Ideally, any workshop with production lines located in it should be equipped with a moving overhead crane.

In reality, this condition is not always met (technical or economic reasons for this are another matter). Therefore, it is necessary to provide free access to each machine and the ability to maneuver special equipment. It is not enough to move the machine equipment from its place - it also needs to be loaded onto vehicle in compliance with the necessary safety measures.

It may happen that an enterprise wishes to save on the work of disassembling machines, preferring simple dismantling and transportation of the entire unit. This is allowed only in the case of a small number of components included in the machine.

Equipment that is more complex in shape must be disassembled, otherwise the preconditions are created for its breakdown during transportation. Any transportation (including rail) involves shaking and/or sudden changes in speed and the associated inertial force.

High-precision equipment (for example, CNC machines) from such treatment can unpleasantly “thank” their owners by breaking down at the most inopportune moment.

Anyway, preliminary calculations carried out, dismantling activities are outlined step by step, those responsible for each stage of work are assigned, and the executing company is determined.

Dismantling and removal

Overall plan dismantling of the machine consists of the following operations:

• Dismantling accessible components. Components and assemblies that can be easily removed from the machine using only physical force are removed first. Then comes the turn of nodes to which there is free access, but they have more weight.
• Dismantling of heavy components and elements. After the light components have been removed and access to the main structural elements is provided, dismantling takes place using technical devices (winches, handrails, lifting platforms, jacks, etc.).
• Dismantling the removed units. Some parts of the machine themselves are also complex. technical devices to be disassembled for spare parts.
• Treatment of parts with lubricants (in case of expected further operation of the machine). Any part removed from the machine will be exposed to the environment for some time (sometimes quite a long time). Temperature changes and climatic collisions can lead to loss of performance characteristics of the product, so maximum protection of its components is a matter of concern responsible persons.

The main task of preparing a machine for transportation, regardless of the final purpose, is to preserve the physical and technical properties its elements, which should be separated from each other as much as possible.

Loading onto transport

The operation can be performed both indoors and outdoors. The second case involves preliminary movement of the machine indoors. This occurs if it is impossible to place lifting equipment (cranes, etc.) in the building.

Special requirements must be presented to transport. In the vast majority of cases, the machine is oversized cargo, including heavy ones. There are special documented regulations for the transportation of such goods. When choosing transport, you should take these features into account.

Any type of rigging work is a high-risk activity. Because of this, before they begin, all involved personnel undergo special training.

Safety instructions when dismantling machines

Safety measures during installation and rigging work have long been prescribed, and there is no point in listing them in detail. Those interested in this issue are referred to various thematic sets of laws. But there are a number of specific features that cannot be ignored and on which attention should be focused:

• Equipping the workspace with special flooring, frames made of durable alloys or wood, as well as special racks for spare parts.
• Elements of machines that protrude beyond the permissible dimensions are shielded wooden fences with the addition of signal elements - flags, bright stickers, etc.
• All moving elements of the machine that cannot be dismantled should be secured in a static state and ensure this immobility throughout transportation.
• Auxiliary and fastening elements of machine equipment are placed in a separate container (for each machine) to facilitate further identification.

For quality and reliable operation city ​​utilities must be purchased.

When working with biological waste, special knowledge is required. Read more about this in the educational section.

Before starting any work on dismantling machine equipment, you should:

• de-energize the machines;
• remove any oil, brake and other technical fluids;
• clean the machine from lubricants;
• remove the fastenings that fix the stationary position of the machine relative to the foundation of the production room.

The work of dismantling machines is the job of professionals

The history of industry and production has accumulated many examples characterizing such a thesis. Many arguments can be made for defense of this statement, but its essence is revealed most succinctly by two facts from the past of our country.

In 1941, several thousand large and small enterprises were forced to evacuate from the western regions of the country to the Urals and Siberia. The presence of competent specialists preparing machines for shipment guaranteed the resumption of production in the shortest possible time. In 1945, German goods were exported to the USSR industrial equipment. Incompetent on-site dismantling and violation of disassembly technologies in the vast majority of cases led to the impossibility of using the machines for their intended purpose in the future.

Based on this, the question of the dismantling contractor is not a dilemma for a competent enterprise manager. The performing companies, in addition to already developed skills and the use of rich experience from previous similar operations, have a rich material base that transfers the process of dismantling and moving machines from a problem to the area of ​​current production issues.

M methodical organizational and technological
documentation in construction

JSC "TSNIIOMTP"

STANDARD WORK ORGANIZATION PROJECT
FOR DISMANTLING (DEMOLITION) OF A BUILDING (STRUCTURE)

MDS 12-64.2013

Moscow 2013

Real standard project organization of work contains provisions, instructions and measures necessary to obtain permission to carry out work on dismantling (demolition) of buildings and structures.

The work organization project is standard and can be applied either directly or adjusted taking into account the object, local conditions, with changes and additions made to it.

The project was developed in accordance with the Government Decree Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87, taking into account recommendations MDS 12-46.2008.

The project is intended for design and construction organizations developing work organization projects, as well as for organizations performing dismantling (demolition) of buildings and structures.

The project is approved in the manner established in this organization.

The project was compiled by the staff of TsNIIOMTP (principal executor, Ph.D. Korytov Yu.A.) .

1. INTRODUCTION

A building or structure (hereinafter referred to as the object) with an expired service life due to wear and tear and disrepair is subject to liquidation. The object is also liquidated to prepare the land plot it occupies for new construction or other purposes.

Liquidation is carried out by dismantling (demolition) of the object. In terms of complexity, dismantling (demolition) objects can be simple, for example, such as a complex of one-story garages or capital construction projects (residential, civil, industrial). Demolition work is carried out by destruction, and dismantling work is carried out mainly using the disassembly of the object, followed by the removal of waste (building structures, parts, garbage).

The work organization project (WOP) is the main organizational document for the dismantling (demolition) of buildings and structures. The ERP contains requirements and measures to ensure the safety of workers, the public and environment, establishes the method of dismantling (demolition), the general sequence and order of work.

The ERP also contains measures for the most efficient organization of work, using modern technology and information. The ERP includes the most advanced methods and methods of work, using high-performance machines, helping to reduce the time and cost of work.

The POR confirms the organization’s readiness to carry out work and serves as the basis for obtaining permission to carry out work. The composition, content and design of the POR for a capital construction project comply with the requirements of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections project documentation and requirements for their content."

For a capital construction project, on the basis and in development of the ERP, a work execution plan (WPP) is developed, which defines technological processes and operations, resources and safety measures. For a complex capital construction project, on the basis of PPR, technological maps can be developed for the implementation of a separate technological process (operation).

The source materials (data) for compiling the ERP are:

Customer's assignment; short description the object being demolished (dismantled), design of the building (structure) (if preserved), structural diagram;

List of dismantled technological equipment industrial building, dimensions and masses, conditions of dismantling and transportation;

Plan of the site allocated for the work;

A plan of the area where the work site is located, indicating the location of the waste disposal point and landfill;

District transport infrastructure plan;

Urban development plan with the location of underground utilities, power lines and communications;

Modern solutions for the organization, use of technologies and means of mechanization of demolition (dismantling) work;

Information about the possibility of providing work with residential and household premises; data on the availability of mechanization and technological equipment to perform the work;

Requirements for labor safety and environmental protection;

Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements

Occupational safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production

SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements

SSBT. Electrical safety. General requirements and nomenclature of types of protection

SSBT. Signal colors and danger signs

SSBT. Construction. Lighting standards for construction sites

SSBT. Construction machines. General safety requirements for operation

SSBT. Construction. Inventory protective fences. General technical conditions

SSBT. Construction. Safety belts. General technical conditions

Interindustry rules on labor protection when working at height

Interindustry rules for labor protection during electric and gas welding work

Construction organization project, demolition (dismantling) work organization project, work execution project. Development and design

Mounting equipment for temporary fastening of prefabricated elements of erected and dismantled buildings

3. EXPLANATORY NOTE

3.1. Description of the building (structure) to be dismantled (demolished)

Picture 1- Danger zones when dismantling an object

3.5. Assessment of the probability of damage during demolition (dismantling) of engineering infrastructure

To assess the likelihood of infrastructure damage, a plan for the placement of infrastructure facilities on the site, including existing utility networks, is drawn up and used. A description of the networks, their technical characteristics, and installation depth are provided. The probability of damage is assessed depending on the adopted method of dismantling (demolition) of the object. The distances from infrastructure facilities to the collapse zone and the danger zone are determined. With the explosive demolition method, the probability of damage from fragments, from a shock wave, and from seismic impact is assessed. At mechanical methods demolition using an excavator (crane), the probability of damage from impact by the working part or boom of the machine is also assessed.

The existing engineering infrastructure is located outside the area of ​​dismantling (demolition) of the facility, so the likelihood of its damage is excluded.

3.6. Justification of protection methods and protective devices of engineering support networks

The justification of protection methods is carried out taking into account the calculated loads on infrastructure facilities, including existing underground networks, from an explosion, from mechanical soil pressure, for example, from the operation of an excavator (crane).

Protection of underground networks can be ensured by temporary relocation or disconnection, marking and fencing them on the site with the installation of appropriate warning and danger signs, and the construction of protective decks and ceilings.

The scattering of fragments during the explosive method is prevented by covering the structure (destructible layer) with double wooden shields. The section provides information about the availability of agreement on accepted protection methods with network owners. Copies of agreement letters are placed in the appendix to the work organization project.

Below is the content of this section for this ERP.

Damage to infrastructure - underground utilities for water supply, heat supply, gas supply, etc. may take place at the intersection of these communications with transport routes construction machines. In order to eliminate this possibility, in places where communications intersect with transport routes of construction vehicles, it is necessary to lay floorings that reduce the specific load from construction vehicles.

3.7. Solutions for safe methods of dismantling (demolition) work

They bring you to the POR general solutions By safe methods works Private, more detailed decisions (requirements and measures) for maintaining individual species works are provided for in work projects (technological maps). Indicate the methods, order of signaling and preventive measures: sound and light signals, loud warning, temporary fences and danger signs, barrier posts, etc.

Before starting particularly dangerous demolition work, workers must be issued a permit defining safe working conditions, indicating hazardous areas and safety measures. Establishing the degree of danger is usually assigned to the chief engineer of the organization. Particularly dangerous work includes, for example, the work of construction machines in cramped conditions, during the demolition of objects in disrepair, near existing industries or residential buildings, with polluted and enclosed spaces, with explosive and fire-hazardous containers that require supply and exhaust ventilation and additional lighting, when demolishing objects below ground level, etc.

During demolition by explosive method follows:

Indicate the main sources of danger (the effect of shock and seismic waves, scattering of fragments, unexploded charges, etc.), the location of warning and security duty posts on the borders of the danger zone;

Provide for the implementation of work on special projects for the production of work and technological maps with mandatory sections on work safety.

During mechanical demolition follows:

Indicate the main sources of danger (spontaneous collapse of overhanging beams and blocks, scattering of fragments, operation of construction machines), the location of warning and security posts on the borders of the danger zone;

Provide for the implementation of work according to work projects and technological maps with sections on safety during the operation of destructive machines, including, for example, using a “destroying excavator” and replaceable working parts mounted on an excavator.

When dismantling an object ensure compliance with the rules for the safe use of a jib (truck-mounted, pneumatic-wheeled or crawler-mounted) or tower crane. When using universal and special hand-held electric and pneumatic machines (hammers, cutting discs, drilling machines, etc.) and thermal means (gas cutters, plasma cutting machines, etc.), comply with the safety requirements set out in the factory instructions.

When tearing off and moving blocks, panels and other building structures using mechanical, hydraulic (wedge) jacks and other devices, indicate appropriate safety measures. To ensure the safety of dismantling work, they are selected, for example, according to MDS 12-41.2008 and use special technological equipment: struts with adjustable length complete with clamps and anchors, braces (rods), racks, corner braces, scaffolding means. To prevent workers from falling from height, individual and collective means are used. Universal ones (used for installation work in construction) and special safety equipment - inventory fences, which are strengthened in various ways to load-bearing structures or installed on standard inventory reinforced concrete (foundation) blocks.

Below is the content of this section for this ERP.

For the safe dismantling of the facility, organizational and technological solutions, as well as decisions on the safe conduct of work, have been adopted.

The following organizational decisions were made:

- the management of the organization carrying out the dismantling appoints by order the composition of the team, headed by a foreman responsible for the safe conduct of gas-electric cutting, dismantling and loading and unloading operations using load-lifting cranes;

- team members must be instructed and tested on safety precautions when performing this work;

- team members must be provided with special clothing, safety footwear, individual and collective protective equipment. The brigade must be equipped with fire fighting equipment and first aid equipment.

As part of organizational decisions, the following preparatory work must be performed:

The dismantling work site is being arranged according to the attached plan (Figure). In general, the site is set up in the same way as during installation construction work Oh.

Figure 2- Arrangement of the dismantling work site

The site has a temporary (from inventory sections) fencing with entrance gate and signs limiting the speed of vehicles and indicating the direction of travel. At the entrance to the site there is a stand with a transport traffic diagram.

Primary fire extinguishing means and fire-fighting equipment are provided at the work site. The plan shows the crane track with the extreme parking places of the tower crane - St. 1 and Art. 2; the installation locations for containers with dismantling products, bins for collecting small waste, and lighting floodlight towers have been determined; there are places for preparatory work(for preparing mechanization tools and equipment), for tool storage containers, dismantling equipment; a foreman's room, rooms for workers' rest and other premises may be provided if they are not located in other places.

The work site is provided with temporary power supply, source compressed air for operation of hand-held machines, dust suppression means. The work site must be cleared of foreign structures, materials and debris.

Technological solutions are as follows:

- dismantling work should be carried out taking into account the assessment of the technical condition of load-bearing reinforced concrete structures contained in the technical inspection report of the facility;

- dismantling of the object should be carried out in the reverse order of its construction, that is, from top to bottom, by floors, by sections, in a “pull-on” manner;

- dismantling of utilities should be carried out before dismantling the enclosing and load-bearing structures.

Execute in the following sequence:

- dismantling of internal engineering networks (heat, water, gas, electricity, sewerage);

- withdrawal window frames and doors with frames, built-in wardrobes and other wooden elements;

- removal of floor coverings (boards, linoleum, parquet, etc.).

Work should be carried out in risers (sections), starting from top floor. Before dismantling the roof and walls of the building, perform the following work:

- temporary fastening of the disassembled elements of the object using special technological equipment;

- opening of cemented joints and seams using jackhammers with a set of impact nozzles;

- cutting of embedded parts - gas or cutting wheels;

- drilling (punching) in panels and slabs of sling holes with a diameter of 40 - 50 mm with hand drills, 40 - 60 mm with hammer drills, 85 - 160 mm - drilling machine. Roof dismantling consists of dismantling the roof covering, slabs (flooring), frieze panels and floor slabs.

Roofing covering (soft rolls, metal sheets) should be cut into strips 1000´ 500 (slabs 1000 ´ 1000 mm), convenient for carrying and storing. Concrete joints, seams, and metal connections of roofing slabs (flooring) must be freed from mortar. Slinging of roofing slabs is carried out using a four-leg sling (4SK) and four anchors installed in specially drilled (punched) holes. Then use a crane to loosely tighten the slings and cut the metal connections. Tear off the roofing slab with a hydrocline (metal wedges), lift it a few centimeters with a crane lowest speed to make sure it is not pinched. Before lifting, move the roofing slab to a height of 200 - 300 mm to ensure the reliability of the sling.

In the same way, dismantle frieze panels, cornice blocks and floor slabs.

Dismantling the enclosing and load-bearing structures of a building consists of dismantling internal and external wall panels, slabs and blocks. External and internal wall panels must be secured before dismantling. To do this, holes are drilled in the panels at a height of 1.8 - 2.0 m from the floor level; Anchors are inserted into the holes.

Opposite these holes, holes are drilled in the floor slabs (in the floor), anchors are inserted and connected to each other, securing each panel.

Then the gypsum concrete partitions and walls of sanitary cabins are dismantled. Before dismantling the outer wall panels, balconies are supported with telescopic racks from the lower floor. Dismantling of external and internal wall panels and blocks is carried out in the manner described above. Slinging of a flight of stairs is carried out using a fork.

Before removing the floor slabs (flooring) above the technical underground, it is necessary to dig up the soil, for example, with an excavator (with an offset digging axis) along the outer perimeter of the building to the depth of the foundation. After removing the floor slabs (flooring), destroy them with jackhammers concrete preparation, free the foundation from the ground from the inside. Then dismantle using the techniques described above, plinth panels(wall blocks) crawl spaces and foundation blocks.

Safety solutions for conducting work are as follows.

During dismantling work, it is necessary to ensure compliance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents: .

When dismantling the facility, the possible impact of the following hazardous factors should be taken into account (according to SNiP 12.04-2002):

- spontaneous collapse of the structure;

- location of workplaces near elevation differences;

- falling objects (waste, tools) from a height.

In addition to these, the following potentially dangerous factors should also be taken into account:

- moving parts of hand-held machines;

- sharp edges and corners of concrete, protruding pins, broken steel sheets and reinforcement;

- increased content of dust in the air of the working area and noise during the destruction of structures.

When destroying reinforced concrete structures and when removing waste, water dust suppression measures should be used. Workers must work in protective helmets and safety glasses (shields), with respirators to protect the respiratory system from dust.

Work should be carried out, as a rule, during daylight hours. Workplaces and approaches to them must be illuminated in accordance with the requirements GOST 12.1.046-85. The illumination of the workplace, measured with a Yu-16 luxmeter, must be at least 50 lux. The dust content of the air in the non-working area, measured by an IZV-5 type device, must correspond to sanitary standards and be no more than 0.3 mg/m3.

When using a tower (jib) crane, the requirements and rules adopted for the safe operation of load-lifting cranes must be met.

Work performed by cranes is carried out under the supervision of a person responsible for the safe performance of work by cranes. The interaction between the crane operator, slinger, signalmen and foreman must be ensured by radio communication. The dismantled parts must be moved using safety devices (guy ropes) 6 m long and 12 mm in diameter, which prevent rotation of the load.

3.8. Measures to ensure public safety

This section generally includes:

Names, brief description and characteristics of residential buildings and courtyards, playgrounds, schools, nurseries, squares, pedestrian roads, sidewalks, etc., the location of which falls in the danger zone or is in close proximity to the hazardous work zone;

Indication of sources of danger (collapse of building structures, shock waves, scattering of fragments, release of gases and dust, etc.) and assessment of the likelihood of their impact on the population;

Implementation of activities under sections of this ERP related to ensuring public safety;

Description of methods of notifying the population (local radio and television, visiting apartments and courtyards, posting advertisements, loud-speaking media, etc.);

Description and location of warning and security posts on the borders of the danger zone.

If necessary, this section justifies the evacuation of the population as a last resort safety measure. In this case, an evacuation plan is drawn up, which indicates evacuation objects, temporary relocation points, timing and order, responsible persons - organizers, etc. Below is the content of this section for this ERP.

Residential buildings are located at a distance of at least 30 m from the dismantled object. Dismantling is carried out with the above organizational, technological and safety measures. In this regard, it is not necessary to design and implement any additional measures to ensure public safety.

3.9. Solutions for waste removal and disposal

When demolishing an object, indicate; descriptions of waste (large-sized, oversized - more than 4 m high and more than 2.25 m wide, small block, dusty, construction garbage etc.), directions (routes) to waste disposal sites and methods of their transportation (type of transport, in open form or in containers, etc.).

When dismantling a facility, decisions are made on the nomenclature and methods of processing dismantled building structures: reinforced concrete blocks, panels, slabs, etc. and their removal to processing plants, as well as the disposal of disassembled materials (wood, metal, earthenware, glass, bitumen, etc.). Reinforced concrete building construction(panels, slabs) that meet technical conditions are used in construction (access roads, sites, warehouses, etc.).

Metal structures and parts are processed (cut, pressed, etc.) to be sold as scrap metal for remelting. Waste insulation, glass and ceramics are processed into raw materials (filler) for production building materials and products (wall slabs, blocks, etc.).

Below is the content of this section for this ERP.

This POR provides for the disposal of waste (structures and materials). Decisions on disposal are made subject to the compliance of structures and materials with the technical conditions given in the table.

Table

Waste that is not subject to disposal is to be transported, in accordance with an agreement with the local environmental protection and natural resource management authority, to a landfill.

3.10. Measures for reclamation and landscaping of land

The section on land reclamation measures includes a list of construction works and operations that negatively impact land plot(fertile soil layer, trees and shrubs, water) and a description of measures for site reclamation. These measures include:

Prevention of contamination of the soil layer with oils and fuels during the operation of construction machines;

Determination, in accordance with current standards, of the thickness and volume of the cut fertile soil layer, methods and places of its temporary storage (outside or on the work site) for the purpose of further use during land reclamation;

Methods of protecting trees and shrubs that are not subject to cutting or replanting from damage during the operation of construction machines.

In the presence of water bodies(ponds, lakes, etc.) and sources (streams, springs, etc.) located on the land plot, indicate methods for their protection and restoration (if necessary).

The contents of this section for this ERP are as follows.

Vegetable soil is removed from the work area, piled in a designated place and stored until the dismantling work is completed (see figure). After dismantling and construction work on the site of the dismantled children's building sports ground(see section) will be executed necessary work for reclamation and improvement of the land plot: waste and contaminated soil was removed, new soil was brought in, suitable plant soil, removed and collected during the preparatory work for dismantling, was used for its intended purpose of this object, existing ones were restored and new shrubs and trees were planted.

3.11. Information about communications, structures and structures remaining after demolition (dismantling) in the ground and in water bodies, permission to preserve them

The section must contain a list of communications, structures and structures remaining in the ground and in water bodies after demolition (dismantling), a diagram (plan) and data on the depth of location of these objects, a description and main characteristics of the objects.

The section provides the motivation (justification) for decisions to preserve these objects, indicates which objects from this list require, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, permission from state supervisory authorities for conservation in land and water bodies, and provides information about the availability of such permissions. Copies of permits are placed in the appendix to the ERP.

After the dismantling of the facility under this PRP, no communications, structures, structures or their parts remain on the territory of the former building, in the ground or in water bodies, so “permission to preserve them” is not required.

3.12. Information on the approval of technical solutions for demolition (dismantling) by explosion, burning or other potentially dangerous method

The section should provide a description of the potentially dangerous method (explosion, burning or other) in terms of coordination with the relevant authorities, including government supervisory authorities. The section provides information about the availability of agreement on this method with the relevant authorities. Copies of agreement letters are placed in the appendix to the ERP.

The section provides a list of additional safety measures specific to this demolition method. In this list, during demolition by explosion, they indicate, for example, the use of charges of lower power, methods for identifying and eliminating unexploded charges, special shelters and protective devices, dust and gas suppression agents and others. The list for demolition by burning includes additional fire-fighting means, flame control methods, heat-resistant screens, etc.

Demolition (dismantling) of an object by explosion, burning or other potentially dangerous method is not provided for in this POR, therefore the approval of the mentioned technical solutions not required.