Projects of houses in the style of the 19th century. The interior of the 19th century is not forbidden to live beautifully. Characteristic features of the style

What is Russian style in the interior of an apartment and what was it like? everyday life Russian estate? Small rooms, and not at all ballrooms and state drawing rooms, opened only on occasion, mismatched furniture, paintings of family rather than artistic value, everyday porcelain.

Even members imperial family in their personal lives they tried to surround themselves with ordinary comfort - just look at the photographs of the personal apartments of Alexander III in the Gatchina Palace or Nicholas II in the Alexander Palace of Tsarskoye Selo...

It was precisely these kinds of interiors that decorator Kirill Istomin was thinking about when clients approached him with a request to create a manor interior of a house in the Russian style without pretensions to historical authenticity.

“We started to come up with a legend on the fly,” says Kirill. - From the first days of working on the project, we, together with the owners, began to look for completely different furnishings - as they say, in reserve.

The reconstruction of the house began with this tapestry - there was simply not enough space for it in the old living room. The new extension, adjacent to the living room, is equal in area to the first floor of the house.

Square in plan, it is divided in half into two rooms: a dining room and a new living room, on one of the walls of which there is a tapestry.

“I understand what the architects thought when we ordered them to plan the rooms, taking into account the placement of existing furnishings,” Kirill smiles. “But I always treat the confrontation between decorators and architects with humor.”

Intentionally simple finishing- wooden floors and painted walls - compensated for by the height of the ceilings in the rooms. In an old house they are about one and a half meters lower.

However, even this does not make the premises look like state rooms - the same living rooms, as if straight out of pre-revolutionary photographs. It's hard to say in which country these photographs might have been taken: in the dining room, the combination of porcelain plates hung on the celadon walls and floral patterns on the curtains are reminiscent of Victorian-era English manors, while the decor of the small living room with historical wallpaper depicting flower garlands and the boiling white lace ruffles of crimson curtains echoing them are reminiscent of the Russian style in the interior, a merchant’s mansion somewhere on the Volga.

Almost kitsch, but hot tea with jam has already done its job, and you don’t want to think about anything, covered with a downy scarf and listening to the soothing purr of the cat. “Of course, this is a completely invented interior, and you are unlikely to find historical parallels here.

Rather, it brings back memories of what you imagined a bygone era to be like when you read the classics,” says the decorator. - There are a lot of incompatible things in the house, but such “imperfection” makes my work invisible.

Dividing by style and placing on shelves all the architectural varieties of private houses found on the market in the Moscow region is an incredibly difficult task, since the architecture of houses built over the last 25 years is a mixture of author's expressionism, eclecticism, successful and not so successful experiments with architectural styles known to us. Rough, stylistic country houses can be divided:

1. Post-Soviet style- characterize red brick houses built in the first half of the 90s, when it became possible to build own house large area. It was important to master the maximum volume with the available budget. The premises were cut out intuitively, and then architects were invited to use the finished box to somehow “play with” it. Roofs were often covered with metal tiles or soft roof. Most of secondary offers on Rublevo-Uspenskoe Highway refers to houses in this style, whose owners have already built new proper housing for themselves, and from the old one located on expensive areas, they are trying to get rid of it, but not cheaply. Photo 1.

2. Classic style mainly found in the architecture of large houses and estates on Rublevskoye Highway, with an area of ​​1500 sq.m. and more. Houses of symmetrical shapes, with pompous entrance groups and corresponding layouts, which become hostage to symmetrical eclectic facades. For finishing, natural stone such as limestone, travertine, dolomite and granite is used mainly for cladding the basement and porch. The roof is made of folded copper, lead or zinc-titanium sheet, or natural stone- slate. The cost of building such houses depends on the complexity of the stone decor, but is approximately 1,500-2,000 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior decoration and engineering systems. This style can be roughly divided:

• Neoclassicism- a style popular in the 17th-19th centuries, recognizable by its strict, elegant lines and lack of unnecessary decoration, inspired by the architectural art of the ancient periods of Ancient Greece and Rome. Photo 2.1.

Neo-Baroque- a style popular in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries, which is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms and excess of facade decor. Photo 2.2.

3. Architecture of houses in style Modern(known in different countries as Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau or Secession) is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, the use of new materials (metal, glass) and the flourishing of applied art - the facades were generously decorated with stylized plant patterns, flexible flowing forms. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a desire to create buildings that were both aesthetic and functional. The roofs take on complex shapes with decorative half-timbering. The following materials are used on facades: stone, plaster, wood, mosaic, ceramic tile, bronze, stained glass. Photo 3 (by AM Oleg Carlson).

4. Victorian style characterizes the variety of varieties of eclectic retrospectivism from the end of the 19th century - the revival of earlier European styles and adaptation to new design possibilities with the assimilation of Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Persian and Arabic styles of decorative art. It is mainly associated not with buildings in Britain, but with houses built in the fashionable bourgeois resorts of Normandy, especially in the famous town of Deauville. Photo 4.

The cost of building homes in Modern or Victorian architecture is higher than classic homes, but emphasizes the owner's commitment to the decorative arts.

Just as today we do not dress in the style of the 17th, 18th or 19th centuries and do not ride carriages or horses, building new houses in the style of Classicism, Modernism or the Victorian period is considered anachronistic because it does not correspond to the spirit of our times. For more than a hundred years, architects have not been trained anywhere in the world to design according to classical canons. Thus, the risk of an architect overstepping into the field of kitsch is very high and, in fact, is confirmed in 90% of cases.

5. Castle style(or the so-called Disney style among architects) refers to pure kitsch and is characteristic of countries of Eastern Europe(especially Romania) and China. In cottage villages, business class was in demand before the crisis of 2008. In most cases, inexpensive Decoration Materials, imitating natural ones. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 1,000-1,500 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems. Photo 5.

6. Wright style all houses with protruding hipped roofs are often called, but the architecture of the famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright since the beginning of the 20th century has been characterized by the “organic” shape of houses, with a decrease in volume by upper floors so that the house with a terraced roof fits organically into the terrain. Despite the fact that F.L. Wright created houses during the Art Deco era, “the last great style of the 20th century,” and his architecture deserves its own shelf as the first houses of the modern style, where functionalism began to dominate the aesthetics of symmetrical facades. High-quality brick, stone, wood, a lot of glazing and elements of applied art are used to decorate the facades. Low-slope roofs are usually covered with folded copper sheets. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 1,300-1,800 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems. Photo 6 (by Portner Architects).

7. Country style represents a variety of houses that were traditionally built in different countries of the world, mainly in villages and provincial suburbs. The following style trends fall into this category:

Log houses in all its varieties. Prefabricated, but with certain restrictions in finishing. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 600-1,500 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems. Photo 7.1.

Chalet (Alpine style) With gable roofs and an attic second floor. Finishing of the facades of the first floor is made of stone, the second one is made of wood or plaster with wooden half-timbering. Roofing made of slate, shingles or natural tiles. The cost of construction of such houses is approximately 1,000-1,500 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems. Photo 7.2.

Italian (Mediterranean) classics characterized by brick or plastered facades, with simple decor made of stone in the form of cornices, window frames and corner reinforcements. Large terraces with awnings, pergolas, window shutters and other elements have the primary function of protecting from the sun, but are an integral part of this style. Photo 7.3.

• English (Tudor) style recognizable by its brick or half-timbered facades with windows small sizes, straw or slate roofs and tall chimneys with decorative elements. Photo 7.4.

Belgian style characterized by the use of bricks of different colors hand molding for finishing facades, gable roofs at a large slope angle and decorative gable cornices. Photo 7.5.

American-Canadian houses came from the suburbs of North America, but taking into account the Russian mentality, they were localized taking into account the change in construction technology from wood-frame to stone (brick, foam block). Houses of this style mainly have a built-in or attached garage for 2 cars. In the struggle for this category of buyers, developers allowed savings, sometimes even in terms of violations of foundation construction and waterproofing technologies. These commercial types of houses are being built up en masse cottage villages, since their cost is quite low and Constructive decisions simple, but instead of the usual 600-700 dollars in the USA, in Russia the price of construction fluctuates around 1000 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems. As a result of tuning this style, the Castle style appeared. Photo 7.6.

8. Modern style All architecture after the Art Deco era is called. Modern architecture implies a complete absence of style canons and an experiment in using the possibilities of new building materials. It also has several stages of development:

Functionalism characterizes the presence of large areas of glazing, clean geometric shapes(usually rectangular), lack of frills in the decoration of facades and the use of large undivided planes from the same material, a variety of roof shapes (often flat). The concise style philosophy is sincerity and pragmatism: “form is determined by function, and façade by form.” Photo 8.1 (by Portner Architects).

Minimalism strives for the triumph of good taste - for the greatest possible simplicity of execution, compliance with the basic rules of composition, use natural materials, maximum attention to detail, uniform color scheme, lighting design and the desire to achieve maximum functionality. Photo 8.2 (by Maxim Winkelaar and Bob Ronday).

Deconstructivism tried to free architecture from the hegemony of aesthetics, beauty, functionality and build a building, renouncing all generally accepted deep principles of creating architectural structures, including: tectonics, balance, verticals and horizontals - destroying the old principles and creating something of his own. Photo 8.3 (by McBride Charles Ryan).

High tech with its aesthetics of metal, machines and industrial architecture. Photo 8.4 (author AM Alexey Kozyr).

Eco-tek (Bio-tek), where the architectural expressiveness of building structures is achieved by borrowing natural forms and the direct use of forms of living nature in architecture, in the form of elements of the natural landscape and living plants. Photo 8.5 (by Guz Architects).

Vanguard– bright and non-standard style, unexpected and provocative color solutions, contrasts and shapes, using incompatible, at first glance, textures and materials, with extraordinary solutions when connecting volumes and planes, creating asymmetrical designs, bizarre shapes and bends. Photo 8.5 (author AM Atrium).

The cost of building houses with modern architectural style is approximately 1,000-1,500 dollars per sq.m., excluding interior finishing and engineering systems.

It should be emphasized that almost each of the above architectural styles also has its own pseudo-style, where, for various reasons, it deviates from standard canons, the proportions and composition of the facades are lost, and inexpensive imitations of natural finishing materials are used.

The Russian estate has become a separate phenomenon in architecture and interior design. And now many owners of country houses are trying to reproduce this trend. Let's try to figure out how a Russian estate differs from ordinary mansions, take a little dip into the past and consider the features of such an interior.

The artist Stanislav Zhukovsky is known for his paintings in which he lovingly depicted ancient Russian estates. From his paintings you can study the interiors of houses from the mid-19th to the beginning of the 20th century.

S. Yu. Zhukovsky. Poetry of an old noble house, 1912

S. Yu. Zhukovsky. Large living room in Brasov, 1916

S. Yu. Zhukovsky. Interior of the library of a manor house, 1910s

Let’s immediately decide that we will talk specifically about estates, and not huts, towers and princely palaces. A lot has been said about huts and towers; this is also history, and more ancient. And nowadays only a few can afford to replicate the luxury and royal style of the palaces of Russian princes. And who would decide to reproduce such a style - in modern realities it is difficult to imagine.

The Russian tower, as a place of residence for fairly wealthy families, can now be found mainly in ancient cities and villages. Carved platbands, wood as the main material, four small rooms around a solid stove, a veranda - these are the main differences of this structure.

The interior of a Russian hut can now be found in bathhouses; sometimes people who are fond of antiquity build dachas this way. Everything here is simple, rustic, without frills or unnecessary details.

So, having dealt a little with the towers and huts, we move directly to the estate. The name comes from “to plant” or “to plant.” An estate is traditionally understood as a country building, an entire complex, which, in addition to the residential building itself, includes outbuildings and an extensive garden. It is customary to distinguish the following types estates:

1. Boyar or merchant estates that began to appear in the 17th century.
2. Landowner estates, which remained the main place of residence for wealthy Russians until the beginning of the 20th century, gained particular popularity in the 19th century.

Baron Nikolai Wrangel (brother of Pyotr Wrangel, leader of the White movement) went to the provinces in 1902 to study in detail the features of the estates of the then landowners. This is how he described a traditional estate in his book: “White houses with columns, in the shady thicket of trees; sleepy, mud-smelling ponds with white silhouettes of swans plowing the summer water...”

A white or sometimes blue house in a classical style, columns with Corinthian orders, a maximum of two floors, a wide porch or terrace - this appearance of a Russian estate is not outdated even now.

This photo shows the Galsky estate, located in Cherepovets. Now it is a house-museum telling about the life of landowners early XIX century.

As for the interior of Russian estates, one should distinguish the merchant style from the later one, created under the influence of European, mainly French trends and closer to modern realities.

These photographs show the house of the merchant Klepikov, located in Surgut. You can clearly see the abundance of textiles, very simple decoration, plank floors, good quality wooden furniture. like this metal bed with springs, we are sure that many of you were still at your grandmother’s in the village. Let us turn again to Baron Wrangel, who described the interior of the estate as follows: “Inside, in the rooms, there are decorous comfortable chairs and armchairs, friendly round tables, sprawling endless sofas, wheezing clocks with a rusty bass chime, and chandeliers, and candlesticks, and sonnets, and screens, and screens, and pipes, pipes ad infinitum.”

The furniture in such an estate was often mismatched - antique chest, inherited from his grandfather, could sit side by side with a newfangled French chair or an English armchair, which the owner of the house, at the whim of his wife, purchased during a trip to the city. Traditionally, a Russian estate had a hall for receiving guests and, if the size of the house allowed, balls, as well as an office, which became the owner’s men’s refuge.

This photo shows the interior of the estate, built in the village of Mednoe Lake (near St. Petersburg) by architects Elena Barykina and Slava Valoven for collectors antique furniture. Almost all the furnishings are authentic, but there are also modern replicas in this house, created in an antique style.

If you want to recreate the interior of a Russian estate in your home, you should adhere to the following principles:

1. A mandatory element will be a wooden floor, possibly parquet or planks.
2. The furniture is laconic, preferably made of dark wood, with thin legs.
3. The interior doors and baseboards are white.
4. The walls can also be wooden, painted in neutral shades (but preferably snow-white). You can also use antique wallpaper that imitates textiles.
5. Tables are round or oval, with beautiful tablecloths, lamps with cozy lampshades and light curtains.

As for the kitchen and bathroom, it is advisable to use tiles here. Doors kitchen cabinets you can leave them wooden or paint them like Gzhel, as in the example we presented.

Separately, it should be mentioned the influence that the Empire style or late classicism, which came from Europe, had on the interior of a Russian estate. Within the framework of the landowner's estate, this direction was called “rural empire”, becoming less pompous and luxurious.

Now some homeowners imagine the style of a Russian estate as a kind of mixture of hut, country, chalet, rustic and modern motifs.

Well, the style of the Russian estate has always been a kind of mixture of different directions, taking a lot from the classics and history of our country. However, if you adhere to the main canons, in the end you should end up with a light interior, not overloaded with furniture, cozy, fresh, quite simple and at the same time truly homely, a real Chekhov’s dacha, described more than once by the classics of Russian literature.

was supposed to amaze with beauty and luxury, these are state rooms intended to be admired, but was it possible to work and relax in them? No wonder the kings loved their country residences more.
The nobles also sometimes had stately mansions in St. Petersburg and something simple in the provinces. And often only the simplest manor houses in the province. In the paintings you can see both the most luxurious ones, which the painters of the Winter Palace captured for posterity, and modest drawings of perhaps serfs, in which family comfort and noble life are depicted.

Podklyuchnikov N. Living room in the Nashchokins’ house in Moscow

What we see is that the walls are mostly monochromatic, hung with paintings, the furniture is of the same type, the upholstery becomes more varied over time, but the ceilings are varied, although the height of the rooms is often low

Podklyuchnikov N. Cabinet P.N. Zubova. 1840

Sredin A.V. Room in the Belkino estate 1907.

Living room in the Znamenskoye-Rayok estate

Tyranov A.V. Interior in a noble house.

Rebu Sh. Avchurino. 1846

Interior in Soimonov's house on Malaya Dmitrovka in Moscow. Unknown artist.

Sverchkov V.D. Internal view rooms. 1859

Zelentsov K.A. In the rooms

Zelentsov K.A. Living room with columns

Unknown artist. Living room interior

Peach L. Porechye Estate. Library.

Peach L. Porechye Estate. Museum. 1855

Rakovich A.N. Interior. 1845

Tikhobrazov N.I. Interior of the Lopukhins' estate. 1844

Tikhobrazov N.I. St. Petersburg interior

Premazzi L. Mansion of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. White living room.
This is just about the luxurious noble mansions, which were painted by the same artists as Winter Palace. The main financier of the empire, chairman of the state bank, a man close to the royal family, had a magnificent palace in St. Petersburg, which was later acquired for Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich.

Premazzi L. Mansion of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. Golden living room

Premazzi L. Mansion of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. Living room


Premazzi L. Mansion of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. Front office.

Premazzi L. Mansion of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. Baroness's office.

Premazzi L. Mansion of Baron A. L. Stieglitz. Library

The beginning of the 19th century is characterized by the emergence in France of an architectural and interior design movement called Empire style. The so-called imperial style is distinguished by luxury and solemnity, designed to emphasize the greatness of Emperor Napoleon. An organic combination of Roman antiquity, Egyptian motifs, architectural monumentality of the interiors, abundance of gilding and bright colors in decoration allowed the French Empire style to exist for a fairly long historical period and, with some changes, to be adopted by both the Russian imperial court and bourgeois Germany. The 19th century allows you to plunge into the atmosphere of grandeur and luxury of ballrooms, living rooms, and boudoirs of that time.

Characteristic features of the style

Empire style as an architectural and interior style originated in the early 19th century with light hand Napoleon Bonaparte. It was designed to emphasize the greatness of the emperor, combining solemnity, luxury and severity.

The basis of the Empire style is Roman antiquity with its monumental arches, columns, and caryatids. The architecture and interiors of the 19th century in the imperial style are distinguished by their monumentality, integrity and symmetry.

The decoration used mahogany, marble, bronze and gilding. The walls were decorated with paintings of ancient scenes and bas-reliefs. Used on the ceiling plaster stucco.

Interiors of the 19th century in the Empire style are designed in rich colors: blue, red, green, turquoise, white. They go well with an abundance of gilding and ornate decor. Pastel shades were often used: milky, beige, lavender, pale blue, pistachio, mint.

The decoration was complemented by monumental mahogany furniture with decorative bronze overlays or gilded carvings. Animal motifs in furniture were popular: legs in the form of paws, armrests with lion heads. provoked a fashion for authentic paraphernalia, which subsequently influenced the French Empire style, organically merging into the interior along with antique motifs. Military themes were no less popular: paintings with scenes of battles, weapons.

Walls

The walls in the 19th century imperial style interior were painted with antique scenes and exotic landscapes. Bas-reliefs were often found. Wallpaper was rarely used, mainly with a pattern in the form of monograms or strict stripes. In the bedrooms and boudoirs, the walls were draped with textiles decorated with acanthus in the Roman style. The color scheme was dominated by bright shades: red, blue, green, and white. They combine wonderfully with an abundance of gilding, emphasizing the majesty and solemnity of the setting.

A characteristic feature of the Empire style is the stucco decoration of the walls. Columns were made of marble, malachite and other ornamental stones, and the stucco molding was covered with gold. Huge mirrors are an integral attribute of the 19th century interior. They were actively used in decoration, complemented by ornate gilded frames.

Ceiling

Ceilings in Empire style interiors are always high, domed or straight. The main color is white. The ceiling was decorated with paintings and grisaille. It is difficult to imagine a 19th century interior in the imperial style without stucco. Plaster rosettes, cornices, moldings and other decorations were used everywhere. Often the stucco molding was covered with gilding. The strict centralization of composition and symmetry characteristic of the Roman style is clearly visible in the Empire style. The center of the ceiling was always decorated with patterns and complemented by a magnificent pendant chandelier. Gilding and crystal harmoniously emphasized the solemn

Imperial style lighting plays an important role. If the room was large, several large symmetrically arranged chandeliers were often installed. In addition to them, there were wall and table candelabra in the room. Numerous lights, reflected in mirrors and gilding, created a unique atmosphere of solemnity and grandeur.

Furniture

The furniture in the interior was monumental, like a work of architectural art. Exclusively architectural elements such as columns, cornices, and caryatids were used. Tabletops were often made from a single piece of marble or malachite. Sofas, armchairs, and couches had smooth, ergonomic shapes.

Mahogany was widely used. Furniture was decorated with bronze plates, gilded carvings, legs and armrests stylized as animals. Animal motifs are clearly visible in the imperial style: lion heads and paws, eagle wings, snakes. They were also popular mythical creatures: griffins, sphinxes. The upholstery of couches, chairs, and armchairs in the French Empire style is predominantly monochromatic, marbled or leather. The interiors now feature round tables on one leg, sideboards for dishes and fashionable trinkets, and a secretary with a shelf for books.

Decor

The decor of the 19th century is dominated by ancient Roman and Egyptian motifs - columns, friezes, pilasters, ornaments with acanthus leaves, sphinxes, pyramids. era Napoleonic wars could not help but affect the interior. Images of weapons were widely used: sabers, shields, arrows, cannons, and cannonballs. Decorators of that time could not ignore the laurel wreath as a symbol of greatness. It is found everywhere.

The interior is replete with plaster statues, paintings and huge mirrors in massive gilded frames. Complex draperies on windows and walls are a characteristic feature of the Empire style. The beds were decorated with canopies. All decor in an imperial-style interior is carefully verified, and the same images can be found in the decor of furniture, walls, accessories and even books.

Russian Empire style

Russian interior of the 19th century took a lot from the French Empire style, reworking and softening it. Instead of mahogany and bronze overlays, Karelian birch, ash, and maple were used on furniture. The furniture was decorated with gilded carvings. The creatures of Egyptian mythology were successfully replaced with Slavic ones. Unlike the French Empire style, which primarily elevates the personality of the emperor, the Russian paid more attention to greatness state power. Marble was replaced with Ural malachite, lapis lazuli and other ornamental stones.

The Russian Empire style gradually divided into two directions: metropolitan and provincial. Stolichny was more similar to French, but was softer and more flexible. An undoubted contribution to the development of the style was made by the Italian Carl Rossi. The provincial version of the Russian Empire style was even more restrained, closer to classicism.

Empire is a bright and majestic style in the architecture and interior of the 19th century. The pomp and solemnity of the interiors was intended to emphasize the greatness of the emperor. The characteristic features of the imperial style are a centered composition, bright colors, an abundance of gilding, stucco, huge mirrors, antique, Egyptian, animal and military motifs.

There are possibilities of using the 19th century style in modern design interior Designers can bring such a project to life using modern materials and stylized items. Luxurious style An empire style can decorate any apartment, provided there is the desire and opportunity.