Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

This section contains examples of standard plans that students from grades 6 to 11 use when creating a description of certain geographical objects, not only in geography lessons, but also when doing homework.

Plan for describing the geographical location of the continent

1. The location of the continent relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles) and the prime meridian.
2. The extreme points of the continent, their coordinates and the length of the continent in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
3. In what climatic zones is the continent located?
4. Oceans and seas washing the continent.
5. The location of the continent relative to other continents.

Plan for describing the relief of the territory

1. General character of the surface. How can we explain it?

2. The position of different landforms in the study area.

3. Predominant and greatest height.

Climate description plan

1. In what climatic zone and in what area is the territory located?

2. Average temperatures in July and January. Direction and reasons for their change.

3. Prevailing winds (by season).

4. Annual precipitation and its regime. Reasons for differences in the amount of precipitation across the territory.

Characteristics of the climate diagram

1. Description of the annual temperature range. Average temperature in January, July, annual amplitude.

2. Annual precipitation, its seasonal regime.

3. Conclusion about the type of climate.

River description plan

1. Geographical position rivers.

2. Where does it originate and where does it flow?

3. River length, basin area, large tributaries.

5. Dependence of the nature of the flow on the relief. Fall, slope of the river.

6. River power sources.

7. River regime, its dependence on climate.

8. Human use of the river.

Natural area description plan

1. Geographical location of the zone.

2. Climatic conditions.

3. Inland waters.

4. Soils.

5. Vegetation.

6. Animal world.

Country (region) characteristics plan

1. EGP of the country (regions).

2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources.

3. Population and labor resources. Possibilities of their use.

4. Historical background for the development of the economy.

5. Specialization of the farm; the main features of its placement.

6. Main features of transport geography.

7. Relationships between industries and territories within a region, country, city.

8. General conclusion: development prospects.

Characteristics plan for the EGP of the country (region)

1. Position of the object on the territory of the mainland (state).

2. Position in relation to neighboring countries and regions.

3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw materials, industrial and agricultural areas.

4. Position in relation to main transport routes.

5. Position in relation to the main areas of product sales.

6. Change in EGP over time.

7. Conclusion about the possibility of influence of EGP on the development of the economy of the country (region).

Plan of characteristics of the country's population

1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy.

2. Age and sex composition, availability of labor resources.

3. National (ethnic) composition of the population.

4. Social class composition of the population.

5. Main features of population distribution. Impact of migrations on this placement.

6. Level, pace and forms of urbanization. Main cities and urban agglomerations.

7. Rural settlement.

8. Conclusion: prospects for population and labor force growth.

Plan of characteristics of the industry of the World economy

1. The importance of the industry, its sectoral composition, the influence of scientific and technological progress on its development.

2. Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry, their placement.

3. Size of production with distribution by main geographical regions.

4. Main producing countries.

5. Factors that determined the location of the industry in these areas.

6. Environmental and ecological problems industry.

7. Main countries of export and import of products. The most important cargo flows.

8. Conclusion: prospects for the development and location of the industry. 

“Geography of “Foreign Europe”” - Area of ​​Foreign Europe. Classification of cities. Sweden. Helsinki. Traveling around Foreign Europe. EGP of the countries of Foreign Europe. The main tourist base of the world. Finland and Sweden. Energy resources of the region. Most countries of Foreign Europe. Mineral deposits. Madrid. Lisbon. Iceland. Frankfurt. Northern part. South part. The largest country by area. Study plan general characteristics region.

“Characteristics of Foreign Europe” - Recreational resources. Sinkwine. Providing plants with heat. Benefits of ICT. Preparing students to learn new material. Andorra. Providing plants with moisture. Examples of European countries of different sizes. Countries are leaders in the production of agricultural products. Composition of the European Region. Information technology. Europe. Geographical location of Europe. Resource potential of Foreign Europe. The political system of European countries.

“Map of Foreign Europe” - Regions of Foreign Europe. Borders of the Iron Curtain. Political map of Europe. NATO. Territory of the region. Foreign Europe. European Economic Community. Territory. Natural conditions. Council of Europe. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Microstates of Europe.

“Regions of Foreign Europe” - Paris. Microstates of Europe. Lille. Flag of France. Foreign Europe. Germany. One of the largest European countries. European Economic Community. Winemaking. Countries of Foreign Europe. Regions of Foreign Europe. Chamonix. France. Erfurt. Territory. Political map of Europe. A huge number of cultural values. Reims. A highly developed industrial country. Food. Germany. Rivers.

"Economy of Foreign Europe" - Chemical industry. Industry. Fuel and energy complex. Plan for characterizing natural conditions. Export. Practical work. Agriculture. Industries. Type of population reproduction. Characteristics of agriculture. Plan of characteristics of the country's agriculture. Light industry. Mechanical engineering. Farm type. London area. Ferrous metallurgy. Economy of Foreign Europe.

“States of Foreign Europe” - Assignment. Natural prerequisites for industry. Regions of Foreign Europe. Microstates of Europe. Answer the questions. Old light. The birthplace of great geographical discoveries. Foreign Europe. Changes to political map Europe. Economic and geographical position of Europe. Practical work. Features of the EGP.

Detailed solution to Topic 6 in Geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017

• Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Using atlas maps, characterize the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use a standard plan EGP characteristics countries (see plan on p. 233).

Task 2. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Explain why no other part of the world has as many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Map republics and monarchies to contour map. Also use the table. 2 in Applications.

Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. Modern European monarchs have limited power or simply serve a ceremonial role.

Task 3. Using the map of mineral resources of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region).

Task 4. Using Fig. 44, characterize foreign Europe as the main region of immigration. Highlight countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Extract from rice. 44 as much information as possible.

In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, and in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe, African and Asian countries. At the same time, there is population migration within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from less economically developed countries of Europe (Balkans, Spain, Italy) to more developed ones, primarily to the UK.

Task 5. Based on the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, characterize the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with uninational, binational and multinational populations.

Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. The Ural family is represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.

Task 6. Using Fig. 45 and physical card foreign Europe in the atlas, classify millionaire cities in the region according to their EGP. Identify cities located: 1) on sea coasts; 2) at river mouths; 3) far from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) far from the seas. Reflect the classification results in the table. Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?

Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?

In Belarus, Spain, Poland.

Task 7. Using the text and pictures of the textbook, atlas maps and tables 22-27 in the “Appendices”, specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. Using Figures 21-26, determine where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from in foreign Europe.

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering is focused primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), and Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the USA and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from the Persian Gulf countries (the largest supply flows) and Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, and Canada.

Task 8. Using the map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore basins; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including sea).

Examples of the orientation of ferrous metallurgy centers towards: 1) coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, Ural in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).

Task 9. Using Fig. 49 identify agricultural crops that are most typical for countries belonging to Central and Southern European types of agriculture. Establish similarities and differences. For explanation, also use the agroclimatic map in the atlas.

The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig farming and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. The South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, is characterized by the predominance of crop production, while livestock farming plays a secondary role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).

Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railway lines, navigable rivers and seaports of the region on the contour map. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.

Transport networks of individual countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (Germany).

Task 11. Using plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a report on cultural and historical attractions. Why did they become major tourism centers?

There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol London is the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which is better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also in Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Two more landmarks of London rise above Trafalgar Square - the London National and Portrait Galleries. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located a five-minute walk from Big Ben. In the center of London is the Tower of London and next to it is Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the British Crown Treasures. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.

London and Paris are oldest cities Europe and its cultural centers.

Task 12. Make a plan for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe, dedicated to getting to know World Cultural Heritage sites. Offer one or two route options.

European countries have big amount attractions that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To get acquainted with them, you can create 2 routes, one will pass through Northern Europe, some countries of Central Europe and the UK. The second route will pass through the countries of Central Europe.

1 route (main points):

Suomenlinna Fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drotningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geirangerfjord (Norway) - old Bergen shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg Castle (Denmark) - Rune stones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk area - Elshout (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) - Schröder House (Utrecht, the Netherlands) - 17th century concentric canals in the Singelgracht quarter (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) - Historic city center of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in Spienne area (Mons, Belgium) - Megalithic monuments Stonehenge (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)

Route 2 (main points):

Palace and park complex of the Radziwills in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) - Historical center of Warsaw (Poland) - Concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz, Poland) - Royal Salt Mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka, Poland) - Historic Center of Krakow (Poland) - Historic Center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Column of the Holy Trinity in Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral (Speyer, Germany) - Cathedral St. Mary and St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)

Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Identify its main industries and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?

The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production has formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industries, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers in the region are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, and Bochum.

Task 14. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, do it short message about one of the countries (of your choice).

When preparing your message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. Territory area - 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people. According to the government structure, it is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high level life.

The country's urbanization level is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. IN ethnic composition The population is dominated by Germans (92%).

Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr Basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated mainly on the sector industrial production and the service sector. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% is manufacturing. The agricultural sector accounts for 0.5-1.5% of GDP, employing the same amount of the country’s economically active population.

Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% commercial products agriculture comes from livestock farming. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. Pig farming ranks second in importance.

Germany is one of the founding countries and a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and is a member of the G7.

Task 15. Using atlas maps, plot on a contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural areas, transport routes and seaports of one of the foreign European countries (of your choice).

Task 16. Review the material in Part I of the textbook and Topic 6 “Foreign Europe”, as well as the tables in the “Appendices” and write down in a notebook all the information and digital data related to Germany. Use your notes to more fully characterize the economic and social geography of this country.

The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of Germany is its location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes in latitudinal and meridional directions, and the presence of access to the Baltic and North Seas.

In terms of its form of government, the Federal Republic of Germany is a parliamentary republic, and in terms of its administrative-territorial structure, it is a federal state.

In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the USA, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.

The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at the post-industrial stage of development.

In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.

Mechanical engineering focuses on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. In Great Britain and the Czech Republic, there are enterprises in this industry in almost every city.

The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.

The country has a developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. In terms of the sectoral structure of the non-ferrous industry, the copper industry stands out.

The transport network of Germany is multi-center.

Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of yield of field and garden crops and livestock productivity. The industry is characterized by the predominance of livestock farming. They raise mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the population's food needs. From food crops highest value have wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets.

The international specialization of Germany is the export of automobiles, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronics products, marine vessels, chemicals and light industrial products.

Task 17. Work in a notebook

17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) size of territory; 2) population size; 3) level of urbanization. Draw conclusions.

By territory size

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. Europe contains part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).

By population

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among European countries there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people and less than 1 million.

By level of urbanization

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with an urbanization percentage above 80% are dwarf states and the most economically developed countries in Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by climate influences. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

17.3. Using the tables, figures and text from Topic 6, determine which countries in the region are among the top ten countries in the world in terms of production individual species industrial and agricultural products. Present the obtained data in the form of a table.

17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources of information, describe your virtual journey along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.

The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). The Danube is often called an “international” river, as it flows through the territory of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. The main feature of the Danube is the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off from the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the muddiest among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. The territories of the water basin covered by the Danube along its entire length have the most diverse landscape. These include high mountain areas with glaciers, mountain ranges medium height, covered with forests. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. In its lower reaches, the Danube branches and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.

17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates Western Europe.

San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. Located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by Italy. San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country is entirely located on the southwestern slope of the Monte Titano mountain range, rising above the hilly plain of the Apennine foothills. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all the attractions are concentrated. The visiting card, as well as the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country), is the medieval complex “The Three Towers of San Marino”, located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many different museums in the capital. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

17.6. Identify the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying topic 6. Which of them are new to you?

The following methods were used to compile maps on this topic:

The method of map diagrams, with which you can trace the structure of industry;

Movement signs that are used to show spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena(for example, transport routes, population migration, etc.);

Icon method (reflection of production volume by country);

Qualitative and quantitative background method.

Self-control and mutual control block

Test your knowledge of specific material:

1. Which of the listed countries in foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?

Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.

2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?

Answer: Of the above, let Hungary and Serbia use the Danube Waterway for access to the sea, since they do not have access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important transport role. In addition, of the listed countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open access to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.

3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe are classified as world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, ​​Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?

Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)

4. Which of the following areas are considered highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?

Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).

Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:

1. What are character traits Western European city?

In the center of such a (Western European) city there is usually a main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which the narrow streets of the old city with residential buildings, shops and buildings radiate. Architectural and historical landmarks are usually preserved in the old city. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.

2. What are the specific features of the fuel and energy economy of the countries of Eastern Europe?

In the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place is occupied by oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia). In Eastern Europe, unlike the countries of Western Europe, the focus on coal as an energy source has been partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region also focus on coal basins.

3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?

In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. In the southern part, ore deposits predominate, and the reserves of fuel resources here are much smaller.

4. What are the characteristic features of the transport system of foreign Europe?

The region's transport system is of the Western European type. In terms of transportation range, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But in terms of security transport network ranks first in the world. It is characterized by high traffic density and the great importance of international and transit transport. Road transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods.

Use the cards to answer the questions:

1. In which countries of foreign Europe does the role of capital not be played by the largest city of the country?

Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.

2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?

Answer: Highest density population is typical for Monaco (more than 10,000 people/km2). Also high density typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. How can you get from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland Peninsula?

Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Sea. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.

4. Which industries are most typical for industrial areas and hubs formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal basins?

Industrial areas formed in metropolitan regions are characterized by mechanical engineering, electronics, food industry. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (fish processing and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry are developed in the coal basins.

5. Which metallurgical plants use imported raw materials and fuel?

Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate using imported raw materials and fuel. Such plants are found in Italy (Taranto), Germany, France, and Great Britain.

Explain:

1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of immigration?

Europe is characterized by the “aging of nations”, when the proportion of the elderly population increases and the proportion of young and working-age people sharply decreases. When superimposed on the still low birth rates, the demographic problem of Europe becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, European countries for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of wars in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has sharply increased. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).

2. Why is there a sharp advantage of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?

These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This is precisely what explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always the political centers of their countries. So Rome became the modern capital of Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was moved from Rome to other cities.

3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden 60-80% is accounted for by industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - by agriculture?

The countries of Southern Europe have more favorable agroclimatic resources compared to the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This makes it possible to actively develop agriculture; a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.

4. Why do oil monopolies explore and produce oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?

Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires costs to deliver this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries are pursuing an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries in order to reduce the dependence of the country’s energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, oil is being developed and produced on its territory.

5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?

Agricultural land in Norway occupies 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country's territory. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, strongly dissected by fjords and cut by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has an extended coastline and is washed by seas on 3 sides. In connection with this, fishing is developed.

6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?

Rhine is largest river Western Europe, which flows through the territory of countries such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. Also, the river is navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which in total with climatic conditions region (the Rhine does not freeze throughout the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine there are large cities characterized by a high level of industrial development.

7. Why has Europe been and remains the main region of international tourism?

This region has a rich history and cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural sights, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.

8. Why is the state of the environment, as a rule, the most threatening in depressed old industrial areas?

In old industrial regions, the main energy resource was coal. When coal is burned, it releases into the atmosphere a large number of particulate matter and carbon dioxide. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the environment. All these problems are multiplied as a result of the long existence of these areas, during which economic activity person.

Please indicate:

1. In which of the countries listed below do the population speak languages ​​of the Germanic group? Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?

Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.

2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?

Answer: The largest influx of immigrants is typical for Italy, Germany and France.

3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?

Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.

Statement 2 is true for France and Finland.

Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.

Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.

Statement 5 is true for Germany and Switzerland.

Can you:

2. From memory, identify countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia?

Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 – Portugal; 3 - Austria.

4. Name a country in foreign Europe where there is practically no rural population?

Answer: Monaco, Vatican.

5. Should we exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?

Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.

Choose the correct answer:

1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.

Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.

2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Holland.

Answer: Paris metropolitan area.

3. Of the capital cities of the region on the sea coast are: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.

Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.

4. Most oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.

Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (13th place in the world ranking as of 2016 according to OPEC).

Find out the country:

1. An island country in Western Europe, characterized in the past by mass emigration to the United States. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.

Answer: Ireland.

2. A country located on a peninsula in Northern Europe. Is constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industries.

Answer: Sweden.

3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, whose population speaks four official languages.

Answer: Switzerland.

Natural prerequisites for industrial development. 1. Natural prerequisites for industrial development. Foreign Europe has quite a variety of mineral resources, which have long been involved in economic turnover, and therefore are severely depleted and do not fully satisfy the needs of the region. The main features of their geography are determined by the tectonic features of the structure of the territory of this region (Fig. 1). Further. The northern part of the region has a predominantly platform structure. The most ancient and stable territory within its borders is formed by the Baltic Shield. In the east of foreign Europe there is the ancient East European Platform, covered with a thick sedimentary cover. In the south there is a zone of young folding. The rest of the territory is dominated by a young platform, formed on the site of the Hercynian folding, which occurred during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. It is characterized by a combination of platform areas with intermountain depressions and marginal troughs. Baltic shield. Enlarged map. Rice. 1. Tectonic structure of Foreign Europe.

Dimensions: 960 x 720 pixels, format: jpg. To download a free slide for use in a geography lesson, right-click on the image and click “Save Image As...”. You can download the entire presentation “Natural Resources.PPT” in a zip archive of 2960 KB in size.

Natural resources

“What is PTC in geography” - Plants. Land. Main ranks of PTK. Structure and relationships of PTC. Types of PTC. Animals. Water. Ptk. Main types of PTC. ? Inland waters. PTK mountains Climate. Lesson 1. The concept of a natural complex. Freshwater. Marine. PTK plains. 2. To the textbook edited by A. I. Alekseev. What is PTC. 1. Relief. Law of natural zonation.

"Arctic Desert" - Bird Bazaar. The southern border of the Arctic landscapes lies in Russia at approximately the 75th parallel. The vegetation here is poor, sparse and poorly developed. Recently, groups of tourists regularly come to the North Pole. These include most of the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Due to permafrost, the soil ruptures and frost cracks form.

“Deserts and semi-deserts” - The settled population is concentrated in oases. Desert animals live in burrows or burrow into the sand. Types of deserts. Oases. Why doesn't it rain in deserts? Animals. Other animals, such as camels, may long time do without water. Head: geography teacher Lyubov Vladimirovna Pivovarova Performer: student of 6th “B” class Lilia Sapukova.

“Mixed forest zone” - Now forests occupy 30% of the zone’s area. Vegetable world. Pheasant. Below you is a birch tree, silk grass... White birch, curly birch. Climate of the forest zone. Animals of the forests. Use of zone resources. Hedgehog. The average temperature in July is from +16° to +24°C, and in January from -8° to -16°C. Animal world. Reduction species composition flora and fauna.

The Federal Republic of Germany was founded in September 1949. by unifying the American, British and French zones of occupation of Germany after its defeat in World War II. In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was proclaimed on the territory of the eastern, Soviet zone of occupation. Germany has existed within its modern borders since the end of 1990, when the unification of the two German states took place. Berlin, which had previously been divided into two parts, was also united. Berlin Wall, which served as the state border. In 1991 Berlin was officially declared the capital of the country, but in fact the transfer of the capital to it from Bonn (30) took place in the 1990s.

The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of Germany is its centrality, location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes in latitudinal and meridional directions, the presence of wide access to the Baltic and North Seas, the ability to use such international rivers as the Rhine and Danube, direct land proximity to nine countries in Western, Northern and Eastern Europe. The unification of the country led to improvements in both economic-geographical, and the geopolitical position of Germany.

According to the form of government of the Federal Republic of Germany, it is a parliamentary republic with a bicameral parliament (Bundestag and Bundesrat) and a government headed by the Chancellor. The president, although officially considered the head of state, mainly performs only representative functions. According to the form of the administrative-territorial structure of the Federal Republic of Germany, it is a federal state consisting of 16 historical lands (regions), each of which has its own government and elected legislative bodies.

The population of Germany is characterized by several important specific features. First of all, it is the largest country in foreign Europe by population. But at the same time, this is a country with a very difficult demographic situation, where back in the early 70s. The mortality rate has begun to exceed the birth rate and severe depopulation can only be avoided thanks to constant labor immigration, which has recently been supplemented by an influx of political refugees.

Example. In terms of the number of immigrants, Germany ranks first in Europe; they make up almost 1/1 of all residents. The bulk of immigrants settle in large cities. Particularly characteristic in this regard is Frankfurt am Main, the largest business, financial and an important industrial center of the country.

The distribution of the population in Germany is characterized primarily by a very high average density (230 people per 1 km 2), and in some areas the density reaches 1000-2000 people per 1 km 2 or more.

Along with this, Germany is one of the most highly urbanized countries in the world (see Figure 18), ranking first in the region in terms of the number of urban agglomerations of various ranks.

Germany is a country of ancient urban culture. Some of its urban settlements date back to the times of the Roman Empire, but most of them arose already in the Middle Ages as fortresses, feudal residences, university centers, and free cities. In the era of new and modern times, they received further development, but nevertheless, many cities retained the features of previous eras in their appearance. Some relatively small German cities became famous as producers of some world-famous products: Solingen - metal, Jena - optical-mechanical, Gotha - cartographic, etc. Heidelberg and Göttingen are still widely known for their ancient universities, and Weimar is considered a museum city associated with the names of Goethe and Schiller. . The larger Hanover, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, and Leipzig continue the tradition of holding international fairs that began in the Middle Ages; In Leipzig, similar fairs have been held for more than 800 years! Every tenth book in the world is published in German.

The economy of Germany has reached a very high level of development. In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the USA, China, India (which are larger both in area and in population) and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita it is among the “top ten” leading countries in the world. The structure of the German economy (see Table 18 in the “Appendices”) convincingly indicates that this country is at the post-industrial stage of development. As a member of the European Union, Germany takes an active part in Western European integration. TNCs play the main role in the country's economy.

Among the 50 largest industrial companies in the world, seven are German. In five sectors of the world economy, German companies are among the top ten. In the chemical industry these are the concerns BASF, Hoechst and Bayer, in electrical engineering Siemens and Robert Bosch, in the automotive industry, Daimer-Benz and Volkswagen, in the iron and steel industry, Thyssen and Mannesmann, in the light industry, Adidas.

The industry of Germany, despite the gradual decline in its share in GDP, still largely determines the country’s role in the world economy, its “face” in the international geographical division of labor. In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world, behind the USA, Japan, and China (see Table 21 in the “Appendices”). In its structure, the main role for a long time was played by the traditional German heavy industry sectors: coal, metallurgy, metal-intensive mechanical engineering and weapons production, electrical engineering, and chemicals. Then the importance of the mining, including coal, industry, as well as ferrous metallurgy, noticeably decreased, and mechanical engineering and the chemical industry began to act as key branches of international specialization.

Mechanical engineering in Germany produces mainly products of an average level of knowledge intensity - machine tools (second place in the world after Japan). automobiles, electrical products, various equipment, but also high-precision products.

Example. Founded in Jena in the middle of the 19th century. The workshop for the production of optical instruments subsequently turned into the world's largest optical-mechanical enterprise, Carl Zeiss.

The diversified chemical industry, which produces tens of thousands of types of products, also occupies a leading place in the world. The fuel and energy economy of Germany is focused on domestic hard and brown coal and imported oil and natural gas. In the electric power industry the main role belongs to thermal power plants, but the importance of nuclear power plants is also quite large.

Example. There are 12 nuclear power plants in Germany, which produce 28% of all electricity. Most of them are located within densely populated urban agglomerations, and many are also literally strung along the course of the Rhine, Elbe and their tributaries 1 . Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a very high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of yield of field and garden crops and livestock productivity. This industry is characterized by the predominance of livestock farming, which produces over 2/3 of all marketable products. They raise mainly dairy cattle and pigs. But crop production not only “helps” livestock farming with feed, it almost completely satisfies the population’s food needs. Of the food crops, the most important are wheat, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is the family farm.

Transport in Germany is distinguished by a very dense network: there are virtually no settlements in the country that are any distance from land and water roads. And in freight turnover, and even more so in passenger turnover, the leading role belongs to road transport; Autobahns in Germany are among the best in Europe; speeds of up to 100 km/h are officially allowed on them. But such traditional modes of transport as rail (about the construction of a high-speed network railways you already know) and inland water also retain their importance. . Seaports are also widely used for international trade relations. A dense network of pipelines has also been laid across the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, and many aviation routes cross it.

The non-production sector in Germany, as a post-industrial country, is represented by the widest range of various types activities. A significant part of the economically active population is employed in the government, education, healthcare, wholesale and retail trade, tourism and hotel services, science and culture. Financial and banking services play a very important role; It is no coincidence that the 50 largest banks in the world include eight German ones (the largest of them is Deutsche Bank). The importance of various types of business and personal services is also increasing.

Foreign economic relations are of exceptionally great importance for Germany as a country with an open economy. By total turnover foreign trade The country ranks second in the world after the United States. It is also one of the world's largest exporters of capital. Germany maintains the closest foreign economic ties with other member countries of the European Union, with the USA, Japan, and Canada. Among the CIS countries, Russia is its main trade and economic partner.

1 However, in 2001, largely at the insistence of the Green Party, the German government decided to gradually decommission all nuclear power plants (as their reactors expired).

The territorial structure of the economy of the Federal Republic of Germany is distinguished by its polycentric character, a very strong “cultivation” of the environment, and a high saturation of the territory with both nodal and linear elements of TLC. The geographical pattern of the economy of Germany is primarily determined by the location of its main industrial and urban agglomerations, which are interconnected transport routes and polyhighways. As you already know, the largest of these agglomerations is the Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration, which forms the core of the administrative state of North Rhine Westphalia. This land, which occupies less than 1/10 of the country's territory, concentrates more than 1/5 of its population and provides 1/5 of Germany's GDP.

It is here that the main production capacities of ferrous metallurgy (Duisburg, Dortmund), heavy engineering and energy, and, to a large extent, the chemical industry, which is widely represented in the middle reaches of the Rhine (Ludwigshafen, Frankfurt-Main), are concentrated. However, now the Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration no longer “rises” above other industrial-urban agglomerations of the country as before. The agglomerations of Stuttgart in the southwestern and Munich in the southern parts of the country were ahead of it in the development of the latest high-tech industries. They are also major centers of the automotive industry: the famous Mercedes are produced in Stuttgart, and BMW cars (Bayerische Motorwerke) are produced in Munich. The most important cores of the territorial structure in the North of Germany are the seaports, and primarily the largest of them, Hamburg, as well as Wolfsburg, where Volkswagen cars are produced, and Hannover. In the eastern part of the country, important TLC centers are Berlin, Leipzig, and Dresden.

The geographical pattern of the economy of Germany is also influenced by large agricultural areas that have developed in the North German Lowland, on the right bank of the Danube in Bavaria, in the belt of medium-altitude mountains. The same applies to the main recreation and tourism areas on the Baltic coast, in the foothills of the Alps, in the Harz mountains, in the so-called Saxon Switzerland on the Elbe. .

In Germany, it was previously paid great attention regional policy, which pursued the goals of “reanimating” old industrial depressed areas, decongesting agglomerations, and equalizing the levels of socio-economic development of individual regions of the country. But after 1990 measures regional policy aimed primarily at the general rise and structural restructuring of the economy in the territory of the former GDR, which accounts for 33% of the area and 26% of the population of the Federal Republic of Germany. This is a very difficult task, requiring huge capital investments (it is no coincidence that the former German Democratic Republic began to be called the black hole of the German economy) and long periods of implementation. Especially considering the fact that in the 90s. after the start of perestroika, production in the eastern lands fell sharply, which actually led to a serious demographic and socio-economic crisis. It will still take some time for the six eastern states of Germany to fully integrate into a single economic organism of the country. (Creative task 13.) The main conclusion. Foreign Europe is the smallest region of the world in terms of territory, but its role in the world economy is very large. Recently, great changes have been taking place on the political and economic maps of the region. (Final task 14.)

Additional text (Interesting facts)

1. The size of countries can be judged by their area, or by the length of their territory. The “longest” country in the region is Norway, which stretches from north to south for 1,750 km. The maximum length of France and Great Britain is about 1000 km, Germany - 875 km, Hungary and Bulgaria - approximately 500 km, Belgium -230 km.

2. The “largest” of the microstates is the Principality of Andorra, located between France and Spain, occupying an area of ​​467 km 2 (this is half the area of ​​Moscow). The Principality of Liechtenstein, with an area of ​​160 km2, located between Switzerland and Austria, stretches along the Rhine for 25 km and a width of 10 km. The Republic of San Marino, whose first state regulations date back to 1263, surrounded by Italian territory, occupies 61 km 2 of the Principality of Monaco on the French coast Mediterranean Sea has an area of ​​1.9 km 2 and extends 2.7 km in length. And the state city of Vatican, located in the western part of Rome, occupies 0.44 km.

3.Not in the Czech Republic settlement, which would be more than 105 km away from the state border, in Bulgaria - 120 km, in Romania - 170 km, in Poland - 230 km.

4. “Hang glider” was adopted in 1953 after a catastrophic flood, when dams and locks were destroyed under the pressure of the sea and it overwhelmed the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt deltas, destroying 50 thousand houses. And this despite the fact that people filled the gaps in the dams day and night, and the captains grounded their ships to block the path of the waves. According to this plan, dams and locks blocked the mouths of all rivers and canals, with the exception of two. Stone for the construction of dams was imported from Sweden and Finland. The Delta Plan was implemented in 1958-1968.

5. First of all, this applies to Italy, whose population may decrease to 50.1 million people by 2050, to Spain (to 42.5), to Germany (to 78.8), the population may decrease by 5 million people Romania, 2.6 million - Bulgaria and Hungary, 2 million - the Czech Republic, 6 million - Poland.

6. In 2000, among the residents of Germany there were (in thousand people): Turks - 2000, Yugoslavs - 660, Italians - 620, Greeks - 365, Poles - 360, Croats - 215, Austrians - 185, Bosnians - 155, Portuguese - 135, Spaniards - 130, Russians - 115, British - 115, Americans - 113, Dutch - 110, Iranians - 105. In addition, there were from 50 to 100 thousand Romanians, Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Moroccans, Afghans, BeHpoB, Macedonians , Lebanese, Chinese, Sri Lankans.

7. Some of the South Slavic peoples (Bulgarians, Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins) use Slavic graphics; These languages ​​are related to Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. For example, the Bulgarian word "den" means "day", "morning" - "morning", "thanks" - "thank you", "sladoled" - "ice cream". Other Slavic peoples: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes use Latin script. But if you read such common Czech words as leto, zima, role, voda, skola, otec written in Latin letters, then in Russian they will also mean “summer”, “winter”, “field”, “water”, “school” ", "father" .

8. In foreign Europe, Finnish, Hungarian and Estonian languages ​​belong to this family, which are distinguished by their unique phonetic composition and grammatical structures. For example, they lack genders, and the functions of prepositions, possessive pronouns perform case endings. By the way, there are 15 cases in Finnish, and about 30 in Hungarian.

9. The Vatican city state with a population of about 1 thousand people has its own government, its own bank, guards, laws, currency, postage stamps and, most importantly, its own monarch - the Pope. The main function of the Vatican is religious, its sphere of activity is the whole world, since the total number of Catholic believers exceeds 1 billion people, and the clergy apparatus includes over 400 thousand priests and more than 1 million members of monastic and semi-monastic orders. The Vatican owns enormous capital and vast lands.

10.In Glasgow on the river. Clyde built the largest ships of the British passenger fleet, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, with a displacement of more than 80 thousand tons, which during their operation transported more than 4 million passengers. In 1944 Queen Elizabeth set a record by taking on board the largest number of people in the history of navigation - 15,200 military personnel. But in 1972 this liner, bought by a millionaire from Hong Kong, was destroyed by fire.

11.In 2010 A new gas pipeline from Russia to Germany (“Northern Potoyu”), laid along the bottom of the Baltic Sea, should go into operation. In the future, gas will go through it to Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and the UK.

12.At the end of the 50s. Polish geologists carried out prospecting work for oil and discovered deposits of copper ore, which turned out to be the largest in Europe. Despite the great depth of cuprous sandstones and difficult mining and geological conditions, they were developed and the Lower Silesian copper ore basin arose here.

13. Belgium is famous for the production of Browning hunting rifles and diamond processing (Antwerp is the world diamond trading center), Austria - alpine skiing, Czech Republic - costume jewelry, pencils (the world-famous KohiNor factory produces 1 million pencils daily of 21 degrees of hardness and 64 colors). And in Liechtenstein there is the world's largest enterprise for the production of artificial teeth, the products of which are supplied to more than a hundred countries.

14.More than 400 varieties of cheese are known in France. Roquefort cheese, which has been produced in the town of Roquefort in the south of the country for a thousand years, has become especially famous. Made from sheep's milk, it gets its special qualities and smell from long-term storage in huge natural dungeons. In Switzerland, milk is almost entirely processed into cheese and butter. And it’s hard to imagine a Dutch menu without cheese.

15.The Netherlands is the most flower-growing country in the world. In the city of Aalsmeer, located near Amsterdam, there is the world's largest flower auction, occupying a space the size of 30 football fields, where more than 1 billion roses are sold per year. Flowers from the Netherlands are exported to 140 countries. And in the country itself you can see them everywhere.

16. Brewing, which was known to the ancient Germans, became especially widespread in Germany and the Czech Republic, where beer became a truly national drink. Germany ranks first in the world in hop production. It also ranks first in beer consumption per capita (160 liters per year).

17. Iceland's fishing fleet consists of 1 thousand boats, and the average annual catch is 1.5 million tons, or about 6 tons per capita! Previously, they caught mainly the world's largest Icelandic herring and cod, now - capelin, which is used to prepare fishmeal. Fish production and processing employs 40% of the country's total active population, and fish and fish products account for 3/4 of its exports.

18.Back in 1981, the Paris Lyon high-speed line came into operation, which was then extended to Marseille (878 km). Then the lines Paris-Bordeaux (480 km), Paris-Strasbourg (460 km) and some others were built. Trains on these lines reach speeds of 250-300 km per hour.

19.The road bridge across the Bosphorus in Istanbul was opened in 1973. It is the largest bridge in Europe and the fourth in the world. Its span has a length<1 км. Благодаря шестирядному движению пропускная способность моста составляет более 20 тыс. машин в сутки. В 1988 г. был сдан в эксплуатацию второй такой же мост.

20. The transport crossing across the Oresund Strait between Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmo has a length of almost 16 km and consists of a tunnel and a two-tier bridge. They are crossed by a four-lane highway and a high-speed double-track railway.

21.The first project of the Channel Tunnel was proposed in France at the beginning of the 19th century. And in the future, similar projects were put forward more than once. However, construction was carried out in France and Great Britain only in 1987-1994. In fact, three parallel tunnels were built under the bottom of the strait: two for the movement of trains in both directions and one for servicing them. The total length of the tunnel is 50 km, of which 37 km pass under the bottom of the strait (at a depth of 40 m). Thanks to the Eurotunnel, travel from Paris to London now takes less than 2.5 hours. During the tunnel's operation, tens of millions of passengers used it.

22. It is believed that modern tourism originated in England, when in the 40s. XIX century T. Cook founded a travel agency. If we talk about recreation, England is the birthplace of golf (1857), football (1863), and tennis (1875).

23.French Riviera back in the 19th century. became a favorite vacation spot for such famous French writers as Balzac, Flaubert, and Maupassant. Russian writers and artists lived and worked here: N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutchev, A.I. Kuprin, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, V.V. Mayakovsky, F.I. Shalyapin , S.P. Diaghilev. Already in the twentieth century. American writers Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald left vivid descriptions of the Riviera.

24.The most popular Alpine resorts include Chamonix in France, Davos in Switzerland, Boromio in Italy, Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany. The total number of accommodation places for tourists in the Alps region already exceeds 3 million. There are 12 thousand lifts and 40 thousand ski slopes at their service.

25. In March 1978, the American supertanker Amoco Cadiz, traveling from the Persian Gulf to Rotterdam, hit reefs off the coast of France. 230 thousand tons of oil leaked from it, which formed a “black tide” that hit beaches, oyster plantations, and fishing harbors over a distance of 200 km.

26.The bicycle is most popular as a mass means of transportation in the Netherlands and Denmark. If they say about Norwegians that they are born with skis on their feet, then about the Dutch and Danes they are born with a bicycle. “Nuns and priests, clerks in bowler hats and postmen, teenagers, ladies in extravagant hats, housewives with groceries in baskets ride bicycles,” this is how one modern traveler describes the Netherlands.

27. In total, there are about 2,200 specially protected natural areas in foreign Europe. Their total area is 580 thousand km 2, which exceeds the area of ​​the largest country in the region - France. Among the individual countries in terms of the number of protected areas, Germany (472), Sweden (189), Austria (187), Spain (161), Italy (143), Great Britain (31) and Switzerland (112) stand out.

28.The capital of France is home to more than 700 international political, economic and public organizations. Among them are UNESCO, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Organization of Sister Cities, the International Association of Universities, the International Chamber of Commerce, the International Energy Agency, the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), etc. And in Brussels there are 1400 such organizations!

29. To develop the Troll deposit, a giant drilling platform weighing 656 thousand tons was built, the production of which required 245 thousand m3 of concrete and 100 thousand tons of steel reinforcement, which is 15 times the weight of such reinforcement in the Eiffel Tower. And in height (472 m) this drilling platform surpasses the Eiffel Tower and almost all the largest skyscrapers in the world.

30. Bonn is one of the ancient cities of Germany, which celebrated its 2000th anniversary in 1989. It was founded by the Romans as a fortress on the Rhine. For many centuries, Bonn remained a quiet provincial town, famous mainly for the fact that Beethoven was born here and Karl Marx and Heinrich Heine studied at the university. In 1949, after the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, this city became the capital of the country.

31. The ancient Thuringian city of Weimar (celebrated its 1000th anniversary in 1975), which was in the 160-19th centuries. Ducal residence, it became especially famous as a cultural and historical center associated with the names of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Franz Liszt, Johann Gottfried Herder. in the center of the city, Goethe's house has been preserved, in which he lived from 1782 until his death in 1832. At the end of the 19th century. this house was turned into a museum, where all the furnishings are preserved, including the library, the writer's office, the collection of minerals and the room in which he died. the house is also a memorial museum
Schiller, where the writer spent the last years of his life and created his last great work, the drama “William Tell”.

32. The city of Duisburg, located on the banks of the Rhine, is usually called the “western gate” of the Ruhr. The fact that this is indeed the case is evidenced by the complex labyrinth of berths, access roads, and warehouses. The largest metallurgical plants in Germany are located in Duisburg, which receive both raw materials and fuel along the Rhine. Therefore, in terms of cargo turnover of its river port (55 million tons per year), it ranks first in the world. This cargo turnover far exceeds the cargo turnover of any of the seaports of Germany, with the exception of Hamburg.

33. In terms of the number of protected natural areas, Germany surpasses all countries in foreign Europe. There are 472 such territories in the country, and their total area reaches 88 thousand km 2, or 1/4 of the entire territory of the country. Among the protected areas, small natural landscapes predominate, but the main area is occupied by so-called natural parks (“nature parks”), of which there are 61. These parks are located mainly in mountain forest areas (Bavarian Forest, Franconian Forest, Teutoburg Forest, etc.).

Bookshelf
1. Foreign Europe. M.: Mysl, 1979193. (Series “Countries and Peoples”).
2. Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. M.: Bustard, 2009. Part 2. Topic 1.
3. Economic and social geography of the world: Behind the pages of the textbook: Book. for students 1 O class. / Comp. A. P. Kuznetsov. M.: Education, 2000. Section “Europe”.
4. The most beautiful cities in Europe. Discoveries. Trips. Rest. Story. Modernity. M., 2000.

Block of acquiring knowledge and skills
Exercise 1.

Using atlas maps, characterize the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use the standard plan for characterizing the country's EGP (see plan on page 222).

Using the political map in the atlas, determine which country in the region has the largest number of neighboring countries. What difference could this make?

Task 2.

Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Explain why no other part of the world has as many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Place the republics and monarchies on the outline map. Also use Table 2 in the “Appendices”.

Task 3.

Using the map of mineral resources of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals
mineral. Apply a standard plan for the characteristics of natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region) (see plan on p. 222).
Also use tables 35 in the “Appendices”.
Additional task (for fun).

Using the atlas map, determine within what latitudes the territory of Great Britain, Germany, France, and Italy is located. Find visual comparisons with the CIS countries.
Task 4.

Using Figure 47, characterize foreign Europe as the main region of immigration. Highlight countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Get as much information from Figure 47 as possible.
Task 5.

Using the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, characterize the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with uninational, binational and multinational populations.
Task 6.

Based on Figure 48, make a table in your notebook “Millionaire Agglomerations of Foreign Europe” and compare individual countries by the number of such cities. Do you think it can be said that three main common features of the urbanization process are clearly visible in foreign Europe?

Using Figure 48 and the physical map of foreign Europe in the atlas, classify the millionaire cities of the region according to their EGP. Identify cities located: 1) on sea coasts, 2) at river mouths, 3) far from the seas, but on navigable rivers, 4) far from the seas. Reflect the classification results in the table. Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?
Additional task (for fun).

Complete the crossword puzzle “Capital cities of European countries.”

Task 7.

Using the text and pictures of the textbook, atlas maps and tables 2328 in the “Appendices”, specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and largest centers or main basins, determine their distribution by country. Using Figures 25-29, determine where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from in foreign Europe.
Additional task (difficult).

Using the map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy towards: 1) coal basins, 2) iron ore basins, 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including sea).

Task 8.

Using Figure 52, identify the crops that are most typical for countries belonging to the middle and southern European types of agriculture. Establish similarities and differences. For explanation, also use the agroclimatic map in the atlas.

Task 9.

Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas (inset to the world transport map), schematically plot the main railway lines, navigable rivers and seaports of the region on the contour map. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.

Task 10 (creative!).

Using the plans of the central parts of London and Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a report about the cultural and historical attractions of these cities. Why did they become major tourism centers?

Additional task (for fun).

Make a plan for a two-week vacation in Europe to explore World Heritage Sites. Offer one or two route options.

Task 11.

Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Identify its main industries and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?

Task 12.

Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the selection of diagrams on p. 203-205, make a short report about one of the countries (of your choice).

Additional task (difficult).

Using the atlas maps, put on a contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural areas, transport routes and seaports of one of the foreign European countries (of your choice). Analyze the resulting map and supplement the message with it.

Task 13 (creative!).

Review the material from Part 1 of the textbook and Topic 6 “Foreign Europe”. as well as the “Appendices” tables and write down in a notebook all the information and digital data related to Germany. Use your notes to more fully characterize the economic and social geography of this country.

Task 14 (final).

1. (Work in a notebook.) Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) size of territory, 2) population, 3) level of urbanization. Draw conclusions.

2. (Work in a notebook.) Using tables, pictures and the text of topic 5, determine which countries in the region are included in the “top ten” of countries in the world in the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products. Present the obtained data in the form of a table.

3. Identify the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying the topic 6. Which of them are new to you?

4. Prepare a short review of the book (chapter) recommended on this topic.

Self-control and mutual control block

Test your knowledge of specific material:

1. Which of the listed countries in foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway. Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany? 2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany? 3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe are classified as world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, ​​Athens, Gdansk, Constanta? 4. Which of the following areas are considered highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?

Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:

1. What are the characteristic features of a Western European city?
2. What are the specific features of the fuel and energy sector of the countries of Eastern Europe?
3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?
4. What are the characteristic features of the transport system of foreign Europe?

Use the cards to answer the questions:

1. In which countries of foreign Europe does the role of capital not be played by the largest city of the country?
2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?
3. How can you get from CeBepHogo to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland Peninsula?
4. What industries are most typical for industrial areas and hubs formed: 1) in capital cities, 2) in port cities, 3) in coal mines?
5. Which metallurgical plants use overseas raw materials and fuel?

Explain:

1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of immigration?
2. Why is there a sharp advantage of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?
3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden 60-80% is accounted for by industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - by agriculture?
4. Why do oil monopolies explore and produce oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?
5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?
6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?
7. Why has Europe been and remains the main region of international tourism?
8. Why is the state of the environment in depressed old industrial areas? usually the most threatening?

Please indicate:
1. In which of the following countries does the population speak languages ​​of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?
2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France. Switzerland?
3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?

Can you:

1. Place on a contour map from memory the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps: Iceland, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, Portugal?
2. From memory, determine the countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany, 2) only with Spain, 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia?
3. Show on the map the following cities mentioned in the text and on the maps: Glasgow, Rotterdam, Marseille, Brussels, Munich, Naples, Krakow, Greb?
4. Name a country in foreign Europe where there is practically no rural population?
5. From the list below:

a) exclude single-national countries: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain;
b) exclude countries that are not characterized by a particularly high concentration of industrial production in metropolitan areas: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Italy, France, Denmark?

Choose the correct one from the ready-made answers:

1. France borders on: a) three countries, b) five countries, c) six countries.
2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Holland.
3. Of the capital cities of the region on the sea coast are: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.
4. Most oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.

Methodological keys to topic 6

What to remember

1. Political map, individual countries and peoples of foreign Europe. (geography, 7th grade)

2. Features of the physical and geographical position, relief, minerals, climate, waters, soils and vegetation of foreign Europe, natural areas within its borders. (geography, 7th grade)

3. Features of the historical development of foreign European countries at the end of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries (History, grades 8, 9.)

4. Material from part 1 of this textbook.

5. Concepts and terms: economic-geographical location, territorial structure of the economy, specialization and cooperation of production, infrastructure, region, subregion.

What you need to learn
Leading ideas for topic 6:

1. Foreign Europe has been and remains one of the main centers of world politics and the world economy.
2. The “old stones” of Europe are a great asset not only of European, but also of the entire world civilization.

Main scientific knowledge of topic 6:
1. Characteristic features of the EGP, the geography of natural resources and the population of foreign Europe.

2. The main features of the territorial structure of settlement and economy of foreign Europe.

3. The main features of the structure and location of leading industries and the main industrial regions of foreign Europe.

4. The main features of the location of agriculture in foreign Europe and its types.

5. Main features of the regional transport system of foreign Europe.

b. The main features of the geographical pattern of the population and economy of foreign Europe.

7. Subregions of foreign Europe.

8. The Federal Republic of Germany as the most economically powerful country in foreign Europe.

9. Key words of the topic:

1) Western European type of city,

2) suburbanization,

3) Western European type of transport system,
4) port-industrial complex,

5) “development axis”,
b) metropolitan region.

What you need to know

1 Describe the economic and geographical position of the country.

2. Characterize the natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region).

3. Use various sources of geographic information for proof, comparison, specification, for constructing tables, graphs, and carrying out calculations.

4. Apply previously studied text, graphic and cartographic materials to deepen newly acquired knowledge.

5. Prepare a review of the book you read (shava, section).

Instructions and plans for mastering independent study skills

1. Plan for the characteristics of the country’s (region’s) EGP.

1. Position in relation to neighboring countries.
2. Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.

3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw material bases, industrial and agricultural areas.

4. Position in relation to the main distribution areas of products.

5. Change in -EGP over time.

6. General conclusion about the influence of EGP on the development and location of the country’s economy.

2. Plan for characterizing the natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region).

1 Amount of reserves and distribution of minerals, their territorial combinations.

2. Water, forest resources and possibilities for their use.

3. General assessment of the natural resource potential of the territory for the development of industry and its provision with natural resources.

4. Features of rational or irrational environmental management in relation to natural resources for industrial development.

5. General conclusion. Prospects for increasing resources and their use.

Maksakovsky V.P., Geography. Economic and social geography of the world 10th grade. : textbook for general education institutions

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