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Lexical meaning of the word pillar noblewoman. Pillar noblewoman - who is that?

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Pillar nobility- in pre-revolutionary Russia, representatives of noble families who belonged to the ancient hereditary noble families. The name comes from the so-called Columns - medieval lists on the provision of estates to representatives of the service class for the duration of their service.

Subsequently, the estates became hereditary. In the 17th - early 18th centuries, the main documents for the annual recording of service people according to the Moscow list were noble lists, which in - years were kept in the form of books, repeating the purpose and structure of the boyar lists-columns. Since for truly ancient Russian noble families the main evidence of their antiquity was a mention in these columns, such nobles were called pillars.

Because this concept was not formalized legally anywhere; in historiography there is no consensus on the question of what historical period can be used to mark the end of the formation of this layer of the nobility, i.e. Until what conditional or real date must a noble family or its founder be known in order to be considered a pillar? Various options Such conditional chronological restrictions include: 1) it is assumed that only those families whose ancestors are known in the largest pre-Petrine all-Russian genealogical codes, such as the Sovereign Genealogy and (or) the Velvet Book; 2) in another version, the pillar nobility includes noble families known before 1613, i.e. before the election of the Romanov dynasty to the kingdom; 3) finally, all noble families of the pre-Petrine era can be classified as pillar nobles (however, in this case it often remains unclear exactly what moment of Peter’s reign can be considered a milestone date).

In the 18th-19th centuries, the pillar nobles did not have any privileges over representatives of the new noble families (appeared as a result of the award of personal or hereditary nobility for special merits, for length of service, by rank, by order). Therefore, the antiquity of the family served exclusively as a source of pride for its representatives. Official documentation usually used the simple formulation “from the nobles of such and such a province,” the same for both the old nobility and the new. The pillar nobility was quite numerous in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The titled nobility (aristocracy) largely consisted of new families (the award of the title for special merits, sometimes to former pillars, but untitled nobles), as well as Finnish, Belarusian, Polish, Georgian, Tatar, Ukrainian, Balkan, Armenian, Balkan, Western European. The number of clans that were previously boyars and descended from Rurik, Gediminas, or from people from the Golden Horde was limited and gradually decreased (the clan was suppressed in the absence of male heirs), as in relative numbers ( percentage pillars relative to the growing total number of noble families in Russia), and in absolute terms (based on the total number of such families). They had no privileges over the new titled nobility.

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An excerpt characterizing the Stolbovoe nobility

“Dear birthday girl with the children,” she said in her loud, thick voice, suppressing all other sounds. “What, you old sinner,” she turned to the count, who was kissing her hand, “tea, are you bored in Moscow?” Is there anywhere to run the dogs? What should we do, father, this is how these birds will grow up...” She pointed to the girls. - Whether you want it or not, you have to look for suitors.
- Well, what, my Cossack? (Marya Dmitrievna called Natasha a Cossack) - she said, caressing Natasha with her hand, who approached her hand without fear and cheerfully. – I know that the potion is a girl, but I love her.
She took out pear-shaped yakhon earrings from her huge reticule and, giving them to Natasha, who was beaming and blushing for her birthday, immediately turned away from her and turned to Pierre.
- Eh, eh! kind! “Come here,” she said in a feignedly quiet and thin voice. - Come on, my dear...
And she menacingly rolled up her sleeves even higher.
Pierre approached, naively looking at her through his glasses.
- Come, come, my dear! I was the only one who told your father the truth when he had a chance, but God commands it to you.
She paused. Everyone was silent, waiting for what would happen, and feeling that there was only a preface.
- Good, nothing to say! good boy!... The father is lying on his bed, and he is amusing himself, putting the policeman on a bear. It's a shame, father, it's a shame! It would be better to go to war.
She turned away and offered her hand to the count, who could hardly restrain himself from laughing.
- Well, come to the table, I have tea, is it time? - said Marya Dmitrievna.
The count walked ahead with Marya Dmitrievna; then the countess, who was led by a hussar colonel, the right person, with whom Nikolai was supposed to catch up with the regiment. Anna Mikhailovna - with Shinshin. Berg shook hands with Vera. A smiling Julie Karagina went with Nikolai to the table. Behind them came other couples, stretching across the entire hall, and behind them, one by one, were children, tutors and governesses. The waiters began to stir, the chairs rattled, music began to play in the choir, and the guests took their seats. The sounds of the count's home music were replaced by the sounds of knives and forks, the chatter of guests, and the quiet steps of waiters.
At one end of the table the countess sat at the head. On the right is Marya Dmitrievna, on the left is Anna Mikhailovna and other guests. At the other end sat the count, on the left the hussar colonel, on the right Shinshin and other male guests. On one side of the long table are older young people: Vera next to Berg, Pierre next to Boris; on the other hand - children, tutors and governesses. From behind the crystal, bottles and vases of fruit, the Count looked at his wife and her tall cap with blue ribbons and diligently poured wine for his neighbors, not forgetting himself. The countess also, from behind the pineapples, not forgetting her duties as a housewife, cast significant glances at her husband, whose bald head and face, it seemed to her, were sharper in their redness than gray hair. There was a steady babble on the ladies' end; in the men's room, voices were heard louder and louder, especially the hussar colonel, who ate and drank so much, blushing more and more, that the count was already setting him up as an example to the other guests. Berg, with a gentle smile, spoke to Vera that love is not an earthly, but a heavenly feeling. Boris named his new friend Pierre the guests at the table and exchanged glances with Natasha, who was sitting opposite him. Pierre spoke little, looked at new faces and ate a lot. Starting from two soups, from which he chose a la tortue, [turtle,] and kulebyaki and to hazel grouse, he did not miss a single dish and not a single wine, which the butler mysteriously stuck out in a bottle wrapped in a napkin from behind his neighbor’s shoulder, saying or “drey Madeira", or "Hungarian", or "Rhine wine". He placed the first one he came across from four crystal glasses, with the count’s monogram, standing in front of each device, and drank with pleasure, more and more pleasant view looking at the guests. Natasha, sitting opposite him, looked at Boris the way thirteen-year-old girls look at a boy with whom they had just kissed for the first time and with whom they are in love. This same look of hers sometimes turned to Pierre, and under the gaze of this funny, lively girl he wanted to laugh himself, not knowing why.

The pillar noblewoman Daria Nikolaevna Saltykova, who will forever remain in people's memory as Saltychikha, can be called the first known serial killer in Russia. In the middle of the 18th century, this sophisticated sadist tortured to death several dozen (according to other estimates, more than a hundred) of her serfs, mainly young girls and women.

Unlike her bloody followers, Saltychikha mocked defenseless victims completely openly, without fear of punishment. She had influential patrons whom she paid generously to cover up her crimes.

Ivanova from a noble family

Ivanova is Saltychikha’s maiden name. Her father Nikolai Avtonomovich Ivanov was a pillar nobleman, and her grandfather once held a high post under Peter I. Daria Saltykova’s husband Gleb Alekseevich served as captain of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. The Saltykovs had two sons, Fedor and Nikolai.

It is noteworthy that Saltychikha, whom Empress Catherine II eventually imprisoned in a monastery dungeon for committing atrocities, life imprisonment, eventually outlived all members of her family - both her husband and both sons.

Many historians believe that, most likely, it was after her husband’s funeral that the 26-year-old widow went crazy and began beating her servants to death.

Where and what did she do

Saltychikha had a house in Moscow on the corner of Bolshaya Lubyanka and Kuznetsky Most. Ironically, there are now buildings there that are under the jurisdiction of the FSB. Plus, after the death of her husband, the landowner inherited estates in a number of Russian provinces. Saltychikha owned a total of almost 600 serfs.

On the site of the estate where the sadist most often tortured her victims, there is now Trinity Park, not far from the Moscow Ring Road, in the Teply Stan area.

Before the master Gleb Alekseevich died, Daria Saltykova kept herself in control and was not noticed to have any particular tendency to assault. Moreover, Saltychikha was distinguished by her piety.

According to the testimony of the serfs, Saltychikha’s phase shift occurred approximately six months after her husband’s funeral. She began to beat her peasants, most often with logs and mostly women and young girls, for the slightest offense, finding fault with every little thing. Then, on the orders of the sadistic lady, the offender was flogged, often to death. Gradually, Saltychikha’s tortures became more and more sophisticated. Possessing remarkable strength, she tore out the hair of her victims, burned their ears with hair tongs, doused them with boiling water...

She wanted to kill the grandfather of the poet Fyodor Tyutchev

The grandfather of the famous Russian poet, land surveyor Nikolai Tyutchev, was the lover of this vixen. And then he decided to get rid of her and marry the girl he liked. Saltychikha ordered her serfs to set fire to the girl’s house, but they did not do this out of fear. Then the sadist sent peasant “killers” to kill the young Tyutchev couple. But instead of taking the sin on their souls, the serfs warned Tyutchev himself about the intentions of his former mistress.

Why did she go unpunished?

Saltychikha freely committed atrocities during the reign of three (!) royal persons - Elizaveta Petrovna, Peter III and Catherine II. They complained about her fanaticism to everyone, but the result of these appeals turned out to be disastrous only for the martyrs themselves - they were flogged and exiled to Siberia. Among the relatives of the representative of the high-ranking noble family Daria Saltykova were the Governor-General of Moscow and the Field Marshal. In addition, Saltychikha generously gave gifts to everyone on whom the decision on complaints against her depended.

Long investigation

In relation to the influential tormentor, it was necessary to show royal will, which is what Catherine II did when she ascended the throne. In 1762, she became acquainted with the complaints of the Saltychikha serfs Savely Martynov and Ermolai Ilyin, whose wives were killed by the landowner (Ilyin had three in a row), and considered it appropriate to begin a public trial of Daria Saltykova.

The Moscow College of Justice conducted the investigation for six years. They found out which of the officials Saltychikha bribed, and revealed many cases of dubious deaths of serfs. It was established that during Saltykova’s atrocities, the office of the Moscow civil governor, the police chief and the Detective Order received 21 complaints filed against the tormentor by peasants. All appeals were returned to the sadist, who then brutally dealt with their authors.

The arrested Saltychikha did not confess to anything, even under the threat of torture. Investigation and trial, which lasted three years, proved the “undoubted guilt” of Daria Saltykova, namely: the murder of 38 serfs. She was “remained under suspicion” over the deaths of 26 other people.

The Empress wrote the verdict personally

Throughout September 1768, Catherine II drew up a verdict regarding Saltychikha: she rewrote it several times. In October, the Empress sent a completed decree to the Senate, which described in detail both the punishment itself and the details of its implementation.

Saltychikha was deprived of her noble title. For an hour she had to stand on the scaffold, chained to a post, with a sign above her head that read: “Tormentor and murderer.” Until the end of her life, Daria Saltykova was imprisoned in an underground prison, without light and human communication. Saltychikha's accomplices were sent to hard labor.

Snarled and in captivity

At first, Saltychikha sat in the “penitential” cell of the Moscow Ivanovo Monastery. After 11 years, she was transferred to a stone annex with a window and the curious were allowed to communicate with the prisoner. According to eyewitnesses, Daria Saltykova remained an evil fury even in captivity: she swore at those staring, spat at them through the window and tried to reach them with a stick.

Saltychikha spent 33 years in prison. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery, the grave has been preserved.

We all remember from childhood Pushkin’s cantankerous old woman from “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” who first wanted to become a noblewoman, and then raised her demands even higher. The idea laid down by the author in this work is clear and understandable, but not everyone can explain what “pillar noblewoman” means. Meanwhile, the meaning of this term should be sought in the depths of our history.

Estates of service people

First of all, we note that a pillar noblewoman is a representative of an old hereditary noble family, which could well serve as a reason for pride. In addition, she, as a rule, disposed of significant land, although they were not her property. The point here is this.

In those ancient times, when this class was just formed (XV century), the sovereign's servants belonging to it received land plots, called estates, for the duration of their direct duties. Their sizes were sometimes quite impressive.

Estate and fiefdom

Since they were given for temporary use, they had to be returned to the treasury at the end of the service. In this case, estates should not be confused with estates, which were the private property of their owners, who had the right to do whatever they wanted with it. This difference between the two forms of ownership was eliminated only in the middle of the 18th century, when estates began to be inherited.

“Pillar noblewoman”: the meaning of this expression

The names of the owners of such government plots were entered into special lists called columns. This is where the expressions “pillar nobleman” and “pillar noblewoman” came from. The meaning of the word “noblewoman” in this case indicates a close family connection(usually marriage) of a woman with the owner of such a plot, since she herself was not in the service and could not receive land. The same applies to the children of a serving person.

It is known that the practice of Russian office work of the 15th-17th centuries provided for a special type of documents, which were a tape of paper strips glued together. It was on it that the names of the nobles - owners of state-owned plots - were applied. Such a fairly wide ribbon was usually rolled into a scroll called a column - this is exactly what it looked like when placed vertically.

It is not difficult to guess that the expression “pillar nobles” came from him. This becomes even more understandable if we consider that the names on the scroll were written in a “column” - one below the other. This form of document was very convenient. This register of service people was periodically submitted to the sovereign, and he, gradually unwinding it, could examine in detail the entire list of his most trusted persons.

New nobility and pillars

Over time the laws Russian state changed, and estates, previously provided for temporary use, became hereditary. They could be sold, donated and deposited in a bank. The form of compiling accounting documentation also changed: books replaced scroll-columns. But most importantly, in the 17th-18th centuries there appeared a large number of new families, the nobility of which did not have deep historical roots, but was granted only recently for services to the state or due to length of service.

And although in legal terms there was no difference between the new and hereditary (pillar) nobility, belonging to the latter was a source of pride, since it testified to belonging to an ancient family. Thus, a pillar noblewoman is not just a person from the privileged class, but a lady who had reason to be proud of her pedigree. This is precisely what the old woman from Pushkin’s fairy tale claimed. It is not for nothing that synonyms for the word “pillar noblewoman” are primordial, indigenous and hereditary.

Conditions for belonging to the pillar nobility

Since in Russia there has never been an official legal term - “pillar noblewoman”, the meaning of the word required clarification. Difficulties arose in determining the specific historical milestone at which this layer of the nobility ceases to form. In other words, it is difficult to say to what historical period the pedigree of a particular noblewoman must be traced in order for her to have the right to be considered a pillar.

This seemingly idle question actually became the subject of unusually heated debates and discussions, fueled by vanity. As a result, two points of view prevailed. According to one of them, a pillar nobleman or a pillar noblewoman are those people whose ancestors were noted in the largest genealogical records of pre-Petrine times. In another version, the requirements were significantly tightened, and it was necessary to have a founder of the family registered before 1613, that is, before the accession of the Romanov dynasty.

Titles received for the antiquity of the family

In the 18th century, the ranks of the titled nobility, from which the Russian aristocracy emerged, were significantly replenished. Their number included not only those who climbed the social ladder thanks to merit, and were awarded for them title of nobility, but also representatives of old, non-established families, who received high-profile titles only because of their origin.

This order applied not only to men, but also to women. And what did the title “pillar noblewoman” mean in this case? This phrase is by and large, was used to inform the public that its owner bears some high-profile title - countess, princess, etc. So the old woman knew what to ask from the Golden Fish.

To the question what does a noblewoman mean? from Pushkin's fairy tales given by the author Yuri pozolotin the best answer is Pillar nobility - in pre-revolutionary Russia, representatives of noble families who belonged to the ancient hereditary noble families. The name comes from the so-called Columns - medieval lists granting representatives of the service class estates for the duration of their service. Subsequently, the estates became hereditary. In the 17th - early 18th centuries, the main documents for the annual recording of service people according to the Moscow list were boyar lists, which in 1667-1719. were kept in the form of books, repeating the purpose and structure of the boyar lists-columns. Since for truly ancient Russian noble families the main evidence of their antiquity was a mention in these columns, such nobles were called pillars.
In the XVIII -XIX centuries pillar nobles did not have any privileges over representatives of the new noble families (they appeared as a result of the award of personal or hereditary nobility for special merits, for length of service, by rank, by order). Therefore, the antiquity of the family served exclusively as a source of pride for its representatives. In official documentation, a simple formulation was usually used: “from the nobles of such and such a province,” the same for both the old nobility and the new. The pillar nobility was in XVIII-XIX centuries quite numerous.
The titled nobility (aristocracy) almost entirely consisted of new families (the award of the title for special merits, sometimes to former pillars, but untitled nobles), as well as Finnish, Polish, Georgian, Tatar, Ukrainian, Baltic, Alan (Ossetian), Armenian, Moldavian, Western European. The number of clans that were previously boyars and descended from Rurik, Gedemin, or from people from the Golden Horde was very small and was steadily declining (the clan was suppressed in the absence of male heirs). Among the ancient titled and untitled families that survived in the 18th-19th centuries are the Volkonskys, Vyazemskys, Kozlovskys, Gorchakovs, Dolgorukovs, Trubetskoys, Kropotkins, Lobanov-Rostovskys, Shakhovskys, Khovanskys, Fominskys, Travins, Scriabins and some others. They had no privileges over the new titled nobility.
ru.wikipedia.org › wiki/Stolbovoy_nobleman
“I don’t want to be a black peasant woman, I want to be a pillar noblewoman.” Having put these words into the old woman’s mouth, Pushkin did not indicate in which century she lived. But he very accurately outlined her character. She aimed at no more and no less... However, to understand this, you must first figure out who the black peasants are and who the pillar nobles are.
Black, or black-sown, peasants of the 15th-17th centuries who lived on “black” lands, that is, lands free from the landowner, were called. Of course, taxes had to be paid to the Moscow prince from these lands, but no nearby “master” stood over the peasant world. The black peasant remained in person a free man. He could move to the city and even enroll as a nobleman. This continued until the time of Peter the Great, when black peasants began to be called state peasants. Along with their old name, they also lost their former freedom.
The expression “pillar nobles” appeared about 100 years after the concept of “black peasants” disappeared. It happened in early XIX century, during the lifetime of the author of "Golden Fish".
By that time, a single title of nobility existed both for those who had recently advanced to the royal service and for representatives of ancient families. The last one was offensive. To differentiate yourself from new nobility, they came up with the expression “pillar nobles.” Those whose ancestors were recorded in genealogical books - “columns” back in the 16th-17th centuries - were considered “stolbovs”. The aristocrats looked down on those whose noble family began no earlier than Peter the Great's time. So “black peasants” and “pillar nobles” are from different eras. When the first ones disappeared, the second ones had not yet appeared. It was impossible to choose between them. Therefore, the old woman took aim at a time jump. By attributing such a choice to his heroine, Pushkin showed how absurd an uncontrollable whirlwind of desires is.