Types of subordinating connections in a sentence. Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection. Complex sentences with coordinating connections

Existing between two or more syntactically unequal words in a sentence or phrase, in the case where one of them is considered the main one, and, accordingly, the other - dependent. A subordinating relationship in a sentence exists between the main and subordinate clauses. In this article we will talk about phrases and the main methods of subordinating communication.

A phrase is a logical combination of two or more words that are related grammatically and in meaning. It is known that the phrase serves to more clearly describe objects and their characteristics, as well as the actions that they perform.

In phrases, the dependent word is related to the main word in several ways. So, methods of subordinating communication include:

1) approval;

2) management;

3) adjacency.

This classification of methods is based on which part of speech expresses the dependent word in the phrase. Let's look at each of the above methods in more detail.

Methods of subordinate communication: coordination

So, when managing, the dependent word answers a question, for example: to remember history - to remember (what?), to protect a person - to protect (who?), and so on. It is important to remember that a sign of control will always be a pretext.

Methods of subordinate communication: adjacency

Adjunction is the third type of subordinating connection, in which the dependence of a word is expressed lexically, by intonation and word order. Only infinitives, adverbs, comparative degrees of adjectives, gerunds, and possessive pronouns can be adjoined. These are the words that will indicate adjacency. In principle, the word “adjacent” itself speaks for itself: the dependent word adjoins, that is, it explains the main thing.

In such a phrase, the main word can be a verb (clearly understood), a noun (Turkish coffee), an adjective (very understandable), an adverb, a gerund (slightly tilted).

The connection in phrases with the infinitive is also regarded as adjacency. For example, please write it down, I want to see it, and similar ones.

And finally, a small “cheat sheet” that will help you quickly identify the method of subordinating communication:

When agreeing, there are three requirements of the main word for the dependent word - number, gender, case;

When controlling from the main word, there is one requirement - case;

When adjoining, the main word cannot require anything.

To the question: What are the types of subordinating connections in the Russian language? and how to determine them? given by the author THE DEVIL ALSO WEARS A PRADO the best answer is

For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?).

Answer from Whistle[guru]
agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (uh, uh, uh...)
blue ocean...

adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?...)
very loud, so far away...

Control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of the candidate. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.

Answer from Igor Volkov[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: beautiful picture(feminine, singular, nominative case); from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.

go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

Answer from Mansion[newbie]
Evgenia Gordeeva speaks the truth

Answer from Caucasian[newbie]
There are three types of subordination: coordination, control, adjacency.
Agreement is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word agrees with the dependent word in gender, number and case. Ch. Form sl. =form frozen sl.
For example: a beautiful picture (feminine, singular, nominative case); from the main road (feminine, singular, genitive case).
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word puts the dependent in a certain case.
For example: advise a friend (to whom? dat. case); talk about the weather (about what? prepositional case).
Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the main word is associated with the dependent word only in meaning and intonation, and the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech.
For example: Very cute (how cute?); speak while listening (doing what?). agreement: the dependent word is adj. (or another part of speech with the meaning of the attribute), answers the question which? (oe, ee, ee...) blue sea... adjacency - connection in meaning, the dependent word is necessarily unchangeable (adv., adverb, n.f. verb), answers questions of circumstances (how? where? where?.. .)
very loud, so far away... control - the main word subjugates the dependent word with the help of k. -n. case (except I. p), you can ask questions about cases. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, this is definitely control.
go to school, knock on the door, see a friend, give a notebook...

In a phrase, dependent words are associated with the main three ways: coordination, control, adjacency . The classification of subordinating communication methods is based on what part of speech the dependent word is expressed in.

Coordination- this is a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed in the same forms of gender, number and case as the main word. For example: shady garden(masculine, singular, nominative case), after a long separation(feminine, singular, genitive case), fallen leaves (plural, Nominative case). When the form of the main word changes, the form of the dependent word changes accordingly: shady garden, shady garden(Genitive), V shady garden (prepositional).

When agreed, the dependent word can be expressed by: an adjective (difficult task), pronoun-adjective (our friend), communion (oncoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance), quantitative numeral in indirect cases (with three comrades).

Control- a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed with the main word in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition. For example: buy a magazine(the dependent noun is in accusative case), talk to him(the dependent pronoun is in the instrumental case with the preposition “s”). When controlling with changing the form of the main word, the form of the dependent word does not change. Wed: buy a magazine, bought a magazine, bought a magazine, buy a magazine.

When controlling, the dependent word can be expressed as: a noun (break the vase) pronoun-noun (tell him), cardinal number (divide by five) and other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun (to care for the sick).

Adjacency- a method of communication in which a dependent, unchangeable word (or form of a word) is associated with the main one only in meaning and intonation. For example: go limping, very happy.

When adjoining, the dependent word can be expressed: by an adverb (cries loudly) infinitive (ready to help), participle (work without stopping) comparative form of an adjective or adverb (older boy, come closer) unchangeable possessive pronouns (her friend).

Types of communication - coordinating and subordinating.

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In the Russian language there are two main types of connections between words and sentences – coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating connection present in equal parts: in this case it is impossible to ask a question from one part to another. Such a connection between words in coordinating phrases (forest and mountains). In simple sentences this is homogeneous members(“... Our forest and mountains will dance!” I. Krylov). There is a coordinative connection between parts of complex sentences (“... We have notes, and we have instruments...” I. Krylov). Coordinating conjunctions contribute to coordinating communication: and, and, but, or, either, that - that, not that - not that, etc.

Subordinating connection combines the main part and the dependent part. From the main part a question is asked to the dependent part. Such a connection occurs in subordinating phrases (let’s sit next to each other) and in complex sentences (“... we’ll probably get along, under what conditions? If we sit next to each other” I. Krylov). The subordinating connection is carried out using the endings of dependent words, clarified with the help of prepositions and formalized by subordinating conjunctions: what, which, where, because, if, when, etc. For example: “Here everyone is asking him to solve their doubts...” - complex sentence. In the phrase “all to him” subordinating connection expressed by the ending -him, supported by the preposition to, from the main word to the dependent word, the question is asked to whom? The main thing and subordinate clause connected by the subordinating conjunction so.

If in a phrase both words are unchangeable parts of speech, that is, they do not have endings and prepositions are not used with them, then the connection between them is carried out using intonation. In a non-conjunctive complex sentence, the connection between simple sentences is also carried out by the intonation of enumeration.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences

There is such a thing in linguistics as a subordinating relationship. In Russian, subordinating connections occur in phrases and sentences. This happens in speech all the time. But what is subordinating phrase and a proposal?

First, let's look at what a subordinating relationship means. It connects independent (notional) words and phrases with each other through the fact that one part is the main one and the other is the dependent one. This is very easy to check. From the main part you can ask a question to the dependent part. Such a connection is determined both in meaning and grammatically. For example, beautiful flower, where from the word “flower” you can ask the question “which one?” to the word “beautiful” and determine that the dependent adjective here is.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Coordination

The gender, number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, they are similar to it. From the main word you can ask questions “which?” and “whose?” (these questions may vary depending on the form).

This is interesting: complex sentences, examples in the literature.

When agreeing, the main noun is always the noun, and the dependent ones can be:

Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
Participles: a person writing, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
Possessive pronouns(except for them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Coordination also can be complete or incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main one, and in the second case - only partially. But the incomplete form rather concerns only exceptions and vernaculars. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when a word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in the masculine form, but the person himself can be a woman) has an adjective next to it, but in a different gender (our doctor).

Control

When controlling, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only by case, one word “controls” the other. Control phrases can be: verb + noun, gerund + noun, participle + noun, two nouns or cardinal number + noun. Happens two types of control: with a preposition, when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When controlling, the dependent word is asked an indirect case question or an adverbial question (where, to where, from where), since the word can answer two questions at the same time.

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a toy cat, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

Adjacency

With this type of connection, one part is “adjacent” to another. In other words, such phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. Main sign adjacency - the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech (verb infinitive, gerund, adverb, pronouns his, her, their).

The main difference from management and coordination is precisely the “independence” of the parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. An adjacency is a connection between two nouns if they denote a name (Lake Baikal, the country of Russia, the Volga River). You can ask an adverbial question (not to be confused with management!): what to do, what to do, what by doing, what by doing and whose (his, her, theirs).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Word and service part speeches (near the house).

Compound words (more vivid).

Words joined by the conjunction “and”.

Phraseologisms.

Verb and subject.

Subordinating communication in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-complex sentences. Complex sentence differs from a compound one in that both parts cannot be separated. If they are used separately, the sentence will lose meaning, while the parts compound sentence it's quite possible use separately from each other and divide the letter with a dot.

The types of subordinating connections in such sentences are distinguished only if there are several subordinate clauses. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was directed. Here we see one main clause and two dependent clauses.

sequential;
parallel;
homogeneous.

Sequential a sentence can be defined if a question goes from the main part to a subordinate clause, and from this subordinate clause to another subordinate clause. For example: I bought a jacket (which one?), which was sewn for me in an atelier (which one?), which is located far from my home.

At parallel In the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions from the main part are asked, but from different words. Thus, a sort of “parallel” is obtained. In such cases, usually the main part is located between the dependent ones. (Example: when the school bell rang, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently transferred to our class).

At homogeneous type, dependent clauses refer to the same word found in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, where there are usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).

education.guru

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

With the help of 5-ege.ru you can easily learn to determine the type of subordinating connection.

Subordinating connection is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).

Collocation is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey.

In a phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) are distinguished:

Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.

Trap!

The following are not subordinating phrases:

1. Combination of an independent word with a service word: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;

2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beat screw around, play the fool, headlong;

3. Subject and predicate: night has come;

4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;

5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: Fathers and Sons.

Video about types of subordinating connections

If you like the video format, you can watch it.

There are three types of subordinating connections:

seashore, reading youth, first snow, my home

Questions may vary by case!

Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be an adverbial form, so adverbial questions are asked for these forms (see below)

listen carefully, walk without looking back, soft-boiled egg

4. possessive pronouns (his, her, theirs)

2. doing what? what did you do?

3. how? Where? Where? where? When? For what? Why?

Distinguish!

Her coat is an adjunction (whose), to see her is control (of whom).

In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in contiguity.

Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.

Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control.

Algorithm of actions No. 1.

1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another.

2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.

3) Pay attention to the question you ask about the dependent word.

4) Based on the identified signs, determine the type of connection.

Analysis of the task.

What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.

We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch - the main word mechanically – dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question How? and is an adverb, then the connection is used in the phrase adjacency.

Algorithm of actions No. 2.

1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.

2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question Which? whose?

3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.

4. If you need to find an adjunct, look for an unchangeable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).

5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.

From the sentences, write down a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. I started getting otitis media. I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. Mom called ambulance, and we went to the regional hospital.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: strongly (how?) – adverb. We find the main word for it, from which the question is asked to the adverb: caught a cold.

Thus, write it out with the phrase I caught a bad cold.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian » Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Methods of subordinating communication

The methods of subordination are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency

Agreement as a method of subordinating communication

Coordination- this is a type of subordinating connection when the dependent word takes the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.

The main word when agreed, a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle (i.e., has become a noun), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.

dependent word can be an adjective, an adjective pronoun, an ordinal number or a participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.

Management as a method of subordinate communication

Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in the indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click your teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);

The main word when governing, it can act as a verb (to rejoice in meeting you), a noun (love for people), an adjective (regrettable), an adverb (near the city), or an ordinal number (first in class).

When driving dependent word nouns, pronouns-nouns, substantivized adjectives always appear (cover with snow, conversation with workers).

Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection

Adjacency- this is the kind syntactic connection, when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).

Unchangeable words are adjacent: infinitive, adverb, simple comparative form, gerund, some unchangeable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little to the south).

Infinitive adjacent to a verb (try to answer, came to stay), a noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to relax)

Comparative forms adjacent to a verb (it’s better to answer, to run faster), to a noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)

Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of an adverb develops in them (read while lying down, sleep while sitting).

Immutable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjacent to nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).

It is necessary to distinguish between adjacency and control

Her shoes– this is an adjunction (whose?),
To see him– management (of whom?).

In the categories of pronouns there are two homonymous categories. The personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive is involved in adjacency.

Run to the store– management,
Go here– adjacency.

It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent words, then this is management.

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Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, making speech more expressive and informative. Most often, complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific works, and official business texts.

What is a complex sentence?

Difficult sentence - a sentence that consists of two or more grammar basics, is an intonationally formed semantic unity that expresses a certain meaning. Depending on the relationship of parts, complex sentences with coordinating subordinating and non-union connection.

Complex sentences with coordinating connections

Compound Sentences - conjunctional sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating connection. Parts of complex sentences are combined into one whole using coordinating, adversative or disjunctive conjunctions. In writing, a comma is placed before the conjunction between parts of a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed like it.

Complex sentences with subordinating connections

Complex sentences - conjunctional sentences consisting of unequal parts that are connected by a subordinating connection. In complex sentences, there is a main part and a dependent (subordinate) part. Parts of the dictionary are connected to each other using conjunctions and allied words. In writing, between parts of a complex sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction (conjunctive word).

Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store his friend was talking about.

Usually, a question can be raised from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to dinner. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.

Complex sentences with non-conjunction connections

Unconjunct complex sentences are sentences whose parts are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of conjunctions and allied words.

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Examples of complex sentences with non-conjunctive connections between parts: The music started playing, the guests started dancing. It will be frosty in the morning - we won’t go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.

A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).

Complex sentences with different types of connections

Mixed complex sentences can include several clauses connected to each other by coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. In writing, in mixed complex sentences, the punctuation characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences is observed.

Examples: Vitya decided that if the teacher asked him to answer a question, he would have to admit that he had not prepared for the lesson. On the right hung a picture depicting blooming garden, and on the left there was a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: rose strong wind and it started to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.

If complex sentences within a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother accidentally scattered; At this time, dad came out, and the bird quickly flew away.

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First, let's look at what a subordinating relationship means. It connects independent (notional) words and phrases with each other through the fact that one part is the main one and the other is the dependent one. This is very easy to check. From the main part you can ask a question to the dependent part. Such a connection is determined both in meaning and grammatically. For example, a beautiful flower, where from the word “flower” you can ask the question “which one?” to the word “beautiful” and determine that the dependent adjective here is.

Types of subordinating connections in phrases

Coordination

When agreeing, the main noun is always the noun, and the dependent ones can be:

Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
Participles: a person writing, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
Possessive pronouns (except for them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Control

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a toy cat, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

Adjacency

With this type of connection, one part is “adjacent” to another. In other words, such phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. The main sign of adjacency is that the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech (the infinitive of the verb, the gerund, the adverb, the pronouns his, her, their).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Word and functional part of speech (near the house).
Compound words (more vivid).
Words joined by the conjunction “and”.
Phraseologisms.
Verb and subject.

Subordinating communication in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-complex sentences. A complex sentence differs from a complex sentence in that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a complex sentence can be completely use separately from each other and divide the letter with a dot.

sequential;
parallel;
homogeneous.