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Modern words of foreign origin. Original Russian and borrowed words: examples. Words of foreign origin

Foreign words in modern Russian language.

Subject of research are borrowed words, mainly anglicisms, functioning in the modern Russian language. To solve the problems, a research method was determined.

The purpose of my work : find out whether borrowed words are replacing the originality of the Russian language; do they complement the speech and culture of conversation in Russian; Are we for or against the use of borrowed words in modern speech?

Tasks:

find out the reasons for borrowing words in modern Russian;

select examples of unjustified borrowing of foreign words;

show the diversity of the Russian language;

find out whether we are for or against the use of borrowed words in modern speech.

Practical value my work is that research into justified and unjustified borrowings contributes to:

correct use of “foreign” words in the language;

development of linguistic culture, which isthe key to successful studies and future professional activitiesь interest in learning and preserving the Russian language.

Take care of the purity of your language like a shrine! Never use foreign words. The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us. — Aphorism by I. S. Turgenev

“You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and, truly, another name is even more precious than the thing itself.”
N.V. Gogol

“There is no word that would be so sweeping, lively, would burst out from under the very heart, would boil and vibrate so much as a well-spoken Russian word.”
N.V. Gogol

“...The main character of our language lies in the extreme ease with which everything is expressed in it - abstract thoughts, internal lyrical feelings, sparkling pranks and amazing passion.”
A.I. Herzen

More than one and a half centuries have passed. What is the state of the Russian language today? Do we, compatriots, justify N.V. Gogol, his hopes? Alas! The integrity and purity of literary norms of written and oral speech are being destroyed.

One of the current topics of our time is the borrowing of words in the Russian language, of which there are more and more.

Foreign words overwhelm Russian speech, pushing aside the initial Russian words. Is this good or bad for the native language? Are these words necessary or not? Can we manage without them?

Russian speech in Lately has been replenished and continues to be replenished with many foreign words. For example, recent, but no longer the most recent and relevantconsensus, stagnation, destructive, barter, image. Or more recent economic borrowings:tender(formal offer to fulfill an obligation),tranche(financial part, series),transfer(financial transfer),offer(formal offer to conclude a deal). From other subject areas:gender; Alas,kidnapping, killer. And many others.

The use of foreign words in modern Russian life is absolutely natural and associated with progress. But not every meaning of the foreign words used is clear, especially for mass perception. First of all, this applies to narrowly professional words. However, words that are politically and economically intended for active use among the widest layers sometimes turn out to be unclear.

The main reason for borrowing foreign language vocabulary is the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the receptor language. .

Other reasons: the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word, to replenish means of expression language, etc.

Every language has its own distinctive features, thanks to which you can find out where the “alien” came from.So, YII - XI centuries. - this is a time of active contacts with Byzantium. During this period through Old Slavonic language Many words related to the church-religious sphere have penetrated into Russian (angel, apostle, Bible, Gospel, icon),as well as everyday vocabulary (sail, certificate). New influxGreekisms in Russian it dates back to the 19th century. These are terms of science, culture, art, proper names (lexicon, organ, verse, chronology, Alexander, Vasily, Nikolai, Evgeniy, Georgy, Elena, Anastasia, Ksenia, Zoya, Irina). During this period, the borrowing of Greek was carried out indirectly - through Western European languages.

Characteristics Greekisms are: sound [f] (philosophy, anathema), initial vowel [e] (ethics, epigraph); root morphemesauto-, aero-, anthropo-, bio-, geo-, helio-, logos-, thermo-, tele-, photo-, phono-, phylo-;consolesa-, anti-, pan-( biology, phylogeny, agnosticism, antibiotic, pantheon).

Latinisms (words coming from Latin language) penetrated into the Russian language through Greek (X-XY centuries), Polish (XYI - XYII centuries), French and German languages(XYIII century). This is scientific terminology, vocabulary associated with the learning process, art, administrative activities, names of months, proper names (audience, dean, republic, secretary, January, July, August, Roman, Victor, Vitaly, Pavel, Julia, Marina, Valentina, Natalia). Phonetic features of Latinisms - initial [ts], [e] (compass, electorate); final -us, -um (sine, minimum); prefixes re-, inter-, ultra-, ex-, extra-, counter-, de-; suffixes -ent, -ant, -tor, -ar (reinfection, internationalize, ultraviolet, bookplate, extrapolation, rear admiral, degradation, inspector, student, consultant).

The time of the most active contacts between the Russian language and French was the 13th - 19th centuries. The Russian language borrowed from French terminology of a socio-political and military nature, vocabulary from the field of art and everyday life. FeaturesGallicisms - stress on the last syllable (boa, marmalade, shop); final -i, -o, -e in indeclinable nouns (blinds, manteau, muffler),combinations ua, byu, ryu, vu, nu, fu (veil, bureau, music stand, engraving);combinations he, an, en, am (control, intermission,refrain); final -er, -azh, -ans, -ant (fuselage, trainee, decadence, contestant)

Anglicisms began to penetrate into the Russian language in the Petrine era, but it is most actively borrowed English vocabulary in the XIX - XX centuries. It includes many technical, socio-political terms, sports and everyday vocabulary, words related to navigation (station, trolleybus, combine harvester, parliament, rally, rating, champion, sport, coach, finish, schooner, yacht, trawler, jumper, plaid, roast beef). Anglicisms are characterized by combinations tch, j, va, vi, ve, final -ing, -men, -er (scotch tape, cottage, Whatman paper, whiskey, corduroy, briefing, bartender, timer).

Marine terminology was also actively borrowed fromDutch language:pilot, harbour, shipyard, drift. Most of these words came to us in the era of Peter I.

Vocabulary associated with art mostly comes fromItalian language(aria, bravo, piano, tenor, baroque, opera, studio), as well as from Spanish (guitar, castanets, serenade, tango, pop).In addition, Italian served as a source of vocabulary from the field of financial relations (credit, currency, cash desk, collector). Words of Italian origin are characterized by final unstressed -o, -io, -e:gross, libretto, solfeggio, andante

« Fake memes"

There are borrowed words, the use of which is worth writing in more detail (see paragraphs “What is...” below). About others there is not much to say, except for an explanation of their meanings (see the list on the left).
Sometimes there is the use of foreign words that do not fit into the article, and there is nothing to explain them, just translate them into Russian. These are rather examples of a trend (trend, I translate for those “advanced from Russian to English”): littering the language with foreign words, examples of crowding out Russian words.
I have collected these examples here.

“Dialogue should take place with legally elected representatives of Donbass. After all, now these people (the leadership of the DPR and LPR - ed.) do not represent Donbass. They appeared as a result of “fake” [false] elections..." Poroshenko said. Apostrophe

Famous representatives The Ukrainian public appealed to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with a demand to adopt a resolution that should evaluate the anti-Ukrainian resolutions of the Polish parliament and recognize the actions of the Polish side in the Ukrainian autochthonous (ethnic) territories before, during and after the Second World War as criminal. Island

Did you watch “Vampire Academy” as a guest, omitting all the swearing and facepalms? [in the language of Internet idioms (“memes”): cover your face with your hand out of embarrassment].

I want to ask - who forced the director to make a film based on the script for the season of the series

“But making lists active people blacklisted for visiting Olympic stadiums. What kind of practice is this?!” Echo of Moscow

Speaker [rapporteur] "DPR" demands that BRICS impose sanctions against Ukraine

"Donetsk News Agency"

“A skydiver [it could have just been a skydiver or an acrobat, it’s unclear] died trying to set a record” Gazeta.ru

The Ukrainian policeman who took a selfie (photo of himself) with a bloodied man in Donbass will be punished, the patrol police departments of Kramatorsk and Slavyansk reported. "Severe Cats of Donbass"

The main square of Donetsk - Lenin Square - has become a real dance floor. Today the first large-scale flash mob took place here (a pre-planned mass action in which a large group of people (mobbers) suddenly appears in public place) as part of the unique dance event “Republican Round Dance”, which takes place in all cities of Donetsk People's Republic. "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

Volunteers from all over Russia are collecting humanitarian aid for the residents of Donbass. "Self-defense of Gorlovka"

The DPR supports the proposal on the need to develop a “road map” (a plan on how to move forward) for a settlement in Donbass, said Denis Pushilin, the republic’s plenipotentiary representative at the negotiations in Minsk. "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

Journalists from Ukrainian military television talked about how second-hand (used clothing) from NATO countries helped “resist Russia.” "Self-defense of Gorlovka"

The main political mainstream (main direction) in Ukraine remains the same - the course towards continuing the war in Donbass. “Gorlovka. Today"

Ombudsman (a person entrusted with the functions of monitoring compliance with the legal rights and interests of citizens) of the Donetsk People's Republic Daria Morozova on the air of the “60 Minutes” program. Broadcast on March 3, 2017 “Russia 1”. "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

Blogger Ivan. He engages in online trolling and considers it a profitable startup(a newly created company building its business on the basis of innovation). In parallel with this, he works in the “state structure of the DPR”. He earns 500-600 rubles a day. "Severe Cats of Donbass"

One of the Ukrainian chains of electronics stores sold GPS trackers (tracking sensors) with built-in wiretapping devices. "Burning Hearts of Donbass"

Retailers( retail) DPR will cooperate with Russia. "Russian Spring"

Putin set a deadline (the deadline by which the task must be completed) - to complete the formalities for the introduction of the “LPR-DPR” into Ukraine by mid-August. "Self-defense of Gorlovka"

Yesterday in Ukraine people were most interested in what “Default” (non-payment) is and whether it finally came or not, because people fell into panic. "Self-defense of Gorlovka"

Head of the DPRAlexander Zakharchenko predicts an intensive influx of investments into the economy of the Republic after the end of hostilities. "Self-defense of Gorlovka"

“The actions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Ukrainian President are a well-orchestrated action designed to draw the world’s attention to Ukraine. Essentially, this is PR (public relations) in blood,” explained Denis Pushilin. "Russian Spring"

The "DPR" intends to announce the creation of the so-called "state holding (ownership) "Metenergo", which will include the "nationalized" enterprises of Rinat Akhmetov. "Russian Spring"

The mayor of Gorlovka, Ivan Prikhodko, spoke on the talk show “60 Minutes” in support of the residents of Donbass. "Russian Spring"

Language is the spiritual heritage of the people

Unfortunately, and due to our misunderstanding, the Russian language is not perceived by us as a national treasure.
But the culture of language is component national culture. In its highest manifestations, language is a spiritual heritage, a shrine of the people. The speech of Russian classics in its lofty examples and liturgical speech represent the peaks of the value spiritual hierarchy of self-expression and expression of the people; they are essentially the objective embodiment of the highest spiritual values, without which a person (and the people!) loses his face, and when they are violated, the people experience damage to their dignity and spiritual independence, is pushed aside, becomes spiritually powerless, vulnerable.

Conclusion : the Russian language is rich in its culture and verbosity, so we can safely say that we are AGAINST the use of borrowed words in modern Russian speech. We are FOR the purity of our Russian language without any borrowings. We are for preserving the purity and inviolability of the Russian language, because the Russian language is powerful, so let's keep its power intact.

Bibliography

"Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia"

website "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

book “Quotes and aphorisms of great people”,

"Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language."

Foreign words enter the Russian language along with many concepts, ideas, theories and concepts. Inventing your own terms to express borrowed concepts is often too difficult and even impractical, so in most cases, along with a new concept, a word or phrase that expresses it also comes into the language. For example: floppy disk (from the English diskette) is a small-format magnetic disk, usually flexible, a storage medium for processing on a computer.

The number of such words is gradually increasing in the context of expanding political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural ties. Over time, many of the borrowed words are polished, adapted to the norms of the Russian language, and become changeable in accordance with these norms, which greatly facilitates their use. For example: audit (from the English audit) is a form of financial control over the activities of organizations, enterprises, firms, carried out at the request of the client. In addition, we say audit, meaning another meaning of this word: auditing. An auditor (from Latin auditor - listener, investigator) is a person who checks the financial and economic activities of a company on the basis of a contract. This noun, like the word audit, is inflected.

The process of “Russification” of borrowed words is the subordination of borrowed unchangeable nouns and adjectives to the norms of inflection of the Russian language: kepi - cap, papua - papuans, papuan, lobby - lobbying - lobbyist - lobbyist, pike - dive, bezh - beige, etc.

However, there are many examples when borrowed words remain “foreigners” in the system of the borrowing language (jury, highway, scoreboard, attache, kangaroo, etc.). Difficulties often arise in determining the grammatical gender of these words, in their pronunciation and stress placement. Things to remember:
1) indeclinable words of foreign language origin, denoting inanimate objects, belong to the neuter gender: publicity (advertising, fame, popularity); summary (a brief conclusion from what has been said, summary essence of speech).
Although the word coffee is masculine, colloquial speech Can be used on average;
2) if a word is included in a more general, generic concept, then it correlates with this concept in grammatical gender. Thus, indeclinable nouns included in the concept of “language” belong to the masculine gender: Bengali, Pashto, Hindi, etc.; the word Esperanto is used in both the masculine and neuter gender; the word sirocco is masculine (under the influence of the word wind); the words beriberi (disease), kohlrabi (cabbage), salami (sausage) are feminine; the word breeches is not only neuter, but also plural(trousers);
3) indeclinable foreign words denoting animate objects (animals, birds, etc.) are masculine: gray kangaroo, small chimpanzee, funny pony, pink cockatoo. But: hummingbird, kiwi-kiwi feminine (influenced by the word bird); iwasi (fish, herring), tsetse (fly) feminine; if it is clear from the context that we are talking about a female, then the names of the animals refer to the feminine gender: the kangaroo carried a baby kangaroo in her bag; a chimpanzee was feeding a baby;
4) indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting people, are classified as masculine or feminine in accordance with the gender of the person designated: rich rentier, old lady; the same applies to proper names: great Verdi, poor Mimi; bigeneric words are vis-a-vis (my vis-a-vis is my vis-a-vis), protégé, incognito;
5) the gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names (cities, rivers, lakes, etc.) is determined by the grammatical gender of the common noun denoting a generic concept (i.e., by the gender of the words city, river, lake, etc. ): sunny Batumi, wide Mississippi, deep-water Ontario, picturesque Capri (island), inaccessible Jungfrau (mountain);
6) the same principle is used to determine the grammatical gender of indeclinable names of press organs: “The Times” (newspaper) published...; Figaro Literaire (magazine) published...; Time (magazine) published...;
7) the pronunciation of foreign words has a number of features: in borrowed words, in place of the letter o in an unstressed position, [o] is pronounced, i.e. without reduction: b[o]a, [o]tel, kaka[o], for [o] ]; Double pronunciation is allowed: p[o]et - p[a]et, s[o]net - s[a]net, etc.; Before the vowel, denoted by the letter e, in many foreign words the consonants are pronounced firmly: at[e]lie, code[e]ks, cafe[e], Shop[e]n.

Simultaneously with the borrowing, another (Russian in origin) word with the same meaning can function in the Russian language, for example: aloe - agave, lumbago - lumbago, rendezvous - date.

Borrowed words that characterize specific national characteristics of the life of different peoples and are used in describing non-Russian reality are called exoticisms. Thus, when depicting the life and way of life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the following words are used: aul, saklya, arba, horseman; Italian flavor is conveyed by the words gondola, tarantella, tavern, spaghetti, pizza, etc.

Many borrowings, unable to withstand the test of time, quickly disappeared from the modern dictionary, but are found in literature: victoria (victory), plaisir (pleasure), voyage (travel), polites (politeness), etable (arrange).

In recent decades, the abuse of calques from foreign words has become a frequent occurrence, although there are Russian equivalents to denote the corresponding concepts. For example, we read in the newspapers: the summit participants came to a consensus... In boutiques big choice ready-to-wear clothes... We hear on the radio: primaries have passed in the USA, the rating of the main candidate for the post of contender has decreased.

At the same time, the development of a market economy in Russia has naturally supplemented our speech with such borrowed words as broker (intermediary), dealer (a person or firm acting on the market using a manufacturer's trademark), tender (official offer to fulfill an obligation), tranche (financial part, series), transfer (financial transfer), offer (official proposal to conclude a deal) and many others.

It is worth noting such a phenomenon in the life of a foreign word as a shift in the hierarchy of meanings inherent in the source of borrowing. So, our dictionaries of foreign words give the following meanings English word sponsor: 1. Guarantor. 2. The person financing the event or organization. In modern Russian the first meaning has not taken root. The word sponsor means “a structure, a person who finances someone.” A similar shift has occurred in the use of the word business. In the Russian interpretation, business is commercial activity, non-state trade, while the dictionary gives the following meanings as the main ones: business, permanent occupation, specialty, duty, duty.

One more group of words should be highlighted. Their semantic transformations illustrate a certain change in socio-economic and - as a consequence - linguistic guidelines. Consider, for example, the words control, control. They have long been included in the Russian language, being borrowed from French, and mean accordingly: check, check. Since the 1990s, the word control has come to mean primarily not inspection, but management, keeping under influence. The pattern is found in English, where control means, first of all, management. In the new usage, the meaning of verification shifts to the number of secondary ones.

The words have undergone similar changes: analyst (now not so much the one who analyzes, but rather the observer, commentator); administration (now not only and not so much the governing body of the enterprise, but the body state power); director or CEO(not only the head of the enterprise, but also often its co-owner). A similar transformation can be found in the meanings of the words liberalization, model, policy.

The main thing in the use of borrowings is precise knowledge of the meaning or meanings of a foreign word and the appropriateness of its use.

One of the ways to develop modern language is the borrowing of foreign words. The development of language is always closely related to the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in the Russian language are the result of contacts and relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called English-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion was caused primarily by the fact that modern society open to international contacts, as well as the international status of the English language. These are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. For example, English borrowings appeared in the Russian language such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, there is the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word. Examples: hotel for motor tourists - motel, meeting at top level- summit, figure skiing - freestyle, accurate shooter- sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking place - parking/parking, short distance running - sprint, drop in production - recession, retail trade - retail and many others.

Foreign words in the Russian language allow you to increase its means of expression. Particularly noticeable in last years the appearance of foreign language stylistic synonyms such as maintenance - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - boyfriend, dancing - dance hall, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, receiving guests - reception, etc.

English borrowings in the Russian language are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words, from formal / book vocabulary, there are Russian synonyms corresponding to them. Here is a list of such words:


  • accentuate - highlight;
  • similar - similar;
  • vary - change;
  • vulgar - rude, vulgar;
  • misinform - give false information;
  • decorate - decorate;
  • ideal - perfect;
  • infectious - contagious;
  • memoirs - memories;
  • permanent - constant, continuous;
  • reconstruction - restoration;
  • elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words appeared in the Russian language due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, an athlete, a record holder, and a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - “men”. Gradually, the group began to be replenished with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity you can find words that came to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, and stores: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain-ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Ruchey); Second hand; Call center; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama.


Below is a list of areas and Anglicisms that have recently been most often used in them.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/clothing/trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art/radio/TV:

western, video clip, thriller, music video maker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home/household/office:

air conditioner, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roller blinds, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, smiley.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages ​​of African peoples and peoples of other continents that were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). So, for example, in Japanese the word "cassette" sounds like tape-recorder from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American traders, was also noted: the word “sopy” means “soap” (in English language“soap”), “manet” - “money” (in English “money”).

The number of foreign words in everyday speech increases exponentially from year to year. The frustrating fact is that equivalent words still exist in the Russian language and are used less and less often. The situation is getting worse thanks to the media, as well as the policies pursued by Russian ministries and departments in this direction. Increasingly, on TV screens we hear newly introduced words from the predominantly Germanic group of languages ​​(mainly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger" and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials submit bad example in the use of the above words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order. If you have any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is deliberately polluted, and ordinary people forget that there are words with the same meaning in their native language. Therefore, the question comes to mind: “Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?” We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did such richness come from in our language? Separate articles can be devoted to this and other similar issues.

In some countries, special institutions are created at the government level that protect the pristine nature of the native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to the language of their everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the residents of the country are primarily concerned not with the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but with the problem of the possible gradual simplification of French, and as a consequence, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing signed a law protecting the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore foreign culture. Similar measures need to be taken in Russia.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have become embedded in our everyday use, as well as to highlight the misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches famous people at a time when there are original Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then anyone can add them to this list by first registering in Wikijournal.

A

  • Authoritative - significant,
  • Alphabet - (came from the Greek language - ἀλφάβητος). The original word " ABC", also has the meaning " Glagolitic".
  • Accent - equivalent meaning emphasis.
  • Emphasize - Pay attention.
  • Analogy, Analogue, Similar - (in English and French "analogue"). Has equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " same".
  • Abstract - (in English "annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
  • Aristocracy (from Greek - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

  • Legitimate - (from English "legitimate") - original Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

  • Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
  • Manager is the most commonly used word in English meaning " manager" / "manager" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - in English it means " secretary".
  • Message - (from English "message") - this word is often used in the Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
  • Method - (from ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian nothing more than " way".
  • Moment - (from Latin momentum - means driving force, but has no independent meaning. In English "moment" means a short period of time) - the equivalent meaning in Russian " moment".
  • Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as a verb "to monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

N

  • Nick or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it is best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

ABOUT

  • Okay - (from English "ok"). A frequently encountered word in everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " Fine", "OK", in other cases you can also say " Great", "agree", "coming", many words can be chosen, but the use is probably due to the brevity of the English version.

P

  • Person - (from Latin "persōna", in English "person") - equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
  • Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". In different variations it may carry other meanings.
  • Prolong (from English "prolong"). No other way than " prolong" in Russian. Used in relation to the renewal of any contracts.

R

  • Reception - (from English "reception" - reception, accept) equivalent word in Russian " reception" (most often in hotels).
  • Real - (in English "real") means nothing more than " valid".

WITH

  • Synchronously - (from the English word "synchronously" - means "simultaneously", "at the same time").
  • Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "himself" or "oneself"). This word has become widely used to mean “taking a photograph of oneself (or a group of people with oneself).” They couldn’t figure out how to take this word from the English language, whereas how can one express “ selfie". Quite understandable and in Russian.
  • Sketch - (from English "scatch" is translated as " sketch"). This term widespread in construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that in the Russian language there has long been an equivalent word " sketch", and in common people you can say " underpainting".
  • Speechwriter - (from English "speech" - speech and "writer" - writer) - a person who writes a speech for someone. An equivalent meaning could be the word " author" or " author of the text". This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central television channels and magazines.
  • Stagnation - (from Latin stagno - to make motionless) - equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" slowdown".
  • Storedzh - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent meaning in Russian " storage".
  • Soldier - (from Latin "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - the original Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howls".

T

  • Tolerance - (from the Latin tolerantia) an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
  • Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the transport situation on the roads - “heavy traffic” - when one can say nothing more than “ traffic congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler - " traffic jams". 2) In a technical sense, about the number of users who visited a particular site - “large/small traffic”, when equivalent definitions can be said " high/low attendance"(site).
  • Tradition - (from the Latin language "traditio" - legend, in English "tradition"). Unambiguous meaning in Russian " custom".
  • Trading - (from English "trade" - trade). This word is being used more and more often on the Internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
  • Tour - (from English "tour"). The equivalent value is " journey".

U

  • Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", no less than in Russian " weekend".
  • Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unique".

F

  • Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " fake".

X

  • Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

Sh

  • Shopping - (from English "shop" - store) - also means " purchase"or verb" do shopping". On the sign of one of the large stores in Moscow there was the inscription "pleasant shopping" - one might say "pleasant shopping."
  • Show - (from English "show" - show) - equivalent meaning " show", also used in the phrases "TV show" - with the equivalent meaning " TV show" or " TV program".

E

  • Equivalent - (comes from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian means nothing more than " equivalence".
  • Experiment - (comes from the Latin "experīmentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - experience, trial.
  • Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we see, is quite impressive and other words will gradually be added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on

One of the branches of vocabulary is etymology, which studies the origin of a word against the background of changes in the entire vocabulary of the language. They are originally Russian and are considered precisely from the standpoint of etymology. These are the two layers into which the entire lexicon Russian language, from the point of view of origin. This section of vocabulary answers the question of how the word came about, what it means, where and when it was borrowed, and what changes it has undergone.

Russian vocabulary

All words that exist in a language are called vocabulary. With their help, we name various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary composition is explained by their entry into the system, which determined the presence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary goes back to the past of the Slavic tribes and over the centuries has developed along with the people. This is the so-called original vocabulary, which has existed for a long time.

There is also a second layer in the vocabulary: these are words that came to us from other languages ​​due to the emergence of historical connections.

Thus, if we consider vocabulary from the perspective of origin, we can distinguish native Russian and borrowed words. both groups are represented in the language in large numbers.

Origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called native Russian.

Original Russian vocabulary has several tiers:


Borrowing process

In our language, native Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due historical development countries.

Since ancient times, as a people, Russians have entered into cultural, economic, political, military, and trade relations with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that words of those peoples with whom we collaborated appeared in our language. Otherwise it would be impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these linguistic borrowings became Russified, became part of the group, and we no longer perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as “sugar”, “bathhouse”, “activist”, “artel”, “school” and many others.

Native Russian and borrowed words, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered into our everyday life and help build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Once in our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different aspects: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowings are subject to our laws and regulations. Such words undergo changes in endings, suffixes, and gender changes. For example, the word “parliament” in our country is masculine, but in German, where it came from, it is neuter.

The very meaning of a word may change. So, the word “painter” in our country means a worker, and in German it means “painter”.

The semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words “canned food”, “conservative” and “conservatory” came to us from different languages and have nothing in common. But in my native language, French, Latin and Italian respectively they come from Latin and have the meaning “to preserve”.

Thus, it is important to know which languages ​​words are borrowed from. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, it is sometimes difficult to recognize native Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary that we use every day. For this purpose, there are dictionaries that explain the meaning and origin of each word.

Classification of borrowed words

Two groups of borrowed words are distinguished by a specific type:

  • came from the Slavic language;
  • taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, the majority are made up of Old Church Slavonicisms - words that have been used in church books since the 9th century. And now such words as “cross”, “universe”, “power”, “virtue”, etc. are widespread. Many Old Slavonic words have Russian analogues (“lanits” - “cheeks”, “mouth” - “lips”, etc. ) Phonetic (“gate” - “gate”), morphological (“grace”, “benefactor”), semantic (“zlato” - “gold”) Old Church Slavonicisms are distinguished.

The second group consists of borrowings from other languages, including:

  • Latin (in the field of science, politics public life- “school”, “republic”, “corporation”);
  • Greek (everyday - “bed”, “dish”, terms - “synonym”, “vocabulary”);
  • Western European (military - “headquarters”, “junker”, from the field of art - “easel”, “landscape”, nautical terms - “boat”, “shipyard” “schooner”, musical terms - “aria”, “libretto”);
  • Turkic (in culture and trade “pearls”, “caravan”, “iron”);
  • Scandinavian (everyday - “anchor”, “whip”) words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very precise science. Everything here is clearly structured. All words are divided into groups, depending on the underlying feature.

Original Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups based on etymology, that is, origin.

There are various dictionaries that suit specific purposes. So, we can call it a dictionary of foreign words, which contains foreign language examples that have come to us over many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary explains the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was handwritten. At the same time, a three-volume dictionary was published, authored by N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century, a number of foreign dictionaries appeared.

Among the most famous are the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words,” edited by The dictionary article provides information about the origin of the word, provides an interpretation of its meaning, examples of use, and stable expressions with it.