Installation of interfloor slabs in a wooden house. Wooden floors as a worthy alternative to reinforced concrete slabs. Attaching to fragile block walls

In this article we will look at the main types of floors and the materials from which these floors are constructed. So, what are overlaps? Floors are a structure that divides adjacent rooms in height, that is, it forms floors and separates them from attics and basements.

Basic requirements for floors

• Floors must have sufficient strength to withstand the load both from its own weight and useful (furniture, equipment, people in the room, etc.).The amount of payload per 1 m2 of flooring is set depending on the purpose of the room and the nature of its equipment. For attic floors, the payload should be no more than 105 kg/m2, and for basement and interfloor floors 210 kg/m2.
• The ceiling must be rigid, that is, it must not deflect under loads (the permissible value is from 1/200 for attic floors to 1/250 of the span for interfloor floors).
• When installing the floor, a sufficient degree of sound insulation must be provided, the amount of which is established by standards or special recommendations for the design of buildings for a particular purpose. To do this, it is necessary to carefully close the gaps in the places where the material joins, in order to avoid the transfer of sound from neighboring rooms located above or below.
• Floors separating rooms with a temperature difference of 10 °C (for example, separating a cold basement from the first floor or an attic from the first floor) must meet the requirements of thermal protection, that is, it is necessary to increase the layer of thermal insulation.
• No floor structure, especially wood, can withstand prolonged exposure to fire, but each material has its own fire resistance limit. The fire resistance limit of reinforced concrete floors is 60 minutes; wooden floors with backfill and lower plastered surface - 45 minutes; wooden floors protected with plaster, about 15 minutes; There are even fewer wooden floors not protected by fireproof materials.

Types of house floors

• interfloor (separating residential floors, including the attic),
• basement (separating the basement from the residential floor),
• basement (separating the residential floor from the cold underground),
• attic (separating the residential floor from the unheated attic).

According to its design solution, the load-bearing part of the floors can be divided into:

• beams, consisting of a load-bearing part (beams) and filling;
• beamless, made from homogeneous elements (flooring slabs or flooring panels).

Types of floors for the home

Beam floors

In beam floors, the load-bearing base consists of beams located at the same distance from each other, on which filling elements are laid that perform enclosing functions. Beams can be wooden, reinforced concrete or metal.

Floors made of wooden beams

In private housing construction, the most popular are wooden beam floors, usually used in wooden and frame houses.

For wooden beams there is a limitation on the width of the span (room). They can be used for:

• interfloor ceilings - with a span width of 5 meters;
• for attic floors (when not in use attic) with a span width of up to 6 meters. Metal beams can be used for any span width.

The wooden floor is made from wooden beams of coniferous and hardwood. On the upper side of the beams there is a flooring, which also serves as the floor. The structure of the beam floor consists of the beams themselves, the run-up, the floor and the insulation.

With a rectangular house plan, it is advisable to block the span along the short wall.

Scheme for laying floor slabs along a short wall

To prevent beams from bending under the weight of the floor, they must be placed at a certain distance (see table). The section of the beam is determined based on the load falling on it.

For example: You need to build a floor measuring 3.0 * 4.0 m. We lay wooden beams (section 6x20) along a wall equal to 3.0 meters. If the ceiling is between floors, the beams are laid at a distance of 1.25 m from each other, if the attic floor is 1.85 m. That is, the larger the span of the future floor, the smaller the distance between the beams will be, since a larger area of ​​flooring accounts for more loads

The distance between the beams is also affected by the thickness of the floor boards. If they are 28 mm or less thick, the distance between the beams should not exceed 50 cm.

Advantages of wooden flooring:

• The main advantage is that a wooden floor can be quickly and easily installed in any (even difficult) place, without the use of any special means, that is, you can do without a crane or other equipment. The wooden floor is light and relatively inexpensive.

Disadvantages of wooden floors:

• The main disadvantage of wooden floors is the increased flammability, sometimes the possibility of rotting and infection with bark beetles.

Wooden floor installation technology:

Installation of beams: Before installing the beam, it must be treated with an antiseptic solution. If the beams rest on stone or concrete wall, then its ends must be wrapped in two layers of roofing felt. The beam is inserted into the nest prepared during the construction of the wall. When inserted into the nest, the beam should not reach back wall by 2-3 cm. The end of the beam is made beveled.

Beam installation diagram

(1 - beam, 2 - roofing felt, 3 - insulation, 4 - mortar).

Remaining in the nest free space filled with insulation, you can fill it with polyurethane foam.

Installation of rewind: Bars (section 4x4 or 5x5), which are called cranial, are nailed to the side faces of the beams.

Scheme of rolling wooden panels

(1 - wooden beam, 2 - cranial block, 3 - roll-up shield, 4 - vapor barrier, 5 - insulation, 6 - finished floor finishing, 7 - ceiling finishing).

A roll of wooden panels is attached to these bars. The roll-up is made from boards made of longitudinal boards or boards from transverse boards. The knurling plates must be pressed tightly against each other. They are attached to the cranial block with self-tapping screws. The roll-up serves as preparation for attaching a “clean” ceiling.

Insulation gasket: An integral part of a wooden beam floor is insulation, which primarily performs the role of sound insulation in the interfloor ceiling, and also serves as thermal insulation in the attic floor. First of all, you need to decide what material to use. The insulation material can be mineral wool, polystyrene foam, slag, perlite, expanded clay, as well as dry sand, sawdust, shavings, straw, and wood leaves. Mineral wool - light material, easy to use, unlike foam plastic, it “breathes”, has sufficient heat and sound insulation, in general, in most cases, cotton wool is suitable for both insulating interfloor and attic floors. Expanded clay (fraction 5-10 mm) is a heavier material than mineral wool, which makes the structure heavier (the weight of 1 m2 of expanded clay ranges from 270-360 kg).

After fixing the bead, a layer of thermal insulation is placed on top of it. First, a layer of roofing felt, glassine or vapor barrier film is laid between the beams, bending it about 5 cm onto the beams and we proceed to thermal insulation. The thickness of any insulation for an interfloor floor should be at least 100 mm, and for an attic floor, that is, between a cold and heated room - 200-250 mm.

Cost and consumption of materials: The timber consumption for traditional wooden floors is approximately 0.1 m3 per 1 m2 of flooring at a depth of 400 cm. average cost cubic meter of wooden beams starts from $145 (or $14/linear m). And the cost of the boards will cost you about $200 per cubic meter. Costs for 1 square meter of flooring using wooden beams range from $70 and above.

Floors on metal beams

Compared to wooden ones, they are quite reliable and more durable, and also have a smaller thickness (save space), but such floors are rarely erected. To fill the openings between the beams, you can use lightweight concrete inserts, lightweight reinforced concrete slabs, wooden panels or wooden slabs. The weight of 1 m2 of such flooring often exceeds 400 kg.

Advantages:

• A metal beam can be used to cover large spans(4-6 meters or more).

• The metal beam is non-flammable and resistant to biological influences (rot, etc.).

But flooring with metal beams is not without its drawbacks:

• in places high humidity Corrosion forms on the metal.

• In addition, such floors have reduced heat and sound insulation qualities. To mitigate this disadvantage, the ends of the metal beams are wrapped in felt. In such ceilings load-bearing element is a rolled profile: I-beam, channel, angles.

Rolling profile

Precast reinforced concrete is laid between the beams hollow slabs 9 cm thick. A layer of slag and reinforced concrete screed 8-10 cm thick is applied to the reinforced concrete slabs. Steel consumption is high - 25-30 kg/m2, depending on the grade of steel from which the beams are made.

Scheme of the design of a prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slab on metal beams

1 - “clean” floor; 2 - boardwalk; 3 - beam; 4 - prefabricated reinforced concrete slab; 5 - waterproofing; 6 - plaster mesh; 7 - plaster.

Material cost: The price of a steel profile ranges from 7 to 18 dollars/linear meter. The cost of lightweight reinforced concrete slabs is from $110 per piece. For 1 square meter of flooring on metal beams you will spend from $100 and more.

Floors made of reinforced concrete beams

They are installed on spans from 3 m to 7.5 meters. The work is complicated by the need to use lifting equipment. The weight of such beams is 175 - 400 kg.

Advantages:

• With the help of reinforced concrete beams you can span larger spans than with wooden ones.

Flaws:

• To install the floor on reinforced concrete beams, it is necessary to use lifting equipment.

Installation: Reinforced concrete beams are laid at a distance of 600-1000 mm. The filling of the interbeam space is arranged in the form of lightweight concrete slabs or hollow lightweight concrete blocks (for plank or parquet floors, slabs are used, and for linoleum or parquet floors, concrete base- hollow blocks).

Scheme of the design of a lightweight concrete slab on reinforced concrete beams

(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - lightweight concrete slab, 3 - cement screed and substrate, 4 - parquet, laminate)

Scheme of the design of a floor slab made of hollow blocks on reinforced concrete beams

(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - hollow blocks, 3 - cement screed, 4 - linoleum)

The joints between beams and slabs are filled cement mortar and rubbed out. Attic floors must be insulated, interfloor floors must be soundproofed, and basement floors must also be insulated.

Floor slabs made of hollow blocks on reinforced concrete beams

Cost: For one linear meter of beam you will have to pay from 25 dollars. The price for one lightweight concrete block is from 1.5 dollars. As a result, for 1 square meter of flooring on reinforced concrete beams you will spend from 65 dollars.

Beamless floors

They are homogeneous elements (slabs or panels) laid close to each other or a solid monolithic slab, which simultaneously serve as load-bearing and enclosing structures. Depending on the manufacturing technology, beamless floors can be prefabricated, monolithic or prefabricated monolithic.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors

The most popular, especially in brick houses. To install reinforced concrete floors, two types of panels are used: solid (they are made mainly from lightweight concrete) and hollow-core. The latter have round holes, a kind of “stiffening ribs”. Panels are selected depending on the width of the span to be covered and load-bearing capacity.

Advantages:

• Reinforced concrete slabs have high strength and are designed for payload over 200 kg/m2.

• Unlike wood, concrete is not afraid of dampness and does not require any maintenance.

Flaws:

• When installing floors made of reinforced concrete slabs, lifting equipment is required.

• It is not always possible to purchase ready-made slabs of the required size, since they are made in standard sizes at the factory.

Scheme of a beamless floor for a house

Installation: Floor slabs are laid on a layer of cement mortar grade 100. The support of the slabs on the walls (walls more than 250 mm thick) must be at least 100 mm. The seams between the slabs must be cleared of debris and thoroughly filled with cement mortar.

Approximate cost of the material: The cost of one floor slab starts from $110. For 1 square meter of flooring made of reinforced concrete slabs you will spend at least 35-40 dollars.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors

Can be various shapes. Monolithic reinforced concrete floors are a solid monolithic slab 8-12 cm thick made of grade 200 concrete, supported by load-bearing walls. The weight of a square meter of a monolithic floor with a thickness of 200 mm is 480-500 kg.

Photo of reinforcement of a monolithic reinforced concrete floor

Installation of monolithic floors is carried out in four stages:

• Installation of steel load-bearing beams in prepared places;
• Hanging device wooden formwork from unedged boards (suspended from steel beams);

Installation of suspended wooden formwork from unedged boards

• U masonry reinforcement (diameter 6-12 mm);
• Concreting the floor slab with M200 concrete.

Advantages of a monolith:

• No costly handling and higher quality concrete surface, which does not require sealing of seams, as well as the ability to implement complex architectural and planning solutions.

The disadvantages of monolithic floors include the need to install wooden formwork over almost the entire area of ​​the future floor. However, this does not mean that the formwork needs to be installed all at once. The overlap can be done in separate spans, moving the formwork as the concrete sets.

Installation: Before proceeding with the installation of the ceiling, it is necessary to construct the formwork (it can be purchased ready-made or rented), which consists of telescopic racks, tripods, uniforks, beams, flooring and plywood. Formwork made of wooden and aluminum beams allows you to form floors of any configuration - rectangular, cantilever and even round. To the top wooden part The beams are overlaid with sheets of plywood to form the formwork for pouring the concrete. Next, the reinforcement frame is installed and secured. The ends of steel rods 60-80 cm long are bent and tied with wire and reinforcement. Then, concreting is carried out over the entire area of ​​the ceiling to a height of 10-30 cm. Complete adhesion of the concrete occurs after 28 days.

Formwork for monolithic slab wood flooring and plywood floors

Installation of a reinforcement cage in the formwork for the construction of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab

Approximate cost of material: The cost of floor formwork, with wooden and aluminum beams, starts from $40. The approximate consumption of reinforcement for the floor is 75-100 kg/m3 of concrete. The cost of 1 ton of reinforcement is $650. The cost of 1 cubic meter of ready-made concrete is from $130. As a result, the price for 1 square meter of monolithic flooring will cost you from $45 and above (without the cost of formwork).

Prefabricated monolithic floor

More modern solution on the installation of floors. The bottom line is that the space between the floor beams is filled with hollow blocks, after which the entire structure is poured on top with a layer of concrete.

Prefabricated monolithic flooring for a house

Advantages:

• Installation without application lifting mechanisms, improvement of thermal insulation properties, the possibility of constructing floors of complex shapes, reducing construction time.

Flaws:

• The disadvantages include that the prefabricated monolithic structure has a labor-intensive (manual) installation process, which is not advisable when building a house with 2-3 floors.

Installation: During installation, prefabricated monolithic floor beams are laid on the walls at intervals of 600 mm. The weight of a linear meter of beam does not exceed 19 kg. This allows, in most cases, the installation of beams without the use of a crane. Hollow blocks are laid manually on the beams. Weight expanded clay concrete block- 14 kg, polystyrene concrete - 5.5 kg. As a result, the dead weight of one square meter of the original floor structures is 140 kg for expanded clay concrete blocks and 80 kg for polystyrene concrete blocks.

The floor structure prepared in this way performs the function permanent formwork, on which the layer is laid monolithic concrete class B15 (M200).

Before pouring concrete, it is necessary to reinforce the structure with reinforcing mesh with cells measuring 100x100 mm made of wire with a diameter of 5-6 mm.

The weight of one square meter of finished flooring is 370-390 kg for expanded clay concrete blocks and 290-300 kg for polystyrene concrete blocks.

Expanded clay concrete block for prefabricated monolithic flooring

Approximate cost: The cost of prefabricated monolithic floor structures (beams and blocks) will cost you 40-50 dollars/m2. The cost of finished floor structures (beams + blocks + mesh + concrete) is 70-75 dollars/m2.

Thermal and sound insulation of floors:

The thermal protection of the ceiling must be such that the temperature on the floor surface is close to the internal air temperature and does not fall below it by more than 2°C. To avoid dampness between heated and unheated rooms, a layer of glassine should be placed above the thermal insulation to protect the insulation layer from moisture.

Scheme of laying heat and sound insulating materials in the ceiling

(1 - wooden beam, 2 - skull block, 3 - roll, 4 - layer of insulation, 5 - vapor barrier film or glassine, 6 - boards)

In addition to good thermal protection, floors must also provide sufficient sound insulation of the premises. In accordance with current standards (data for the Russian Federation), the insulation index Rw must be equal to or greater than 49 dB.

For hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 220 mm, the insulation index is Rw = 52 dB.

For wooden floors (280 mm insulation layer + one 12 mm layer of plasterboard) the sound insulation index is 47 dB.

Now a little about insulation. Ready-made mineral wool slabs performed well as thermal insulation. In addition to the well-known insulation with ready-made mineral wool slabs, there are alternative options, carried out on site. For example: You can pour slag or ordinary sawdust. By the way, they are 4 times lighter than slag and at the same time provide 3 times better thermal insulation with the same layer thickness. So, at a winter temperature of -20°C, the backfill of slag should be 16 cm thick, shavings - 7, and sawdust - only 5 cm.

You can make sawdust concrete slabs for the same purpose yourself. To do this, you can take 1 volume part of sawdust, 1.5 parts of lime mortar or 4 parts of clay, 0.3 parts of cement and from 2 to 2.5 parts of water. The finished slabs are dried in the shade, laid on a roofing felt pad, the seams are sealed with clay or lime mortar. Square meter Such a slab weighs about 5-6 kg with a thickness of 10 cm.

What kind of flooring should you choose for your home? It all depends on the type of house, as well as on the installation technology and price of this ceiling. To conclude this article, I will provide a table in which you can compare different types floors and choose the most suitable one for yourself.

Attention: Prices in this article are presented for the period of 2008. Be careful!

When building a house, you often have to face the problem of choosing a type.

There are three main options for carrying out this work:

1. Installation of reinforced concrete slabs.
2. The use of a wooden structure separating two floors.

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Use of reinforced concrete slabs

Reinforced concrete slabs, which are used to cover floors in a house, are structures made of iron and concrete. Inside the slabs there is a reinforcing sheathing and round voids that stretch along the entire length of the product. The main purpose of the voids is to reduce its mass and increase the resistance to fracture deformation.

Reinforced concrete slabs have different sizes, both in length and width. You can find out their dimensions by their abbreviation. For example, products PC 72.15-8 mean that the length of the slabs is 72 decimeters and the width is 15 dm. The number "8" shows design load which the structure will withstand (800 kgf/m).

The minimum weight of reinforced concrete floor slabs exceeds 500 kg. All this data indicates that it is impossible to do it yourself. To carry out our work we cannot do without:

• reinforced concrete slabs;
• crane;
• welding machine;
• spider devices;
• steel rods;
• crowbars;
• trowel;
• cement mortar.

The slabs must have four mounting loops, which can be in the form of curved parts of reinforcement or free reinforcement placed in recesses near the corners of the product. When purchasing reinforced concrete structures, you should carefully inspect all hinges. They must be intact.

The technological process involves applying cement mortar to the wall at. This method leads to a stronger fit between the elements of the first and second floors, and also prevents the formation of cracks in places where reinforced concrete structures come into contact with the wall. But at the same time, the solution should be made and laid on walls, piles, beams or pillars at the time of preparing the slab for installation work. This will prevent it from hardening prematurely.

The next step in creating a floor between floors is to attach the spider fixture to the mounting loops of the reinforced concrete slab. Only using this device (equipped with hooks and four ropes of equal length) can you obtain a horizontal position of the slabs without causing them to rotate. It is better to cover the floor with three people: one person will operate the crane, and two will be at the site of installation work and level the installed slabs using crowbars.

The plane of the reinforced concrete product has the shape of a trapezoid. Its upper part is slightly narrower in size. When the ceiling is created and the slabs are laid next to each other, a recess 5-7 cm wide is obtained at the junction. This is obtained by pouring concrete mortar into it. The hinges on adjacent slabs are also connected. This happens as follows. Steel rods are taken, inserted into the hinges of adjacent slabs and bent. Now the reinforced concrete structures are firmly connected to each other.

Mandatory requirements when covering the first and second floors with slabs are:

• compliance with safety rules;
• overlap load-bearing structures carried out by the extreme points of reinforced concrete slabs;
• installation of the structure must provide for a strip more than 15 cm in size between the edge of the slab and outer part walls (place for laying bricks).

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Technology for creating a monolithic structure

The monolithic ceiling of the first floor is a more durable structure. This technology It is used in almost any house (brick, aerated concrete, foam concrete, slag concrete, reinforced concrete blocks) and can be done independently. Sometimes a monolithic floor is the most suitable option due to the fact that reinforced concrete slabs cannot be installed for objective reasons (presence of power lines, lack of access to the facility being built, etc.).

To do monolithic structure between floors, we will need the following materials and tools:

• cement (grade 400 and higher);
• sand;
• crushed stone;
• roofing felt;
• steel reinforcement (20-25 mm);
• mesh for reinforcement;
• timber, wooden boards, channels or metal pipes for supports;
• unsuitable boards for formwork;
• concrete mixer;
• Master OK
• buckets;
• hammer;
• rope;
• nails.

A monolithic ceiling involves the construction of formwork when the walls of the first floor are erected to the required height. Installation is carried out first vertical supports at a meter distance from each other. Their dimensions must correspond to the dimensions of the formwork boards, which must be adjacent to the walls. The number of supports depends on the area of ​​the house on which it is planned to cover the first floor.

Particular attention should be paid to the soil, which should not sag under the weight of the monolithic floor. Boards are tightly laid on the supports in a transverse position, which will become the bottom when pouring the concrete solution. The creation of formwork also occurs along the perimeter of the floor. It is necessary to do the work in such a way that the monolithic ceiling, which “lies” on the walls, does not push through the formwork. An important point is high-quality connection and fixation of corners.

There are several requirements when arranging formwork for a monolithic floor. The main ones are:

1. To prevent the concrete being poured from leaking, the boards are placed as close to each other as possible.
2. To create vertical supports, only the strongest boards are used that will not bend under the weight of the monolith and cross beams.
3. To fix the height of the monolithic floor, a gutter is created on the outer perimeter of the formwork.
4. After the concrete solution has set, the formwork is dismantled. For this reason, the formwork must be made in such a way that it does not lie on the walls.

After erecting the formwork and carefully checking the reliability of the structure, you can begin pouring the monolithic floor. Its bottom, which is made of boards, is covered with roofing felt. Thanks to it, all remaining gaps between the boards are closed. Then, at a height of 6-8 cm from the roofing material, the reinforcement and reinforcing mesh are fastened.

A concrete solution prepared from sand, cement, crushed stone and water is poured into the formwork. The overlap between floors should be 10-15 cm thick. If it is smaller, there is a danger that the overlap may not withstand the load. With a large thickness of the structure, the walls will be subject to significant load. A month later, the formwork is dismantled, and work on the construction of the second floor continues.

When constructing private low-rise houses made of wood, concrete blocks or brick, wooden floors are most often erected between floors. These designs, compared to alternatives concrete slabs, have a number of advantages. Wooden floors They do not overload the walls and do not require the use of lifting equipment during installation. In addition, they have high strength, durability and reasonable price. The installation of such ceilings is quite simple, so many home craftsmen do it themselves.

Floor design

The basis of a wooden floor is beams that are supported by load-bearing walls and serve as a kind of “foundation” for the remaining elements of the structure. Since the beams will bear the entire load during operation of the floor, special attention should be paid to their proper calculation.

For beams, they usually use solid or laminated timber, logs, and sometimes boards (single or fastened in thickness with nails or staples). For floors, it is advisable to use beams made of coniferous trees (pine, larch), which are characterized by high bending strength. Hardwood beams perform much worse in bending and can deform under load.

Rough boards (OSB, plywood) are fixed to the floor beams on both sides, on top of which a facing covering is sewn. Sometimes the floor of the second floor is laid on logs, which are secured to beams.

It is worth remembering that the wooden floor on the side of the first floor will be the ceiling, and on the side of the second floor (attic, attic) will be the floor. That's why top part the floors are sheathed with floor materials: tongue-and-groove boards, laminate, linoleum, carpet, etc. The lower part (ceiling) - clapboard, plasterboard, plastic panels, etc.

Thanks to the presence of beams, space is created between the rough boards. It is used to give the ceiling additional properties. Depending on the purpose of the second floor, heat-insulating or sound-proofing materials are laid between the floor beams, protected from moisture by waterproofing or vapor barrier.

In the event that the second floor is a non-residential attic that will not be heated, thermal insulation must be included in the ceiling structure. For example, basalt wool (Rockwool, Parock), glass wool (Isover, Ursa), polystyrene foam, etc. A vapor barrier film (glassine, polyethylene and polypropylene films) is placed under the thermal insulation layer (from the side of the first heated floor).

If EPS, which does not absorb water vapor, was used as thermal insulation, the vapor barrier film can be excluded from the “pie”. A layer of waterproofing film is laid on top of heat-insulating or sound-proofing materials that absorb and can deteriorate from moisture. If during finishing the possibility of atmospheric moisture entering the attic was excluded, the insulation does not need to be protected with waterproofing.

If the second floor is planned as a heated and living space, then the floor “pie” does not need additional thermal insulation. However, in order to reduce the impact of noise that will occur when people move along the floor, a soundproofing layer is laid between the beams (usually conventional thermal insulation materials are used).

For example, basalt wool (Rockwool, Parock), glass wool (Isover, Ursa), polystyrene foam, sound-absorbing ZIPS panels, soundproofing membranes (Tecsound), etc. When using materials that can absorb water vapor ( basalt wool, glass wool), a vapor barrier film is laid between the first floor and the sound insulator, and waterproofing is placed on top of the sound insulator.

Attaching beams to the wall

Floor beams can be connected to walls in several ways.

In brick or timber houses the ends of the beams are inserted into grooves (“sockets”). If beams or logs are used, then the depth of the beams in the walls should be at least 150 mm, if the boards are at least 100 mm.

Parts of the beams in contact with the walls of the “nest” are waterproofed by wrapping them in two layers of roofing material. The ends of the beams are cut at 60° and left uninsulated to ensure free “breathing” of the wood.

When inserted into a “nest”, ventilation gaps of 30-50 mm are left between the beam and the wall (on all sides), which are filled with thermal insulation (tow, mineral wool). The beam is supported on the base of the groove through an antiseptic and waterproofed wooden plank 30-40 mm thick. The sides of the groove can be covered with crushed stone or covered with cement mortar to a depth of 4-6 cm. Every fifth beam is additionally fastened to the wall using an anchor.

In wooden houses, beams are buried into the grooves of the walls by at least 70 mm. To prevent squeaks, waterproofing material is laid between the groove walls and the beam. In some cases, beams are cut into walls, making dovetail connections, etc.

Beams can also be fixed to the wall using metal supports - steel angles, clamps, brackets. They are connected to walls and beams with self-tapping screws or self-tapping screws. This option fastening is the fastest and most technologically advanced, but less reliable than when inserting beams into wall grooves.

Calculation of floor beams

When planning the construction of a floor, you first need to calculate the design of its base, that is, the length of the beams, their number, optimal cross-section and spacing. This will determine how safe your ceiling will be and what load it can withstand during operation.

Beam length

The length of the beams depends on the width of the span, as well as on the method of fastening the beams. If the beams are fixed to metal supports ah, their length will be equal to the width of the span. When embedding walls into grooves, the length of the beams is calculated by summing up the span and the depth of insertion of the two ends of the beam into the grooves.

Beam spacing

The distance between the axes of the beams is maintained within 0.6-1 m.

Number of beams

The number of beams is calculated as follows: plan to place the outer beams at a distance of at least 50 mm from the walls. The remaining beams are placed evenly in the span space, in accordance with the selected interval (step).

Beam section

Beams can have a rectangular, square, round, or I-section. But classic version is still a rectangle. Frequently used parameters: height – 140-240 mm, width – 50-160 mm.

The choice of beam section depends on its planned load, the width of the span (along the short side of the room) and the spacing of the beams (step).

The load of the beam is calculated by summing the load of its own weight (for interfloor floors - 190-220 kg/m2) with the temporary (operational) load (200 kg/m2). Typically, for exploited floors, the load is taken equal to 350-400 kg/m 2. For attic floors that are not in use, you can take a smaller load, up to 200 kg/m2. A special calculation is required if significant concentrated loads are expected (for example, from a massive bathtub, swimming pool, boiler, etc.).

The beams are laid along a short span, the maximum width of which is 6 m. Over a longer span, sagging of the beam is inevitable, which will lead to deformation of the structure. However, in such a situation there is a way out. To support beams over a wide span, columns and supports are installed.

The cross section of the beam directly depends on the width of the span. The larger the span, the more powerful (and durable) beam must be chosen for the ceiling. The ideal span for covering with beams is up to 4 m. If the spans are wider (up to 6 m), then it is necessary to use non-standard beams with a larger cross-section. The height of such beams must be at least 1/20-1/25 of the span. For example, with a span of 5 m, you need to use beams with a height of 200-225 mm and a thickness of 80-150 mm.

Of course, it is not necessary to perform beam calculations yourself. You can use ready-made tables and diagrams that indicate the dependence of beam sizes on the perceived load and span width.

After completing the calculations, you can begin installing the floor. Let's consider the whole technological process, starting with fixing the beams on the walls and ending with the finishing cladding.

Wooden floor technology

Stage #1. Installation of floor beams

Most often, beams are installed by inserting them into the grooves of the walls. This option is possible when the installation of the floor is carried out at the stage of building a house.

The installation process in this case is performed as follows:

1. Beams are coated with antiseptics and fire retardants. This is necessary to reduce the tendency wooden structures to rotting and ensure fire safety.

2. The ends of the beams are cut at an angle of 60° and painted bitumen mastic and wrapped with roofing felt in 2 layers (for waterproofing). In this case, the end must remain open so that water vapor can escape freely through it.

3. Installation begins with the installation of two outer beams, which are placed at a distance of 50 mm from the walls (minimum).

The beams are brought into the “sockets” by 100-150 mm, leaving a ventilation gap between the wood and the walls of at least 30-50 mm.

4. To control the horizontality of the beams, install a long board along their upper plane on the edge, and a bubble level on top of it. To level the beams, wooden dies of different thicknesses are used, which are placed in the lower part of the groove on the wall. The dies must first be treated with bitumen mastic and dried.

5. To eliminate the creaking of the beam and block the access of cold air, the gap is filled mineral insulation or tow.

6. The remaining intermediate beams are laid out on the laid control board. The technology for inserting them into wall nests is the same as for installing the outer beams.

7. Every fifth beam is additionally secured to the wall using an anchor.

When the house has already been built, it is easier to install floor beams using metal supports. In this case, the installation process is as follows:

1. Beams are impregnated with fire retardants and antiseptics.

2. On the walls, at the same level, in accordance with the calculated pitch of the beams, fix the supports (corners, clamps, brackets). Fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws or self-tapping screws, screwing them into the holes of the supports.

3. The beams are laid on supports and secured with self-tapping screws.

Stage #2. Fastening the cranial bars (if necessary)

If it is more convenient to lay the “pie” of the floor structure from above, that is, from the side of the second floor, cranial bars with a section of 50x50 mm are filled along the edges of the beams on both sides. The bottom of the bars should be flush with the surface of the beams. Skull bars are necessary in order to lay rolling boards on them, which are the rough basis for the ceiling.

You can do without cranial bars if you hem the bevel boards from below, from the side of the first floor. In this case, they can be attached directly to the beams using self-tapping screws (nails are not suitable, since they are difficult to drive vertically into the ceiling).

Stage #3. Attaching the reel boards for the rough base of the ceiling

When installing from the second floor side, the boards are secured to the skull blocks with nails or self-tapping screws (it is possible to use OSB or plywood).

When fastening the roll-up from the side of the first floor, the boards are secured to the beams from below using self-tapping screws. If it is necessary to lay a thick layer of insulation or soundproofing material between the beams, the option of filing the boards from below is preferable. The fact is that the cranial bars “eat up” part of the space between the beams, and without their use the thickness of the floor can be completely filled with insulating material.

Stage #4. Laying vapor barrier (if necessary)

A vapor barrier is placed in the ceiling structure in front of the insulation (which can also serve as a sound insulator), if there is a risk of steam entering it or condensation occurring. This happens if the ceiling is arranged between floors, the first of which is heated and the second is not. For example, an unheated attic or attic is installed above the first residential floor. Also, steam can penetrate into the floor insulation from wet areas ground floor, for example, from the kitchen, bathroom, swimming pool, etc.

The vapor barrier film is laid on top of the floor beams. The canvases are laid with an overlap, bringing the edges of the previous canvas onto the next one by 10 cm. The joints are taped with construction tape.

Stage #5. Thermal insulation or sound insulation device

Between the beams, slab or roll heat or sound insulators are laid on top. Gaps and voids must be avoided, materials must fit tightly to the beams. For the same reason, it is undesirable to use scraps that have to be joined together.

To reduce the occurrence of impact noise in the ceiling (with a residential upper floor), sound insulator strips with a thickness of at least 5.5 mm are laid on the upper surface of the beams.

Stage #6. Laying waterproofing film

A waterproofing film is laid on top of the heat or sound insulating layer. It serves to prevent the penetration of moisture from the upper floor into the insulating material. If top floor it will be non-residential, that is, no one will wash the floors there and the penetration of atmospheric moisture will also be excluded; a waterproofing film may not be used.

The waterproofing film is laid in sheets, overlapping by 10 cm. The joints are taped to prevent moisture from penetrating into the structure.

Stage #7. Fastening boards (plywood, OSB) for the subfloor

A rough base for the floor of the second floor is sewn along the beams on top. You can use regular boards, OSB or thick plywood. Fastening is carried out using self-tapping screws or nails.

Stage #8. Covering the floor from below and above with finishing coatings

On top of the rough base below and above the ceiling you can lay any suitable materials. On the upper side of the ceiling, that is, on the floor of the second floor, coverings made of laminate, parquet, carpet, linoleum, etc. are installed. When arranging the floor of a non-residential attic, the rough boards can be left without covering.

On the lower surface of the ceiling, which serves as the ceiling for the first floor, ceiling materials are sewn: wooden lining, plastic panels, plasterboard structures and so on.

Operation of floors

If the design used beams with a large margin of safety, laid with a small step, then such an overlap will not need repair for a long time. But you still need to check the beams for strength regularly!

If the beams are damaged by insects or as a result of waterlogging, they are strengthened. To do this, the weakened beam is removed, replaced with a new one, or strengthened with strong boards.

Wooden houses were very popular at one time, but then with the development of modern building materials they faded into the background. But today, wooden buildings are regaining their former glory. This is due to the fact that only in a wooden house the atmosphere is filled with harmony and tranquility. The decoration in such a house can be made of any material. But this is not very advisable, since walls made of logs look much more attractive and natural than paint or wallpaper.

But the issue of surface finishing will depend only on personal taste preferences. As for the construction of the wooden floor of the second floor, it is also made from beams. There can be no other option. On wooden walls reinforced concrete slabs are not laid. When finished, the entire structure is made of natural material - wood.

Wooden interfloor covering of the first floor

The wooden floor between the first and second floors must meet certain established requirements:

1. The floor structure must be very strong and withstand the expected loads from above; it is recommended to calculate the magnitude of the loads with a margin.
2. Wooden floor beams must be rigid for arranging the floor on the second floor and the ceiling on the first.
3. The ceiling must have the same service life as the entire wooden house as a whole. Reliable covering during the construction phase will ensure safety and prevent repair work.
4. It is very important to equip the floor with additional heat and sound insulation.

Wooden beams as a floor perform all the main functions, and they differ from reinforced concrete slabs in that they are easier to install. Human power is sufficient; there is no need to use heavy equipment. Using beams, you can significantly reduce the overall load on the foundation. The advantages of wooden floors include their low price. And with proper processing and installation, such a structure will last for decades.

The disadvantages of wood include such a harmful process as rotting. In addition, the disadvantage of wood products is their high flammability in a fire. In order to minimize the likelihood of such processes, it is very important to prepare the beams immediately before installation work. It is best to use coniferous wood for flooring. In order to avoid deflection of the beam, it is not recommended to make a span of more than 5 m. If the span is larger, it is necessary to make additional supports in the form of columns or crossbars.

Calculation of the floor structure in a wooden house

It is on how correctly the expected load is calculated that you can create a high-quality, reliable structure that will perform its main functions and last for a very long time.

Most often, beams in a room are laid in the direction of the shortest wall. This makes it possible to keep the span to a minimum. The pitch between the beams will depend primarily on the size of the section. On average this size is 1 meter. Making the distance smaller is not worth it, as this will only increase the consumption of material and the complexity of the work.

It is better to give preference to beams with a large cross-section rather than making a floor with a small pitch and weak overlap.

The main dimensions of beams for a certain span size:

• 2200 mm span - section 75*100 mm;
• 3200 mm span - section 100*175 mm or 125*200 mm;
• 500 mm span - section 150*225 mm.

If the ceiling is made between the first floor and the attic, then the step between the material should be the same, but the cross-section of the beams can be chosen much smaller. This is due to the fact that the loads in the attic will be significantly less than on a full floor.

Tools for arranging interfloor slabs

All work can be done independently. To do this, you need to prepare the following tools and materials:

• drill;
• saw;
• hatchet (large and small if necessary);
• chisel;
• hammer;
• nails, screws;
• construction level;
• fasteners.

As for the building material, the wood must be High Quality and well dried. Before carrying out all work, it is necessary to separate element treat with a product that will prevent rotting and make the wood less flammable.

Wooden floor installation

It’s quite easy to make ceilings with your own hands; the main thing is to follow all the recommendations and technologies. The beams are laid on the walls with their ends. In order for them to be securely fastened, special connectors are cut into the wall for right size sections. When placing a beam in the socket, it is covered with tow on all sides. This will prevent the further formation of cold bridges. If the beam has a cross-sectional size smaller than the walls, then the recess can not be made to the full depth.

The second option for attaching the ceiling to the wall is the “dovetail”. In order to strengthen this fastening, fasteners in the form of a metal bracket are additionally used. This type of fastening is most often used if the walls of the house are made of timber. IN wooden house the crossbar with the beam at the same level can be secured using a clamp.

It is worth highlighting the most common type of fastening a beam to a crossbar - the use of cranial bars. Such bars are attached to the crossbar, and the beam is already attached to them. It is recommended to use bars with a cross section of 50*50 mm.

For panel house The beams are laid using a slightly different method. Special nests are made in the wall into which the ends of the floor elements are placed. Optimal depth The size of the socket is 150-200 mm, and the width must correspond to the cross-sectional dimensions. In addition, it is necessary to leave a gap of 10 mm on each side. As in the first case, the ends of the materials must be wrapped with tow before placing them in the nests.

Metal anchors can also be used to secure elements. With this fastening, the end of the beam will not go into the wall.

In order to make the ceiling of the first floor, it is necessary to roll up. This stage of work can be carried out using a wide variety of materials.

In the most common version, skull blocks are nailed along the side of the beam. Such bars should have a cross-section of 40*40 or 50*50 mm. They should not protrude below the main beam. It is on them that smooth boards will subsequently be attached, the thickness of which should be in the range of 10-25 mm. In order to line the ceiling, you can use sheets of plywood. Using sheet material, you can get a perfectly flat ceiling. Minimum thickness plywood in this case should be at least 8 mm. It is very important to ensure that the edges of the sheets lie exactly in the middle of the beam.

Instead of using cranial bars, you can make special grooves in the beams. In order to use this method, the cross-section of the beam must be thought out in advance.

As a flooring option Bottom part the ceiling elements can remain open; for this, the cranial elements are nailed not level, but slightly higher. Thus, the flooring is carried out between the beams.

After the rolling is done, you can begin laying the floor of the second floor. If instead of the second floor there is an attic, then a subfloor is sufficient. If there is a room on the second floor, then the floor must be made of quality material. Wooden boards will be laid directly on the joists.

Interfloor insulation

In a wooden house it is very important to do good thermal insulation. This also needs to be done with the interfloor overlap. Thermal insulation materials Today they are presented in a very wide range. The thermal insulation qualities of the room will depend on how correctly the material is selected and laid correctly. This is especially important if there is an attic instead of a second full floor. Therefore, in order to prevent heat from leaving the room, it is necessary to lay thermal insulation between the beams.

Mineral wool would be a good option.

She has very high technical qualities, however is not very good soundproofing material. In addition, through certain period operation, its structure changes, and in environment microparticles may be released.

Particular attention should be paid to sound insulation of the interfloor ceiling.

When laying any material, you should control its location. There should be no gaps between the joists and the insulator. Sheet materials must be cut to size, rolled materials fit a little end to end.

If the ceiling is installed between the first floor and the attic, it is imperative to lay a vapor barrier. Can handle it polyethylene film. In order for condensation to escape from under the film faster, it is necessary to leave ventilation gaps.

The trend of increasing the number of floors of private houses makes it necessary to solve the problem associated with the construction of floors. Level of modern construction technologies allows you not to be tied to certain conditions that are associated with the configuration and size of the premises of the house. This expands the possibilities for implementing plans and makes it easier to carry out work. Before you start building floors, you need to thoroughly understand how this is done. In this article we will tell you in detail how and from what to make floors between floors.

Basic requirements for floors between floors

A ceiling is a structural element of a building that divides the building into horizontal plane with the formation of floors, and also separates them from the attic and basement. The share of costs for the construction of this structure is about 20% of the construction estimate. The ceiling is a critical structure, so at the design stage you should adhere to the basic requirements that apply to them:

1. Strength indicators must be at a level that allows them to withstand the load consisting of their own weight and the mass of building elements, objects and people. The strength of the floor increases with decreasing level of its location.
2. Rigidity parameters are directly dependent on the strength and width of the structure. For wooden structures, bending is allowed within 0.5-0.7% of their width, for steel beams - 0.25%.
3. The ceiling must provide sufficient sound insulation so that the noise level is within the limits sanitary standards. Improving this indicator is achieved by increasing the tightness of the joints.
4. The structure must have sufficient thermal insulation. If it is located between rooms with a temperature difference of more than 10 degrees Celsius, additional heat conservation measures must be implemented.
5. To achieve the required fire safety, the floor material must have a certain fire resistance. This concept refers to the degree of protection of premises from exposure to fire over a certain period of time.
6. The combination of mass and thickness of the structure must be optimal.

How are floors classified?

Depending on the level at which the ceilings are located, the requirements for them differ.

Overlap happens:

Interfloor ceilings: manufacturing options

In construction, there is a wide variety of solutions for organizing floors. They can be:

1. Beamless: prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
   
2. Beam: wooden, metal, reinforced concrete.
3. Wooden.
   Wooden floors

   This design is the most common in construction country houses. This is due to the possibility of creating the ceiling yourself. In addition, the material is affordable and has good sound and heat insulation properties.

4. Metal.
   This flooring option is usually used when organizing a plinth and basement. Metal constructions They have high reliability and a long service life, and their dimensions are smaller with the same load-bearing capacity.
   Metal products do not have sufficient thermal insulation and are susceptible to corrosion. The structure can be constructed from channels or I-beams, which are laid at a distance of 500-1500 mm from each other. They install reinforced concrete slabs of small standard sizes.
5. Reinforced concrete.
   The use of this option necessitates the use of lifting equipment, since the mass of structural elements is significant. In addition, the foundation is subject to heavy loads, which should be taken into account during design.
   Reinforced concrete floors

   The sound and thermal insulation indicators of the material are at an average level; reinforced concrete is difficult to process and has increased labor costs during installation.

6. Coffered, arched and hipped.
   Coffered and tent-type ceilings are a type of ribbed panels. They are used in the construction of facilities with big sizes, with complex architectural forms. Such floor structures are not relevant for the construction of private houses, as are arched floors.

Overlapping on wooden beams: features

The construction of interfloor slabs made of wood has a number of advantages:

• the design is simple to implement, it can be done with my own hands. Its installation does not take much time. The cost of work is significantly reduced due to the absence of the need to use special equipment, and activities for lifting and moving material can be carried out with one or two assistants;
• availability of wood. For the manufacture of beams, coniferous trees are used, which are widespread;
• relatively low weight, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the weight of the structure as a whole. Thus, construction costs are reduced;
• ease of installation of sound insulation improves the comfort of living in the house;
• wooden structures have a lower cost, which overall provides significant cost savings;
• the speed of creating a floor is comparable to the installation of floor slabs and is carried out in a day. In this case, a truck crane is not needed.

The disadvantages of wooden floors include:

• the existing length limitation (4.5 m) does not make it possible to construct floors over longer rooms without additional support;
• the high fire hazard of wood requires special processing of parts;
• the tree is exposed to a number of biological factors, which is prevented by appropriate processing;
• relatively low strength.

Monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets: what to look for

The difference between creating a ceiling using corrugated sheets and concrete is the fact that in the first case, special formwork is not required, and as a result they have a finished ceiling. In addition, the technology using corrugated sheets does not require finishing or modification.

The profiled configuration of the material creates the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor, thereby reducing the need for reinforcement and concrete. This is possible due to the fact that the solution fills only the voids of the ribs, and does not occupy the entire surface of the sheet.

To create such an overlap, it is important to use exclusively sheets intended for roofing.
The essence of the technology is to use corrugated sheeting as formwork, which is not dismantled after pouring concrete. The resulting structure has a special structure as load-bearing supports, consisting of metal columns, beams, logs. As a result, the load is redistributed from the floor to the supports, while the walls are not loaded. This design solution makes it possible to construct lightweight walls.

In addition, the organization of the support system allows, instead of expensive strip foundation use a glass type support. This will significantly reduce construction costs.

Covering with slabs between the first and second floors: reinforced concrete

Slabs made of reinforced concrete are widely used. According to some parameters, when compared with the monolithic design of the floor between the first and second floors, they have better performance.

The organization of such an overlap requires a strong foundation and involves the construction of walls from durable materials. As a rule, floor slabs are used for high-rise buildings.

Structures made from reinforced concrete slabs are reliable, durable and have a long service life. The amount of loads that concrete can withstand is colossal. It is characterized by the property of increasing strength characteristics over time. In addition, the material fully meets the requirements for heat and sound insulation, and also has sufficient fire safety. The process of installing slab floors does not require much time using special equipment and is not complicated.

To the main disadvantages reinforced concrete products This can be attributed to their significant mass and the need for use when installing special equipment. In addition, such floors require the creation of screeds so that the load on them is uniform.

Despite all the shortcomings, reinforced concrete floor slabs are successfully used in the construction of private houses.