.

Any social organization, be it a society or a company, exists as a stable social integrity because, like a living organism, it has intelligent activity, manifested in the ability to adequately respond to challenges or identify and satisfy its needs. Note that this feature in no way contradicts the fact that many organizations are goal-oriented systems. At the same time, organizations cannot be considered only as goal-oriented systems, without taking into account their sociology, the processes of self-organization and the formation of collective consciousness aimed at identifying and satisfying their own needs.

The other extreme is the presentation of the organization as a social system with integrity in view of the fact that the system in general, by definition, is an integral formation.

4. Business organizations

An economic organization is understood as an independent form of business, enshrined in legislation and endowed with legal personality, in the form of a legal entity or without the rights of a legal entity, but with a clearly defined legal personality, designed to meet the needs of individuals and society primarily in the environment external to the organization through the production of products and the provision of services.

An economic organization is a type of social organization that is formed to run a household.

To produce products and provide services, business organizations must have a certain potential.

The word “potential” comes from the Latin potentia - power and means the sources, capabilities, means, resources and reserves that can be put into action or used to solve a problem. The potential depends on each of the employees and their placement, technological equipment and professionalism of managers.

It can be presented in ten complementary types: production, organizational, economic, social, technological, psychological, legal, environmental, ethical and political.

Business organizations can produce products in the form of goods, services, information or knowledge. They, organizations, can be classified:

)by duration: urgent (registration documents indicate the period for which the organization was created), unlimited;

2)by active season: summer, winter, etc. This status allows the organization to recruit personnel for a certain cyclical period;

)by scale of production: single production; mass production; mass production;

)by production specialization: specialized production; universal production.

All business organizations are divided into commercial and non-profit.

Commercial organizations pursue profit as the main goal of their activities. They are created in the form of business partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Non-profit organizations, unlike commercial ones, do not have the goal of making a profit, but if there is any, it is not distributed among the participants. They can be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations (associations), funds, institutions, associations (associations and unions).

The specified legal forms of commercial and non-profit organizations differ from each other in composition, status of founders and their responsibility, types of constituent documents, type of authorized capital and its minimum size, as well as management features.

The variety of forms of economic organizations is obvious. We list the main types in the table.

Table 2 - Main types of business organizations

StatusFoundersResponsibility of foundersConstituent documentsAuthorized capitalGeneral partnershipPhys. Entrepreneurs and/or legal entities persons All personal property Founding agreement Shared capital The minimum amount is not established Partnership on limited liability Several citizen-entrepreneurs and / or several limited partners Full members: All personal property Contributing members: Their share of the contribution Founding agreement Shared capital The minimum amount is not established Limited liability company 1 or several citizens, legal entities Risk of losses with their contribution Founding agreement, charter (if there is 1 founder, then there is no constituent agreement) 100 minimum salaries: from a foreigner. investment 1000 minimum salaries, pay 50% upon registration Company with additional liability1 or several citizens, legal entities Risk of losses with your contribution additionally: With your property in proportion to the value of the contribution Memorandum of association, charter (if there is 1 founder, then there is no foundation agreement) 100 minimum salaries; from foreign investment 1000 minimum wages, for registration Closed joint stock company Citizens and / or legal entities. faces; there can be 1 founder with its own block of shares Charter 1000 minimum salaries Open joint stock company Physical. persons and/or legal entities persons Own shareholding Charter 1000 minimum wages Production cooperative (artel) Citizens, but there may be legal participation. persons The minimum number of participants is 5, within the limits of their share contribution, both paid and unpaid Charter; Feature: each member must take part in labor. To register, each member must pay 10% of his share contribution

Legally separate business organizations must have their own mission. Management and staff must believe in it.

The mission reveals the purpose and raison d'être of the organization. It should be formulated very clearly, clearly and reflected in the constituent documents.

Conclusion

In organizations, the center of which is a person, a number of general and special laws and principles are objectively followed, which represent a single whole in the world of organizations. Therefore, any firm, company, or organization should be considered as a socio-economic system, since the most important relations in them are social and economic.

Among the elements influencing formalized communications and informal relationships, we can distinguish the general and the special. What is common in the relationships of people in an organization can be predicted and created on this basis different kinds regulatory documentation. What is special is the flavor of the relationship, which in some cases can be decisive in the activities of the organization. The combination of the general and the particular in the relations of people significantly influences the general and the particular in the activities of the social organization itself, its reaction to the action of a particular law.

In an organization, the interests of individuals and groups intertwine and coexist, rules and norms of relationships, discipline and creativity are established. Each organization has its own mission, culture, image. Organizations change in response to environmental demands and perish when they fail to meet them.

Classification of organizations allows you to group them according to similar characteristics or parameters for developing common methods analysis of economic activities, improvement of management and regulation. Classification and typology of organizations is also necessary to determine public policy towards different types enterprises.

An organization is, in fact, an elementary cell of another immeasurably more complex and multifaceted organism, which is National economy generally. It is well known that if the cells of the body are weakened, painful and non-viable, then this threatens it with mortal danger and such an organism should be treated precisely at the cellular level. In my opinion, the problem of large-scale training of management specialists who possess the volume of knowledge necessary for such “therapy” is very relevant not only for developing and transition economies, but also for countries that are part of the global economic elite.

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a) according to the purpose of activity, enterprises are commercial and non-commercial. Main goal commercial enterprises is to make a profit, while non-profit organizations have other goals and perform other statutory tasks (charitable, pacifist, religious, environmental organizations);

b) according to the form of ownership, enterprises can be private and state (public).

If the founder of an enterprise is a private individual or a group of private co-owners, then such an enterprise will be private. In the case when the society as a whole or predominantly the society acts as its owner, then such an enterprise will be state-owned (public). The types of state property in the Republic of Belarus are communal and republican property. In addition, there are enterprises of mixed ownership, i.e. with the share of private and state ownership in its assets;

c) Based on the type of economic activity, enterprises are divided into organizations that produce material goods and provide services.

1). By size: small, medium and large.

2). By participation of foreign capital: joint, foreign and foreign. The joint venture is located on the territory of the country and has a share in the authorized capital owned by at least one foreign investor. A foreign enterprise is located outside the country, but its authorized capital belongs to domestic investors. A foreign enterprise is located on the territory of the country, but its authorized capital is entirely owned by foreign investors.

More on topic 2. Classification of organizations according to various criteria:

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An enterprise (firm) is an independent (separate) entity, which first of all means freedom in making economic decisions. However, any decision regarding the activities of an enterprise is made taking into account the results of an analysis of the internal and external environment.

Internal environmentcompanies- this is the enterprise’s own economy, covering all components of its activities; production processes, sales of products, financial, material and personnel support, - management system.

External environment companies is economic, legal and social environment, in which the enterprise operates as part of the national economy. The external environment of the company can be schematically represented as follows (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. External environment of the enterprise (company)

The business sector of the national economy usually includes a huge number of firms, which for the purposes of economic analysis are grouped according to a number of essential characteristics. The most common classifications are based on forms of ownership, size, nature of activity, industry, dominant factor of production, and legal status.

By type of ownership enterprises are divided into:

· private enterprises, which can exist either as completely independent, independent firms, or in the form of monopolistic associations and their components. Private companies can also include those firms in which the state has a share of capital (but not a predominant one);

· state enterprises, by which are meant both purely state-owned, in which capital and management are completely owned by the state, andmixed, where the state has for the most part capital or plays a decisive role in management. According to the recommendation of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), enterprises in which government bodies own the majority of the capital (over 50%) and/or those that are controlled by them (through government officials working at the enterprise) should be considered state-owned enterprises;

· mixed enterprises sometimes occupy a significant place in the economic life of the country. For example, in Russia at the end of the 90s. the state retains a stake in many privatized enterprises (these enterprises employ a quarter of all employees).

By size enterprises are divided into small, medium And large, based on two main parameters: number of employees and volume of production (sales).

In terms of number, small enterprises usually predominate (in Russia they account for about 1/2 of the total number of enterprises).

IN different countries Small businesses are defined differently. According to the Law “On State Support of Small Businesses in the Russian Federation” of June 14, 1995 in our country, these include those enterprises where the average number of employees does not exceed 30 people - in retail trade and consumer services, 50 people - in wholesale trade, 60 people - in the scientific and technical sphere, agriculture and 100 people - in transport, construction and industry.

Classification of companies by nature of activity involves dividing them into producing material goods(consumer or investment goods) and services.

This classification is close to the classification of an enterprise by industry , which divides them into industrial, agricultural, trade, transport, banking, insuranceetc.

Classification of enterprisesbased on the dominant factor of production highlights labor-intensive, capital-intensive, material-intensive, knowledge-intensive enterprises.

Legally status (organizational and legal forms) in Russia, the following types of enterprises are distinguished according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation:

· individual entrepreneurs

· business partnerships and societies;

· production cooperatives;

· state and municipal unitary enterprises ;

· non-profit organizations(including consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations and associations, foundations, etc.). (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Organizational and legal forms of enterprises in Russia

Individual entrepreneurs. If an individual citizen is engaged in entrepreneurial activity, but without forming a legal entity (for example, organizes his own farm), then he is recognized as an individual entrepreneur. An individual entrepreneur bears unlimited property liability for obligations.

Under contract simple partnership (agreement on joint activity) two or more persons (partners) undertake to pool their contributions and act together without forming a legal entity to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law. The parties to such an agreement can only be individual entrepreneurs and/or commercial organizations.

General partnership . A general partnership is recognized as a partnership whose participants (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, engage in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with the property belonging to them. The management of the activities of a general partnership is carried out according to general agreement all participants. As a rule, each participant in a general partnership has one goalOS. Participants in a general partnership jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability the property belonging to them for the obligations of the partnership, i.e. all your property, including personal.

General partnerships are concentrated mainly in agriculture and the service sector and are, as a rule, small-sized enterprises, the activities of which are quite easily controlled by their participants.

Partnership of faith. A limited partnership is a partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out business activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with their property ( complete comrades), there is one or more participant-investors (limited partners), who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership, within the limits of the amounts of contributions made by them and do not participate in the implementation of the partnership entrepreneurial activity. Since this legal form allows one to attract significant financial resources through an almost unlimited number of limited partners, it is typical for larger enterprises.

Limited Liability Company (OOO). Such a company is recognized as a company founded by one or several persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of sizes determined by the constituent documents. The participants of an LLC are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of the contributions they made. The authorized capital of an LLC is made up of the value of the contributions of its participants. This legal form is most common among small and medium-sized enterprises.

Company with additional liability (ODO) a company founded by one or several persons is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of sizes determined by the constituent documents; Participants of such a company jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for its obligations with their property in the same multiple of the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company. In the event of bankruptcy of one of the participants, his liability for the obligations of the company is distributed among the remaining participants in proportion to their contributions, unless a different procedure for the distribution of liability is provided for by the constituent documents of the company.

Joint-Stock Company (AO). A joint stock company is a company whose authorized capital is divided into certain number shares. JSC participants ( shareholders) are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of the shares they own.

A joint stock company whose participants can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, admits open (JSC). Such a joint-stock company has the right to subscribe for shares issued by it and to sell them freely under the conditions established by law. An open joint-stock company is obliged to annually publish an annual report for public information, balance sheet, profit and loss account.

Joint stock company whose shares are distributed onlyamong its founders orothera predetermined circle of people, admits closed (COMPANY).

The constituent document of a joint-stock company is its charter

Authorized capital JSC is made up of the par value of the company's shares acquired by shareholders.

The supreme management body of the joint-stock company is General Meeting of Shareholders.

Advantages of the joint-stock form of organization of enterprises are:

· the ability to mobilize large financial resources;

· the ability to quickly transfer funds from one industry to another;

· the right to freely transfer and sell shares, ensuring the existence of the company regardless of changes in the composition of shareholders;

· limited liability of shareholders;

· separation of ownership and management functions.

The legal form of a joint stock company is preferable for large enterprises where there is a great need for financial resources.

Producer cooperatives

Production cooperative(artel) recognizes a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production activities based on their personal labor and other participation in the association of its members (participants) of property share contributions. The production cooperative is commercial organization. Its founding document is charter, approved by the general meeting of members of the cooperative. The number of members of the cooperative should not be less than five. The property owned by the production cooperative is divided into shares its members in accordance with the charter of the cooperative. The cooperative does not have the right to issue shares. A cooperative member has one vote when making decisions at the general meeting.

State And municipal unitary enterprises

Unitary enterprise called a commercial organization that is not vested with the right of ownership to the property assigned to it by the owner. Besides this property is indivisible, i.e. cannot be distributed among deposits (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. In Russia, in the form of unitary enterprises, there are only government And municipal enterprises. They manage, but do not own, the state (municipal) property assigned to them. If such an enterprise is based on lawoperational management federal property, i.e. managed by government agencies, it is called a federal government enterprise. All other unitary enterprises are enterprises based on the right of economic management.

Non-profit organizations

Non-profit organizations include consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations, foundations.

Consumer cooperative a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities on the basis of membership is recognized in order to satisfy the material and other needs of the participants, carried out by combining its members with property shares. Typically, a consumer cooperative provides its members with certain consumer goods.

Public and religious organizations (associations) voluntary associations of citizens who have united in accordance with the procedure established by law are recognized based on the commonality of their interests to satisfy spiritual and other non-material needs.

The concept of an enterprise and its characteristics

The core of any economy is production, the creation of an economic product. Without production there can be no consumption, you can only eat what is produced. It is enterprises that produce products, perform work and services, that is, they create the basis for consumption and increasing national wealth. The health of the entire economy and the industrial power of the state depend on how efficiently enterprises operate and their financial condition.

An enterprise is an independent economic entity created in accordance with current legislation to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. After state registration, an enterprise acquires the status of a legal entity in the prescribed manner.

The highest goal of the enterprise is to exceed the results over the costs, i.e. achieving the highest possible profit or highest possible profitability. The ideal situation is when obtaining maximum profit ensures higher profitability. To achieve this goal, enterprises must.

1) produce high-quality products, systematically update them and provide services in accordance with demand and available production capabilities;

2) rational use of production resources, taking into account their interchangeability;

3) develop a strategy and tactics for the enterprise’s behavior and adjust them in accordance with changing circumstances.

4) systematically introduce everything new and advanced into production, labor organization and management;

5) take care of their employees, increase their qualifications and make their work more meaningful, increase their standard of living, and create a favorable socio-psychological climate in the work team.

Signs of an enterprise

1. An enterprise must have separate property in its ownership, economic management or operational management. Its presence ensures the material and technical ability of the enterprise to operate, its economic independence and reliability.

2. The most important feature of an enterprise as a legal entity is its ability to meet with its property the obligations that the enterprise has in relations with creditors, incl. and in case of failure to fulfill obligations to the budget.

3. One of the main characteristics of an enterprise as a legal entity is its ability to act in economic transactions on its own behalf, i.e. in accordance with the law, enter into all types of civil contracts with business partners (consumers of products, works and services, suppliers of all factors of production), with civil and other legal entities and individuals.

4. The most important feature of an enterprise as a legal entity is its right (or opportunity) to be a plaintiff, to present a claim to the guilty party, and also to be a defendant in court in case of failure to fulfill obligations in compliance with laws and contracts.

5. The enterprise must have an independent balance sheet, correctly keep records of costs for the production and sale of products (works and services), promptly submit reports to established government bodies, in addition, provide balance sheets and other accounting and financial statements for an independent audit.

6. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, any legal entity must have its own name containing an indication of its organizational and legal form. Classification of enterprises by characteristics

Enterprises are different in terms of conditions, goals and nature of operation. For a more in-depth study of the activities of an enterprise, they are usually classified according to various criteria:

By industry enterprises are divided into: enterprises of the production and non-production spheres, then, according to smaller divisions, industrial, agricultural, credit and financial, and transport enterprises are distinguished.

By size enterprises are divided as follows: small - up to 50 employees, medium - from 50 to 500 (sometimes - up to 300); large - over 500; especially large - over 1000 employees. Determining the size of an enterprise by the number of employees can be supplemented by other characteristics - sales volume, assets, profit received.

By type of ownership enterprises are divided into: private, state, municipal, cooperative and other enterprises.

By capital ownership and, accordingly, according to control over the enterprise, national, foreign and joint (mixed) enterprises are distinguished.

Types of enterprises in accordance with the needs satisfied by their products:

1. violent (“silovik”) - a large enterprise engaged in mass production of a standard product. Such enterprises are characterized by large size, production of high-quality cheap products, low profitability per unit of production and high market stability;

2. Patient (“opportunist”, “niche specialist”) - a medium or small-sized, highly specialized enterprise for the production of irreplaceable products (takes into account the desire of the consumer). Characterized by a high level of parameters and high profitability per unit of production. Market stability is average;

3. commutator (“connector”) - a small enterprise with mass production. It is designed to meet local needs and has a high level of flexibility. The level of sustainability is very low, but the entrepreneurial spirit is strong;

4. explorer (“researcher”, “pioneer”) - a venture enterprise with a high degree of instability and risk. It is developing a new single product. With the advent of a unit of this product, the enterprise either ends its life or transforms into a new type of enterprise.

According to the nature of the raw materials consumed enterprises are divided into: mining industry enterprises, manufacturing industry enterprises.

Based on technical and technological commonality there can be enterprises: with a continuous production process, with a predominance of chemical production processes, with a discrete production process, with a predominance of mechanical production processes.

By operating time throughout the year are distinguished: year-round enterprises, seasonal enterprises.

By level of specialization: specialized - enterprises produce a limited range of products, and a small number of items are processed at each workplace; universal - they produce a wide range of products, various types of products are processed at workplaces; mixed - occupy an intermediate place between specialized and universal.

According to the degree of mechanization and automation of production: complex-automated production, partially automated production, complex-mechanized production, manual production, machine-manual production, partially mechanized production.