Granite mineral project. Creative research project "granite is a useful mineral." Construction advantages of granite

Granite (Italian granito, from Latin granum grain) is an acidic igneous intrusive rock. Consists of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and mica biotite and/or muscovite.lat. acidic magmatic and trusive rock quartz plagioclase lium feldspar biotite muscovite The color of granite is varied - from white to almost black, from light pink to dark red.

Granites play a huge role in the structure of the crust of the Earth's continents. Granites play a huge role in the structure of the crust of the continents of the Earth. Earth The author of one of the first hypotheses about the origin of granites was N. Bowen, the father of experimental petrology. Based on experiments and observations of natural objects he established that the crystallization of basaltic magma occurs according to a number of laws. The minerals in it crystallize in such a sequence (Bowen series) that the melt is continuously enriched with silicon, sodium, potassium and other fusible components. Therefore, Bowen suggested that granites may be the last differentiates of basaltic melts. The author of one of the first hypotheses about the origin of granites was N. Bowen, the father of experimental petrology. Based on experiments and observations of natural objects, he established that the crystallization of basaltic magma occurs according to a number of laws. The minerals in it crystallize in such a sequence (Bowen series) that the melt is continuously enriched with silicon, sodium, potassium and other fusible components. Therefore, Bowen suggested that granites may be the last differentiates of basaltic melts.N. Bowen petrology magma crystallization Minerals Bowen series N. Bowen petrology magma crystallization Minerals Bowen series

Application of Granite - a natural stone, at all times it has been used as a construction and finishing material due to its unique properties: strength, durability, resistance to impacts environment, diversity decorative properties. Each piece of stone has a unique personality, and in capable hands masters becomes a real work of art. Granite is a natural stone; at all times it has been used as a construction and finishing material due to its unique properties: strength, durability, resistance to environmental influences, and a variety of decorative properties. Each piece of stone has a unique personality, and in the skillful hands of craftsmen it becomes a real work of art. In the interior, granite is also used for finishing walls, stairs, creating countertops and columns, decoration flights of stairs granite balusters, creating flowerpots, facing fireplaces and fountains. Used for making monuments and crushed granite. In the interior, granite is also used for finishing walls, stairs, creating countertops and columns, decorating flights of stairs with granite balusters, creating flowerpots, lining fireplaces and fountains. It is used for making monuments and on granite crushed stone. monuments granite crushed stone monuments granite crushed stone The life of granite is measured over centuries, but even natural stone “ages” beautifully and nobly. The life of granite is measured in centuries, but even natural stone “ages” beautifully and nobly.

Granite is a hard rock that is one of the main materials that form outer part earth's crust. The name “granite” comes from the word “granum”, which means “grain”. We are, however, not talking about wheat or rye grains, as you yourself understand. Grains are crystals of quartz, mica, feldspar, hornblende and other minerals that are components granite The color of granite may vary. Most often it has a grayish or pinkish color, but the presence of impurities in it can change its color. Granite is a volcanic rock. As a rule, it is formed in the depths of the Earth when molten magma cools. Magma is a mixture of various minerals that looks like dough.

COLORS The special pattern of granite varieties is created due to the presence of dark-colored minerals, their special accumulations in the structure of the material against the background of the uniform color of feldspars. The most common natural spotted, mottled color of the stone. Smoky and complex wavy-striped colors of granite are rare. Granite is excellent decorative material which nature sometimes rewards unusual drawings, such as all kinds of ring-shaped chains of black biotite and quartz. Therefore, granite products are always in demand. The structure of granite contains longitudinally located inclusions of bright, iridescent spar crystals, which, with certain types of stone processing, can give an original dotted-banded natural decoration of granite on the surface.

TYPES Plagiogranite is a light gray granite with a sharp predominance of plagioclase with a complete absence or insignificant content of potassium-sodium feldspar, which gives the granites a pinkish-red color. Alaskite is a pink granite with a sharp predominance of potassium-sodium feldspar with a small amount (biotite) or absence of dark-colored minerals.

Limestone is a widespread, pliable rock, easy to process, but quite strong, despite its ability to dissolve. In the Middle Ages in Europe, numerous cities surrounded by fortification walls, including famous architectural monuments, were built from limestone.

Marble, a type of limestone, is the most popular building mineral in human history; it has been used as a building and construction material since ancient times. finishing material. Marble has been used in sculpture and architecture for thousands of years. IN Ancient Greece and in Rome, statues were carved from it and temples were built, which have survived to varying degrees to this day. Moscow Metro

It's hard to believe, but this stone is almost 100% carbon, the same element that makes up ordinary coal and graphite. The word "diamond" translated from the ancient Indian language means "one that does not break." Diamond is steadfast and unperturbed. It is rightfully considered the hardest of all stones discovered in nature; its surface cannot be scratched by other minerals. But it can be easily broken with a hammer.

Diamond is beautiful. Optical properties make it the most beautiful of precious stones. A chemically pure mineral is transparent and colorless; foreign inclusions color it in different colors: yellow, blue, green, red, etc. The shine gives the diamond an extraordinary radiance. In addition, even in low light, this stone “plays”: it enchants the eye with tints and flashes of all the colors of the rainbow.

In Russia, the first emerald was found by Maxim Stepanovich Kozhevnikov, a tar farmer from the Beloyarsk volost in the Urals. In December 1830, between the roots of an upturned tree on the banks of the Tokovaya River, about 80 km from Yekaterinburg, he discovered several small green crystals, which turned out to be emeralds. In the 30s In the 19th century, several more deposits were discovered in the Urals. Emeralds

The Diamond Fund of Russia is a unique collection of works of jewelry art from the 18th - 20th centuries. The collection of the Diamond Fund also includes samples of rare precious stones and nuggets of precious metals. The collection that the Kremlin Diamond Fund possesses today was started by Peter the Great.
The world famous stone is the Shah Diamond, one of the oldest Indian diamonds with surviving signatures helping to reconstruct the stone's centuries-old history. LARGE BOUQUET Diamonds, emeralds, gold, silver (1760)

Savchenko Olga

Can granite be used in construction? Granite is one of the most common minerals on earth and often forms entire mountains. Granite is not a Russian word (Italian) and is translated as “grainy”.

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1 . Project name: Granite

4th grade student: Olga Savchenko.

3. Research topic: Minerals – granite.

4. Problematic question (research question)

Can granite be used in construction?

5 . Research hypothesis

I assume that granite can be used in construction. (everywhere)

6 . Objectives of the study

A) By visiting the construction site of our village, find out how granite is used in construction.

B) Based on your conclusions, make a presentation on the topic “Granite”.

7. Research results

I was given the task of conducting a study “Can granite be used in construction?”

Granite is one of the most common minerals on earth and often forms entire mountains. Granite is not a Russian word (Italian) and is translated as “grainy”. The grains that make up granite are quartz, feldspar and mica - they different color. When granite breaks down, sand is formed from quartz, and feldspar and mica turn into clay, which is abundant on earth. Sand and clay are the remains of destroyed mountains. Granite is very strong and therefore is widely used in the construction of bridges, buildings, roads, and monuments. IN modern construction granite is used so widely that, without exaggeration, it can be called a universal material.

Floors, stairs. Granite is a material with a very low level of abrasion. Various parts interior Window sills, cornices, baseboards, railings, furniture table tops, coffee tables, columns - the high strength of granite will allow these items long years remain unharmed, avoid mechanical damage exposure to temperature and humidity;

Curbs, steps, paving stones. Granite is successfully used in places where greater “endurance” is required. It is resistant to mechanical stress, chemical pollution and temperature changes - does not change its properties over hundreds of freezing and thawing cycles.

Facing embankments. Granite practically does not absorb moisture - accordingly, when the temperature drops, additional internal pressure from frozen water does not form in the pores of the stone, which can lead to the formation of cracks and destruction of the rock.

Granite paving stones. The use of granite paving stones dates back thousands of years. The famous ancient Roman cobbled roads can still be walked today; you will find streets lined with paving stones in the old part of any of the European capitals; In modern cities, stone roads are gradually replacing asphalt and concrete.

We don't think about the fact that modern buildings are entire museums of mineral resources. Rocks are widely used in construction (granite and marble slabs, gravel, sand, clay).

8 . conclusions

There are a lot of minerals on Earth. There is nothing useless in nature. And without granite it is difficult to build a good, strong building, a beautiful pavement... Geologists still continue to discover new mineral deposits. Unfortunately, minerals are such riches that cannot be restored. After all, they were formed in the bowels of the Earth over many millions of years! That is why it is necessary to use underground wealth very sparingly.

9. List of used literature

Planet Earth. Encyclopedia. – M.: Publishing house “ROSMEN”, 1997.

Riley P., Oliver K. Earth and Oceans. – ZAO Publishing House ROSMEN-PRESS, 2005.

Minerals. Treasures of the Earth. – De Agostini LLC, 2009.

Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. Multimedia encyclopedia. – Cyril and Methodius LLC, 2007.

Internet.

The modern construction industry offers consumers a huge amount of materials that can speed up, facilitate, and embellish the result. repair work or construction of new premises. However, natural stone has not yet given up its positions. It remains still in demand and popular. What can we say about our ancestors, who knew about the virtues natural materials, perhaps, much better than us. It’s not for nothing that they say that granite is a mineral: thanks to it, we have reached modern times architectural masterpieces, and unique sculptures.

How was he educated?

It is thanks to the method of its origin that granite acquired its unique properties. All its varieties are formed by volcanic eruptions: the erupting magma flowed into the earth's cavities located very deep below the surface. The enormous temperatures of these masses decreased gradually, and even under significant pressure, which was exerted on them by the layers of earth located above. As a result, the igneous rocks fully crystallized, forming granite - a mineral.

Appearance and physical properties of the stone

Translated from the language of Ancient Greece, its name means “grain”, “granularity”. At the same time, the relative porosity of granite is quite low: even in coarse-grained varieties (the “coarsest” among all three structures) it rarely exceeds 6-7 mm. And in fine-grained varieties, the grain diameter does not reach even two. At the same time, the size of the “cells” seriously affects the strength and long-term operation of structures made from this stone - the smaller their diameter, the stronger the granite.

In addition to its strength and density, granite is also characterized by decorative properties. It increases with polishing. The most common black variety is also the least valuable. Colored options are pink (even red), green, and yellow. Such rocks are widely used in architecture and construction.

Construction advantages of granite

This stone, especially its fine-grained varieties, is amazingly resistant to the effects of time: even after five hundred years, destruction is only just beginning to appear. At the same time, it very successfully resists friction, is difficult to compress and is resistant to abrasion. Atmospheric influences also have little effect on granite. This type of mineral is resistant to acids and practically does not absorb water, which makes it an ideal material for finishing embankments, including the coastal sea strip.

Equally important is that this natural stone is virtually resistant to frost (very important in our latitudes!) and gets dirty very easily.

Granite is also ideal for finishing, as it harmonizes with metal parts, and with wood, and with ceramic parts, and with the most modern materials. And despite all our fastidiousness, it is worth admitting that natural stone perfectly keeps the house cool in summer and warm in the winter.

Granite aesthetics

In addition to purely utilitarian advantages, this stone has good polishing, which reveals its unique structure and richness of colors. But many designers are happy to use the unpolished structure of granite, which perfectly absorbs light and creates wild and unusual interiors.

The variety of color tones can satisfy even the most picky esthete: among the wealth of tones there will certainly be something that he needs. After all, perhaps, among all the facing and building materials there is no other stone as attractive as granite - the photos fully reflect its beauty.

What was wrong with granite?

As it should be, this huge “barrel of honey” necessarily has a “fly in the ointment”. One of the disadvantages of this natural stone is the residual radiation inherent in some types of granite. Therefore, it is mainly used for outdoor work. And those blocks that are intended for internal use must undergo a scrupulous check so as not to subsequently harm people’s health.

Besides increased strength stone, which is already considered one of its undoubted advantages, is also its disadvantage. The extraction of granite is complicated by its hardness and combined fragility. You have to resort to expensive tricks to get a large enough piece of stone intact, and then put a lot of work into finishing it. That's why granite work is so expensive.

Development Features

For most solid minerals, it is not so important in what form they are extracted from the vein, because they are expected to be further processed (smelting, burning, etc.). Therefore, crushing the surrounding rocks does not harm the extracted substance; the main thing here is the convenience of extraction itself. It's a completely different matter - facing materials, which includes granite. For him, it is important to obtain a monolithic block without cracks and chips, since these defects cannot be hidden by any subsequent tricks. Moreover, such restrictions apply both during storage and during transportation, which significantly complicates the entire process. And if there is a message about minerals (granite among them), it is necessary to carry out a whole range of additional measures aimed at preserving the integrity of what was extracted.

The most common method

Exist different ways granite mining, and the quality of the resulting stone directly depends on which one was used. On this moment There are three known methods, and, unfortunately, the most barbaric one is most often used - explosive. It consists of drilling a hole for the charge, which explodes. The fragments are sorted, and blocks are cut out of the largest ones. For most miners, this method is attractive because it is cheap. However, the quality of granite is very low: the blast wave creates a lot of defects in the blocks, as a result of which their strength decreases. And there are not so many large fragments at the output - at least a third of the granite crumbles and is only suitable for processing into gravel.

Air mining

This is a more gentle way. The beginning is similar to the first option: a well is drilled in the desired direction, a reservoir is placed in it, into which air is pumped under pressure. This method makes it possible to more fully use the granite deposit, calculate the locations of faults and avoid damage to the block, including even microscopic cracks. The result is much more monoliths, and much less waste. However, the mining company will require preliminary investments in equipment, and the method itself takes longer than explosive.

The most modern option

It is also the most expensive. It is called the “stone cutter method” and requires the purchase of very expensive equipment and personnel training. But granite (like any other natural stone) is of ideal quality, without the slightest defects (both external and hidden). And the field is being developed almost 100%.

Russian deposits

Granite mining in Russia, sadly enough, is carried out mainly by artisanal, explosive methods. This is despite the fact that there are many deposits here. Such natural stone is mined in the Urals, Primorye, Khabarovsk Territory, Transbaikalia, and the Sayan Mountains. There are deposits in the Moscow region. Mining is carried out mainly by small private companies, whose volumes are steadily increasing, despite the fact that the main deposits are located in the Urals. They are developed with great difficulty due to climatic difficulties, which increases the required investment and increases the cost of granite. However, the growing number of people with high incomes increases the demand for natural stone and stimulates the development of this industrial sector.