Project on the surrounding world on the topic of granite. Granite is a mineral. Extraction of granite. Granite mining methods. The most modern option

The modern construction industry offers consumers a huge amount of materials that can speed up, facilitate, and embellish the result. repair work or construction of new premises. However a natural stone has not yet given up his positions. It remains still in demand and popular. What can we say about our ancestors, who knew about the virtues natural materials, perhaps, much better than us. It’s not for nothing that they say that granite is a mineral: thanks to it, we have reached modern times architectural masterpieces, and unique sculptures.

How was he educated?

It is thanks to the method of its origin that granite acquired its unique properties. All its varieties are formed by volcanic eruptions: the erupting magma flowed into the earth's cavities located very deep below the surface. The enormous temperatures of these masses decreased gradually, and even under significant pressure, which was exerted on them by the layers of earth located above. As a result, the igneous rocks fully crystallized, forming granite - a mineral.

Appearance and physical properties of the stone

Translated from the language Ancient Greece its name means “grains”, “granularity”. At the same time, the relative porosity of granite is quite low: even in coarse-grained varieties (the “coarsest” among all three structures) it rarely exceeds 6-7 mm. And in fine-grained varieties, the grain diameter does not reach even two. At the same time, the size of the “cells” seriously affects the strength and long-term operation of structures made from this stone - the smaller their diameter, the stronger the granite.

In addition to its strength and density, granite is also characterized by decorative properties. It increases with polishing. The most common black variety is also the least valuable. Colored options are pink (even red), green, and yellow. Such rocks are widely used in architecture and construction.

Construction advantages of granite

This stone, especially its fine-grained varieties, is amazingly resistant to the effects of time: even after five hundred years, destruction is only just beginning to appear. At the same time, it very successfully resists friction, is difficult to compress and is resistant to abrasion. Atmospheric influences also have little effect on granite. This type of mineral is resistant to acids and practically does not absorb water, which makes it an ideal material for finishing embankments, including the coastal sea strip.

Equally important is that this natural stone is virtually resistant to frost (very important in our latitudes!) and gets dirty very easily.

Granite is also ideal for finishing, as it harmonizes with metal parts, and with wood, and with ceramic parts, and with the most modern materials. And despite all our fastidiousness, it is worth admitting that natural stone perfectly keeps the house cool in summer and warm in the winter.

Granite aesthetics

In addition to purely utilitarian advantages, this stone has good polishing, which reveals its unique structure and richness of colors. But many designers are happy to use the unpolished structure of granite, which perfectly absorbs light and creates wild and unusual interiors.

The variety of color tones can satisfy even the most picky esthete: among the wealth of tones there will certainly be something that he needs. After all, perhaps, among all the facing and building materials there is no other stone as attractive as granite - the photos fully reflect its beauty.

What was wrong with granite?

As it should be, this huge “barrel of honey” necessarily has a “fly in the ointment”. One of the disadvantages of this natural stone is the residual radiation inherent in some types of granite. Therefore, it is mainly used for outdoor work. And those blocks that are intended for internal use must undergo a scrupulous check so as not to subsequently harm people’s health.

Besides increased strength stone, which is already considered one of its undoubted advantages, is also its disadvantage. The extraction of granite is complicated by its hardness and combined fragility. You have to resort to expensive tricks to get a large enough piece of stone intact, and then put a lot of work into finishing it. That's why granite work is so expensive.

Development Features

For most solid minerals, it is not so important in what form they are extracted from the vein, because they are expected to be further processed (smelting, burning, etc.). Therefore, crushing the surrounding rocks does not harm the extracted substance; the main thing here is the convenience of extraction itself. A completely different matter is facing materials, which include granite. For him, it is important to obtain a monolithic block without cracks and chips, since these defects cannot be hidden by any subsequent tricks. Moreover, such restrictions apply both during storage and during transportation, which significantly complicates the entire process. And if there is a message about minerals (granite among them), it is necessary to carry out a whole range of additional measures aimed at preserving the integrity of what was extracted.

The most common method

Exist different ways granite mining, and the quality of the resulting stone directly depends on which one was used. On this moment There are three known methods, and, unfortunately, the most barbaric one is most often used - explosive. It consists of drilling a hole for the charge, which explodes. The fragments are sorted, and blocks are cut out of the largest ones. For most miners, this method is attractive because it is cheap. However, the quality of granite is very low: the blast wave creates a lot of defects in the blocks, as a result of which their strength decreases. And there are not so many large fragments at the output - at least a third of the granite crumbles and is only suitable for processing into gravel.

Air mining

This is a more gentle way. The beginning is similar to the first option: a well is drilled in the desired direction, a reservoir is placed in it, into which air is pumped under pressure. This method makes it possible to more fully use the granite deposit, calculate the locations of faults and avoid damage to the block, including even microscopic cracks. The result is much more monoliths, and much less waste. However, the mining company will require preliminary investments in equipment, and the method itself takes longer than explosive.

The most modern option

It is also the most expensive. It is called the “stone cutter method” and requires the purchase of very expensive equipment and personnel training. But granite (like any other natural stone) is of ideal quality, without the slightest defects (both external and hidden). And the field is being developed almost 100%.

Russian deposits

Granite mining in Russia, sadly enough, is carried out mainly by artisanal, explosive methods. This is despite the fact that there are many deposits here. Such natural stone is mined in the Urals, Primorye, Khabarovsk Territory, Transbaikalia, and the Sayan Mountains. There are deposits in the Moscow region. Mining is carried out mainly by small private companies, whose volumes are steadily increasing, despite the fact that the main deposits are located in the Urals. They are developed with great difficulty due to climatic difficulties, which increases the required investment and increases the cost of granite. However, the growing number of people with high incomes increases the demand for natural stone and stimulates the development of this industrial sector.

Granite is a hard rock that is one of the main materials that form outer part earth's crust. The name “granite” comes from the word “granum”, which means “grain”. We are, however, not talking about wheat or rye grains, as you yourself understand. Grains are crystals of quartz, mica, feldspar, hornblende and other minerals that are components granite The color of granite may vary. Most often it has a grayish or pinkish color, but the presence of impurities in it can change its color. Granite is a volcanic rock. As a rule, it is formed in the depths of the Earth when molten magma cools. Magma is a mixture of various minerals that looks like dough.

COLORS The special pattern of granite varieties is created due to the presence of dark-colored minerals, their special accumulations in the structure of the material against the background of the uniform color of feldspars. The most common natural spotted, mottled color of the stone. Smoky and complex wavy-striped colors of granite are rare. Granite is excellent decorative material which nature sometimes rewards unusual drawings, such as all kinds of ring-shaped chains of black biotite and quartz. Therefore, granite products are always in demand. The structure of granite contains longitudinally located inclusions of bright, iridescent spar crystals, which, with certain types of stone processing, can give an original dotted-banded natural decoration of granite on the surface.

TYPES Plagiogranite is a light gray granite with a sharp predominance of plagioclase with a complete absence or insignificant content of potassium-sodium feldspar, which gives the granites a pinkish-red color. Alaskite is a pink granite with a sharp predominance of potassium-sodium feldspar with a small amount (biotite) or absence of dark-colored minerals.

Savchenko Olga

Can granite be used in construction? Granite is one of the most common minerals on earth and often forms entire mountains. Granite is not a Russian word (Italian) and is translated as “grainy”.

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1 . Project name: Granite

4th grade student: Olga Savchenko.

3. Research topic: Minerals – granite.

4. Problematic question (research question)

Can granite be used in construction?

5 . Research hypothesis

I assume that granite can be used in construction. (everywhere)

6 . Objectives of the study

A) By visiting the construction site of our village, find out how granite is used in construction.

B) Based on your conclusions, make a presentation on the topic “Granite”.

7. Research results

I was given the task of conducting a study “Can granite be used in construction?”

Granite is one of the most common minerals on earth and often forms entire mountains. Granite is not a Russian word (Italian) and is translated as “grainy”. The grains that make up granite are quartz, feldspar and mica - they different color. When granite breaks down, sand is formed from quartz, and feldspar and mica turn into clay, which is abundant on earth. Sand and clay are the remains of destroyed mountains. Granite is very strong and therefore is widely used in the construction of bridges, buildings, roads, and monuments. IN modern construction granite is used so widely that, without exaggeration, it can be called a universal material.

Floors, stairs. Granite is a material with a very low level of abrasion. Various parts interior Window sills, cornices, baseboards, railings, furniture tabletops, coffee tables, columns - the high strength of granite will allow these objects long years remain unharmed, avoid mechanical damage exposure to temperature and humidity;

Curbs, steps, paving stones. Granite is successfully used in places where greater “endurance” is required. It is resistant to mechanical stress, chemical pollution and temperature changes - does not change its properties over hundreds of freezing and thawing cycles.

Facing embankments. Granite practically does not absorb moisture - accordingly, when the temperature drops, additional internal pressure from frozen water does not form in the pores of the stone, which can lead to the formation of cracks and destruction of the rock.

Granite paving stones. The use of granite paving stones dates back thousands of years. The famous ancient Roman cobbled roads can still be walked today; you will find streets lined with paving stones in the old part of any of the European capitals; In modern cities, stone roads are gradually replacing asphalt and concrete.

We don't think about the fact that modern buildings are entire museums of mineral resources. Rocks are widely used in construction (granite and marble slabs, gravel, sand, clay).

8 . conclusions

There are a lot of minerals on Earth. There is nothing useless in nature. And without granite it is difficult to build a good, strong building, a beautiful pavement... Geologists still continue to discover new mineral deposits. Unfortunately, minerals are such riches that cannot be restored. After all, they were formed in the bowels of the Earth over many millions of years! That is why it is necessary to use underground wealth very sparingly.

9. List of used literature

Planet Earth. Encyclopedia. – M.: Publishing house “ROSMEN”, 1997.

Riley P., Oliver K. Earth and Oceans. – ZAO Publishing House ROSMEN-PRESS, 2005.

Minerals. Treasures of the Earth. – De Agostini LLC, 2009.

Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. Multimedia encyclopedia. – Cyril and Methodius LLC, 2007.

Internet.

Man has long learned to use what nature so generously gives him. Minerals are another wealth of the Earth. In this lesson we will talk about the extraction, properties and use of such minerals as granite, limestone, sand, clay, peat, coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas. Let's talk about the protection of underground wealth and mineral deposits.

It is very durable and heavy, found not only in mountainous areas, but also on plains. Granite can be gray, dark red, smoky colors. White or black inclusions are often found. Consists of quartz, mica, feldspar. Used in construction as facing material. It has low water absorption and high resistance to frost and pollution, making it optimal for paving both indoors and outdoors. In the interior, granite is also used to decorate walls, stairs, and to create countertops and columns (Fig. 2-4).

Rice. 2. Granite staircase steps ()

Rice. 3. Floor and wall cladding with granite ()

Rice. 4. Granite column ()

Limestone is a monomineral rock consisting of calcite with impurities (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Limestone ()

Entire mountain ranges in the Alps are made of limestone, and it is widespread in other places. Limestone does not shine, usually light gray in color, although it can be white and dark, almost black, bluish, yellowish or pink - depending on the composition of the impurity. It is used in construction, as a fertilizer, and school chalk is made from it (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. School chalk ()

Sand and clay- these are very common rocks; they are formed in nature when granite breaks down. Sand is used in construction, as well as in the manufacture of glass (Fig. 7-9).

Rice. 8. Sand is used in construction ()

Bricks and roof tiles are made from clay, facing tiles, flower pots, dishes, beautiful vases(Fig. 10-12).

Rice. 12. Tiles ()

Wet clay molds very well and retains the shape it is given. This property is called plasticity. Products made from clay are fired in special kilns to make them strong and hard (Fig. 13-15).

Rice. 13. Clay is plastic ()

Rice. 14. Clay product ()

Rice. 15. Ceramics ()

Products made from baked clay are called ceramics(Fig. 15).

Peat is a combustible mineral formed by the accumulation of plant remains that have undergone incomplete decomposition in swamp conditions (Fig. 16).

A swamp is characterized by the deposition on the soil surface of incompletely decomposed organic matter which later turns into peat. The peat layer in swamps is at least 30 cm. Peat is used comprehensively: as fuel, fertilizer, thermal insulation material. Peat should be used sparingly because it forms slowly in nature. It is very important to protect peat deposits from fires. Such fires are very difficult to extinguish, but they can arise due to an unextinguished fire, from a carelessly thrown match, and for other reasons.

Coal- this is a rock that was formed in the bowels of the earth from the remains of ancient plants (Fig. 17).

First, peat was formed, and then coal was formed from it. There are several types of coal: brown coal, anthracite, hard coal (Fig. 18-20).

Rice. 18. Brown coal ()

Rice. 19. Coal ()

Rice. 20. Anthracite ()

Coal is a combustible mineral. When burned, it produces a lot of heat, which is why it is used as fuel. In addition, coal serves as a raw material for the chemical industry; paints, plastics and other valuable materials are obtained from it. Coal is coked, and coke is used in metallurgical production. Coal is mined in special mines and quarries (Fig. 21).

Rice. 21. Coal mine ()

Iron ore is the general name for several types of materials that serve as a source of iron (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22. Iron ore ()

They come in black, brown, yellowish or reddish colors. The most important property of iron ore is its fusibility. At metallurgical plants, cast iron is smelted from iron ore, and steel is made from cast iron (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23. Melting()

Rice. 24. Cast iron radiator heating ()

Rice. 25. Stainless steel cutlery ()

Cast iron is very fragile, so it is used to make only some parts. Steel is of great importance for the economy. A lot of things are made from steel: from kitchen knives to machine mechanisms (Fig. 24, 25). Iron ore is mined in mines or quarries. Like other minerals, iron ore must be used economically. In addition to iron, iron ore contains other valuable chemical elements, such as titanium, vanadium, cobalt. This is very important substances. For example, it is impossible to do without titanium when creating space rockets.

Oil is a thick, oily, dark-colored liquid with a pungent odor (Fig. 26).

She's flammable. Once in the water, oil spreads thin film along its surface. Scientists believe that oil was formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived many millions of years ago. This is a very valuable mineral. Fuel (gasoline, kerosene), fuel oil, lubricating oils, various varnishes, paints, plastics and much more are obtained from oil. To extract oil, special drilling rigs are built and deep wells are drilled (Fig. 27).

Rice. 27. Oil production ()

Through them, oil first rises from the ground itself, and then it has to be helped. For this purpose it is pumped out powerful pumps. The extracted oil is used not only in our country. Russia is one of the world's largest oil exporters. Oil is supplied to different regions of Russia and abroad through oil pipelines - these are long underground pipelines made of pipes. In addition, oil is transported by railway in tanks and special sea vessels - oil tankers (Fig. 28).

Rice. 28. Oil tanker ()

Natural gas- this is a very good fuel, it is used not only in everyday life, but also in power plants, boiler houses and factories (Fig. 29-31).

Rice. 29. Natural gas production ()

Rice. 30. Gas pipeline ()

Rice. 31. Use of natural gas in everyday life ()

To extract gas from the ground, a well is drilled; gas pipelines are laid thousands of kilometers from the field, through which gas is supplied to different regions of our country and abroad.

Unfortunately, minerals are such riches that cannot be restored. Cleaning up a polluted river, planting a new forest in place of a cut-down one, and getting offspring from rare or endangered species of animals, although not easy, is possible. But it is almost impossible to restore natural resources. Minerals have been formed in the depths of our earth over millions of years, which is why we need to use them very economically. It often happens this way: one mineral is mined, and along with it others are found, for example, in iron ore, other valuable metals are mined along with iron, and associated gas is mined along with oil. They also need to be used.

When minerals are transported, strict care is taken to ensure that solids did not crumble, and oil did not spill, did not get into the soil, rivers, seas, because this way you can lose a lot of minerals and pollute environment(Fig. 32).

Rice. 32. Transportation of minerals ()

Instead of iron ore, scrap metal can often be used, and valuable materials can be replaced with cheaper ones. For example, steel - plastic.

As you know, minerals belong to inanimate nature, but it turns out that many of them were formed from the remains of living organisms. It turns out that plants and animals that lived a long time ago, when there were no people, did not disappear without a trace, their remains turned into limestone, coal, oil, natural gas, and we use these minerals now. Such a close connection exists between living and inanimate nature, between nature and man.

A mineral deposit is a territory where there are accumulations of mineral formations that come to the surface or are located in the depths of the earth’s crust. As a result of certain natural geological processes, acceptable conditions are created for the occurrence of minerals. Mineral deposits may contain following types mineral formations:

Minerals gas type(flammable and non-flammable gases).

Liquid type minerals ( The groundwater and oil).

Solid minerals (rocks).

Mineral deposits have several classifications, differing in functional and practical features. From point of view industrial operation Mineral deposits are divided into the following types:

Metal ore deposits containing ores of various metals (ferrous, precious, non-ferrous or even radioactive).

Deposits of non-metallic and non-metallic nature, which are used for the extraction of raw materials for industrial, technical, chemical, construction and metallurgical purposes.

Combustible mineral deposits containing materials such as peat, oil, coal, flammable gases, etc.

Hydromineral deposits where underground mineral waters occur.

After discovery, a mineral deposit is examined: the amount of useful and harmful components in mineral formations that are suitable for processing is determined. If the deposits contain a minimum amount of useful raw materials and their quality does not reach the set limits, but are still suitable for exploitation in a particular area, then such deposits are called industrial conditions. Mineral deposits can be depleted, so you need to treat minerals with care and use them economically.

In the next lesson we will learn what all living organisms are made of (including our body), what the cell of any living organism is made of, and many other interesting facts.

Bibliography

1. Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. - M.: Ballas.
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. - M.: Publishing House "Fedorov".
3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. - M.: Enlightenment.

1. Protown.ru ().
2. Ido.tsu.ru ().
3. Travel-siberia.ru ().

Homework

1. Make a short test (6 questions with three answer options) on the topic “Russian Mineral Resources”.
2. Prepare a short report about one of the minerals in Russia.
3. Justify the need rational use coal or oil.
4. * Using the knowledge gained in class, create a crossword puzzle (up to 20 questions) “Mineral resources of my region.”

Limestone is a widespread, pliable rock, easy to process, but quite strong, despite its ability to dissolve. In the Middle Ages in Europe, numerous cities surrounded by fortification walls, including famous architectural monuments, were built from limestone.

Marble, a type of limestone, is the most popular building mineral in human history; it has been used as a building and construction material since ancient times. finishing material. Marble has been used in sculpture and architecture for thousands of years. In Ancient Greece and Rome, statues were carved from it and temples were built, which have survived to varying degrees to this day. Moscow Metro

It's hard to believe, but this stone is almost 100% carbon, the same element that makes up ordinary coal and graphite. The word "diamond" translated from the ancient Indian language means "one that does not break." Diamond is steadfast and unperturbed. It is rightfully considered the hardest of all stones discovered in nature; its surface cannot be scratched by other minerals. But it can be easily broken with a hammer.

Diamond is beautiful. Optical properties make it the most beautiful of precious stones. A chemically pure mineral is transparent and colorless; foreign inclusions color it in different colors: yellow, blue, green, red, etc. The shine gives the diamond an extraordinary radiance. In addition, even in low light, this stone “plays”: it enchants the eye with tints and flashes of all the colors of the rainbow.

In Russia, the first emerald was found by Maxim Stepanovich Kozhevnikov, a tar farmer from the Beloyarsk volost in the Urals. In December 1830, between the roots of an upturned tree on the banks of the Tokovaya River, about 80 km from Yekaterinburg, he discovered several small green crystals, which turned out to be emeralds. In the 30s In the 19th century, several more deposits were discovered in the Urals. Emeralds

The Diamond Fund of Russia is a unique collection of works of jewelry art from the 18th - 20th centuries. The collection of the Diamond Fund also includes samples of rare precious stones and nuggets of precious metals. The collection that the Kremlin Diamond Fund possesses today was started by Peter the Great.
The world famous stone is the Shah Diamond, one of the oldest Indian diamonds with surviving signatures helping to reconstruct the stone's centuries-old history. LARGE BOUQUET Diamonds, emeralds, gold, silver (1760)