Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich interesting facts. Place of birth: Serdobsky district, Saratov province, Russian Empire

Years of life: 1847 - 1894
Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich was born in the Saratov province into the family of a small nobleman. His first profession was a military engineer. The young man entered the Kyiv sapper brigade as a second lieutenant, but soon left military service and took the place of the head of the telegraph on the Moscow-Kursk railway.

In 1873 Yablochkov opened a workshop physical devices: invented the alarm thermometer to control the temperature in railway wagons; arranged the world's first installation for illuminating a railway track with an electric spotlight mounted on a steam locomotive.

In October 1875, having sent his wife and children to the Saratov province, to live with his parents, Yablochkov went abroad with the goal of showing his inventions and achievements of Russian electrical engineering in the United States at the World Exhibition in Philadelphia, and at the same time becoming familiar with the development of electrical engineering in other countries. However, the financial affairs of the workshop were completely upset, and in the fall of 1875, Pavel Nikolaevich, due to the prevailing circumstances, ended up in Paris. Here he became interested in the physical instrument workshops of Academician L. Breguet, whose devices Pavel Nikolaevich was familiar with from his work when he was the head of the telegraph in Moscow. Breguet received the Russian engineer very kindly and offered him a position in his company.

Paris became the city where Yablochkov quickly achieved outstanding success. The thought of creating an arc lamp without a regulator did not leave him. He failed to do this in Moscow, but recent experiments have shown that this path is quite realistic. By the beginning of spring 1876, Yablochkov completed the development of the design of an electric candle and on March 23 received a French patent for it No. 112024, containing short description candles in their original forms and the image of these forms. This day became a historical date, a turning point in the history of the development of electrical and lighting engineering, Yablochkov’s finest hour.

In 1879, Yablochkov organized the Electric Lighting Partnership P. N. Yablochkov the Inventor and Co. and an electromechanical plant in St. Petersburg, which manufactured lighting installations on a number of military ships, the Okhtensky plant, etc.

In 1894, Yablochkov died of an illness at the age of 46.

Inventions and discoveries

Yablochkov worked in the workshop to improve batteries and dynamos, and conducted experiments on lighting large area a huge spotlight. In the workshop, Yablochkov managed to create an electromagnet original design. He used a winding made of copper tape, placing it on edge in relation to the core. This was his first invention, and here Pavel Nikolaevich carried out work on improving arc lamps.

One of Yablochkov's main inventions dates back to 1876 - an electric candle - the first model of an arc lamp without a regulator, which already satisfied a variety of practical requirements. Yablochkov went to Paris, where he designed an industrial prototype of an electric lamp, developed and implemented a single-phase electric lighting system alternating current, developed a method of crushing light through induction coils.

Yablochkov's candle turned out to be simpler, more convenient and cheaper to operate than A. N. Lodygin's coal lamp; it had neither mechanisms nor springs. It consisted of two rods separated by an insulating kaolin gasket. Each of the rods was clamped into a separate terminal of the candlestick. An arc discharge was ignited at the upper ends, and the arc flame shone brightly, gradually burning the coals and evaporating insulating material.

Yablochkov's candles appeared on sale and began to sell in huge quantities, for example, the Breguet enterprise produced over 8 thousand candles daily. Each candle cost about 20 kopecks and burned for 1½ hours; After this time, a new candle had to be inserted into the lantern. Subsequently, lanterns with automatic replacement of candles were invented.

In February 1877 electric light The fashionable shops of the Louvre were illuminated. Then Yablochkov’s candles flared up in the square in front of the opera house. Finally, in May 1877, they illuminated for the first time one of the capital’s most beautiful thoroughfares - Avenue de l’Opera. Residents of the French capital, accustomed to dim gas lighting of streets and squares, flocked in crowds at the beginning of twilight to admire the garlands of white matte balls mounted on high metal poles. And when all the lanterns flashed at once with a bright and pleasant light, the audience was delighted. No less admirable was the lighting of the huge Parisian indoor hippodrome. His treadmill was illuminated by 20 arc lamps with reflectors, and the seats for spectators were illuminated by 120 Yablochkov electric candles, arranged in two rows. Over time, other leading capitals of the world followed the example of Paris.

Yablochkov designed the first alternating current generator, which, unlike direct current, ensured uniform burning of carbon rods in the absence of a regulator, was the first to use alternating current for industrial purposes, created an alternating current transformer, an electromagnet with a flat winding, and was the first to use static capacitors in an alternating current circuit.

Over time, Yablochkov’s invention was replaced by more economical and convenient incandescent lamps with a thin electric filament inside; his “candle” became just a museum exhibit. However, this was the first light bulb, thanks to which artificial light began to be used everywhere: on streets, squares, theaters, shops, apartments and factories.

Awards and prizes

• On April 21, 1876, Yablochkov was elected a full member of the French Physical Society.
• On April 14, 1879, the scientist was awarded a personalized medal of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.

In Russia, the first test of electric lighting using the Yablochkov system was carried out on October 11, 1878. On this day, the barracks of the Kronstadt training crew and the square near the house occupied by the commander of the Kronstadt seaport were illuminated.

Two weeks later, on December 4, 1878, Yablochkov’s candles, 8 balls, illuminated the Bolshoi Theater in St. Petersburg for the first time. As the newspaper “Novoe Vremya” wrote in the issue of December 6, when “...the electric light was suddenly turned on, a bright white light instantly spread across the hall, but not a cutting eye, but a soft light, in which the colors and colors of women’s faces and toilets retained their naturalness, as in daylight. The effect was amazing."

Not a single invention in the field of electrical engineering has received such rapid and widespread distribution as Yablochkov’s candles. This was a true triumph of the Russian engineer.

Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov

Pavel Yablochkov

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich (09/2/1847-03/19/1894), Russian inventor in the field of electrical engineering, military engineer and entrepreneur. The main invention is an arc lamp without a regulator - an electric candle (cm.: Arc candle. Yablochkov's candle) - marked the beginning of the first practically applicable electric lighting system (1876). In 1879 Yablochkov organized the Electric Lighting Partnership and an electromechanical plant in St. Petersburg. Beginning in the 1880s, he worked on the creation of electrical generators and chemical current sources. He was the first to propose galvanic cells with an alkaline electrolyte. Yablochkov’s fruitful idea of ​​centralized production of electricity and its sewerage to the point of consumption via networks was implemented only after his death.

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich (1847, Serdobsky district, Saratov province - 1894, Saratov) - inventor. Genus. in an impoverished landowner family. He received his education at the Saratov Gymnasium and the Nikolaev Engineering School in St. Petersburg, graduating in 1866 with the 1st category and receiving the rank of engineer-second lieutenant. He served in Kyiv in a sapper battalion. After retiring, he went to Moscow, where he was appointed chief. telegraph service of the Moscow-Kursk railway. In 1873 he opened a workshop of physical instruments: he invented a signal thermometer for regulating the temperature in railways. carriages; built the world's first installation for railway lighting. track with an electric spotlight mounted on the locomotive. In 1875 he invented an electric candle - the first model of an arc lamp without an imperfect regulator, in which the coals were placed parallel to each other and separated by a layer of insulating substance kaolin. As the coals burned, the kaolin evaporated, but the arc continued to burn. According to academician N.P. Petrov, “Yablochkov’s candle gave electrical engineering the same strong impetus towards the most diverse practical applications of electricity as Steam engine Watt gave the use of steam in industry." In 1875 Yablochkov went to Paris, where he designed an industrial prototype of an electric lamp. He created a lighting system ("Russian light"), demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878. In 1879 he organized the "Electric Lighting Partnership" and electromechanical plant in St. Petersburg.As an entrepreneur, Yablochkov improved electrical machines, galvanic cells and batteries, participated in electrical exhibitions in Russia and France, and was an active member of the Russian Technical Society.

Book materials used: Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical reference book. Moscow, 1997

Yablochkov lamp

YABLOCHKOV Pavel Nikolaevich, Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Genus. in the family of a small nobleman. He received a military education. engineer - graduated in 1866 from Nikolaev engineering. school and in 1869 Technical. galvanic establishment in St. Petersburg. Military The service took place in Kyiv. After retiring, he moved to Moscow, where in 1873 he was appointed chief. telegraph service of the Moscow-Kursk railway. d. Together with N. G. Glukhov, he organized a workshop where he carried out work on electrical engineering, which later formed the basis for his inventions in the field of electrical engineering. lighting, electrical machines, galvanic elements and batteries. One of Ya.'s main inventions, the electric one, dates back to 1875. candle - the first model of an arc lamp without a regulator, which already satisfied a variety of practical needs. requirements. In 1875 Ya. went to Paris, where he designed an industrial electrical sample lamps (French patent No. 112024, 1876), developed and implemented an electrical system. lighting on single-phase AC. current, developed a method of “fragmenting light by means of induction coils” (French patent No. 115793, 1876), etc. The lighting system of Yaroslavl (“Russian light”), demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878, enjoyed exceptional success; in France, Great Britain, and the USA, companies were founded based on its commercial activities. operation.

In 1879 Yablochkov, the inventor and Co., organized the Electric Lighting Partnership and Co. plant in St. Petersburg, which manufactured lighting, installations in a number of military units. ships, Okhtensky plant, etc. From the 2nd half. 80s Ya. studied ch. arr. issues of electricity generation energy: designed a “magneto-dynamoelectric machine”, which already had the basics. features of modern inductor machine, conducted a lot of original research in the field of practical. solving the problem directly. converting fuel energy into electricity. energy, suggested the galvanic. an element with an alkaline electrolyte, created a regenerative element (the so-called car battery), etc.

Ya was a participant in electrical engineering. exhibitions in Russia (1880 and 1882), Paris Electrotechnical. exhibitions (1881 and 1889), First International. Congress of Electricians (1881), one of the initiators of the creation of electrical engineering. department Rus. technical about-va and journal. "Electricity". Awarded the Rus medal. technical about-va. The Y. Prize was established (1947) for better job in electrical engineering, awarded once every 3 years.

G. K. Tsverava.

Materials of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia are used.

Literature:

Belkind L. D., Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, M., 1962;

Shatelen M.A., Russian electrical engineers of the 19th century, M.-L., 1955.

Malinin G.A. Inventor of the "Russian world". Saratov, 1984.

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Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich is a Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Born in the village. Zhadovka of the Saratov province in the family of a small nobleman. He was educated as a military engineer - he graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School in 1866 and from the Technical Galvanic Institution in St. Petersburg in 1869. At the end of the latter, Yablochkov entered the Kyiv sapper brigade as a second lieutenant, but soon left military service and accepted the position of head of the telegraph on the Moscow-Kursk railway. Already at the beginning of his service on the railway, P. N. Yablochkov made his first invention: he created a “black-writing telegraph apparatus.” In 1873 Yablochkov opened a workshop of physical instruments: he invented a signal thermometer for regulating the temperature in railway cars; arranged the world's first installation for illuminating a railway track with an electric spotlight mounted on a steam locomotive.

Yablochkov worked in the workshop to improve batteries and dynamos, and conducted experiments on illuminating a large area with a huge spotlight. In the workshop, Yablochkov managed to create an electromagnet of an original design. He used a winding made of copper tape, placing it on edge in relation to the core. This was his first invention, and here Pavel Nikolaevich carried out work on improving arc lamps. One of Yablochkin’s main inventions dates back to 1875 - an electric candle - the first model of an arc lamp without a regulator, which already satisfied a variety of practical requirements. In 1875, Yablochkin went to Paris, where he designed an industrial prototype of an electric lamp (French patent No. 112024, 1876), developed and implemented an electric lighting system using single-phase alternating current, and developed a method of “splitting light through induction coils.” Yablochkov's candle turned out to be simpler, more convenient and cheaper to operate than A. N. Lodygin's coal lamp; it had neither mechanisms nor springs. It consisted of two rods separated by an insulating kaolin gasket. Each of the rods was clamped into a separate terminal of the candlestick. An arc discharge was ignited at the upper ends, and the arc flame shone brightly, gradually burning the coals and vaporizing the insulating material.

Yablochkov designed the first alternating current generator, which, unlike direct current, ensured uniform burnout of carbon rods in the absence of a regulator, was the first to use alternating current for industrial purposes, created an alternating current transformer, an electromagnet with a flat winding, and was the first to use static capacitors in an alternating current circuit . The inventor developed a system for powering a number of electric candles from a single current source, based on the use of capacitors.

In 1879, Yablochkin organized the Electric Lighting Partnership P. N. Yablochkov the Inventor and Co. and an electromechanical plant in St. Petersburg, which manufactured lighting installations on a number of military ships, the Okhtensky plant, etc. From the 2nd half of the 1880s, Yablochkin was involved in mainly questions of generation electrical energy: designed a “magneto-dynamoelectric machine”, which already had the basic features of a modern inductor machine, conducted a lot of original research in the field of practical solution to the problem of directly converting fuel energy into electrical energy, proposed galvanic cell with an alkaline electrolyte, created a regenerative element (the so-called car battery), etc. Over time, Yablochkov’s invention was replaced by more economical and convenient incandescent lamps with a thin electric filament inside; his “candle” became just a museum exhibit. However, this was the first light bulb, thanks to which artificial light began to be used everywhere: on streets, squares, theaters, shops, apartments and factories.

Yablochkin was a participant in electrical engineering exhibitions in Russia (1880 and 1882), the Paris Electrical Engineering Exhibitions (1881 and 1889), the First International Congress of Electricians (1881), and one of the initiators of the creation of the electrical engineering department of the Russian Technical Society and the Electricity magazine. Awarded with the medal of the Russian Technical Society. In 1947, the Yablochkin Prize was established for the best work in electrical engineering, awarded once every 3 years.

Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov(September 14, Serdobsky district Saratov province - March 19, Saratov) - Russian electrical engineer, military engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He is known for the development of the arc lamp (which went down in history under the name “Yablochkov candle”) and other inventions in the field of electrical engineering.

Biography

Childhood and adolescence

In January 1869, Yablochkov returned to military service. He is sent to the Technical Galvanic Institution in Kronstadt, at that time it was the only school in Russia that trained military specialists in the field of electrical engineering. There P. N. Yablochkov got acquainted with the latest achievements in the field of studying and technical application electric current, especially in mining, thoroughly improved his theoretical and practical electrical training. Eight months later, after graduating from the Galvanic Institute, Pavel Nikolaevich was appointed head of the galvanizing team in the same 5th Engineer Battalion. However, as soon as his three-year service period had expired, he retired to the reserve on September 1, 1872, parting with the army forever. Shortly before leaving Kyiv, Pavel Yablochkov got married.

Beginning of inventive activity

Having retired to the reserve, P. N. Yablochkov got a job at the Moscow-Kursk Railway as head of the telegraph service. Already at the beginning of his service on the railway, P. N. Yablochkov made his first invention: he created a “black-writing telegraph apparatus.” Unfortunately, the details of this invention have not reached us.

Yablochkov was a member of the circle of electricians-inventors and electrical engineering enthusiasts at the Moscow Polytechnic Museum. Here he learned about the experiments of A. N. Lodygin on lighting streets and premises electric lamps, after which he decided to improve the then existing arc lamps. He began his inventive activity with an attempt to improve the Foucault regulator, the most common at that time. The regulator was very complex, operated with the help of three springs and required constant attention.

In the spring of 1874, Pavel Nikolaevich had the opportunity to practically use an electric arc for lighting. A government train was supposed to travel from Moscow to Crimea. For traffic safety purposes, the administration of the Moscow-Kursk road decided to illuminate the railway track for this train at night and turned to Yablochkov as an engineer interested in electric lighting. He willingly agreed. For the first time in the history of railway transport, a searchlight with an arc lamp - a Foucault regulator - was installed on a steam locomotive. Yablochkov, standing on the front platform of the locomotive, changed the coals and tightened the regulator; and when the locomotive was changed, Pavel Nikolaevich dragged his searchlight and wires from one locomotive to another and strengthened them. This continued all the way, and although the experiment was a success, he once again convinced Yablochkov that this method of electric lighting could not be widely used and the controller needed to be simplified.

After leaving telegraph service in 1874, Yablochkov opened a workshop of physical instruments in Moscow. According to the memoirs of one of his contemporaries:

Together with the experienced electrical engineer N. G. Glukhov, Yablochkov worked in the workshop to improve batteries and dynamos, and conducted experiments on illuminating a large area with a huge spotlight. In the workshop, Yablochkov managed to create an electromagnet of an original design. He used a winding made of copper tape, placing it on edge in relation to the core. This was his first invention, and here Pavel Nikolaevich carried out work on improving arc lamps.

Along with experiments to improve electromagnets and arc lamps, Yablochkov and Glukhov great importance were given to the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. An insignificant fact in itself played a big role in the further inventive fate of P. N. Yablochkov. In 1875, during one of the many electrolysis experiments, parallel coals immersed in an electrolytic bath accidentally touched each other. Immediately an electric arc flashed between them, illuminating the walls of the laboratory with bright light for a short moment. It was at these moments that Pavel Nikolaevich had the idea of ​​more perfect device arc lamp (without interelectrode distance regulator) - the future “Yablochkov candle”.

World recognition

"Yablochkov's Candle"

The device "candles Yablochkov"

In October 1875, having sent his wife and children to the Saratov province, to live with his parents, Yablochkov went abroad with the goal of showing his inventions and achievements of Russian electrical engineering in the United States at the World Exhibition in Philadelphia, and at the same time becoming familiar with the development of electrical engineering in other countries. However, the financial affairs of the workshop were completely upset, and in the fall of 1875, Pavel Nikolaevich, due to prevailing circumstances, ended up in Paris. Here he became interested in the workshops of physical instruments of academician L. Breguet, with whose devices Pavel Nikolaevich was familiar from his work when he was the head of the telegraph in Moscow. Breguet received the Russian engineer very kindly and offered him a position in his company.

Paris became the city where Yablochkov quickly achieved outstanding success. The thought of creating an arc lamp without a regulator did not leave him. He failed to do this in Moscow, but recent experiments have shown that this path is quite realistic. By the beginning of the spring of 1876, Yablochkov completed the development of the design of an electric candle and on March 23 received a French patent for it No. 112024, containing a brief description of the candle in its original forms and an image of these forms. This day became a historical date, a turning point in the history of the development of electrical and lighting engineering, Yablochkov’s finest hour.

Yablochkov's candle turned out to be simpler, more convenient and cheaper to operate than A. N. Lodygin's coal lamp; it had neither mechanisms nor springs. It consisted of two rods separated by an insulating kaolin gasket. Each of the rods was clamped into a separate terminal of the candlestick. An arc discharge was ignited at the upper ends, and the arc flame shone brightly, gradually burning the coals and vaporizing the insulating material. Yablochkov had to work a lot on choosing a suitable insulating substance and on methods for obtaining suitable coals. Later he tried to change color electric light, adding various metal salts to the evaporating partition between the coals.

In the spring of 1879, the Yablochkov-Inventor and Co. partnership built a number of electric lighting installations. Most of the work on the installation of electric candles, development technical plans and projects were carried out under the leadership of Pavel Nikolaevich. Yablochkov's candles, manufactured by the Parisian and then St. Petersburg plant of the company, were lit in Moscow and the Moscow region by the Russian-Turkish war, which diverted a lot of money and attention, the technical backwardness of Russia, the inertia, and sometimes the bias of city authorities. It was not possible to create a strong company with the attraction of large capital; the lack of funds was felt all the time. The inexperience of the head of the enterprise himself in financial and commercial affairs also played an important role. Pavel Nikolaevich often went to Paris on business, and on the board, as V.N. Chikolev wrote in “Memoirs of an Old Electrician,” “unscrupulous administrators of the new partnership began to throw away money in tens and hundreds of thousands, fortunately it was easy!” In addition, by 1879, T. Edison in America brought the incandescent lamp to practical perfection, which completely replaced arc lamps.

On April 14, 1879, P. N. Yablochkov was awarded a personalized medal of the Imperial Russian Technical Society (RTO). The award notice stated:

On January 30, 1880, the first constituent meeting of the Electrical Engineering (VI) Department of the RTO was held in St. Petersburg, at which P. N. Yablochkov was elected deputy chairman (“chairman candidate”). On the initiative of P. N. Yablochkov, V. N. Chikolev, D. A. Lachinov and A. N. Lodygin, one of the oldest Russian technical magazines, Electricity, was founded in 1880.

In the same 1880, Yablochkov moved to Paris, where he began preparing to participate in the first International Electrotechnical Exhibition. Soon, to organize an exhibition stand dedicated to his inventions, Yablochkov called some employees of his company to Paris. Among them was the Russian inventor, creator of electric arc welding Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos, whom Yablochkov met back in 1876. To prepare Yablochkov’s exposition, the electrical engineering experimental laboratory at the Electisen magazine was used.

The exhibition, which opened on August 1, 1881, showed that Yablochkov's candle and his lighting system began to lose their importance. Although Yablochkov's inventions received highly appreciated and were recognized by the International Jury as out of competition, the exhibition itself was a triumph of the incandescent lamp, which could burn for 800-1000 hours without replacement. It could be lit, extinguished and relit many times. In addition, it was also more economical than a candle. All this had a strong impact on further work Pavel Nikolaevich and from that time on he completely switched to creating a powerful and economical chemical current source. In a number of schemes for chemical current sources, Yablochkov first proposed for cathode separation in 1892, the scientist finally returned to his homeland. He brings all his foreign patents No. 112024, 115703 and 120684, paying a ransom of a million rubles for them - his entire fortune. However, Petersburg greeted him coldly, as if his name was known to few people. In St. Petersburg, P. N. Yablochkov became very ill. He felt fatigue and the consequences of the explosion of a sodium battery in 1884, where he almost died and subsequently suffered two strokes. Having waited for his second wife Maria Nikolaevna and son Platon to arrive from Paris, Yablochkov leaves with them for the Saratov province.

From Saratov, the Yablochkovs left for Atkarsky district, where, near the village of Koleno, the small estate of Dvoenki, inherited by Pavel Nikolaevich, was located. After staying there for a short time, the Yablochkovs headed to Serdobsky district to settle in “ father's house", and then go to the Caucasus. However, the parental house in the village of Petropavlovka no longer existed; several years before the scientist arrived here, it burned down. I had to settle with my elder sister Ekaterina and her husband M.K. Eshliman (Eshelman), whose estate was located in the village of Ivanovo-Kuliki (now on March 23 he was buried on the outskirts of the village of Sapozhok (now Rtishchevsky district), in the fence of the St. Michael the Archangel Church in the family crypt.

Family

P. N. Yablochkov was married twice. First wife - Nikitina Lyubov Ilyinichna (1849-1887). The second wife is Albova Maria Nikolaevna. Children from his first marriage - Natalya (1871-1886), Boris (1872-1903) - engineer-inventor, was fond of aeronautics, worked on developing new powerful explosives and ammunition; Alexandra (1874-1888); Andrey (1873-1921). Son from his second marriage: Plato is an engineer.

Masonic activity

Living in Paris, Yablochkov was initiated into membership of the Masonic lodge “Labor and True Friends of Truth” No. 137 (fr. Travail et Vrais Amis Fideles

Famous inventor of the electric candle; genus. in 1847 Ya. studied for some time at the Saratov gymnasium, from there he moved to the Nikolaev Engineering School. After graduating from the latter, with the rank of second lieutenant, Ya. entered the Kyiv sapper brigade,... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

Yablochkov, Pavel Nikolaevich- Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. YABLOCHKOV Pavel Nikolaevich (1847 94), Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He invented an arc lamp without a regulator (“Yablochkov’s candle”; patent 1876), developed and implemented an electric lighting system... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Yablochkov (Pavel Nikolaevich) Russian electrical engineer (1847 1894), studied at the Saratov gymnasium, and then at the Nikolaev Engineering School. At the end of the last year, Yablochkov joined the Kyiv sapper brigade as a second lieutenant, but soon left... ... Biographical Dictionary

- Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Born into the family of a small nobleman. Received education... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich- (18471894), electrical engineer. He graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School (1866) and the Technical Galvanic Institution (1869) in St. Petersburg. After retiring (1871), he organized an electrical workshop in Moscow together with N. G. Glukhov.... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

- (1847 94) Russian electrical engineer. He invented (patent 1876) an arc lamp without a regulator and an electric candle (Yablochkov candle), which laid the foundation for the first practically applicable electric lighting system. Worked on the creation of electrical... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1847 94), electrical engineer. He graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering School (1866) and the Technical Galvanic Institution (1869) in St. Petersburg. After retiring (1871), he organized an electrical workshop in Moscow together with N. G. Glukhov.... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

- (1847 1894), electrical engineer. He invented (patent 1876) an arc lamp without a regulator, an electric candle (“Yablochkov’s candle”), which laid the foundation for the first practically applicable electric lighting system. Worked on creating electric machines… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Biography added: November 4, 2013

Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov- Russian electrical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He invented (patent 1876) an arc lamp without a regulator - an electric candle (“Yablochkov’s candle”), which laid the foundation for the first practically applicable electric lighting system. He worked on the creation of electrical machines and chemical current sources.

Childhood and initial training Pavlika Yablochkova

Pavel Yablochkov was born on September 14 (September 2, old style) 1847, in the village of Zhadovka, Serdobsky district, Saratov province, in the family of an impoverished small-scale nobleman who came from an old Russian family. Since childhood, Pavlik loved to design, he came up with a goniometer device for land surveying, a device for measuring the path traveled by a cart. Parents, trying to give their son a good education, in 1859 enrolled him in the 2nd grade of the Saratov gymnasium. But at the end of 1862, Yablochkov left the gymnasium, studied for several months at the Preparatory Boarding School, and in the fall of 1863 entered the Nikolaev Engineering School in St. Petersburg, which had a good education system and produced educated military engineers.

Military service. Further studies

After graduating from college in 1866, Pavel Yablochkov was sent to serve as an officer in the Kiev garrison. In his first year of service, he was forced to resign due to illness. Returning to active service in 1868, he entered the Technical Galvanic Institution in Kronstadt, from which he graduated in 1869. At that time, it was the only school in Russia that trained military specialists in the field of electrical engineering.

Moscow period

In July 1871, having finally left military service, Yablochkov moved to Moscow and accepted the position of assistant to the head of the telegraph service of the Moscow-Kursk railway. At the Moscow Polytechnic Museum, a circle of electricians-inventors and electrical engineering enthusiasts was created, sharing their experience in this new field at that time. Here, in particular, Yablochkov learned about the experiments of Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin on lighting streets and rooms with electric lamps, after which he decided to improve the then existing arc lamps.

Physical Instruments Workshop

After leaving his telegraph service, P. Yablochkov opened a physical instrument workshop in Moscow in 1874. “It was the center of bold and witty electrical engineering events, sparkling with novelty and 20 years ahead of the times,” recalled one of his contemporaries. In 1875, when P.N. Yablochkov conducted experiments on the electrolysis of table salt using carbon electrodes; he came up with the idea of ​​​​a more advanced design of an arc lamp (without an interelectrode distance regulator) - the future “Yablochkov candle”.

Work in France. Electric candle

At the end of 1875, the financial affairs of the workshop were completely upset and Yablochkov left for Paris, where he went to work in the workshops of academician L. Breguet, a famous French specialist in the field of telegraphy. Working on the problems of electric lighting, Yablochkov by the beginning of 1876 completed the development of the design of an electric candle and in March received a patent for it.

The candle of Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov consisted of two rods separated by an insulating gasket. Each of the rods was clamped into a separate terminal of the candlestick. An arc discharge was ignited at the upper ends, and the arc flame shone brightly, gradually burning the coals and vaporizing the insulating material.

Creation of an electric lighting system

The success of Yablochkov's candle exceeded all expectations. Reports of her appearance circulated around the world press. During 1876, Pavel Nikolaevich developed and implemented an electric lighting system using single-phase alternating current, which, unlike direct current, ensured uniform burning of carbon rods in the absence of a regulator. In addition, Yablochkov developed a method of “crushing” electric light (that is, power a large number candles from one current generator), offering three solutions at once, including the first practical use transformer and capacitor.

Yablochkov's lighting system ("Russian light"), demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878, was an exceptional success; in many countries of the world, including France, companies were founded for its commercial exploitation. Having ceded the right to use their inventions to the owners of the French " General company electricity with Yablochkov’s patents,” Pavel Nikolaevich, as the head of its technical department, continued to work on further improvement of the lighting system, content with more than a modest share of the company’s huge profits.

Return to Russia. commercial activity

In 1878, Pavel Yablochkov decided to return to Russia to tackle the problem of the spread of electric lighting. At home, he was enthusiastically greeted as an innovative inventor.

In 1879, Pavel Nikolaevich organized the Electric Lighting Partnership P. N. Yablochkov the Inventor and Co. and an electrical plant in St. Petersburg, which manufactured lighting installations on a number of military ships, the Okhtensky plant, etc. And although commercial activity was successful, it did not bring complete satisfaction to the inventor. He clearly saw that in Russia there were too few opportunities for the implementation of new technical ideas, in particular, for the production of the electric machines he built. In addition, by 1879, electrical engineer, inventor, founder of large electrical enterprises and companies in America, Thomas Edison, brought the incandescent lamp to practical perfection, which completely replaced arc lamps.

Back in France

Having moved to Paris in 1880, Yablochkov began to prepare to participate in the first World Electrotechnical Exhibition, which was to be held in 1881 in Paris. At this exhibition, Yablochkov's inventions were highly appreciated and were recognized by the International Jury as out of competition, but the exhibition itself was a triumph of the incandescent lamp. From that time on, Yablochkov was mainly concerned with the generation of electrical energy - the creation of dynamos and galvanic cells.

The last period of the inventor's life

At the end of 1893, feeling sick, Pavel Yablochkov returned to Russia after 13 years of absence, but a few months later, on March 31 (March 19, Old Style), 1894, he died of a heart disease in Saratov. She was buried in the family crypt in the village of Sapozhok, Saratov region.