State sanitary and epidemiological regulation
Russian Federation

SOIL SANITARY PROTECTION

Entomological research methods
soils of populated areas
for the presence of preimaginal stages
synanthropic flies

Guidelines

MU 2.1.7.2657-10

Moscow 2010

2. Recommended for approval by the Commission on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Standards under the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Protection of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare (protocol dated December 3, 2009 No. 3).

3. Approved by the Head Federal service for supervision in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being, Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation G.G. Onishchenko July 9, 2010

4. Entered into force from the moment of approval.

5. From the moment of introduction of these guidelines, paragraphs 1 - 4, 6, paragraph 2 of Appendix 6 of MU No. 28-6/3 of the Ministry of Health of the USSR “Methodological guidelines for the control of flies”, approved on January 27, 1984, are considered invalid. M., 1985.

2.1.7. SOIL, CLEANING PLACES,
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION WASTE,
SOIL SANITARY PROTECTION

Entomological research methods
soils of populated areas
for the presence of preimaginal stages of synanthropic flies

Guidelines

The development of the embryo in the egg, depending on the temperature of the substrate, occurs within 8 - 25 hours. After hatching from the eggs, the larvae quickly penetrate into the thickness of the substrate and concentrate in the areas most favorable for them. As the larvae develop, they grow and molt 3 times. At a substrate temperature of 30 - 40 °C, the development of larvae ends within 4 - 5 days, at 20 - 25 °C - 7 - 9 days, at 16 - 18 °C - 12 - 18 days. Before pupation, the larva stops feeding and crawls into cool and dry layers of the substrate or loose soil surrounding the waste at a distance of up to 2 m. If the area on which the waste bins (waste) are located is paved or tightly compacted, then the larvae can crawl at a distance of 3 - 5 m or more and burrow into loose soil to a depth of 10 - 20 cm. About 20% of the larvae migrate into the soil surrounding the cold substrate, into the soil around high-temperature waste (manure) and from liquid waste - more than 95% of the larvae. Most often, pupae are found in soil at a temperature of 18 - 25 ° C and a humidity of 20 - 40%. The development of housefly pupae at a substrate temperature of 20 - 25 °C lasts 8 - 9 days, at 16 - 18 °C - 13-19 days, blowflies at a substrate temperature of 20 - 25 °C - 7 - 8 days. At favorable conditions temperature and humidity of the substrate, the development of pupae can end within 3 - 4 days. On average, the total duration of development of all preimaginal stages (from egg to adult), depending on temperature, substrate humidity and type of flies, is 10 - 13 days at 30 °C, and more than 30 days at 16 - 18 °C.

Rice. 1. Stages of housefly development Musca domestica. 1 - eggs; 2 - larva
3rd age; 3 - pupa; 4 - newborn fly; 5 - adult fly (male);
6 - frontal bladder; 7 - unexpanded wings; 8 and 9 - oral
hooks and anterior spiracles of the larva; 10 - posterior spiracles

Inside the pupa, the process of transformation (metamorphosis) of the larva into an winged fly occurs. The exit of newborn flies through the soil layer depends on the density of the soil: up to 90% of flies pass through dry sand, and no more than 10% of flies pass through wet sand (10% humidity). Newborn flies overcome a layer of dry sand up to 150 cm thick. garden soil more difficult for flies to pass through than sand. A layer of soil of 30 cm is overcome by 80% of newborn flies, a layer of soil of 50 cm is overcome by only a few. Compacting the soil can reduce the number of flies that hatch. The emerging flies are capable of flight within 1 - 1.5 hours; their body coverings dry out and their wings spread. They either remain near waste accumulations or fly away to feeding areas and can travel distances of up to 10 km or more. The lifespan of flies in summer is 1 - 1.5 months. During this period, female flies can lay eggs 6 or more times.

In temperate climates, synanthropic species of flies overwinter in the adult stage in cool rooms, falling into rigor mortis. They become active again when the air temperature rises to 6 - 10 °C. The bulk of the fly population overwinters in the pupal stage. Larvae of the 3rd instar overwinter in rotted layers of waste, manure, soil near accumulations of waste, often at a depth of 25 - 50 cm. Flies emerge from overwintered pupae in March-May, during the period when the average daily temperature of the soil (waste) is 7 - 10 days rises to 11 - 14 °C. IN southern regions The breeding of flies in warm years is also possible in winter.

III. Research methods and sampling

3.1. The survey program is determined by the goals and objectives of the study, taking into account the sanitary and epidemiological condition of the area.

3.2. First of all, the territories of medical and preventive, educational, children's institutions, food enterprises, residential complexes, recreation areas, irrigation and sewage disposal fields. Sanitary and entomological surveys must accompany sanitary surveys of populated areas, carried out as part of routine sanitary supervision, and are mandatory during control at waste neutralization and disposal sites. Sampling locations are marked on a schematic map reflecting the structure of the location of objects in the area. In a city, you can limit yourself to a list of addresses of objects.

3.3. Entomological assessment sanitary condition soil settlement carried out by systematically examining and taking samples from waste accumulations and the soil around them. IN middle lane In Russia, inspection of potential fly breeding sites should be carried out once every 10-15 days, starting from the second decade of May to the third ten-day period of September, when the outside air temperature consistently exceeds 8-10 °C. In the southern regions, surveys of fly breeding sites are carried out regularly, starting from the third ten days of April to the first - second ten days of October (depending on the weather conditions of the year).

3.4. Sampling is carried out selectively, 3 to 5 samples per area of ​​100 m2, at least 10 samples in total over the area of ​​the planned construction (mass of the combined sample is 1 kg). Soil samples are taken with a shovel (spatula) from an area of ​​20x20 cm to a depth of 10 cm directly at the waste collection sites themselves and at a distance of up to 1 - 1.5 m around the perimeter. In early spring and late autumn, samples should be taken at a depth of at least 20 cm to detect overwintering fly pupae.

3.5. The number of larvae and pupae should also be counted in waste piles (compost), from where the larvae migrate into the soil. At 5 - 6 points along the perimeter of the object they are thrown upper layer waste (manure, soil) and visually determine the presence of fly larvae and pupae. The most accurate method is to take samples into a cuvette and count larvae (pupae) on average per 1 cuvette (20×15 cm), or per 1 half-liter jar. Since larvae (pupae) are unevenly distributed in the substrate (soil), samples taken from 5 - 6 points in one object represent the average number of preimaginal stages of flies colonizing the substrate. You can count the larvae per 1 kg of taken substrate. It is necessary to use a single sampling method in all examined objects, counting larvae and pupae.

3.6. The substrate with the larvae (pupae) in it is placed in vessels (plastic glasses, jars), covered with calico napkins and secured with rubber bands. Samples are labeled and recorded in a sampling log. The samples are transferred to the laboratory and left until the flies hatch. Subsequently, the species composition of hatched flies is determined. This data is necessary to characterize the sanitary and entomological state of the soil (waste) in different areas and objects of the settlement. When taking samples, it is necessary to record the temperature of those layers of waste from which samples are taken and the temperature of the outside air.

3.7. Twice during the fly season, a mass survey of potential fly breeding sites is carried out. For these purposes, the number of objects examined is increased by 3-5 times, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the degree of contamination of the soil of various objects by fly larvae (pupae) and to assess the sanitary and entomological condition of the entire settlement and its individual sections (neighborhoods).

IV. Assessment of sanitary and entomological indicators of soil in populated areas

4.1. The number of larvae and pupae in the sample is visually recorded using the following scale:

When taking into account the population of the soil, using weight indicators, calculate per 1 kg of substrate:

These indicators are evaluation criterion sanitary and entomological condition of soil (waste) in a populated area (facilities).

4.2. Based on all samples taken in one object, the average number (abundance) of larvae and separately pupae per sample in the object is calculated. When determining the general sanitary and entomological condition of a settlement (neighborhood), an occurrence criterion is established, i.e. percentage of places (plots, yards, objects, etc.) in the soil of which fly larvae and/or pupae were found.

4.3. The results of the examination are recorded in a special journal, which indicates the date of the examination, the characteristics of the object in which the examination was carried out, the place where the sample was taken (garbage bin, compost, landfill, etc.), type of substrate, air (substrate) temperature, number of larvae and pupae in the sample. When flies hatch in the laboratory - their species composition (app.).

4.4. The received materials are summarized, analyzed and a retrospective forecast of the entomological situation is made. synanthropic flies in a populated area. These materials are the basis for planning sanitary and extermination measures.

V. Precautions

5.1. Workers counting the number of pre-imaginal stages of flies and taking substrate samples must be provided with special clothing: a robe or overalls, a headscarf (cap), rubber gloves. To protect the respiratory system, use gauze bandages or respirators.

5.2. Staff must be provided with detergents and towels.

5.3. During the inspection of fly breeding sites, it is not allowed to smoke, drink, or eat.

5.4. After the examination, the protective clothing is removed and ventilated. Wash when soiled in a soap-soda solution. After the examination, the face and hands are thoroughly washed with soap. Cuvettes, tweezers and other equipment, gloves are thoroughly washed after work. hot water with soap (soda).

VI. Equipment you need to have to conduct surveys

1. Overalls, gloves, gauze bandages, respirators - according to the number of workers.

2. Enameled (plastic) cuvette - 2.

3. Different tweezers - 3.

4. Air thermometers - 3.

5. Scissors - 2.

6. Sterile and non-sterile cotton wool - 150 g.

7. Sterile and non-sterile bandages - 3.

8. Towels-2.

10. Soda ash - 200 g.

11. Plastic vessels (glasses) - 50 pcs.

12. Notebooks (magazines) - 2.

The Federal Budgetary Institution of Health "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Kalmykia" carried out activities for an entomological survey of the territory of the republic and phenological observation of water bodies.

This year, the average seasonal larval density malaria mosquitoes in control reservoirs amounted to 5 copies. per 1m2; The average seasonal indicator of the number of adults is 3 specimens per 1 hour of recording. The average seasonal larval density of mosquitoes in control reservoirs was 28 specimens per 1 m2; the number of adults is 19.5 specimens per 1 hour of recording.

The beginning of the effective infectivity season for endophilic mosquitoes in 2014 was May 18; in 2013, it was May 13. During 2014, the entomologist made 8 visits to the water bodies of the republic. 43 reservoirs of the Yashaltinsky, Gorodovikovsky, Iki-Burulsky, Priyutnensky, Tselinny, Lagansky, Oktyabrsky, Malo-Derbetovsky, Ketchenerovsky districts and the city of Elista were covered with their subsequent certification. In total, there are 58 reservoirs registered in the republic with a total physical area of ​​10,290.05 hectares.

In order to identify species composition Entomological surveys of mosquitoes were carried out using the following methods: catching with a net, exhauster, collecting flying insects with an apparatus and attracting them to light at night. 2 anophelogenic reservoirs with a total area of ​​2 hectares were identified, which is 0.02% of the total area (the Saigachonok pond, Priyutnensky district, and the Chogray reservoir, Iki-Burulsky district).

During current year in the basements of residential buildings in the city of Elista, mosquitoes were collected using an apparatus for sucking flying insects and an exhauster, 36 were examined basements. The number of winged mosquitoes was calculated based on the number of individuals per 1 sq.m. Average density the number was 3.7 copies. per 1 sq.m., maximum value 19 copies. per 1 sq.m.

1288 specimens were collected during field trips and surveys. mosquitoes, of which 1022 rub. Culex, 242 rub. Aedes, 24 rub. Anopheles/

On the basis of the laboratory of especially dangerous viral infections The Federal Budgetary Institution of Health "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Kalmykia" determined the species composition and further pooled material for testing for the presence of WNV antigen.

780 specimens of ticks were delivered to the laboratory of especially dangerous viral infections of the Federal Budgetary Institution of Health "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Kalmykia" for testing for CCHF virus antigen. 96 pools were formed for testing for CCHF antigen. Branches of the Federal Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Kazakhstan” delivered 891 copies. ticks. The effectiveness of disinfestation measures was also assessed.

During the period from March to June 2014. 24 weekly trips were made to a stationary point to collect and monitor the tick abundance index. The entomologist delivered 524 specimens. ticks. The count was carried out based on the number of individuals per 30 heads of cattle and 30 heads of small cattle. The average seasonal abundance indicator for cattle was 0.8, for small cattle - 0.4.

The number of ticks when collected using the “drag” method and on the “flag” was 3.6 individuals/km. route, the distance traveled along the routes was 58 km.

The rodents were combed for the presence of fleas and ticks, followed by testing for tularemia. Fleas of the following species were found on house mice: Ceratophyllus mokrzeckyi - 27 specimens, Leptopsylliasegnis - 35 specimens, as well as ixodid ticks Rh. Sanguineus - 44 specimens, H.Marginatum - 19 specimens, gamasid mites - 43 specimens,

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COLLECTION OF ACCOUNTS AND PREPARATION FOR LABORATORY RESEARCH OF BLOOD-SUCKING ARTHROPODS - CARRIERS OF NATURALLY FOCAL AGENTS... Relevant in 2018

5. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING ENTOMOLOGICAL WORK DURING EPIZOOTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL FODIMENTS OF ZOONOSIS

Entomological work is one of the sections of the epizootological survey included in common system surveillance of particularly dangerous zoonotic infections. It comes down to collecting and analyzing the necessary information about blood-sucking carriers of natural focal diseases for the purpose of their prevention, studying the natural foci of these infections and predicting the epizootic situation.

Entomological work in natural foci includes:

Collection and delivery to the laboratory of vectors of pathogens of natural focal infections;

Study of the species composition of vectors and their distribution between hosts in the service area;

Study of the ecology of infection vectors and factors influencing their numbers;

Mapping the distribution and abundance of the main vector species;

Compiling surveys and forecasts of vector abundance;

All entomological work is carried out in accordance with current sanitary rules.

Divisions (anti-plague stations, departments of special dangerous infections centers of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision) create reference (in alcohol or in the form of permanent preparations) and educational collections of, if possible, all types of vectors common in the serviced territory and having epidemiological significance.

All documentation on the study of fauna, numbers, reproduction of vectors, and their activity should be stored in the archives of institutions.

How to find out if there are ticks on summer cottage? In order to make sure that they are absent, it is necessary to check the area for tick infestation at least twice - before and after. Ticks on the territory of the dacha can be detected by catching ticks with a white flag.

Whether they need to be stained and how effective the treatment was - this test will show.

So, you should go to the site for monitoring no earlier than 3-5 days after treatment. Take care of your own safety first. You should not go into potentially dangerous territory unprepared. Be sure to get vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis. Exposed areas of the body are usually sprayed with an aerosol or tick spray to prevent bites. However, it makes sense to apply repellents only to clothing; when treating the body, the effect is not achieved due to the odor of sweat. When going along the survey route, it is better not to use tick repellents at all, as this may interfere with an objective check. When entering a potentially tick-infested area, tightly cover all parts of your body with clothing, leaving your forearms and neck exposed, your hair should be tucked under a hat, and your trouser legs should be tucked into long socks. It is best to dress in white or at least a plain color, so that when inspecting your clothes later it will be easy to spot a tick on it. A white jumpsuit with a hood and rubber boots are quite suitable. An anti-encephalitis suit will also provide excellent protection.

Here's how to collect and count the number of ticks step by step:

The tick attached to the canvas is removed with tweezers (clamp) and placed in a container specially prepared for this purpose. Use Plastic container for biomaterials, which are sold in pharmacies.

The laboratory will not accept insects or mites in other containers, so use only the recommended one. Once the caught tick is inside, screw the lid tightly. The container should be handed over to laboratory test to the local Federal Budgetary Institution “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology”, be sure to take your passport with you (to conclude an agreement). The service is paid, and its cost depends on the specific region and on what kind of conclusion you request. In order to find out the type of tick, you should order a species determination; a study is carried out to check for virus infection ixodid ticks for Borrelia infection. In the whole country, the cost of these services ranges from 400-700 rubles per specimen.

Features of collecting and recording the number of ticks. Efficiency calculation

The site must be surveyed in such a way as to cover the entire treated area with the route and cover all potential tick habitats. The survey route must be at least 500 meters. If there are paths on the dacha site, or there is a network of forest paths outside it, it is necessary to check the vegetation along them with special care.

It is more effective to count ticks, as well as treat them, during the hours of their maximum seasonal and daily activity. If the weather is cloudless, then in the period from 10 to 12 hours, as soon as the dew has dried, in the afternoon it is preferable to go around the area from 17 to 20 hours. On a particularly hot day, it is better to start and finish the morning walk around the site earlier, but the evening walk, respectively, later. On a cloudy day, the check can be carried out at any time starting from 11 o'clock. The main rule is to arrive before dark.

The results of the preliminary inspection will indicate whether a full treatment of the area for ticks is worth it or whether it is not necessary. On hot days, one flag walk may not be enough, so it is best to repeat the walk at least once more during the week. Some individuals may rest and hide deep in the litter. In order for the check to be as objective as possible, it should be carried out on the eve of maximum tick activity - late April, early May. Carrying out another test after the treatment allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the first, drawing the appropriate conclusions - whether repeated treatment is necessary or you can do without it. The efficiency of work is usually calculated using the following formula:

Efficiency (%) = 100 - A3 / A0 * 100,

where A3 is the number of caught or attached ticks (larvae or adults) within the area 3 days after treatment; A0 is the same indicator before processing.

The residual number of ticks should not exceed 0.5 specimens per 1 hour (10 acres) of continuous flag counting. According to established standards, the following indicators of the number of ixodid ticks for the same area are applied: very high - over 100 copies, high - 50-100, increased - 10-50, low - 1-10, very low - less than 1 copy. If the number of ticks is more than 3 copies, the treatment is repeated. Treatment is considered effective if 100% of ticks die.

If the efficiency is less than 95%, you should investigate and be sure to re-treat