Classification of enterprises: The main features of the classification of enterprises are:

1) industry and subject specialization;

2) production structure;

3) size of the enterprise.

Industry differences in products are considered to be the main ones. According to this classification, enterprises are divided into:

1) industrial;

2) agricultural;

3) enterprises of transport, communications, construction.

Industry is traditionally divided into two large industry groups: mining and processing industries. In turn, the processing industry is divided into light industry, food industry, heavy industry, etc.

In practice, there are rarely enterprises whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined. As a rule, most of them have an intersectoral structure. In this regard, enterprises are divided into:

1) highly specialized;

2) multidisciplinary;

3) combined.

Highly specialized enterprises are those that produce a limited range of mass-produced or large-scale production. Multi-industry enterprises include enterprises that produce a wide range of products and for various purposes– most often found in industry and agriculture. Combined enterprises are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, and in agriculture. The essence of combining production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into the next type.

The most complex form of combining production is the complex use of raw materials for the manufacture of products that differ in structure and chemical composition, when, based on the same raw materials, the enterprise produces products that differ in characteristics, purpose and manufacturing technology.

Grouping enterprises by enterprise size is most widely used. As a rule, all enterprises are divided into three groups: small (up to 50 employees), medium (from 50 to 500 (less often up to 300)) and large (over 500 employees). When classifying an enterprise into one of the groups, the following indicators can be used:

1) number of employees;

2) the cost of manufactured products;

3) the cost of fixed production assets.

One international standard There is no differentiation of enterprises, dividing them into small, medium and large. It all depends on the specific situation, level of development, type of economy, and its sectoral structure. The classification based on the number of employees with differentiation by economic sectors is mainly used.

Small enterprises in industry, construction and transport began to include enterprises with up to 100 employees, in agriculture - up to 60 people, in retail trade and consumer services - up to 30 people, in other industries - up to 50 people. In this case, the average number of employees who are not on the staff of the enterprise is added to the average annual number of employees. These criteria (taking into account world practice) are conditional criteria for dividing enterprises by size.

Question 2. Market equilibrium. Equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity. MARKET EQUILIBRIUM - a market situation in which there is no tendency to change the market price or volume of goods sold.

Market equilibrium is established when the price is brought to a level that equalizes the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied. The market equilibrium price and quantity of a good sold can change in response to changes in supply and demand.

When a "price ceiling" is set below the equilibrium price, a shortage (sometimes called excess demand for goods) is created and the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. This situation will lead to competition between buyers for the opportunity to buy this good. Competing buyers begin to offer more high prices. In response to this, sellers begin to raise prices. As prices rise, the quantity demanded decreases and the quantity supplied increases. This continues until the price reaches its equilibrium level.

When price floors are set above the equilibrium price, the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded and a surplus of goods is created. Market equilibrium and deviation from it are shown in Fig. 4.2.

Rice. 4.2. Market equilibrium

There are four options for the influence of shifts in supply and demand curves on the price and volume of goods.

1. An increase in demand for a good causes the demand curve to shift to the right, resulting in an increase in both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity of the good.
2. A decrease in demand for a good shifts the demand curve to the left, resulting in a decrease in the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of the good.
3. An increase in the supply of a good shifts the supply curve to the right, resulting in a decrease in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity of the good.
4. A decrease in the supply of a good shifts the supply curve to the left, resulting in an increase in the equilibrium price and a decrease in the equilibrium quantity of the good.

Using these four options for changing demand and supply and shifting their curves, you can determine the equilibrium point in the event of any fluctuations in demand and supply.

However, the above-mentioned “four rules” of supply and demand do not always “work”, because often a shift in both the demand curve and the supply curve occurs simultaneously, which significantly complicates the analysis of real economic phenomena and processes.

A scientifically based method of analyzing supply and demand suggests the need to:

• a) distinguish changes in demand or supply that lead to a shift in the curve from changes in the volume of demand or supply that cause movement along the curve;
• b) keep all other conditions equal, which requires knowledge of the differences between the impact due to a change in the price of the good and the impact due to changes in other factors.

The market model outlined above is static, since it applies to a certain fixed period (year, quarter, month), the relationships of its variables over time are not analyzed. Including the dependence of demand, supply and prices over time in the model transforms the model into a dynamic model.

If we assume that under the influence of demand the response of supply will be slower, another option arises, which in economics is called the “web model”, which assumes that the implementation of a new state of equilibrium is established by the relationship of certain parameters of the demand and supply functions.

TASK FOR TICKET No. 20 The nominal income of the country's citizens increased by an average of 60%. Over the same period, the price level for consumer goods and services increased by 75%. Determine the change in the real income of citizens of this country. Solution: Vts = GDPnom / HVVPreal 1.75 Uts = 1.6 GDPnom / HVVPreal HVVPreal = 1.6 VVPnom / 1.75 UtsH = 0.91 or 91%Answer: the real income of citizens of this country decreased by 9%

Ticket 21 Question 1. Entrepreneurial activity: Essence, goals, objectives. Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial activity - economic activity aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the production and/or sale of goods and the provision of services. For this purpose, property, intangible assets, and labor of both the entrepreneur himself and those brought in from outside are used.

The essence of entrepreneurial activity is the creation of goods and services that have value for the consumer and benefit the manufacturer. The type of products produced may change over time as customer demand changes.

The goals of entrepreneurial activity may vary depending on the type of activity, but they are all related to making a profit. The main goal of a business is to obtain money in order to provide for yourself, your family and the employees of your enterprise. But entrepreneurial activity also has other goals - supplying the market with goods and services, providing them to consumers, reducing social tension, in the form of creating values ​​and paying taxes that provide social benefits - education, medicine, etc.

The tasks of entrepreneurial activity (and their solutions) that contribute to the achievement of set goals can be divided into three areas. The first direction is a set of tasks, the solution of which ensures the success of the innovative activity of an entrepreneur, the second direction is a set of tasks, the solution of which shapes the effectiveness of an already completed or just begun entrepreneurial activity, the third direction is that entrepreneurial activity must be not only effective, but also fair. This is possible when the second direction is implemented.
Profit is a measure of how well entrepreneurs satisfy customer needs. As a rule, the higher the profit, the better the needs of customers are satisfied, and conversely, the lower the profit, the less satisfied the customers. Increasing the rate of profit, for example, requires solving a set of problems such as providing the production process with the necessary factors of production, searching for sources of financing, analyzing the survival of the company in changing competitive conditions, meeting the needs of customers or clients; increase in sales; optimization of the use of all resources, development of marketing strategies, selection of suppliers, selection of business partners, increasing the liquidity of the company, development of security measures environment etc.
The belief that profit is the sole purpose of an enterprise is dubious and contributes little to its development. The main problem of an entrepreneur is to obtain sufficient income from the use of resources, and not to maximize profits. An equally important point in setting goals is to determine the rate of return on investment as a means of measuring profitability

Question 2. Types of business plans. Business plan structure
In order to identify users of information, business plans can be divided into two types:
1). A business plan to be presented to creditors, investors, and partners mainly for the purpose of attracting funds. Usually these are business plans for specific projects. They justify the effectiveness of investing funds in the project and their return;
2). A corporate business plan intended for the company itself. It is more detailed and objectively describes Current state and the company’s emerging opportunities, helps to identify many problems associated with the implementation of the chosen strategy. As a result, the manager will be able to overcome them in the future, as he will be ready to make the right decisions.

Business plan structure
Each business plan has a certain structure - a list of points of which it consists. The features of the structure differ only depending on the standards for drawing up business plans, but in general, any business plan includes the following sections:
Summary.
Idea of ​​the proposed project, analysis current state industry.
Marketing research, definition target audience and its purchasing potential.
Organizational

TASK FOR TICKET No. 21 The total monthly income of an individual entrepreneur is 700 thousand rubles. The owner of the enterprise pays wages to employees in the amount of 400 thousand rubles. in addition, the cost of raw materials and materials is 200 thousand rubles. Used production area an entrepreneur could rent out and receive rent in the amount of 50 thousand rubles. Determine the accounting and net economic profit of the entrepreneur. SOLUTION: BP = Vr-YAI TS = FC+VC EP = Vr-(YAI+NI) YAI = TS = 400 thousand + 200 thousand = 600 (thousand rubles) BP = 700 thousand – 600 thousand = 100 (thousand rubles) EP = 700 thousand – (600 thousand + 50 thousand) = 50 (thousand rubles) Answer: accounting profit = 100 thousand. RUB, economic = 50 thousand. RUB Conclusion: economic profit is less than accounting profit by the amount of implicit costs.
Ticket 24 Question 1. Economic freedom. The Meaning of Exchange Economic Freedom- important component business. It represents freedom of economic activity, trade, land use, voluntary cooperation, etc. Economic freedom is equally important for both the entrepreneur-businessman and the consumer, since it creates an environment for the creative activity of the individual. Economic freedom in practice means the right to start or stop a business, acquire any resources, use any technology, produce any product and offer it for sale at any price; invest your funds at your own discretion.

The economic freedoms of entrepreneurs are closely interconnected. When an enterprise is privately owned, then an attack on the freedom of business is actually an attack on the personal freedom of the property owner. Without economic freedom there can be no individual freedom. It should be understood that these rights and freedoms do not provide guaranteed success for every businessman. He can produce any product and set any price for it. However, there is no guarantee that anyone will buy it, since consumers also enjoy economic freedom, that is, freedom of personal choice, which is no less important than freedom of enterprise

The meaning of exchange.

Exchange– an intermediate stage of the movement of material goods, connecting production and consumption. Exchanges can only take place under certain conditions. To accomplish it, you need at least two parties (people), each of whom is interested in receiving what the other owns, and must have something that can be offered in return. When these conditions are met and an agreement is reached, an exchange occurs that is mutually beneficial for both parties.

The role of exchange in the life of society is determined by the fact that without it it would be impossible to achieve the current level of material well-being of people and the development of entrepreneurship. A person's whole life is exchange. A worker exchanges his labor for wages, an entrepreneur exchanges goods for money, a banker issues a cash loan in exchange for interest, etc.

Exchange arises under conditions of division of labor. This allows people to focus on producing those goods that they do better than others. The surplus of these goods is then exchanged for other goods, necessary for a person. People could not independently produce the computer, the refrigerator, the television, the book they read, or the jeans they wear. They purchased them with money received from the sale of what they can do better than others, that is, they exchanged them. Material and intangible goods are acquired for the purpose of their consumption.

An organization is a set of elements (material, technical, labor and other resources) that are united by common goals and objectives. The central and main place in the organization is occupied by the person who owns, uses and manages the equipment, technology and finances belonging to this organization.

Each organization is characterized by the most general characteristics. These include:

• – proposed products and services;
• – the presence of common goals for the sake of which people united in an organization and created its specific structure, as well as the means to achieve these goals;
• – isolation, “borders” that separate one organization from others and create integrity, unity

actions of workers within this system, despite its openness, i.e. interaction with the external environment;

• – place and role in the system market relations;
• – philosophy of the organization (basic views, values);
• – concept of the organization;
• – external image, image (responsibility to partners, consumers, society).

Together with an understanding of the basic elements of the organization, the stages of its development and relationships with the external environment, knowledge of the features is essential for successful management different types organizations. Let's consider classification of organizations, which involves their unification according to certain criteria, such as formalization, attitude to profit, type of activity, size, form of ownership, legal form, etc. (Fig. 2.14 and 2.15):

Based criteria for formalization formal and informal organizations are distinguished.

A formal organization is an organization intentionally created by the will of management, which has clearly defined goals, formalized rules, structure and relationships. This group includes all business organizations, government and international institutions.

Within the formal structure there is always an informal organization. This is a spontaneously formed group of people who interact regularly to achieve a specific goal. Moreover, they are not bound by official hierarchy and are united on the basis of friendly sympathies and common interests. Typically, workers who join such organizations feel a need for communication, belonging, security and mutual assistance. An informal organization provides big influence on staff morale, motivation, job satisfaction and productivity. It can provide its members with enormous opportunities for development, initiative and creativity - both for the benefit of the organization and for their own purposes.

Rice. 2.14.

Figure 2.15.

The differences between formal and informal organizations are presented in Table. 2.2.

Let's look at the classification of formal business organizations in more detail. In accordance with Art. 48 (clause 1) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part 1 as amended by Federal Law No. 83-Φ3 dated 05/08/2010, legal entities have separate property in ownership, economic possession or operational management and are liable for their obligations with this property.

Table 2.2

Comparative characteristics of formal and informal organizations

In relation to profit, organizations are divided into commercial and non-profit organizations. The former pursue profit as the main goal of their activities, while the latter do not seek to extract or distribute the resulting profit among participants.

The most significant difference in organizations is observed by type activities: industrial, agricultural, trade organizations, as well as various types of associations in the form of agro-industrial and trading companies, concerns, etc. Trade organizations, in turn, are divided into wholesale and retail.

Wholesale trade organizations mainly carry out intermediary activities between companies producing consumer goods and retail trade organizations, and also provide transport and other services to customers.

Retail trade organizations designed to serve retail consumers, i.e. population. Their main task is to satisfy the diverse needs of the population for goods and services of a wide range and proper quality.

Depending on the size, small, medium and large organizations are distinguished. IN Russian Federation This criterion is not the same for each sector of the economy. Thus, the number of employees of small organizations in industry, construction and transport should not exceed 100 people, agriculture and the scientific and technical sphere - 60, wholesale trade - 50, retail trade and consumer services - 30. As for small organizations carrying out several types activities (multi-profile), then the size is determined depending on the type of activity whose share is the largest in the annual turnover or annual profit.

Medium and large organizations in the Russian Federation do not have criteria established by law; thus, they are determined quite arbitrarily based on actual indicators.

By forms of ownership There are private, state (federal and municipal) and other organizations.

Depending on the organizational and legal form organizations can be created in the form of business partnerships or societies; production or consumer cooperatives; state unitary enterprises; associations (associations, unions) and other forms provided for by law.

COURSE WORK

Classification of organizations

Introduction

social economic market

The main reason for the management crisis is that the public consciousness retains ideas about power and management as identical concepts. The most important task in the development of a modern Russian leader is to master scientific approaches to management and understand the essence of organizational processes.

Organization theory occupies a special place among academic disciplines. Every person, consciously or unconsciously, participates in organizational processes, being an element of various social, economic, cultural and other organizational structures. As for management, the organization (enterprise), on the one hand, is the environment for the manager’s activities, on the other, the organization is one of the main functions of management.

With the structural approach, the organization acts as a certain structure, an element of the socio-economic structure of society, as a group of people interacting with each other through material, economic, legal and other conditions in order to solve the problems they face and achieve a common goal. An organization is not only an element of the socio-economic structure of society, but also a subject of law.

Economy, economy, market are, to a certain extent, synonyms with a common causal basis - limited resources, division of labor and exchange of labor products. An organization, or system, is necessary here to establish a certain balance between limited resources for the production of goods and the unlimited needs of people for these goods. People's needs for various goods are growing and changing, outstripping the resource capabilities of their production even with the use of the most modern technologies. It is possible to combine these facts of economic existence only under the conditions of an organization (economic system) in which production would be really interested in the efficient use of limited (and therefore expensive) resources, as well as the production of only those goods that are actually in demand by consumers, and at prices , reimbursing production costs and resource costs of producing these goods.

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the need to classify organizations, the signs necessary for its implementation, and types of organizations. The concepts of social and economic organizations will also be considered.

1. Classification of organizations

.1 Forms of organizations, characteristics, similarities

To improve methods for optimizing the enterprise management system, to simplify the procedure for analyzing their activities, classification is used. The classification of organizations, in addition to everything else, makes it possible to determine the state policy in relation to various types of organizations (credit and tax policy, support policy various forms business).

The most common is the division of organizations according to their legal form into four types:

.A legal entity is an organization created and registered in the manner prescribed by law, which has separate property in its ownership or operational management and is responsible for its obligations with this property. Must have an approved and registered charter, independent balance sheet or estimate.

.Non-legal entity - an organization not registered with a government agency (a branch of a legal entity or simple form partnership).

.Non-legal entity (individual entrepreneur) - an organization without registration of a legal entity.

.Informal associations are a group of persons carrying out joint activities without being a legally registered organization, without concluding a legal agreement.

According to the definition, a legal entity is an organization that: has a charter, a constituent agreement, or both, depending on the field of activity, has passed the registration procedure government organization, has a legal / actual address, maintains accounting documentation and acts in various authorities on its own behalf, and is subordinate to supervisory authorities.

Organizations that are not legal entities include branches (divisions) that operate on the basis of regulations approved by the parent enterprise, individual entrepreneurs operating without forming a legal entity, and simple partnerships.

Informal associations can be characterized as groups of people that arise spontaneously and unite people to achieve common goals (youth organizations, public organizations, spiritual associations). Today it is important to pay special attention to this form of organizations, since it can become paramount in the organization and influence management processes

All forms of organizations have the following common features:

· Presence of at least one employee

· The presence of a goal aimed at satisfying the needs of one or more members of the organization.

· Obtaining surplus product in any form.

· Transformation of financial, raw materials, information and other resources in the process of activity.

.2 Signs for classification

For the most correct classification of organizations, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the term itself. Term organization (from lat. organizare - to give a slender appearance, to arrange) is interpreted in science as achieving the following parameters:) Internal order, consistency in the interaction of more or less differentiated and autonomous parts of the whole, determined by its structure.) A set of processes or actions leading to the formation and improvement of relationships between parts of the whole.) An association of people who jointly implement a certain program or goal and act on the basis of certain procedures and rules.

Organizations are classified according to a number of criteria:

)In relation to profit - commercial and non-commercial.

)By type of ownership - private, state, public, municipal and mixed-form organizations

)By intended purpose- public and economic.

)According to the level of formalization - formal and informal.

)According to the independence of decision-making - head, subsidiary, dependent.

)By size and number of personnel - large, medium, small.

)In relation to the budget - budgetary and extra-budgetary.

)By industry - industrial, trade, transport, etc.

2. Typology modern organizations

.1 Basic concepts

In the modern world, there is a huge number of different organizations, state and non-state, production and non-production, etc., the effectiveness of any organization depends on the use of the potential of resources (financial, human, etc.). Special attention should be devoted to the management of these resources, their optimal use and the introduction of resource-saving technologies. The typology is based on the search for certain characteristics and criteria that serve as the basis for identifying similar organizations into groups as objects of research. The number of such signs is unlimited and depends on the methods of analysis, on the problems being solved and on the personal characteristics of the researcher. When determining the type of organization, the following concepts are used:

A commercial organization is an organization whose primary goal is to obtain the maximum possible profit.

Not commercial organization- an organization that does not have as its main goal the generation of profit and its distribution among members. Such organizations can be created to achieve the social, spiritual and other interests of citizens.

Business partnerships and companies are organizations with an authorized capital divided into shares of participants. Partnerships can be created either as a general partnership or as a limited partnership. Companies can be created in the following forms: JSC - joint stock company, LLC - limited liability company or ALC - additional liability company. Business partnerships and companies are implemented in the following forms: association, cartel, bank, exchange, venture, jobber, combine, company, conglomerate, condominium, consortium, concern, concession, cooperative, corner, corporation, society, association, enterprise, pool, syndicate , tender, partnership, trust, trust, financial and industrial group, firm, fund, franchise, holding.

A general partnership is an association whose participants engage in activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with all their property.

A limited partnership is a commercial organization based on share capital, in which there are two categories of members: general partners and limited investors. General partners carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. Limited depositors are responsible only for their contribution. Currently, this organizational and legal form is practically not used.

A limited liability company (LLC) is a business company established by one or more persons, the constituent capital of which is divided into shares of sizes determined by the constituent documents and the number of participants is limited by the Law on Limited Liability Companies.

An additional liability company (ALS) is a business company whose participants are jointly and severally liable for its debts if the company’s property lacks their personal property in the same multiple of the value of their contributions.

Joint-stock company (JSC) is a business company formed by persons who have combined their property and cash V authorized capital, divided into a certain number of equal shares secured by securities.

An open joint-stock company (OJSC) is a joint-stock company whose participants can freely sell and buy shares of the company without the consent of other shareholders.

Closed Joint Stock Company (CJSC) - securities are distributed among a predetermined circle of persons (founders).

A production cooperative is a voluntary association of citizens for joint production or other economic activities (production, processing, marketing of industrial agricultural and other products, performance of work, trade, consumer services, provision of other services), based on their personal labor or participation and the pooling of their property share contributions.

A foundation is a non-profit organization that manages capital created for charitable, social or other socially beneficial purposes.

Associations and unions are associations of various legal entities based on corporate (membership) principles. Unlike non-legal holding-type associations (including “parent” and subsidiaries), these associations, firstly, are independent legal entities, and secondly, pursue non-commercial goals, mainly coordinating the activities of participants and representing and protecting their common interests. including property interests, thus being non-profit organizations.

.2 Types of modern organizations and their characteristics

Conventionally, all existing organizations according to the type of product sold can be divided into the following:

Organizations that sell tangible things.

Organizations that sell time.

Organizations that sell intangible things.

Many enterprises successfully implement all three models in their activities, mixing them.

The first group contains traditional enterprises: trading firms, factories, farms, etc., which sell physically tangible products to their customers. In my opinion, this business model is the easiest one that can be implemented, as they say, from scratch. For enterprises of this type, the overriding law is supply and demand. In other words, the more a company saves on products that are in demand and the higher its quality, the more more successful business.

The second type of organization sells a commodity that everyone constantly lacks - time. Associations of this type concentrate professionals: lawyers, doctors, lawyers, freight forwarders, hotels, all of them sell their time for someone else's use. Depending on demand, they can change the price, raising it or lowering it, but they are always limited by time.

The third type of company sells an intangible product. These include: creative products, information, reports and other types of intellectual property. This group includes owners of media corporations, actors, singers, manufacturers software. The advantage of companies of this type is that they can sell their products repeatedly, but the competition in this market is such that not everyone can stay afloat.

It is not at all necessary that the organization must comply with any of the three models; enterprises that combine them receive the greatest benefit. This helps to increase alternative income, which in turn guarantees the most stable and predictable income. For example, a business whose business is the purchase, storage, and sale of tangible products may sell consulting services to other businesses. Also, such an organization may have on its staff a group of software developers designed to facilitate customer participation in its logistics processes, thereby increasing profits by combining several areas of activity.

Entrepreneurs, in my opinion, should constantly look for additional sources of income in addition to their main line of business that will strengthen their business. But you should not focus on activities in which the entrepreneur does not have special knowledge and skills.

3 . Social organizations

Social organization is a system of social groups and relationships between them. There are production, labor, socio-political and other social organizations. The main features of social organization: the presence of a common goal; presence of a system of power; distribution of functions.

There are many classifications of social systems. However, they are incomplete, since they do not include classes of natural and natural-artificial organizations. At the same time, it is currently hardly possible to create a complete classification system for social organizations, given the insufficient knowledge of these classes of organizations.

Each classification is associated with the selection of a certain limited set of classification characteristics for the purpose of systematization for the convenience of studying, designing and improving organizations.

Based on their origin, organizations are divided into natural, artificial and natural-artificial. Natural organizations arise spontaneously, unintentionally; artificial - created deliberately, according to a specific plan or project; natural-artificial (mixed) organizations are partly created naturally and partly artificially.

Table 1 - Typical types of natural, artificial and natural-artificial social organizations

Social organizationsNaturalNatural-artificialArtificialFamiliesSettlementsMaternity hospitalsInformal groupsCitiesNurses, kindergartensFriendly companiesNationsSchools, universitiesSocial movementsPartiesHospitals, firmsEgalitarian societiesChurchesEnterprises Interest groupsCorporationsInstitutionsCivilizationsArmy

The second important feature of the classification is the main prerequisite for the rapprochement of subjects during the formation of organizations. The latter are formed mainly on the basis of territorial, spiritual or business proximity. Examples of territorial organizations are cities, settlements, countries, and world communities. Examples of organizations that have arisen on the basis of spiritual affinity are families, religious and party organizations, social movements and unions. Examples of organizations that arose on a business basis are corporate associations: business associations and unions, concerns, consortia, cartels, conglomerates, trusts, syndicates, holdings, financial and industrial groups.

Based on the types of main activities, organizations are divided into economic and public. Business organizations produce products and services. These include production, research and production, intermediary and other organizations. In turn, production organizations can be industrial, transport, agricultural, etc. Public organizations include political parties, blocs, social movements, churches and other religious societies, trade unions, environmental, human rights and other voluntary organizations.

Based on their legitimacy, organizations are divided into formal and informal. Formal organizations are officially registered, operating on the basis of existing legislation and established regulations (charter, regulations, constituent agreement, etc.). Organizations that have not registered their activities are classified as informal (from a legal point of view).

Based on problem orientation, organizations are divided into problem-oriented (single-problem) and multi-problem.

Based on ownership, there are state, municipal, private, public, and organizations with mixed ownership.

Based on the distribution of profits, organizations are divided into commercial and non-profit. Non-profit organizations do not aim to make a profit and cannot distribute the latter among participants.

Based on size, determined mainly by the number of members, organizations are divided into small, medium and large.

Depending on the composition of the subjects, organizations are divided into elementary and composite. Elementary organizations consist of individuals (natural persons); composite organizations include at least one smaller organization. Examples of elementary organizations are families, informal groups, some small businesses; examples of composites are concerns, holdings, financial and industrial groups, cities.

Based on the presence of special management bodies, organizations are divided into nuclear and non-nuclear. Examples of nuclear organizations are large modern cities, enterprises, and corporate associations. Examples of non-nuclear organizations are families, interest clubs, friendly companies, egalitarian, pre-state societies.

Let's consider 5 main directions common to all social organizations.

.Integrity and sustainability

Some definitions of society include integrity and sustainability as one of the main characteristics.

Thus, according to the modern educational sociological dictionary: “society is a collection of people united by historically established forms of their interaction in order to satisfy their needs. It is characterized by stability and integrity, self-reproduction, self-regulation and self-development.”

In some sources, the property of sustainability also applies to ethnic groups, societies, and civilizations.

Thus, an ethnos is defined as “a stable set of people historically established in a certain territory, possessing a single language, common features and stable characteristics of culture and psychology. Ethnic groups become a reality when there is a feeling of intra-group unity in contrast with other communities surrounding them, that is, ethnic self-awareness is formed.”

.Availability of organizational culture (OC)

The components of OK are not yet entirely clear. Each author tries to give his own definition, different from others. M. Meskon, M. Albert, F. Khedouri identify OK with the atmosphere or social climate of the organization.

O.S. Vikhansky and A.I. Naumov believe that OK includes the following components:

-a philosophy that sets the meaning of the organization’s existence and its attitude towards employees and clients;

-dominant values ​​on which the organization is based and which relate to the goals of its existence or to the means of achieving these goals;

-norms shared by employees of the organization and defining the principles of relationships in the organization;

-the rules by which the “game” is played in the organization;

-the climate that exists in the organization and is manifested in the kind of atmosphere that exists in the organization and how members of the organization interact with outsiders;

-behavioral rituals (ceremonies).

According to E. Shein, “organizational culture is an integrated set of basic ideas that a given group invented, accidentally discovered, borrowed, or achieved in some other way as a result of attempts to solve problems of adaptation to the external environment and internal integration, which served the organization quite effectively, to be recognized, effective and worthy of being retained and passed on to new generations of organization members.”

In addition to dividing culture into material and intangible, the division of culture into natural and artificial is used. Natural culture arises unintentionally as social facts, while artificial culture is created intentionally. The importance of this division is due to the fact that in most social organizations OC is of a mixed nature, that is, one part of OC is natural and the other is artificial.

The sign of OK is so important for social organizations that it is present in the definitions of society, nationality, nation, ethnic group, society, civilization, etc.

.Regulated behavior and activities of organization members

Regulated behavior means that each member of the organization, whether an individual or a smaller organization (formal or informal), is subject to certain “rules of the game”, which are elements of the organization’s culture.

Modern civilization is a complex interweaving of many spontaneous orders. The basis of this order is made up of institutions, moral traditions and practices spontaneously developed in the course of cultural evolution - individual sovereignty and autonomy, private property, private enterprise, political and intellectual freedom, democracy and the rule of law.

The concept of society includes a number of elements, the main of which include the regulation of public interests through generally binding rules of conduct.

.The ability of organizations to identify and satisfy their needs, or the ability to identify and solve their problems.

This ability has been known since ancient times, when Plato compared the Polis (city-state) with a living organism.

IN economic literature, dedicated to production and economic organizations, usually talks not about needs, but about problems. In this case, problems are understood as threats and obstacles to achieving the goals of the organization.

Thus, both in relation to natural organizations and in relation to artificial ones, many authors note the ability to identify and solve their problems. However, for natural organizations the concept of “problem” takes on a slightly different meaning than for artificial ones. When people talk about the problems of a city, society or humanity, they usually mean problems related to their survival. For example, when they talk about housing, food, energy, environmental problems, public health and safety issues, they are not usually considered in relation to any social purpose. These problems can be called survival problems. They must be solved in any case, regardless of the presence of strategic goals that a society or organization may set for itself.

.Ability for self-development and self-learning

In addition to the above common features many authors name others. For example, some attribute the presence of a certain geographical territory, common origin, common language, etc. to such features. However, such features meet with serious objections.

Thus, the famous Austrian scientist O. Bauer wrote in relation to the nation: “What is a nation? Does it represent a special group of people with a common origin? But the Italians are descended from the Etruscans, Romans, Celts, Germans, Saracens; modern French - from the Gauls, Romans, Britons and Germans; modern Germans are from the Germans, Celts and Slavs. Is there a common language that unites people into a nation? But the English and the Irish, the Danes, Norwegians, Serbs and Croats speak the same language, without, however, representing a single people.”

From O. Bauer's research it follows that neither a common territory, nor a common origin, nor a common language can be considered as common features of social organizations.

So, the common features of social organizations that distinguish them from other (less organized) social formations are integrity and stability, the presence of an organizational culture, regulated behavior, the ability to identify and satisfy social needs, the ability to self-learn and self-development.

Of the above-mentioned features of social organizations, the most important is the ability of organizations to identify and satisfy social needs, since the very existence of the organization depends on this ability.

Any social organization, be it a society or a company, exists as a stable social integrity because, like a living organism, it has intelligent activity, manifested in the ability to adequately respond to challenges or identify and satisfy its needs. Note that this feature in no way contradicts the fact that many organizations are goal-oriented systems. At the same time, organizations cannot be considered only as goal-oriented systems, without taking into account their sociology, the processes of self-organization and the formation of collective consciousness aimed at identifying and satisfying their own needs.

The other extreme is the presentation of the organization as a social system with integrity in view of the fact that the system in general, by definition, is an integral formation.

4. Business organizations

An economic organization is understood as an independent form of business, enshrined in legislation and endowed with legal personality, in the form of a legal entity or without the rights of a legal entity, but with a clearly defined legal personality, designed to meet the needs of individuals and society primarily in the environment external to the organization through the production of products and the provision of services.

An economic organization is a type of social organization that is formed to run a household.

To produce products and provide services, business organizations must have a certain potential.

The word “potential” comes from the Latin potentia - power and means the sources, capabilities, means, resources and reserves that can be put into action or used to solve a problem. The potential depends on each of the employees and their placement, technological equipment and professionalism of managers.

It can be presented in ten complementary types: production, organizational, economic, social, technological, psychological, legal, environmental, ethical and political.

Business organizations can produce products in the form of goods, services, information or knowledge. They, organizations, can be classified:

)by duration: urgent (registration documents indicate the period for which the organization was created), unlimited;

2)by active season: summer, winter, etc. This status allows the organization to recruit personnel for a certain cyclical period;

)by scale of production: single production; mass production; mass production;

)by production specialization: specialized production; universal production.

All business organizations are divided into commercial and non-profit.

Commercial organizations pursue profit as the main goal of their activities. They are created in the form of business partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Non-profit organizations, unlike commercial ones, do not have the goal of making a profit, but if there is any, it is not distributed among the participants. They can be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations (associations), funds, institutions, associations (associations and unions).

Specified legal forms commercial and non-profit organizations have differences from each other in composition, status of founders and their responsibility, types of constituent documents, type of authorized capital and its minimum size, as well as management features.

The variety of forms of economic organizations is obvious. We list the main types in the table.

Table 2 - Main types of business organizations

StatusFoundersResponsibility of foundersConstituent documentsAuthorized capitalGeneral partnershipPhys. Entrepreneurs and/or legal entities persons All personal property Memorandum of association Share capital Minimum size not established Limited partnership Several citizen-entrepreneurs and / or several limited partners Full members: All personal property Contributing members: Their share of contribution Memorandum of association Share capital Minimum amount not established Limited liability company 1 or several citizens, legal entities Risk of losses with their contribution Memorandum of association, charter (if 1 founder , then there is no constituent agreement) 100 minimum wages: from foreign. investment 1000 minimum salaries, pay 50% upon registration Company with additional liability1 or several citizens, legal entities Risk of losses with your contribution additionally: With your property in proportion to the value of the contribution Memorandum of association, charter (if there is 1 founder, then there is no foundation agreement) 100 minimum salaries; from foreign investment 1000 minimum wages, for registration Closed joint stock company Citizens and / or legal entities. faces; there can be 1 founder with its own block of shares Charter 1000 minimum salaries Open joint stock company Physical. persons and/or legal entities persons Own shareholding Charter 1000 minimum wages Production cooperative (artel) Citizens, but there may be legal participation. persons The minimum number of participants is 5, within the limits of their share contribution, both paid and unpaid Charter; Feature: each member must take part in labor. To register, each member must pay 10% of his share contribution

Legally separate business organizations must have their own mission. Management and staff must believe in it.

The mission reveals the purpose and raison d'être of the organization. It should be formulated very clearly, clearly and reflected in the constituent documents.

Conclusion

In organizations, the center of which is a person, a number of general and special laws and principles are objectively followed, which represent a single whole in the world of organizations. Therefore, any firm, company, or organization should be considered as a socio-economic system, since the most important relations in them are social and economic.

Among the elements influencing formalized communications and informal relationships, we can distinguish the general and the special. What is common in the relationships of people in an organization can be predicted and, on this basis, different types can be created. regulatory documentation. What is special is the flavor of the relationship, which in some cases can be decisive in the activities of the organization. The combination of the general and the particular in the relations of people significantly influences the general and the particular in the activities of the social organization itself, its reaction to the action of a particular law.

In an organization, the interests of individuals and groups intertwine and coexist, rules and norms of relationships, discipline and creativity are established. Each organization has its own mission, culture, image. Organizations change in response to environmental demands and perish when they fail to meet them.

The classification of organizations makes it possible to group them according to similar characteristics or parameters in order to develop general methods for analyzing economic activities, improving management and regulation. Classification and typology of organizations is also necessary to determine public policy towards different types enterprises.

An organization is, in fact, an elementary cell of another immeasurably more complex and multifaceted organism, which is the national economy as a whole. It is well known that if the cells of the body are weakened, painful and non-viable, then this threatens it with mortal danger and such an organism should be treated precisely at the cellular level. In my opinion, the problem of large-scale training of management specialists who possess the volume of knowledge necessary for such “therapy” is very relevant not only for developing and transition economies, but also for countries that are part of the global economic elite.

Bibliography

1. Daft R.L. Management: St. Petersburg. - Peter, 2001

Dronenko D.M. Organization Theory: Textbook. / Volgograd, State. Tech. Univ., 2004.

Ivanova T.Yu., Prikhodko V.I. Organization theory/educational publication: St. Petersburg. - Peter Print - 2004

Magura M.I. Organizational culture as a means of successful implementation of organizational changes // Personnel Management,: M - Eksmo, 2002.

Meskon M. X., Albert M., Khedouri F. Fundamentals of Management. Per. from English: M. - Moscow, 1997

6. Smirnov E.A. Organization theory. Textbook: M. - AST, 2000.

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1. By type of product manufactured: enterprise for the production of goods; service enterprises.

2. By industry and type of economic activity: production; construction; trading; agricultural; scientific - production, etc.

3. By type of ownership: government; municipal; private; mixed.

4. By the nature of the legal regime of property: individual; collective; with common shared ownership; with common joint property.

5. Depending on the size of the enterprise: small (up to 50 hired workers); medium (50-500); large.

6. According to the predominant production factor: labor intensive; capital intensive; material-intensive.

7. By ownership of capital and control over it: national; foreign; mixed.

8. Depending on property limits: with full responsibility; with limited liability.

In Russia, participants commercial activities are, as a rule, legal entities, and in the West, instead of a legal entity, they speak of a company.

In Russia, there are the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises:individual (family) enterprise, general partnership, limited partnership, limited and additional liability companies, joint stock company (closed and open), enterprises created on the basis of lease and purchase of property labor collective, state unitary enterprise, municipal unitary enterprise, state enterprise, production cooperative.

In the theory of the firm, the time factor plays a significant role, so it is necessary to identify the differences between the two concepts used by economists: “long term” and “short term”. These concepts were first introduced in economic theory Alfred Marshall. They do not mean any fixed period of calendar time. These concepts have a qualitative, economic meaning and are defined depending on the nature of the company’s obligations.

Long term – This is the period of time during which a firm can change all the factors of production used to make a product.

In contrast to the long-term, during the short-term period the firm has minimal freedom to maneuver. It is not even able to increase production in accordance with increased consumer demand. To do this, the company must increase purchases of raw materials, introduce overtime, or hire additional workers. Even after this, it will be some time before the company begins to produce additional products. Consequently, during the short-term period, an increase in demand can only be satisfied through inventories of finished goods.

Short term - this is a period of time during which the company cannot change the overall size of fixed capital: structures, the number of machines and equipment used in production. This is a period of fixed production capacity.

It is also assumed that the opportunities for free access of new firms to the industry in the short term are very limited, as a result of which the number of firms in the industry market remains constant.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE ENTERPRISE

In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the main organizational and legal forms are business partnerships, business societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

The organizational and legal form of an enterprise depends on a number of characteristics: the procedure for formation and the minimum amount of authorized capital, responsibility for the obligations of the enterprise, the list and rights of founders and participants, etc.

General partnership- a partnership whose participants (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with the property belonging to them. The business name of a general partnership must contain either the names (titles) of all participants and the word “full partnership”, or the name (title) of one or more participants with the addition of the words “company” and “general partnership”. Management of the activities of a general partnership is carried out by general agreement of all participants. Each participant in a general partnership has one vote, unless the constituent agreement provides for a different procedure for determining the number of votes of its participants. The profits and losses of a general partnership are distributed among its participants in proportion to their shares in the share capital, unless otherwise provided by the constituent agreement or other agreement of the participants.

Partnership of Faith is a type of general partnership. Compared to a general partnership, it has the following features: it consists of two groups of participants:

1) general partners - carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership itself and bear unlimited and joint liability for the obligations of the partnership;

2) investors (limited partners) - only make contributions to the property of the partnership, but are not liable with their personal property for its obligations.

Limited Liability Company (LLC)- is a company established by one or several persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined by the constituent documents; Participants in a limited liability company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of the contributions they made.

Additional liability company (ALC)) - such a company is a type of LLC, however distinctive feature ALC is that if the property of a given company is insufficient to satisfy the claims of its creditors, the participants of the company can be held property liable, and jointly and severally with each other. However, the amount of this liability is limited - it does not apply to all of their personal property, which is typical for general partners, but only to part of it - the same multiple size and amount of contributions made for everyone. From this point of view, such a society occupies an intermediate place between societies and partnerships.

Joint Stock Company (JSC) is a company whose authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. The participants of the JSC are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of the shares they own. A joint-stock company whose participants can alienate the shares they own without the consent of other shareholders is recognized as an open joint-stock company (OJSC). A JSC whose shares are distributed only among the founders or other predetermined circle of persons is recognized as a closed JSC (CJSC).

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation unitary enterprise A commercial organization is recognized that is not vested with the right of ownership to the property assigned to it by the owner. The property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible and cannot be distributed among contributions (shares, shares), including among employees of the enterprise. Only state and municipal enterprises can be created in the form of a unitary enterprise. The property of a state and municipal unitary enterprise is respectively in state or municipal ownership and belongs to such an enterprise with the right of economic management or operational management. A unitary enterprise is headed by a manager who is appointed by the owner or a body authorized by him and is accountable to him. A unitary enterprise is liable for its obligations with all its property. Unitary enterprises, in comparison with other commercial organizations, have a number of features:

1) the unitary principle is incorporated into the business form of a unitary enterprise. It means that the corresponding commercial organization is not vested with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it. The owner of this property remains the founder of such an organization, i.e. state. The property of such an enterprise is indivisible and under no circumstances can it be distributed among deposits, shares, shares, including among employees of a unitary enterprise;

2) the right of liability is retained by the founders, and the property is assigned to the unitary enterprise only on a limited property right (economic management or operational management);

3) the enterprise is headed by a sole manager, who is appointed by the owner or a body authorized by him and is accountable to him.

Production cooperative (PC) is a voluntary association of citizens for joint activities in such areas as production, processing, sales, trade, consumer services, medical services, etc. The corporate name of the cooperative must contain its name and the words “production cooperative” or “artel”. The property of the PC is formed on a shared basis through contributions from its members made in monetary and material forms. The founding document of the PC is its charter. The number of members of the cooperative must be at least 5 people. The property owned by the PC is divided into shares of its members in accordance with the charter of the cooperative. The profit of the cooperative is distributed among its participants in accordance with their labor participation, unless a different procedure is provided for by the charter of the cooperative. A PC can be voluntarily reorganized into a business partnership or company by a unanimous decision of its members or liquidated. PC does not have the right to issue shares.

The structure of an enterprise is the composition and relationship of its internal links (shops, sections, departments, services) and the forms of their interrelation in the process of the enterprise's activities. The general, production and organizational structure of enterprise management is distinguished. The general structure of an enterprise is a complex of production and non-production divisions, their connections and ratios in terms of the number of employees, area, and throughput.

Enterprise economics: lecture notes Dushenkina Elena Alekseevna

1. Classification of enterprises

1. Classification of enterprises

There are several types of classifications of entrepreneurship.

Main classification criteria enterprises are:

1) industry and subject specialization;

2) production structure;

3) size of the enterprise.

The main ones are considered industry differences manufactured products. According to this classification enterprises are divided into:

1) industrial;

2) agricultural;

3) enterprises of transport, communications, construction.

Industry traditionally divided into two large industry groups: mining And processing industry. In turn, the processing industry is divided into light industry, food industry, heavy industry, etc.

In practice, there are rarely enterprises whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined. As a rule, most of them have intersectoral structure. In this regard, enterprises are divided into:

1) highly specialized;

2) multidisciplinary;

3) combined.

Highly specialized enterprises that produce a limited range of mass-produced or large-scale products are considered. TO multidisciplinary include enterprises that produce a wide range of products for various purposes - most often found in industry and agriculture. Combined enterprises are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, and in agriculture. The essence of combining production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into the next type.

The most complex form of combining production is the complex use of raw materials for the manufacture of products that differ in structure and chemical composition, when, based on the same raw materials, the enterprise produces products that differ in characteristics, purpose and manufacturing technology.

Grouping of enterprises by enterprise size received the most widespread use. As a rule, all enterprises are divided into three groups: small (up to 50 employees), medium (from 50 to 500 (less often up to 300)) and large (over 500 employees). When assigning an enterprise to one of the groups, the following can be used: indicators:

1) number of employees;

2) the cost of manufactured products;

3) the cost of fixed production assets.

There is no single international standard for differentiating enterprises, dividing them into small, medium and large. It all depends on the specific situation, level of development, type of economy, and its sectoral structure. The classification based on the number of employees with differentiation by economic sectors is mainly used.

Small enterprises in industry, construction and transport began to include enterprises with up to 100 employees, in agriculture - up to 60 people, in retail trade and consumer services - up to 30 people, in other industries - up to 50 people. In this case, the average number of employees who are not on the staff of the enterprise is added to the average annual number of employees. These criteria (taking into account world practice) are conditional criteria for dividing enterprises by size.

By field of activity are divided into enterprises of the production and non-production spheres.

According to the nature of the raw materials consumed They are divided into mining industry enterprises and manufacturing industry enterprises.

By type of ownership enterprises are divided into state, municipal, private, cooperative, etc.

By scale of business activity enterprises can be divided into the following types:

1) individual enterprise: any creative activity of one person and his family;

2) collective enterprise.

By operating time throughout the year are divided into year-round enterprises and seasonal enterprises.

By level of specialization enterprises are divided into:

1) specialized - these enterprises produce a certain range of products;

2) universal – these enterprises produce a wide range of products;

3) mixed - these enterprises occupy an intermediate place between specialized and universal enterprises.

According to the degree of production automation enterprises are divided into automated, partially automated, mechanized, partially mechanized, machine-manual and manual.

By nature of activity enterprises are:

1) non-profit – not related to the sale of products for the sake of enrichment (charitable activities);

2) commercial – income-generating enterprises. This type of activity is usually called business.