World transport system

We have already discussed the role of transport as one of the main infrastructure sectors in the normal, rhythmic functioning of the world economy. As a sensitive barometer of the development of this economy, transport reflects changes occurring in the geographical division of labor, in the relationships between producers, buyers and sellers. Having undergone radical changes under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution ("transport revolution"), transport in the 80-90s. XX century developed generally successfully, although it failed to avoid crisis phenomena at the turn of 1997–1998. Long-term trends in the development of global transport indicate an expansion of the global transport network, an increase in its load, an improvement in quality indicators, an expansion of joint activities of various modes of transport, etc.

One of the most important concepts related to transport is the concept of global transport system, which covers all world communications and all means of transport. To characterize the global transport system, three main indicators are usually used: 1) network of communication routes; 2) operation of transport; 3) main cargo and passenger flows.

The global transport network can be viewed from different perspectives. It is interesting, firstly, to trace the dynamics of its development and, secondly, to analyze the current state of different types of this network.

Dynamics of development individual species world transport in the second half of the 20th century. Table 140 demonstrates.

From the data presented in Table 140, it clearly follows that the dynamics of the development of individual types of transport networks in recent decades has varied quite significantly. On the one hand, the length of its old types - railways and inland waterways - has stabilized. On the other hand, the extent of newer types of transport networks - roads, pipelines and air routes - continues to increase quite rapidly. Graphically, the relationship between individual types of transport network in 2005 is shown in Figure 103.

Table 140

DYNAMICS OF THE WORLD TRANSPORT NETWORK IN 1950–2000

Rice. 103. World transport network, thousand km

The operation of transport is determined by the size and structure of the transportation of goods and passengers.

Cargo transportation can be measured in two ways. Firstly, the mass of these cargoes, which in the world in the early 1990s. exceeded 100 billion tons per year. Secondly, and this is the main thing, cargo turnover, i.e., cargo transportation work, taking into account not only the mass, but also the distance of cargo transportation and measured in ton-kilometers (t/km). Back in the early 1950s. global freight turnover was about 7 trillion t/km, and in 2000 it already reached 50 trillion t/km.

As cargo turnover grew, major changes occurred in the structure. In 1950, railways accounted for 31% of world freight traffic, roads – 7.5%, inland waterways – 5.5%, sea routes – 52%, and pipelines 4%. If we compare these data with modern (Fig. 104), What is noteworthy is the decrease in the share of railways and inland waterways in cargo transportation and the increase in the share of sea and pipeline transport. This is explained by the fact that it is maritime transport, which has practically unlimited capacity of sea routes and the largest carrying capacity of rolling stock, that takes on almost 80% of international – primarily intercontinental – transport. A significant increase in the role of liquid and gaseous fuels and raw materials, and the rapid development of the petrochemical industry contributed to the increased role of pipeline transport. (However, we must not forget that in reality more than 80% of all cargo is transported automobile transport, while sea - only 3.5%. But since the average transportation range by road transport is only 30 km, and by sea 7–8 thousand km, the cargo turnover of the latter turns out to be much greater.)

Passenger transportation is measured by the number of passengers transported and passenger turnover. Nowadays, all modes of transport carry more than 1 trillion passengers annually. In terms of passenger traffic, it increased from 2.5 trillion passenger kilometers in 1950 to more than 20 trillion passenger kilometers in 2005. This reflects the markedly increased mobility of the population. In the structure of passenger turnover (Fig. 104) non-competitive first place belongs to road transport; including 60% of all transportation is carried out by cars. The special role of road transport in passenger (and also freight) transportation is explained by its ubiquity, flexibility and maneuverability. The road network can be compared to the body's circulatory system.

The main transport cargo and passenger flows are divided into intercontinental And inland. At the same time, intercontinental transportation of bulk (liquid, gaseous, bulk) cargo is carried out almost exclusively by sea. Examples of them are the transport “bridges” described above associated with the transportation of oil, liquefied natural gas, coal, iron ores, bauxite, etc. Sea transport also accounts for the bulk of intercontinental transportation of general (piece) cargo, for example, cars, machinery. In intracontinental transportation of both cargo and passengers main role are played by road and rail transport, and in the transportation of oil and natural gas – by pipeline.

Rice. 104. Structure of global cargo and passenger turnover in 2005

Prospects for the development of world transport at the beginning of the 21st century. depend primarily on the growth rate of the world economy and world trade, as well as on the geopolitical situation in the world and its regions. According to some forecasts, in 2000–2015. relatively moderate growth in traffic can be expected.

The global transport system is not internally homogeneous. Even with the most generalized approach, it can be divided into two subsystems - economically developed and developing countries, which differ very much.

Transport subsystem economically developed countries is particularly large in size. It accounts for about 80% of the total length of the transport network, more than 70% of global freight traffic by weight and approximately 80% by value, and its share of global passenger traffic is even larger. More than 4/5 of the world's car fleet is concentrated in economically developed countries; they are home to almost 2/3 of all the world's ports, handling 3/4 of the world's cargo turnover. In the structure of freight turnover in these countries, road transport accounts for 40%, railway transport – 25%, and other modes of transport – 35%.

This subsystem is also characterized by: high density of the transport network, primarily characterizing its provision, high technical level transport network and vehicles, widespread intermodal transport involving different modes of transport. Recently, the requirements for the quality of transport services, for increasing the efficiency, regularity, rhythm of passenger and cargo transportation, for increasing their speed, comfort, and ensuring safety, have increasingly come to the fore. An increasing proportion of passenger and freight transport in these countries is carried out on a just-in-time basis, reflecting increased customer demands.

Transport subsystem developing countries has many different parameters and quality characteristics. It has a little more than 20% of the total global length of the transport network and provides (by value) 20% of the world's freight turnover. These countries contain 10% of the world's passenger car fleet and 20% of trucks and buses. The density of the transport network in most countries is small, and the technical level of transport (for example, steam traction and narrow gauge railways) is lower. The mobility of the population in these countries is also many times less than in developed countries.

Along with this two-member division of the global transport system, it is customary to distinguish several regional transport systems, each of which has its own characteristics. These features reflect the level of development of productive forces, the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the density and nature of population distribution, the level of geographical division of labor and the degree of formation of economic regions, the participation of countries in international economic relations, as well as the features historical development, natural conditions and transport policies of individual states in the region.

The regional transport system of North America has reached the highest level. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total length of all world communications, and in terms of the length of roads and gas pipelines this share is even greater. North America also ranks first in terms of freight turnover for most modes of transport. In the structure of its internal cargo turnover, 26% is accounted for by road transport, 28% by railway transport, 18% by water transport (river and coastal sea transport) and 28% by pipeline transport. But the structure of domestic passenger turnover is especially indicative, which is 81% provided by passenger vehicles, 16% by air, only 2% by bus, and 1% by rail. Although it is very big sizes territories of both the USA and Canada lead to the fact that the density of the transport network in them is relatively small. For example, for railways it is 30 in the USA, and 5 km per 1000 km 2 of territory in Canada.

The regional transport system of foreign Europe is inferior to the North American system in many respects, primarily in terms of transportation range, but is much superior to it in terms of network density and frequency of movement. As in North America, a high level of motorization has been achieved here, pipeline transport and air transport have gained great development, while the role of railway and inland water transport has decreased. In the internal freight turnover of Western Europe, road transport accounts for 67%, railway – 19, water – 8 and pipeline – 6%. Passenger traffic is also markedly dominated by passenger road transport (54%), followed by rail (21%), bus (17) and air (8%). But in terms of the density of the transport network, Western Europe ranks first in the world: in Germany, France, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Sweden, Denmark, it ranges from 50 to 100 km per 1000 km 2 of territory.

Transport differences in foreign Asia are so great that within its boundaries it would be more correct to single out several regional transport systems: for example, the highly developed system of Japan, the system of China, the system of India and Pakistan, the system of the countries of South-West Asia. The same applies to Africa, where considerable differences exist between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, to Latin America. Australia has developed its own regional transport system. However, the density of the transport network in all these regional systems is significantly less than in Europe and North America. Only in some countries it ranges from 1 to 5 km, and in most it does not reach 1 km per 1000 km 2 of territory.

The unified transport system of the USSR has been preserved to a certain extent in the CIS countries, forming a special regional system. Although it accounts for only 1/10 of the global transport network, in terms of freight turnover this system occupies a more prominent place, primarily thanks to rail transport. In terms of overall cargo turnover (4.5 trillion t/km), Russia is second only to the United States and China in the world. However, in the structure of this freight turnover, the share of pipeline transport is very large (55%), followed by rail (41%), while road transport accounts for less than 1%. If we consider not cargo turnover, but cargo transportation, the ratio will be significantly different: railway transport accounts for 42%, pipeline transport – 36%, road transport – 14%. In the structure of passenger turnover in Russia, 40% is by rail, 35% by road transport and 20% by air. To this we must add that in the 1990s. Both the freight turnover and the passenger turnover of the country's transport have decreased very noticeably.

This chapter reveals the role and place of the global transport system in the modern world economy. The main directions of development of the world transport complex under the influence of scientific and technological progress are analyzed, the role and place of the main types of transport in the modern world economy are revealed, as well as regional aspects of the development of the world transport system. The state of the Russian transport complex is characterized and the main problems of its functioning and development are considered.

The concept of the global transport system and its role in the global economy

The world transport system represents a set of national transport systems, including all communication routes, transport enterprises and vehicles. The total length of the world's transport network (excluding sea routes) exceeds 35 million km. Its rapid development in the 20th century. became possible largely due to government funding of transport construction in almost all countries. Determining importance for the development of the world transport system in the second half of the 20th century. had a rapid technological process during the scientific and technological revolution of the 60-70s, which went down in history under the name “transport revolution”.

In the global transport system, in accordance with the UN classification, it is customary to distinguish the following main types of transport: railway, road, inland waterway, sea, river, air, pipeline.

Other classifications based on individual criteria are also used:

• by mode of transportation: land, water, air, special;
• nature of movement: transit, on-farm, local, long-distance;
• application of traction force: alloy, sailing, horse-drawn, steam, electric, diesel, gas turbine, nuclear.

Each of these types of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, which depend on economic conditions and conditions, both in an individual country and in the world economy. There is the concept of a “transport hub”, which connects different transport systems: sea, river, railway, road, air. The share of transport in global GDP ranges from 4 to 9%. Every year, over 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion passengers are transported worldwide by all modes of transport. In addition to sea transport, these transportations involve over 650 million cars, 10 thousand scheduled aircraft, and 200 thousand locomotives. Sea transport is the leader in cargo transportation in the global economy, and road transport is the leader in passenger transportation.

Economic criteria for transport operation. The main economic criteria for assessing the performance of transport, which determine the choice of one or another type for product delivery, are:

• volume of transportation - the amount of cargo transported by one or another type of transport;
• cargo turnover - the product of the amount of cargo transported and the distance of transportation (calculated in ton-kilometers or ton-miles - in sea transport);
• ratio of modes of transport in freight transport. Characterizes the level of territorial concentration of production and the dynamics of its change;
• passenger turnover is the product of the number of passengers transported and the transportation distance. Calculated in pas.-km or pas.-miles (in maritime transport). Characterizes the transport mobility of the population, reflecting the degree of urbanization, the level of migration and the dynamics of movement;
• the cost of transportation, which depends on the nature of the cargo and market conditions for each individual type of transport service;
• transport capacity - the ratio of freight turnover to a unit of GDP (in world practice, to 1 dollar of GDP);
• transport component (share of transportation costs) in the cost of the final product;
• cargo flow - a set of goods transported in a certain geographical direction. There are actual, planned and forecasted cargo flows. It is characterized by the structure (distribution of cargo into approximately homogeneous groups), direction, range and volume of transportation, as well as the degree of their uniformity depending on seasonality, force majeure, etc.;
• the ratio of passenger and freight traffic in the country’s economy and the world economy as a whole.

There are other criteria that depend on the specific type of transport.

Transport costs can reach more than 50% of the product price for some types of products, so the choice of the cheapest, most reliable and accessible mode of transport is of decisive importance in foreign economic activity. Currently, intermodal and multimodal transportation has become widespread, designed to bring cargo as close as possible to the customer’s point (door to door).

The costs associated with the implementation of related transport operations and the costs of transporting cargo by main modes of transport form the full transport costs of the cargo owner.

A developed network of intermediary organizations in most countries of the world allows cargo owners to enter into agreements directly with forwarding companies in each of the points of interest to them or an agreement with one general forwarder, who is entrusted with organizing transportation as a whole. The general forwarder enters into contracts on behalf of the cargo owner with carriers of various types of transport and with forwarding organizations at the points of cargo passage. At the beginning of the 21st century. The number of forwarding companies in the world has exceeded 100 thousand and employ about 15-20 million workers. They account for more than 75% of cargo shipments in intermodal transport.

Raw materials, fuel and energy monopolies, which have their own fleet and rolling stock, do not need the services of forwarders, but even the remaining 20% ​​of cargo shipments in mixed and purely ocean liner communications organized by shipping and railway companies cannot do without the participation of forwarders. According to shipowners in the United States, half of the work on organizing transportation was carried out by their middle carriers - forwarders, and in Europe, when shipowners carried out intermodal transportation, forwarders controlled 30% of European deliveries of containers by land modes of transport in these directions.

Modern directions of development of global transport systems

The globalization of the economy and the accompanying processes of development of foreign economic relations require a new approach to the development of transport, redistribution of freight and passenger flows. Height foreign trade requires a qualitative revision of the transport component.

Large TNCs calculate the transport costs of trade routes in all directions; the closest attention is paid to the analysis and forecasts of the political development of countries and regions with great transit potential. Forecast estimates of the development of the world economy indicate that the main financial and commodity flows at the beginning of the next century will be concentrated in the triangle of the USA - Europe and the Far East.

Thanks largely to globalization, many years of efforts to rationalize and reduce the cost of transport technology have been successful.

If in the transportation of bulk, raw materials (bulk, bulk, liquid) cargo this led to the enlargement of consignments of goods, then in the transportation of general cargo (industrial products, semi-finished products, etc.) this caused much more significant changes.

As you grow industrial production in the world specific gravity general, or packaged cargo, increased in the total volume of transported goods. In the middle of the 20th century. general cargo already accounted for at least 25% of the total tonnage of all goods transported in international trade. The costs of transportation, cargo operations and storage of these goods were very significant and they began to seriously impede the development of trade, and ultimately production. The solution was found in the unitization of shipments, in the unification of cargo spaces, reducing them to several standard uniform types, which were also as convenient as possible for transportation, loading and unloading operations and warehousing. The main innovation was the creation of a container, i.e. standard capacity for bulk transportation of goods by various modes of transport. Trailers, bags, pallets, etc. also began to be used.

The consolidation and standardization of cargo spaces made it possible to use specialized vehicles (container ships in maritime transport), and to mechanize loading, unloading and warehouse operations. As a result, all parts of the process of delivering general cargo from the manufacturer to the consumer were made easier and cheaper. Delivery times have been reduced and cargo safety has improved, which also has a beneficial effect on the final price of industrial products. A side, but not unimportant, consequence was that in many cases it became economically feasible to transport industrial goods over very long distances. Container transportation now plays a significant role on the main routes of international trade between Europe and the Asia-Pacific countries, between North America and Southeast Asia.

Containerization and unitization in general have created the prerequisites for accelerating progress in transport: automation of many works, creation of a system for tracking the progress of cargo shipments. Therefore, by the time electronic technology appeared, widespread computerization of many transport processes became possible, and recently a sharp reduction in accompanying documentation. This also made it easier and cheaper to transport goods.

During the second half of the 20th century, the network of railways and inland waterways decreased, the length of roads increased by almost 2, and the length of air routes by 3 times. At the same time, the length of oil and petroleum product pipelines increased by 4.2 times, and main gas pipelines by 6.5 times. How have these processes affected the development of the world economy?

Regional aspects of the development of the global transport system

The development of transport in a particular country or region is mainly influenced by a number of factors, the main of which are:

• spatial factor, i.e. characteristics of the territory of a country or region that allows or does not allow the realization of transport potential;
• transport potential of a given country or region (existing and future), its share in the country’s GDP;
• optimal economic criteria for transport operation, etc.

By the beginning of the 21st century. in the field of transport, the USA, EU and Japan were in the lead (China and the Republic of Korea came close to the latter in a number of indicators).

Regionally, the situation is as follows.

North America(thanks to the USA) is a region with a very high level of development of transport and communication infrastructure. The total annual costs associated with transport in the United States amount to 11-11.5% of the country's GDP. Historical excursion, the Suez Canal significantly reduced the distance between Europe and the countries of the Indian Ocean (compared to the previous route around Africa). The Panama Capal was opened for shipping in 1914. By connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean, it sharply shortened the distances between the ports of the east and west coasts of America, and also made economically feasible many shipments between Europe and the Pacific ports of America, and in some cases even the Far East. In the future, the development of the Northern Sea Route will give Russia significant advantages in the delivery of goods from Europe to Asia and in the opposite direction.

Countries of Europe(primarily EU states) collectively are the main participants in international commodity trade. Approximately 1/4 of the volume of global maritime cargo transportation occurs in the countries of Western and Central Europe. The volume of intra-European traffic is also very significant.

The unification processes in Europe, especially after the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the EU in 2007 (after which the European Union increased to 27 member countries), are accompanied by the search for new, more profitable schemes for working in transport.

In Japan, domestic transportation in terms of freight turnover corresponds to the developed countries of the United States.

The world economy, which is actively developing with the intensification of globalization processes, is making transport in all its forms increasingly important to the public. Many say that this is one of the basic pillars of material production of our civilization. The modern global transport system is composed of an innumerable number of elements that deserve close attention: their improvement allows us to achieve better performance of the global facility as a whole.

Basic terminology

As can be assumed from the name itself, the transport system in the global economy is formed by transport. This term is commonly understood as a variety of methods, methods of communication, and means that allow cargo and passengers to move between points in space. Important aspects for this area are understanding and debugging transport security and developing destination options so that everyone in need can turn to the right opportunity for them.

The structure and scale of movements using specialized means have a significant impact on economic activity. This is equally true in relation to an individual person, a certain community or civilization as a whole. The global transport system allows us to determine the maximum scale of transportation for our understanding at the moment, but it is equally important to be able to analyze the situation at the state level in order to assess the degree of economic development of the state.

It is important!

Considering both the entire complex structured object as a whole and its individual parts (for example, the role of air transport in the global transport system), you need to understand: the formation is largely due to the progress observed today. Massive improvements in technology and scientific breakthroughs are considered. It is commonly said that this is a key component leading to the improvement of the global transport system.

Currently, scientists and engineers are struggling with the task of designing a high-speed train. The best minds on the planet are faced with the question of creating an air-cushion system. Under conditions of high transport safety, the car could travel 600 kilometers in just half an hour. Without the highest level of progress and large investments in science, it is impossible to achieve the set goal, and therefore the development of the vehicle.

Uniting into a whole

The global transport system is a combined phenomenon that includes:

• machines, units, structures;
• paths used for movement;
• production facilities used for the manufacture, improvement, restoration of machines and tracks.

It is difficult to comprehend the scale of such a structure, as there are so many components included in it.

Features of internal filling

Such dimensions are simply incompatible with the uniformity of the structure. Therefore, the world transport system, in the view of modern economists, is formed by two large categories:

• developed powers;
• developing countries.

What is the difference?

All transport infrastructure facilities of a developed country meet high requirements, so we can talk about the development of the vehicle. The vehicles used in the territory of such states are in clear, carefully designed interaction, thanks to which the population has increased mobility rates. The unified transport system is unevenly distributed among powers of different levels: the developed ones account for about 80% of the length of the global transport system. Considering cargo turnover, it should be recognized: this category provides 75% of processes and goods.

Developing countries are characterized by simpler transport infrastructure facilities. Development is quite low, since such states themselves do not have a high level of development. Business operations combined into spheres interact with a low level of quality, which negatively affects the vehicle. The part of the unified transport system in this type of country is relatively small, and the population has low mobility and limited opportunities.

Regional vehicles

It is customary to talk about regional vehicles:

• America (north, Latin);
• Europe;
• Asia (south).

The modern geography of the world transport system is our entire planet, although the saturation in different regions differs significantly. In addition to division into the indicated territorial formations, classification is allowed according to the level of development, social significance, and areas of application of transport systems.

Transport: what is it like?

Highlight:

• land;
• for water spaces;
• moving in the air.

Land transport

Some say that cars are the main transport of the last century and the beginning of our century. Indeed, for movement on land it is the most relevant and widely applicable. The total length of roads is growing from year to year. Already today it is about three tens of millions of kilometers, of which the bulk are built in the largest or most developed powers of the world. When talking about leaders, it is customary to mention:

• India;
• Brazil;
• Japan.

Up to 80% of all passenger transportation these days is carried out through vehicles of various categories.

Dedicated to other groups

Railways, which were the pinnacle of progress several decades ago, are now gradually losing their positions and are being pushed further and further into the margins of the world transport system. This does not negate the importance of this category of vehicles, because the duration of railway tracks in the world is estimated at more than 13 million kilometers.

This element of the vehicle is characterized by significant heterogeneity. Most of the infrastructure is built in developed countries, while in developing countries the level is low. There are many countries where there are no railway tracks at all. The longest railways currently available are:

• Canada;
• India;

Pipelines

The relevance of this class of vehicles is due to the activation of the oil industry, gas production and use. Up to 11% of all cargo on our planet moves through pipelines. The predictable top three in terms of length of networks built and put into operation in this category are:

• Canada.

Across the seas, across the oceans

Among the water modes of transport there are:

• nautical;
• interior.

The first group is rightly considered the most significant. Maritime means transport involved in transporting products and people on ships across seas and oceans. Mostly such transport is intended for servicing bulk cargo. The most important basin on the planet is the Atlantic Ocean, divided into three directions:

• South Atlantic;
• North Atlantic;
• Western Atlantic.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this element of the Customs Union for globalization processes - it is thanks to the development of shipping that continents and countries are closely connected with each other.

Which one else?

It was stated above that in addition to sea transport, inland water transport is distinguished: ships designed to transport people and objects along lake, river systems, and canals laid by humans. Not every lake or river is conducive to navigation. The most important bodies of water for this element of the vehicle:

• Amazon;
• Yenisei;
• Parana;
• Mississippi.

It is noted that the active use of water continental basins is available only to highly developed powers. Currently the leaders in this direction are:

• Holland;
• France;

Industry and infrastructure

Up to 10% of the entire length of internal shipping routes are man-made canals. The greatest pride is caused by the White Sea-Baltic, designed to provide a route for ships from Lake Onega to the White Sea. Thanks to this canal, it became possible to connect the lake and the Baltic Sea. The length of the unique element of the vehicle is 227 km, and construction was completed in an incredibly short time: 1 year 9 months.

Shall we fly?

The aircraft sector is the youngest, most promising, high-tech sector for modern society. It includes:

• helicopters;
• aircraft;
• air terminals;
• services for technical support;
• control rooms.

The airport network makes it possible to assess the geographical distribution of infrastructure.

This is interesting

Currently, the first place in terms of operational dangers belongs to the Bhutanese airport in Paro. The site was built in a mountainous area; landing here is very difficult: you need to be a real ace, capable of making dangerous turns. Work on routes requiring a stop at this airport automatically becomes the basis for a serious increase wages. Currently, a strictly limited number of air carriers have flights to this airport.

Transport is important

It is difficult to overestimate how significant a transport system at any level is for our civilization. Adjusting the global process of moving goods and people makes it possible to make the planet's population mobile, eliminating the impact on the public of territorial gaps between states and populated areas.

The development of the most modern types of transport has a negative impact on the planet: civilization pollutes nature both in the production process and during the operation of technology. Transport volumes are increasing very intensively, and sufficient cleaning measures are not being taken. The most dangerous for the planet's atmosphere are railways and cars, and damage to the aquatic ecosystem is caused by ships and disasters associated with oil production and transportation.

Instead of a conclusion

The global transport system is such a complex set of all types and methods of transportation and cargo movement available to humanity, which is used to solve a wide range of problems. Communication routes, machines, units, apparatus, production facilities are usually assembled into a single large-scale system. In turn, the vehicle as one object is divided into groups according to characteristics. This simplifies the search for approaches to improving the capabilities available to humans.

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World transport system

(course work)

Introduction

Chapter 1. Transport - tertiary sector of the economy

1.1 Land transport

1.2 Water and air transport

1.3 Pipeline transport

1.4 Transport hubs and corridors

Chapter 2. Transport in the modern economy

2.1 Transport and economic growth: problems of interrelation

2.2 The role of railway transport in the unified transport system of Ukraine

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

Transport is an important component of the global economy, as it is a material carrier between states. The specialization of states and their comprehensive development are impossible without a transport system. The transport factor influences the location of production; without taking it into account, it is impossible to achieve a rational placement of productive forces. When locating production, the need for transportation, the mass of equal materials of finished products, their throughput etc. Depending on the influence of these components, enterprises are located. Transport is also important in solving socio-economic problems. Providing a territory with a well-developed transport system is an important advantage for the location of production forces and provides an integration effect. When carrying out international economic relations, transport ensures the movement of goods (cargo) and people (passengers) between two or more countries, that is, in international communications. Depending on the specific modes of transport used in transportation, sea, river, air, rail, road and pipeline communications are distinguished. These are the so-called direct international communications, served by one mode of transport.

The world transport system was fully formed in the 20th century. It includes all existing transport infrastructure, transport facilities, transport enterprises and transport management. Infrastructure consists of transport networks (railroads, roads, all waterways, air corridors, canals, pipelines, tunnels and bridges) and transport hubs(ports, airports, railway stations, train stations, bus stops). Transport means include all types of land, water and air transport. Transport control involves flight dispatch control, traffic signals, control of switches on railway tracks, etc.

The global transport system has its own quantitative indicators. This is the total length of communication routes, the number of people employed in the transport system, freight turnover and passenger turnover.

The global transport system includes regional transport systems of heterogeneous structure. For example, a denser transport network in economically developed countries (50-60 km per 100 sq. km), and in developing countries this figure drops to 5-10 km per 100 sq. km. The transport system of North America is the most developed, containing approximately 30% of the total length of communication routes around the world. In addition, North America leads in freight turnover for most vehicles.

At the end of the last century, transport corridors began to be created that pass through the territory of several countries and combine several modes of transport.

The most important discovery was the invention of the container and the formation of the container system, followed by the emergence of a new type of transport - the container ship and the construction of terminals in which goods were transshipped. Today, about 90% of piece cargo around the world is transported in containers.

The global transport system is in constant development. At the current stage great importance have information and innovative technologies of development. The main directions now are increasing the speed of movement, improving traffic safety, increasing both the capacity of transport routes and the carrying capacity of vehicles, as well as the development and implementation of new types of transport. Throughout the history of the world, methods of communication between people and transportation have played an important role in the economy. various cargoes over long distances. In this regard, transport networks became more and more developed and modes of transport became more and more diverse, with the help of which it was possible to transport large loads faster and large quantity passengers than before. In addition, a new special type of transport has emerged for urgent delivery of information (electronic transport).

The modern world cannot be imagined without transport, namely, without the fast and reliable delivery of passengers, cargo or information. In connection with the development of science and technology, the number and quality of methods for distributing transported goods is increasing.

Objectives: to study the transport system in the global economy.

Chapter 1. Ttransport - tertiary sector of the economy

Transport is a special sphere of material production. Unlike Agriculture and he does not create industry in the production process New Product, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. Transport products are the movement of goods and people in space, changing their location. Therefore, the indicators of transport performance are, respectively, freight turnover in ton-kilometers (t-km) and passenger turnover in passenger-kilometers (passenger-km), which is the product of the volume of transportation (in tons or passengers) by the distance (in km). The sum of ton-kilometers and passenger-kilometers is called reduced ton-kilometers.

The main types of modern transport are railway, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline. Together they form a unified transport system of the world.

The level of development of the transport system by type of communication routes is assessed using indicators of the length (extension) and density of the transport network (defined as the ratio of the length of the routes to a unit area of ​​the territory or to a certain number of residents); shares of a particular type of transport (in %). Road, pipeline and air transport have developed the fastest in recent years. The importance of maritime transport has increased. In almost all developed countries of the world, the position of railway transport has deteriorated.

The overwhelming majority of all transport means and communications are concentrated in developed countries. They account for a significant share of freight and passenger turnover of global transport. Developing countries are much worse provided with transport than developed countries.

Among the regional transport systems, the system of North America stands out, leading in the world in terms of the total length of communication routes (about 30% of the global transport network). All other regions based on network density and traffic frequency. The unified system of the CIS countries (10% of the global transport network), ranking first in terms of total cargo turnover.

In other regions of the world - in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, transport systems are at the stage of formation, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types of modern transport are poorly developed or absent altogether (railroads, pipeline transport, etc.).

In general, the world is experiencing a qualitative change in the transport network: the length of electrified railways, paved highways, and a network of larger diameter pipelines is increasing. Another manifestation of improving the quality of the transport network is the duplication of transport communications of global importance: the laying of oil pipelines, highways parallel to canals, other communication routes (for example, oil pipelines were created parallel to the Suez and Panama Canals, the Transpyrenian Highway along the Strait of Gibraltar, etc.); the formation of a container system for cargo transportation (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers), transcontinental container “bridges”, which are a combination of sea transport with route trains and road trains and container ships. (Trans-Siberian, Japan - US East Coast, Trans-American, Western Europe - Near and Middle East); creation of transport corridors (multi-highways) for the transportation of goods through the territory of several states (for example, in Europe there are nine, in Russia - two transport corridors: Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod, Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kiev - Odessa with continuation to Novorossiysk and Astrakhan).

Transport is a set of means designed to move people, goods, signals and information from one place to another. The term "transport" comes from Lat. trans (“through”) and portare (“to carry”). Transport is the “circulatory system” of the economy. The main task of transport is to ensure stable connections between individual sectors of the economy and regions of the country and the world; timely and complete satisfaction of the transportation needs of the economy and population [No. 2, p. 310].

The work of transport can be judged by:

a) freight turnover - the number of goods transported over a certain period over a certain distance, measured in ton-kilometers);

b) passenger turnover - the number of passengers transported over a certain period over a certain distance, measured in passenger kilometers [No. 4, p. 246].

The concept of transport includes several aspects:

infrastructure that ensures the operation of the transport system and includes connection routes, rolling stock, cargo and unloading facilities of transport and other enterprises and organizations that create load, unloading and transshipment of goods transported by all types of transport, as well as management and communication methods and technical equipment [No. 1, p.325];

transport system - a set of all types of transport interconnected in order to meet the needs of the population and the state in the transportation of passengers and goods; consists of transport points (such as a bus station, airport, railway station or pier), transport hubs - populated areas where several types of transport converge and cargo is exchanged between them, and highways [No. 1, p. 326].

The transport factor to some extent determines the sectoral and territorial structure of the national economic complex. This is due to the fact that any transportation of raw materials, supplies or finished products requires a certain amount of labor [No. 4, p. 246].

Transport is divided into three categories: public transport, non-public transport and personal or individual transport. Public transport should not be confused with public transport (public transport is a subcategory of public transport). Public transport serves trade (transports goods) and the population (passenger transportation). Non-public transport - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Personal transport includes cars, bicycles, yachts, and private planes. Personal automatic transport forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles. Urban transport is intended mainly for transporting passengers. Its main types are tram, trolleybus, bus connections and metro [No. 4, p. 256].

Transportation is a major consumer of energy and a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. The reason for this is the burning of huge volumes of fossil fuels (mainly petroleum products such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel) in the internal combustion engines of land, air and water vehicles. Public and non-motorized modes of transport (for example, walking or cycling) are considered more “environmentally friendly”, since their contribution to the listed problems is much less or even zero. Electrically powered vehicles (such as electric trains or hybrid cars) are considered more "climate neutral" than their fossil fuel counterparts. There is currently no climate-neutral technological solution (fuel or engine) for aircraft, but airships are proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to commercial aviation. Among other negative examples of the impact of transport on environment can be called: air pollution from exhaust gases and fine particulate matter, pollution groundwater toxic runoff from highways, car washes and parking lots, noise pollution, loss of urban living space (up to 50% of the area of ​​modern cities is devoted to roads, parking lots, garages and gas stations) and suburban sprawl that consumes wildlife habitat and agricultural land [No. 3, p.186].

1.1 Land transport

The most important types of land transport are railway, road and pipeline. [A1]

Railway transport ranks second in terms of freight turnover (after sea transport) and in passenger turnover (after road transport). In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air transport. The main function of railway transport is the transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural goods (coal, steel, grain, etc.) over long distances. A distinctive feature is the regularity of movement, regardless of the weather and time of year.

There are great differences in the level of development of railway transport (length, network density, degree of electrification of railways, etc.) across regions and countries of the world. In general, the length of the railway network is decreasing in the world, especially in developed countries. Their new construction is carried out only in separate, for the most part developing countries (Russia, China, etc.)

In terms of the length of the railway network, the leading countries in the world are occupied by the largest (by territory size) countries: the USA (176 thousand km), Russia (87.5), Canada (85), India, China, Germany, Australia, Argentina, France , Brazil. These countries account for more than half of the world's total railway length. The countries of North America and Western Europe are oversaturated with railways, and some countries in Africa and Asia do not have them at all. European countries are the leaders in the density of railways (their density in Belgium is 133 km per 1 thousand sq. km). The average density of the railway network in African countries is only 2.7 km per 1 thousand sq. km. In terms of the level of electrification of railways, European countries are also ahead of all (in Switzerland, about 100% of railways are electrified, in Sweden - 65%, in Italy, Austria and Spain - more than 50%, in Russia - 43%).

In certain regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. In the CIS countries the track is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, and Asia. The Western European gauge does not correspond to some other countries (for example, Finland, the countries of the Iberian Peninsula). In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.

In terms of cargo turnover, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the USA, China and Russia, in terms of passenger turnover - Japan (395 billion passenger-km), China (354), India (320), Russia (192), Germany (60 billion passenger-km).

In a number of developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, etc.) high-speed (speed over 200 km/h) railways have been created. The railways of the CIS countries, foreign Europe, and North America within their regions are connected into a single transport system, i.e. form regional railway systems.

Road transport plays a leading role in the transportation of passengers (providing 80% of global passenger turnover), as well as cargo over short and medium distances. Among other modes of transport, it also leads in terms of the length of its road network (24 million km, or 70% of the global transport network). transport corridor railway pipeline

Most of the vehicle fleet and highway network is concentrated in developed countries. With a total number of cars in the world exceeding 650 million, about 80% of them are concentrated in the countries of North America (approximately 250 million cars, of which 200 million in the USA), Western Europe (more than 200 million cars) and Japan (over 50 million).

The most developed network of highways is in the USA (1/4 of the total length), China, Japan, India, Russia, and European countries. The latter are superior in road density to countries in all regions of the world. The United States ranks first in terms of freight turnover by road transport.

In certain countries and regions of the world (CIS, foreign Europe, North America) highways form unified transport systems (state, interstate).

1.2 Water and air transport

Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. The main area of ​​application of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers. Freight transport is also carried out, but their share is very low (most of it is mail); 60% of traffic is international flights. Mostly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail, are transported by air. In many hard-to-reach areas (in the mountains, regions of the Far North), there are no alternatives to air transport. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), they use not airplanes, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip. A big problem modern aircraft - the noise they produce during takeoff, which significantly spoils the quality of life of residents of areas located near airports.

By the number of airlines, the first place in the world is occupied by the USA - 9134, and by the number of airports with a runway length of more than 3 km - Canada and Brazil (each with more than 500). Aviation countries are the USA, Russia, France, Japan, Great Britain, etc.

Water transport is the most ancient form of transport. At least until the advent of transcontinental railroads (second half of the 19th century), it remained the most important type transport. Even the most primitive sailing ship covered four to five times the distance per day than a caravan. The cargo transported was large, operating costs were lower. Water transport still retains an important role. Due to its advantages (the cheapest after pipeline transport), water transport now covers 60-67% of the total global cargo turnover. Inland waterways transport mainly bulk cargo - construction materials, coal, ore - the transportation of which does not require high speed. Advantages of river transport: reliable operation, low capital investment. Disadvantages: seasonality of operation, low speed of movement (this is affected by competition with faster road and rail transport), predetermined direction of movement. In transportation across seas and oceans, water transport has no competitors (it has a large capacity; air transportation is very expensive, and their total share in cargo transportation is low), so sea vessels transport a variety of types of goods, but most of the cargo is oil and petroleum products, liquefied gas, coal, ore.

In Ukraine, the length of waterways is about 2.4 thousand km; the main ones are the Dnieper with the Desna and Pripyat, the Southern Bug, the Seversky Donets, the Dniester, the Danube. [No. 5, p. 143]. In the world highest density France, Germany, the Netherlands and Papua New Guinea have inland waterways (more than 20 km per 1000 km2). The main area for lake navigation is the large lakes of the USA and Canada.

The largest tonnage of the merchant fleet is in Japan, the USA, Greece, Russia, etc. There are about thirty world ports (Rotterdam, Hamburg, Los Angeles, etc.). Half of the world's maritime transport occurs in the Atlantic Ocean (along with the Mediterranean, almost 3/5); to Tikhiy - approximately ½ of world traffic (the densest network of sea routes connects the ports of Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and China). The Indian Ocean accounts for less than 1/6 of transportation, the main of which are the routes for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe and Japan [No. 1, p. 390].

1.3 Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is one of the most dynamically developing modes of transport. Perhaps its main difference from other types of transport is the fact that in the process of transporting goods, the goods themselves are moved, but not the vehicle (this is largely due to the physical properties of the transported goods - oil, gas, etc.). This difference is responsible for a number of features that are discussed below.

The creation of a wide network of pipelines has made it possible to more efficiently move natural gas, oil and petroleum products over long distances without intermediate processes of transshipment, which occurs in other modes of transport. Hence arises important feature pipeline transport - continuity of its functioning.

In general, pipeline transport is increasingly specializing in the movement of certain types of products: liquid (from oil and petroleum products to milk), gaseous (natural and associated gases, ammonia, ethane, ethylene, etc.), solid (coal, grain, etc.). They move over different distances - from several kilometers to several thousand kilometers. The final delivery points are different: oil - oil refineries; natural gas, ammonia, ethane, ethylene - chemical enterprises; coal and fuel oil - most often power plants. Other types of products have mass consumers (natural gas for municipal and, especially, domestic consumption, petroleum products - gasoline, kerosene, etc.). Therefore, in addition to main pipelines There is also an extensive distribution network of pipelines.

The advantage of pipeline transport is the possibility of laying its main lines in conditions of different terrain, across large bodies of water, including seas, in permafrost conditions. This type of transport can operate in any climatic and weather conditions, losses during transportation are minimal.

However, the creation of gas and oil pipelines leads to certain environmental problems (rupture of pipes and release of oil and gas, disruption of natural cover when laying pipes, in the northern regions during on-land pipeline routes - interference with animal migration).

It is impossible not to mention the problems of high cost of construction and repairs. In addition, to ensure the start of operation of a new pipeline, it is necessary to fill the pipeline with the pumped product, and to maintain the required pressure along the entire length of the pipeline, boosters are required at certain distances, depending on the topography of the route. pumping stations, which also requires significant funds. Another distinctive feature of pipeline transport is its large length. The total length of main oil and gas pipelines in the world alone is approaching 2 million km, i.e. almost twice the length of railways and, unlike the latter, continues to increase. Pipelines, especially main ones, with high throughput, run mainly along the deposit - processing - consumer route, which can stretch for many kilometers across the territories of several countries. For the right to own (hence, receive transit duties) an international pipeline on one’s territory, there are sometimes lengthy economic disputes, often escalating into regional diplomatic or military conflicts

1.4 Transport hubs and corridors

Transport corridors-- is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with necessary arrangements, providing transportation of passengers and cargo between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.

A transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations to service transit, local and urban transport of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In a transport system, nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Large transport hubs are always large cities because they attract trade, it is convenient to develop industry here (there are no supply problems), and the transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs (many still exist due to this role). First of all, these are port cities: in the UK - London, in France - Marseille, Paris, in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, ​​in Italy - Venice, Milan, in the Netherlands - the so-called Ranstadt (a complex of transport hubs connected into a single network - Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague), in Sweden - Stockholm, in the USA - New York, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, in Australia - Sydney, in Japan - Tokyo, in China - Shanghai, Singapore. There are also less common examples. Thus, the city of Shannon in Ireland mainly lives off the airport. Some cities serve as passenger transport hubs rather than freight hubs, for example, Simferopol in Crimea, where numerous tourists arrive and transfer there to transport that takes them to the cities of the Crimean coast.

Chapter 2. Transport in the modern economy

Transport in a modern innovative economy is the most important factor economic growth, as a condition for the realization of competitive advantages, and mainly, as an active factor in the competitiveness of goods and organizations in the market, the formation of the quality of life of people, and the development of the national economy.

In the modern economy, transport is the most important tool of integration processes:

he participates in the structuring of the market economy,

forms economic space;

develops world trade;

opens the way to the globalization of innovative production;

stimulates organizations various forms ownership to participate in the global market by expanding access to major markets for goods and services;

ensures employment growth (for example, in the aviation industry alone it provides about 29 million jobs).

increases the competitiveness of products and organizations in markets for goods and services in various parts of the world.

produces the introduction of innovative technologies.

helps attract investment to various countries and regions and diversify the economy.

forms a system of quality of life for the population.

2.1 Transport and economic growth: problems of interrelation

All factors of economic growth are usually divided into basic, or fundamental, and specific, or complementary factors (conditions) of economic growth.

The fundamental factors of economic growth include labor and natural resources, physical capital, as well as production and management technologies. Among the specific factors of economic growth are: information resources, the type of sectoral structure of the economy, investments in human capital, the level of development of production, in particular, transport infrastructure, regional factors, as well as the mechanism of interregional interaction, which are of fundamental importance for countries with a complex territorial structure.

The connection between economic growth and transport as its factor can be considered in various aspects.

On the one hand, economic growth is determined by the availability of main resources (labor, capital and technology), as well as their effective combinations, which cannot be ensured without appropriate mobility or inter-sectoral movements.

On the other hand, economic growth is determined by the presence of a developed export base, the competitiveness of which is determined by the presence of conditions for intensive interregional (intercountry) commodity flows, which are the level of development and features of the location of the transport network, the costs of transportation and cargo insurance, the level of prices for carrier services in road, rail, water and air transport.

Consequently, transport can be considered as a public good (the consumption of which is characterized by the properties of non-competitiveness and non-excludability) from the point of view of creating conditions for the competitiveness of economic agents operating in a certain territory. Those regions that quickly create production infrastructure, including transport infrastructure, receive sustainable competitive advantages, which is realized in the influx of investments, more productive factors and production conditions that ensure regional economic growth.

Valid also inverse relationship: the growth of total productivity of production factors is a function of the presence and development of transport infrastructure facilities, since a developed transport infrastructure allows entrepreneurs to more easily adapt new technologies and, therefore, generate technical progress, and thereby economic growth.

This allows us to consider transport as a factor contributing to socially oriented economic growth, because transport allows us to reduce regional differentiation in the levels of socio-economic development. A developed transport infrastructure, equal access of economic agents, as well as different (according to the level of wealth) groups of the population to its facilities lead to equalization of the level of income received, reduction of costs per unit of production, and increased consumption of transport services.

The innovative type of economic growth puts forward new requirements for transport and the main parameters of its development. Let us note the following circumstances:

1. While maintaining the main functions of the transport system (an instrument for the unity of national commodity markets and the interconnection of regions; a factor that creates and organizes a single economic space; a source of development territorial division labor and realization of comparative competitive advantages; condition for ensuring the country's security; a means of moving and increasing the mobility of the population, the scale, directions and strategy of transport development should be of a priority nature in comparison with the parameters of the socio-economic development of the country as a whole. Only with this approach will transport not be a factor constraining socio-economic development.

Ensuring the rapid development of the transport system in comparison with other economic subsystems should mark the completion of the stage of “sectoral” development of transport, and the transition to the development of transport as universal type activities, which, in turn, should become the cornerstone of a new transport policy, the object of which is a unified transport system.

2. The system-forming role of transport is significantly increasing, which is also manifested in the strengthening of the relationship between the tasks of transport development and the priorities in the field of socio-economic transformations.

In the context of globalization of the world economy, transport, along with the financial and information spheres, acts as the most important lever of integration processes. The special role of transport is determined by the fact that thanks to transport the market economy is structured and a single economic space is formed.

This predetermines new emphasis in the restructuring of the transport system, emphasis on creating internal and external conditions for the effective integration of the national transport system into the global transport system.

3. The problem of increasing the competitiveness of goods and services for the Russian economy is key at the present stage of development. In this regard, the search for points of growth, unique “foci” of competitiveness, adequate to the challenges of globalization and the patterns of post-industrial development, is at the center of discussions about ways to overcome the backlog of the Russian economy, mechanisms for its modernization, goals and priorities of the state’s economic policy, ensuring long-term and sustainable economic growth , improving the quality of life of the population.

Today, the sources of positive dynamics of economic growth are sought not so much on the side of traditional, “natural” production conditions, associated, for example, with the availability of resources, but on the side of purposefully formed, acquired competitive advantages.

In relation to Russia, we can talk about using its transit potential, associated with the special geographical position of the country as a natural transport corridor connecting the European, Asia-Pacific regions and the American continent.

The foregoing allows us to conclude that transport should be considered not only as the most important factor in economic growth of a new, post-industrial type, a condition for the realization of competitive advantages, but also, mainly, as an active factor in shaping the competitiveness of goods and services in the national economy as a whole.

4. The recent openness of the national transport market places new demands on the level of competitiveness of transport. The limitations associated with the underdevelopment of a unified transport system, discrepancies in tax, tariff, and investment policies are clearly revealed, which, in fact, indicates the absence of a unified transport policy and effective mechanisms for its formation and implementation.

5. Among the modern challenges that the national transport system must respond to, a special place is occupied by the spatial mobility of the population, which is not yet adequate not only to the requirements of an innovative type of economic growth, but also to the needs of a market economy. Research shows that, in general, population mobility in Russia is significantly lower than in countries with developed market economies. According to estimates, up to 1/3 of the regions are in the so-called poverty trap; the population of these regions does not have economic opportunities to leave these regions, which, in particular, may explain why in Russia there is no convergence of regions in terms of income levels. Let us add that in Russia there are several tens of thousands settlements, having only a seasonal connection with “big roads”.

The globalization of the modern economy makes new demands on the formation of the competitiveness of national systems.

2.2 The role of railway transport in the unified transport system of Ukraine

In the broad sense of the word, modern transport is a large and complex complex of the national economy, within which various types of so-called mainline transport, as well as urban and industrial transport, operate as independent industries. Despite administrative and economic independence, all types of transport are in a certain interdependence and have a significant impact on both the transportation process and the final technical and economic results of activities.

The coherence and interaction of all types of transport allows us to talk about a unified transport system of Ukraine, which acts as one of the basic sectors of the national economy, contributing to the unification of all economic regions of the country into a single economic complex and the integrated development of each economic region. The degree of development and efficiency of transport depends on the uninterrupted interaction of all sectors of the national economy and enterprises, the timeliness of inter-industry and inter-district deliveries of various products.

In modern market conditions, high demands are placed on the transport system of Ukraine in terms of quality, regularity and reliability of transport connections, safety of cargo and safety of passenger transportation, delivery times and costs. In accordance with this, the state of the country's transport communications must meet the requirements of European integration.

The unified transport system of Ukraine includes the following types of transport: land (railway, road, pipeline); water (sea, inland water); air.

All types of transport are developing. Some of them play an important role in international economic and passenger connections (sea, air), others serve mainly domestic connections.

The most developed railway transport in Ukraine. It plays a decisive role in the country’s unified transport system, significantly influencing economic relations between producers and consumers of products, regions and economic regions of Ukraine, and foreign countries.

Rail transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers along rail tracks. Due to its reliability, regularity, the ability to transport goods and passengers regardless of the time of year and weather conditions, low impact on the environment (compared to other modes of transport), low energy intensity of transportation work (energy consumption in railway transport is 6 times less than in aviation, and 3 times less than in motor transport) is widely used in both domestic and international relations.

The railway transport of Ukraine in terms of the total length of tracks (23 thousand km) ranks fourth in the world (after the USA, Russia, and Canada). In terms of cargo turnover, it carries out the main volume of transportation - 40-50% (even in the year of the greatest decline - 1997 - over 40%), and in terms of passenger turnover it is the undisputed leader - it accounts for 50-70% of the total volume of traffic. · Transportation work carried out on railways of Ukraine is almost equal to the volume performed by the railways of the EU countries taken together. The developed length of railway lines of these European countries exceeds those existing in Ukraine by 4.2 times, the level of cargo transportation per capita in Ukraine is 3.3 times higher than their total value for these countries. This indicates a higher freight load and intensity of Ukrainian railways compared to European ones. The role of railway transport in the transport communications system of Ukraine is enhanced by the fact that the main trans-European transport corridors run through the territory of the state: East-West, Baltic-Black Sea. In particular, the trans-European railway E-30, originating in Berlin, crosses Ukraine along the Mostiska-Lviv-Kyiv route and goes further to Moscow. On the territory of Poland, it intersects with the E-59 and E-65 highways, and creates the possibility of high-speed rail communication between almost all European countries.

With Ukraine's entry into the European economic space, with the resulting increase in the volume of freight and passenger traffic, the importance of railway transport is increasing.

Railway communications, together with other modes of transport, form territorial connections of tracks, technical means and transportation services, including all types of interacting transport. In the transport system of Ukraine, railway transport closely interacts with road transport (with the Kharkov-Rostov highway on the Don, the Kharkov-Sevastopol highway, etc.), river transport (with ports on the Dnieper, Desna, Danube), sea transport (in the ports of Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson ) and other modes of transport. The coordination of actions of all modes of transport ensures effective block and mixed communications, in which the role of container transportation is growing as the most progressive method of delivering products.

Conclusion

In this work, the transport system of the world is studied. The features of transport, its positive and negative aspects were identified, trends and problems in the development of the transport system were considered, because transport is an important connecting link in the global economy, without which the normal functioning of no state is possible.

Stabilization of the economy and its recovery are impossible without solving the main problems of the transport complex. First of all, the issues that need to be addressed are increasing investment in this industry, attracting foreign capital, establishing the work of suppliers of the transport complex - transport engineering, electrical and electronic industries, instrument making, construction industry, etc. In the transport complex itself, closer coordination of the work of everyone is necessary. modes of transport among themselves and with sectors of the national economy. Modern transport world system is closely connected not only with the economic situation in the world, but also with natural disasters. Thus, in April 2010, due to a volcanic eruption in Iceland, air transport was blocked, which made it possible for the rapid development of land and rail transport. According to scientists, the volcanic eruption could last from 4 to 60 years, thereby the movement of air transport will completely stop and there will be a large-scale development of railway and land transport. The role of transport in the modern world economy is difficult to overestimate. Thanks to it, communication is established between industrial and agricultural enterprises, raw material bases and producers, various sectors of the economy, and various regions globe. Transport networks of the world were formed under the influence of such socio-economic factors: the location of industrial centers, cities and sources of minerals; crowded cities; natural conditions (climate, relief); directions of main cargo flows and historical features of the formation of the state. The freight intensity and turnover of a particular type of transport depends on which sectors of the economy it serves, therefore it is necessary to take into account the location of sectors of the economy and the characteristics of their raw material and fuel bases. The main modes of transport in the world are road and rail.

List of used literature

1. Gabdullin A. Pipeline transport, its features and prospects. 2006.

2. Efimova E.G. Transport in the world economy. Ankil - M:, 2007

3. Zheltikov V.P. Economical geography. Phoenix-M, 2004

4. Management of the transport process: Textbook, manual. / Comp.L.N. Kleptsova, KuzGTU. - Kemerovo, 2001.434p.

5. Margovenko A.G. “Roads of the Tsars” (Russian) // Ural Magazine, 2004. - No. 10.

6. Dunaev N.V. Transport in the modern economy // Transport safety and technology, 2008. - No. 1

7. Lipets Yu. G., Pulyarkin V.V. Geography of the world economy. St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2000.

8. Troitskaya N.A. Unified transport system. Textbook for students of educational institutions. Prof. education. Publishing center "Academy" - M:, 2003.

9. Shishkina L.N. Transport system of Russia - M:, 2003.

10. Newspaper "Transport of Russia" No. 37, 2007.

11. Magazine "Economist" No. 7, 2007

12. Bainazarov A.M., Vysochin M.Yu., Shmatko O.E., Yakovchuk O.V. Geography: A practical reference book. - Kharkov: FOP Spivak T.K., 2009.

13. Geographical encyclopedic dictionary. Concepts and terms/Ch. ed. A.F. Treshnikov; Ed. Col.: E.B. Alaev, P.M. Alampiev and others - M., Sov. encyclopedia, 1988. - 432 pp., ill.

14. Zastavny F.D. Geography of Ukraine. - Lvov: Sweet, 1990. - 360 p.

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Transport has been one of the important factors of economic development since ancient times. It is often called the circulatory system of the world economy. Without transportation, international and domestic division of labor would be impossible. All countries of the world have their own transport systems, and the density and quality of transport routes serve as indicators of the level of economic development of these countries.

Transport system - This is a complementary combination of different types of transport and transport communications in a certain territory. Currently, the following modes of transport play the greatest role in passenger and freight transportation: land (road and rail), water (sea and river), air (aviation), underground (pipeline), etc. The importance of different modes of transport can be known to a certain extent judged by the length of its transport routes (Table 5.34).

The absolute leader in terms of the length of transport routes is road transport. This is due to its ease of use, maneuverability in movement “from door to door”, accessibility and significant speeds. Maritime transport ranks second in terms of route length due to the vast area of ​​the World Ocean and the sharp increase in intercontinental maritime transport in the last two to three decades. The role of other modes of transport is more modest in comparison.

Table 5.34

Length of routes of various modes of transport in the world in 2014.

To characterize the operation of various modes of transport, four indicators are most widely used: the volume of cargo transported (measured in tons), freight turnover (ton-kilometers), the volume of passengers transported (number of passengers) and passenger turnover (passenger-kilometers). The main ones are cargo and passenger turnover, since they take into account not only the number of goods or passengers transported, but also the distance of these transportations. More than 3/5 of the total world freight turnover is provided by sea transport, 4/5 of passenger turnover by road (Table 5.35).

Table 5.35

Share of various modes of transport in the structure of world freight and passenger turnover, 2014.

Due to the technological characteristics of individual types of transport, the nature of the prevailing cargo and the natural characteristics of different regions of the world, in each of them, the leading one, as a rule, is one type of transport. For example, in the vast majority of developed countries and in many developing countries (primarily Latin American countries), the main mode of transport is road transport. The democratic tradition played a decisive role here, which determined motorization as a manifestation of independence and freedom. In Russia, China and India, railways have always been a priority, and in the countries of South-West Asia, due to their extreme wealth in oil and natural gas reserves, pipeline transport has been a priority. In Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines and Chile, even in domestic transport, sea transport occupies a leading position, and in the Netherlands - river transport.

The most developed transport system is in North America, which accounts for about 30% of the total length of transport communications and a leading role in cargo turnover. The density of communications and the volume of cargo turnover in transport are high in Europe and Japan. On the contrary, in vast areas of Africa, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great. In vast areas of the tundra, taiga, desert zones and highlands, modern land transport systems are completely absent.

Automobile transport began to be used later than water and rail, but quickly gained an important place in the world transport system. Road transport ranks first in the world in passenger transportation. It is most convenient for cargo transportation over distances of up to several hundred kilometers. Road transport is effectively used for the delivery of goods to main modes of transport and in intracity transportation. It plays an important role in the transportation of perishable, especially valuable goods that require fast delivery.

In terms of the total length of highways, the world leadership is firmly held by the USA, India, Brazil, China, and Japan (Table 5.36). In terms of the length of the paved road network, the United States remains the leader, followed by Japan, France, Germany and other developed countries. This is because in most developing countries, dirt roads still predominate. In terms of the length of high-class highways - "highways" or "autobahns" - the USA and Germany stand out. In terms of the density of paved roads (km of roads per 1000 sq. km of territory), Japan and European countries stand out: Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.

Table 5.36

The length and density of the road network in countries around the world,

2014

At the beginning of the 21st century. the number of passenger cars was almost 2.5 times higher than the number of trucks. The USA has the largest vehicle fleet (Table 5.37). The car fleet in China is growing rapidly: now this country ranks second in the number of passenger cars, and at the end of the 20th century. she wasn't even in the top ten. The top five leaders in terms of large vehicle fleet also include Japan, Germany, and Russia.

Economically developed countries traditionally lead in the provision of cars per 1000 people, including the USA, Australia and small European countries (Table 5.38). The level of motorization in Russia is constantly growing, but is still inferior to the top ten countries in terms of motorization, amounting to 317 cars per 1000 inhabitants.

Table 5.37

The largest car parks in the world in 2014

Table 5.38

Number of individual passenger cars per 1000 population in countries of the world in 2014.

Railway transport plays a major role in the development of the world economy, and its intensive growth is strongly associated with the beginning of the industrial revolution. This type of transport specializes in transporting bulk cargo over long distances (coal, iron ore, cement, timber, grain, etc.). It is actively involved in the transportation of passengers: commuter electric trains, trains long distance, metro). The use of railway transport is most effective where large-scale freight and passenger traffic has formed.

Currently, the most extensive railway networks are primarily in large countries - the USA, Russia, China and India (Table 5.39). Moreover, about 30 countries of the world do not have railways at all. The maximum values ​​of railway density are observed in Belgium and Switzerland (over 200 km/1000 km 2), as well as in Germany and some other European countries. The global railway network is characterized by several types of gauge. In European countries, the USA, Japan and a number of developing countries, the gauge width is 1435 mm, in Russia, Finland and Mongolia - 1520 mm, in most developing countries - 1676, 1067, 1000 and 762 mm. Sometimes several types of gauge are found in one country. This greatly reduces the efficiency of operation of the railway network not only at the international, but also at the interregional level.

Table 5.39

Length of the public railway network in countries around the world in 2014.

The most intensively operated railways, as a rule, are made double-track and converted to electric traction. The fact is that a double-track line can carry 5 times more trains than a single-track line. In terms of the length of electrified railways in the world, Russia, Germany, France, India and China are currently leading (Table 5.40). The share of electrified roads tends to be highest in countries with mountainous terrain, as an electric locomotive can travel better up and down hills. In Russia it is 47%, in the USA - 1%, and in Australia and Canada there are none at all. The low share of electrified railways in the United States is due to the tradition of the early 20th century, when oil companies, in an effort to sell as many petroleum products as possible, vigorously lobbied for the development of diesel traction.

Table 5.40

Place of countries in the world by length of electrified railways and share of electrified railways in countries of the world

in 2014

In terms of railway freight turnover, the world leaders are the USA, China and Russia. They are characterized by significant disproportions in the development of individual regions. In terms of passenger turnover, India, Japan and China stand out. Rail transport in these countries is traditionally very cheap and convenient, and therefore popular (Table 5.41).

The metro makes a significant contribution to the passenger turnover of railway transport. The first metro line appeared in 1863 in London (Great Britain). The London Underground is still the most extensive in the world. In 1868, construction of the metro began in New York, in 1896 - in Budapest, in 1900 - in Paris, in 1901 - in Boston, in 1902 - in Berlin and Mexico City, in 1907 - in Philadelphia. Currently, New York has the longest metro system (over 450 km and over 500 stations). The first metro construction projects in the capital of the Russian Empire, St. Petersburg, appeared at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, but the first metro in Russia was built in Moscow only in 1935. Now seven Russian cities have metro systems.

Table 5.4 7

Operation of railway transport in countries around the world in 2014

Among the latest trends in the development of world railway transport: a reduction in the length of railways in economically developed countries and an increase in developing countries; creation of expressways for passenger and postal transportation. A relatively extensive network of such routes has already been built in Japan, France, Germany, the USA and Spain. In Japan - Shinkansen (New Line), in France - TGV, in Germany - Inter Continental and Inter City. The speed record for trains on them has already exceeded 500 km/h.

Pipeline transport used primarily to transport oil and gas from production sites to ports or directly to consumers. The development of pipeline transport began in 1863, when the world's first oil pipeline was built in Pennsylvania (USA). At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Oil pipelines have already appeared in all countries where oil production has begun. Rapid growth in the total length of the world's oil pipeline network occurred in the 1950s, when oil became the world's dominant fuel. It was at this time that countries with large oil reserves quickly increased their production, while others that did not have such reserves began to show increased demand for it. The era of intensive construction of gas pipelines came somewhat later, only in the 80s. XX century Currently, the most extensive networks of oil and gas pipelines are: largest countries- producers and the largest countries - consumers of hydrocarbon raw materials (Table 5.42).

Table 5.42

Length of main oil and gas pipelines in countries around the world

in 2014

Sea transport is rightfully considered one of the oldest. It became a vital part of the world transport system over 500 years ago during the Age of Discovery. Since then, the presence of a navy (military and civilian) has been considered one of the main symbols of the country's power. So, XV-XVII centuries. went down in history as the time of dominance of the Portuguese and Spanish fleets, the first half of the 18th century. - Dutch, second half of the 17th century. and the entire 19th century. - English fleet. At the beginning of the 20th century. The American, German and Japanese fleets experienced rapid progress. The pattern here was this: the greater the country’s role in the world economy, the more powerful the navy it had. In subsequent decades, the situation changed dramatically. A significant part of the ships owned by the largest shipping companies in developed countries was re-registered in countries, as a rule, of medium and low levels of development. This is how the concepts of “runaway tonnage” and “country of a cheap flag” arose. Registering ships in these countries allows you not only to avoid high taxes, but also to significantly save on operating costs, primarily by hiring cheaper and less qualified labor. So, at present, countries such as Panama, Liberia, the Marshall Islands, and Hong Kong officially have the largest naval fleets (Table 5.43). In reality, ships that sail under the “flags of convenience” of Panama or Liberia serve mainly developed countries, primarily the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, etc.

Table 5.43

The largest maritime merchant fleets in the world in 2014

1 Deadweight is the total carrying capacity of the ship, the mass of all cargo that the ship can accept. Deadweight includes the mass of payload (net load capacity), ship supplies (fuel, water for steam generators, lubricating oil, fresh water and provisions for the crew, consumables, etc.), crew, etc.

The role of maritime transport in the transportation of passengers has now greatly decreased. If at the beginning of the 20th century. passenger liners plying between the Old and New Worlds carried up to 3 million passengers annually, then by the beginning of the 21st century. these transportations decreased hundreds of times. The reason is low speed movement that cannot keep up with the high pace of life. On the other hand, the needs of the tourism industry have created the need for entertainment tourist ships.

In freight transport, unlike passenger transport, sea transport retains its leading position. Advantages of sea transport: large carrying capacity, allowing to transport large quantities of cargo, high throughput, relatively low cost. Among the disadvantages: the need for equipped ports, low speed of movement, dependence on natural conditions.

In 2015, the world's maritime merchant fleet consisted of more than 72 thousand vessels with a total capacity (tonnage) of 1,729.3 million tons. The world's oceans have turned into a space through which millions of transport routes pass and vessels for various purposes constantly ply. Dry cargo ships transport food (grain, tea, coffee, etc.) and raw materials for industrial production (coal, ore, phosphorites, etc.) from exporting countries to importing countries. Tankers transport almost half of all oil transported in the world. Unfortunately, it is still impossible to achieve accident-free operation of the tanker fleet, and large-scale oil spills occur in major accidents.

Currently, the volume of container transportation of goods is growing rapidly, which is becoming the main form in the maritime transportation of goods. Sea containers for transporting goods are beneficial for a number of reasons: they store the cargo well, the goods are loaded into the container once at the sender and unloaded at the recipient's warehouse, less costs are required for containers for the goods, and the loading and unloading process is accelerated. Especially actively used container transportation in trade between the US, EU states and Japan.

To characterize the work of global maritime transport, the territorial structure of its transportation plays an important role. The area with the most intensive maritime traffic is usually the one with the highest level of economic development. So, from the 1st millennium BC. the center of world maritime transport was the Mediterranean Sea, in the Middle Ages (XII-XV centuries) - the Baltic, Northern and Mediterranean Sea. It was during this period that the port cities of the Hanseatic League (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, Gdansk, Riga, etc.) flourished on trade with the countries of Northern and Eastern Europe, and Venice, Genoa and Dubrovnik flourished on trade with the Arabs. During the Age of Discovery, the main center of world shipping moved to the Atlantic Ocean. For some time, Lisbon, Seville, and then Cadiz became the largest seaports in the world. Somewhat later they were supplanted by Antwerp and Amsterdam. In the second half of the 18th century. London took the palm, and at the beginning of the 20th century. - NY. In the 1970s In connection with the rapid economic development of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR), the main hub of maritime transport began to gradually shift from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In a relatively short time, the seaports of Japan, South Korea, Singapore, China and Taiwan have rapidly increased their cargo turnover.

Currently, about half of maritime transport takes place in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. 2/3 of all seaports are located on the coast of this ocean. The main directions of maritime shipping: North Atlantic (the largest in the world) - between Europe and North America; South Atlantic, connecting Europe with South America; Western Atlantic, connecting Europe with Africa.

The second place is occupied by the Pacific Ocean, which accounts for 1/3 of world traffic. The highest growth rates of freight turnover are typical here. Its shores are home to 30 states with a population of 2.5 billion people, many of which have high rates of economic development. On the shores of the Pacific Ocean there are many large ports of China, Southeast Asia, Australia, the USA and Canada. The largest cargo flow here is between the USA, China and Japan. It is here that the ports that are among the top five largest ports in the world are located: Shanghai, Singapore, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Qingdao (Table 5.44).

Table 5.44

The largest ports in the world in 2014

The third place in terms of maritime traffic volume is occupied by the Indian Ocean, with 30 countries with a population of 1 billion people accessing its shores. The most powerful cargo flows here occur in the Persian Gulf region.

The most intense ocean routes pass through the straits: English Channel (more than 800 per day), Gibraltar (200 ships per day), Sound, Hormuz, Malacca, Bosphorus, Bab el-Mandeb, Dardanelles, Skagerrak, Polk, Bering, Mozambique and etc. Intensive shipping is carried out through sea canals: Suez (Egypt), Panama (Panama).

Inland water (river and lake) transport continues to be used in many regions of the world. This is one of the oldest types of transport. Navigation on many rivers and lakes was carried out in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India and Ancient China. Currently, the majority of cargo and passengers are transported along rivers, lakes and canals in the countries of North America (USA and Canada) and Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, etc.). The most intensively used rivers for navigation are also located there: the Mississippi with its tributaries and the St. Lawrence in North America; Rhine, Scheldt, Meuse, Elbe, Danube, Oder, Vistula, Seine, Loire, Garonne and Rhone in Europe. Among other countries in the world, there is a relatively highly developed domestic by water transport Perhaps only Russia and China have it.

In some regions, international river systems have traditionally played a large role, such as the Rhine and Danube in Europe, the St. Lawrence in North America, and the Paraná in Latin America. The world's largest shipping canals were built and operated in the USA (Coast and Erie Canal), China (Great Canal), Germany (Rhine-Main-Danube, Central German, Dortmund-Ems, etc.), France (Central, Burgundy, Eastern , Marne-Rhine, Rhone-Rhine, Yuzhny, etc.) and Russia (Volgo-Baltic, White Sea-Baltic, named after Moscow and Volga-Don).

Among lakes in terms of the volume of cargo transported, the world leadership is firmly held by the Great American Lakes system. It is also the largest international lake system.

The largest river port in the world is Duisburg (Germany), which is called the “western gate of the Ruhr”. The largest river ports also include Cologne (Germany), Memphis, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Louisville and Cincinnati (USA).

Aviation transport began to develop relatively recently, but quickly gained an important place in the global transport system. Aviation in the 20th century. has become one of the main symbols of scientific and technological progress. Its most important function was the transportation of passengers. Air transport is indispensable in the rapid transportation of small and medium-sized cargo, perishable goods, in the emergency delivery of documents, products, etc. The speed of modern airliners reaches 1000 km/h.

The network of regular international airlines has a total length of over 10 million km, most of them passing over the Atlantic. There are several thousand airports in the world, more than a thousand of them are international. The world's largest airports in terms of passenger traffic are in London, Frankfurt am Main, Paris (Europe); New York, Chicago, Dallas, Atlanta (USA); Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Dubai (Asia); Johannesburg (Africa). All of them serve tens of millions of passengers per year. Among the world's airlines, the largest are American (Southwest Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines) and European (Lufthansa, Air France).

Domestic national air transportation networks are most developed in countries with a relatively large area. China ranks second in terms of air travel (international and domestic) after the United States. Air transport plays an important role in Russia. Our country ranks second in the world in terms of the total length of airlines.

Questions for self-control

• 1. What is the role of transport in the development of the world economy?
• 2. Name countries with a dense transport network. What role in their economic development transport playing?
• 3. What advantages does road transport have over rail transport?
• 4. What are the features of the development of railway transport at the beginning of the 21st century?
• 5. Indicate the leading ports in terms of cargo turnover. How can one explain their leadership?
• 6. In which countries of the world has pipeline transport developed? Why?
• 7. List the cities - the largest airports in the world. Show them on the map.
• 8. Show on the map the rivers that serve as international waterways.