Main characteristics of od series lamps. Calculation of general uniform illumination

Table 15

Luminous flux utilization factor

The utilization factor of a lighting installation is the ratio of the luminous flux incident on the working surface to the total luminous flux light sources. Its value depends on the efficiency of the lamp, the luminous intensity curve, the color of the walls and ceiling, and the index of the room.

The room index i is determined by the formula:

where L and B are the length and width of the room, respectively, m;

Нр – design height of the lamp suspension, m.

In all cases, i is rounded to the nearest tabular value; if i is greater than 5, i = 5, since a change in the room index above five has almost no effect on the utilization rate.

The number of lamps is chosen based on the size of the room. Distance from the wall to the first and last row lamps should be l = (0.3...0.5)l a, where
l a – the distance between the rows of lamps, is taken from the condition of ensuring uniformity of lighting: l a /H p £ z. If the work surfaces are located directly next to the walls, then
l = 0.3l a, and in the absence of working surfaces near the walls
l = (0.4…0.5)l a .

The light source and lamp are selected based on economic and technological requirements taking into account environmental conditions (Table 16, Fig. 9).

In Fig. 9 open lamps, in which the lamp is not separated from the external environment, include pos. b, c, d, j, l, m, p. In protected lamps (pos. a, o), the lamp is protected by a shell that provides air exchange with external environment. The body of the waterproof lamp (item i) ensures reliable electrical insulation of the wires. Dust-proof lamps (e, f, n) protect the lamp and socket from dust. Explosion-proof lamps (g, h) ensure the safety of premises and outdoor installations with a high concentration of flammable vapors, gases and dust.

Lamps are placed in rows parallel to walls with windows (for fluorescent lamps), in a checkerboard pattern and at the corners of squares into which the ceiling area is divided (for incandescent lamps).

After calculating the required luminous flux of the lamp, a standard lamp is selected. The luminous flux of the lamp may differ from the calculated value by 10...20% (table
tsy 17, 18, 19).

Table 16

Rice. 9. Types of lamps:

a – Station wagon (Uz-200); b and c – deep emitters (Ge, Gs); wide emitter (SO);

d – dust-proof (PPR PPD); e – dustproof (PSH-75);

g – explosion-proof (VZG-200AM); h – increased reliability against

explosion (NZ-N4B); and – for a chemically active environment (CA); luminescent k – OD

and ODOR; l – LD and LDOR; m – LRP-2Х40; n – PVL-1-2Х40; o – VLO;

p – for outdoor lighting (spo-200)

Table 17

Light characteristics of fluorescent lamps

Table 18

Light characteristics of incandescent lamps general purpose voltage 220 V

Federal agency of Education Russian Federation

Tomsk Polytechnic University

I APPROVED

Dean of the IEF

Gvozdev N.I.

"____" _____________ 2008

Life safety

CALCULATION OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Guidelines for individual assignments

for full-time and distance learning all directions

and TPU specialties

Supporting Department - Ecology and Life Safety

UDC 658.382.3.001.24075

Calculation of artificial lighting. Guidelines for completing individual assignments for full-time and part-time students of all directions and specialties of TPU. – Tomsk: Publishing house. TPU, 2008. – 20 p.

Compiled by Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences ABOUT. Nazarenko

"____" ________________ 2008

Head Department of Electrical Safety

Prof., Doctor of Technical Sciences __________________ V.F. Panin

Approved by the Methodological Committee of the IEF

pres. method. commissions

Associate Professor, Ph.D. A.G. Dashkovsky

"____" ______________ 2008

CALCULATION OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Properly designed and rationally executed lighting of industrial premises has a positive effect on workers, improves efficiency and safety, reduces fatigue and injuries, and maintains high performance.

The main task of lighting calculations for artificial lighting is to determine the required power of an electric lighting installation to create a given illumination.

In the calculation task must be solved next questions:

Selecting a lighting system;

Selection of light sources;

Selection of fixtures and their placement;

Selection of standardized illumination;

Calculation of lighting using the luminous flux coefficient method.

1. SELECTION OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

For industrial premises of all purposes, general (uniform or localized) and combined (general and local) lighting systems are used. The choice between uniform and localized lighting is made taking into account the characteristics production process and placement technological equipment. The combined lighting system is used for industrial premises where precise visual work is carried out. The use of local lighting alone at workplaces is not permitted.

In this calculation task, the overall uniform lighting is calculated for all rooms.

2. SELECTION OF LIGHT SOURCES

Light sources used for artificial lighting are divided into two groups - gas discharge lamps and incandescent lamps.

For general lighting As a rule, gas-discharge lamps are used as they are more energy efficient and have a longer service life. The most common are fluorescent lamps. Based on the spectral composition of visible light, lamps are divided into daylight lamps (LD), cool white lamps (LCW), warm white lamps (LTW) and white lamps (WL). The most widely used lamps are the LB type. With increased requirements for color reproduction by lighting, lamps of the LCB and LD types are used. LTB type lamp is used for correct color rendering human face. The characteristics of fluorescent lamps are given in table. 1.

Table 1

Main characteristics of fluorescent lamps

In addition to fluorescent gas-discharge lamps (low pressure), gas-discharge lamps are used for industrial lighting high pressure, For example, DRL lamps(arc mercury fluorescent), etc., which are recommended for use for lighting more high rooms(6–10 m). The main characteristics of DRL lamps are given in table. 2.

table 2

Main characteristics of DRL lamps

The use of incandescent lamps is permitted when performing rough work or general supervision of the operation of equipment, especially if these premises are not intended for human occupancy, as well as in cases where it is impossible or technically and economically infeasible to use gas-discharge lamps. In explosion and fire hazardous areas, damp, dusty, with a chemically active environment, where the air temperature can be less than +10 ºС and the voltage in the network drops below 90% of the nominal, preference should be given to incandescent lamps. The characteristics of incandescent lamps are given in table. 3.

Table 3

Main characteristics of incandescent lamps

3. SELECTION OF LAMPS AND THEIR PLACEMENT

When choosing the type of lamps, lighting requirements, economic indicators, and environmental conditions should be taken into account.

The most common types of lamps for fluorescent lamps are:

Open two-lamp luminaires type OD, ODOR, SHOD, ODO, OOD- For normal premises with good reflection of the ceiling and walls, allowed with moderate humidity and dust.

PVL lamp– is dust and waterproof, suitable for some fire hazardous areas: lamp power 2x40W.

Ceiling lamps for general lighting of closed dry rooms :

L71B03 – lamp power 10x30W;

L71B84 – lamp power 8x40W.

Main characteristics of lamps with fluorescent lamps are given in table. 4.

For incandescent lamps and DRL lamps apply following types fixtures:

Station wagon (U)– for lamps up to 500 W; applicable for general and local lighting under normal conditions.

Milk glass ball (SM)– for lamps up to 1000 W; Designed for normal rooms with high reflection of ceilings and walls (precision assembly rooms, design rooms).

"Lucetta" (LC)– for lamps up to 300 W; designed for the same premises as the ShM.

Deep emitter with average flux concentration (MF)– for lamps 500, 1000 W; stable in damp conditions and environments with increased chemical activity.

Table 4

Main characteristics of some lamps

with fluorescent lamps

The placement of lamps in the room is determined by the following parameters, m (Fig. 1):

H– height of the room;

h c – distance of luminaires from the ceiling (overhang);

h n= H – h c – height of the lamp above the floor, height of the suspension;

h pп – height work surface above the floor;

h = h n – h pп – design height, the height of the lamp above the working surface.

To create favorable visual conditions in the workplace and to combat the glare of light sources, requirements have been introduced to limit the minimum height of lamps above the floor (Tables 5 and 6);

L– the distance between adjacent lamps or rows (if the distances along the length (A) and width (B) of the room are different, then they are indicated L A and L B),

l- the distance from the extreme lamps or rows to the wall.

Optimal Distance l from the extreme row of fixtures to the wall, it is recommended to take equal L /3.

Table 6

The smallest permissible height of the suspension of fixtures

with incandescent lamps

The best options uniform placement of lamps is staggered placement and on the sides of the square (the distances between lamps in a row and between rows of lamps are equal) (Fig. 2).

Rice. 3. Layout of lamps in the room for fluorescent lamps

The integral criterion for the optimal placement of lamps is the value l = L /h, a decrease in which increases the cost of the installation and maintenance of lighting, and an excessive increase leads to a sharp unevenness of illumination. In table 7 shows the values ​​of l for different lamps.

Table 7

The most advantageous location of lamps

Distance between lamps L defined as:

L = l × h

It is necessary to draw a floor plan on a scale in accordance with the original data, indicate the location of the lamps on it (see example, Fig. 4) and determine their number.

4. SELECTION OF NORMALIZED ILLUMINANCE

The basic requirements and values ​​of standardized illumination of working surfaces are set out in SNiP 23-05-95. The choice of illumination is carried out depending on the size of the discrimination volume (line thickness, marks, letter height), the contrast of the object with the background, and the characteristics of the background. Required information for choosing the standardized illumination of production premises are given in table. 8.

Table 8

Lighting standards for industrial workplaces

under artificial lighting (according to SNiP 23-05-95)

5. CALCULATION OF TOTAL UNIFORM LIGHTING

Calculation of the total uniform artificial illumination of a horizontal working surface is carried out using the luminous flux coefficient method, which takes into account the luminous flux reflected from the ceiling and walls.

The luminous flux of the lamp is determined by the formula:

,

Where E n – standardized minimum illumination according to SNiP 23-05-95, lux;

S– area of ​​the illuminated room, m2;

K h – safety factor, taking into account contamination of the lamp (light source, lighting fixtures, walls, etc., i.e. reflective surfaces), the presence of smoke and dust in the workshop atmosphere (Table 9);

Z– illumination unevenness coefficient, ratio E Wed / E min. For fluorescent lamps in calculations it is taken equal to 1.1;

N– number of lamps in the room;

h - luminous flux utilization factor.

The luminous flux utilization coefficient shows how much of the luminous flux of the lamps hits the work surface. It depends on the room index i, type of lamp, height of lamps above the working surface h and reflection coefficients of walls r c and ceiling r n.

The room index is determined by the formula:

i = S / h(A+B)

Reflection coefficients are assessed subjectively (Table 10).

The values ​​of the luminous flux utilization factor h of luminaires for the most common combinations of reflection coefficients and room indices are given in Table. 11 and 12.

Having calculated the luminous flux F, knowing the type of lamp, according to the table. 1–3, the nearest standard lamp is selected and the electrical power of the entire lighting system is determined. If the required lamp flux is outside the range (–10 ¸ +20%), then the number of lamps or the height of the lamp suspension is adjusted.

Table 9

Safety factor for luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Table 10

The value of the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls

Table 11

Utilization rates luminous flux of luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Continuation of the table. eleven

Table 12

Luminous flux utilization factors of luminaires with incandescent lamps η, %

Given a room with dimensions: length A = 24 m, width B = 12 m, height H= 4.5 m. Working surface height hрп = 0.8 m. It is required to create illumination E = 300 lux.

Reflection coefficient of walls R c = 30%, ceiling R n = 50%. Safety factor k = 1.5, unevenness factor Z = 1.1.

We are calculating a general fluorescent lighting system.

We choose lamps of type OD, l = 1.4.

Having accepted h c = 0.5 m, we get

h= 4.5 – 0.5 – 0.8 = 3.2 m;

L= 1.4 × 3.2 = 4.5 m;

L/3 = 1.5 m.

We place the lamps in three rows. In each row, you can install 12 OD type lamps with a power of 40 W (with a length of 1.23 m), while the gaps between the lamps in the row will be 50 cm. We depict to scale the plan of the room and the placement of lamps on it (Fig. 4). Considering that each lamp has two lamps, the total number of lamps in the room N

Rice. 4. Floor plan and placement of luminaires with fluorescent lamps

Literature

1. Dolin P.A. Safety Handbook. – M.: Energoatomizdat, 1982. – 800 p.

2. Knorring G.M. Lighting installations. – L.: Energy, 1981. – 412 p.

3. Reference book for the design of electric lighting / Ed. G.M. Knorringa. – St. Petersburg: Energoatomizdat, 1992. – 448 p.

4. SNiP 23-05-95. Natural and artificial lighting.

5. GOST 6825-91. Tubular fluorescent lamps for general lighting.

6. GOST 2239-79. General purpose incandescent lamps.

Life safety.

Calculation of artificial lighting.

Guidelines for completing individual assignments for full-time and part-time students of all directions

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND FIRE SAFETY

Occupational safety and health issues fire safety occupy a paramount place in any organization, regardless of the type of activity. The activities of the organization, and in this case the testing laboratory, require special attention industrial safety, where almost all types of hazardous production factors are present.

Occupational safety – a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process labor activity, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Occupational health and safety management in the laboratory is carried out by the manager, and to organize labor protection work, a “Occupational Health and Safety Department” is created.

5.1. Calculation of artificial lighting and placement of lamps

To save high performance, reducing fatigue, injuries and increasing efficiency and safety, it is necessary to correctly design and rationally implement the lighting of industrial premises.

When calculating artificial lighting, the main task is to determine the required power of electrical lighting installations in order to create the desired illumination in the room.

Having calculated artificial lighting, the issues of choosing a lighting system, light source, lamps and their placement, standardized illumination and calculation of lighting using the luminous flux method must be resolved.

Selecting a lighting system

IN production premises General or combined lighting systems are used for all purposes. The general lighting system is divided into uniform and localized lighting, the choice between them is made taking into account the type of activity and location production equipment. If production requires precise visual works, then it is recommended to use a combined (general and local) lighting system.

Selecting light sources

Currently, for artificial lighting, such light sources are used as:

Incandescent lamps;

Gas discharge lamps.

As a rule, gas-discharge lamps are used for general lighting. They have a longer service life and are more energy efficient. Fluorescent lamps are widely used and used, which are distinguished by the spectral composition of visible light:

White (LB);

Cool white (LCB);

Warm white (LTB);

Daylight (LD);

Natural light(LE).

If the letter “C” is added at the end, this means that the “de-lux” phosphor is used, which has an improved color rendering, and the addition of “CC” means that the “super de-lux” phosphor has a high-quality color rendering.

Lamps of the LB type, in comparison with other types, are used most often, lamps of the LHB, LD and LDC types are used with increased requirements for color reproduction, and LTB type lamps are used when the correct color rendering of a human face is required. The main characteristics of fluorescent lamps are given in Table 5.1.1.

Also in industrial lighting, in addition to fluorescent gas-discharge lamps (low pressure), high-pressure gas-discharge lamps are used, such as DRL type lamps (mercury arc fluorescent), which are used to illuminate rooms with a height of 7 to 12 meters.

Table 5.1.1 . Main characteristics of fluorescent lamps.

Incandescent lamps are used in cases where it is impossible or impractical to use gas-discharge lamps.

Selection of lamps and their placement

In order to select the type of luminaires, the conditions of the production environment, economic indicators and lighting requirements should be taken into account.

To reduce glare, luminaires with a protective angle or with light-diffusing glass are selected. If it is necessary to reduce the reflection of glare, lamps with diffusers are used, and in special cases, lamps are made in the form of large diffuse surfaces that shine with reflected or transmitted light.

If it is necessary to illuminate high-lying surfaces, lamps are used that have sufficient luminous intensity in directions adjacent to the horizontal, and sometimes above the latter.
Of exceptional importance is the creation of sufficient brightness of the ceilings and walls of the illuminated room. Therefore, if these surfaces have a good reflectance coefficient, it is advisable to use lamps with predominantly direct or diffused light, and when special requirements to the quality of lighting - also predominantly reflected or reflected light.

For fluorescent lamps, lamps of the following types are more common:

Open two-lamp lamps (OD, ODO, ODOR, OOD);

Dust- and moisture-proof lamps (PVL);

Ceiling lamps.

Open two-lamp luminaires are used in rooms with normal conditions, with good reflection of light from the ceiling and walls. But it can also be used in cases of moderate humidity and dust.

PVL lamps are used in some fire hazardous areas; the lamp power is 2x40 W.

Ceiling lamps are used for general lighting of closed, dry rooms, with a lamp power of 10x30 W (L71B03) and 8x40 W (L71B04).

The main characteristics of luminaires with fluorescent lamps are given in Table 5.1.2.

Table 5.1.2. Characteristics of some lamps with fluorescent lamps.

To place lamps in a room, you need to know the following indicators:

H – room height;

h c – distance of luminaires from the ceiling;

h n = H - h c – height of the lamp above the floor, height of the suspension;

h p – height of the working surface above the floor;

h =h n – h p – design height, the height of the lamp above the working surface.

To combat glare and ensure favorable visual conditions in the workplace, requirements are being introduced that limit the minimum height of luminaires above the floor. These requirements are given in Table 5.1.3.

L is the distance between adjacent lamps or rows. If the distances along the length (A) and width (B) are different, then they are designated L A and L B.

l – distance from the outer lamps or rows to the wall.

Table 5.1.3. The minimum permissible height for hanging luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

It is recommended to consider L/3 as the optimal distance l from the outermost row of lamps to the wall.

The most effective way is to evenly place the lamps in a checkerboard pattern and along the sides of the square (the distances between all lamps are equal both between the rows and in the row)

Fluorescent lamps When spaced evenly, they are usually placed in rows parallel to the rows of equipment. If the level of standardized illumination is high, then the rows are arranged continuously, with the lamps connected to each other at their ends.

The optimal location of lamps is determined by the value l = L/h. If this value is excessively reduced, this will lead to an increase in the cost of lighting installation and maintenance, and an increase will lead to sharply uneven lighting. Table 5.1.4 shows l values ​​for various types of luminaires.

Table 5.1.4. Optimal location lamps.

5.1.4. The choice of normalized illumination

SNiP 23-05 – 95 “Natural and artificial lighting” normalizes the illumination values ​​of working surfaces; the choice is made depending on the characteristics of visual work. These requirements are shown in Table 5.1.5.

Table 5.1.5. Illumination standards in industrial workplaces with artificial lighting

Continuation of table 5.1.4.

5.1.5. Calculation of general uniform illumination

The calculation of general uniform artificial lighting is carried out using the luminous flux coefficient method, which takes into account the luminous flux reflected from the ceiling and walls.

The luminous flux is determined by the formula:

F = E n ×S×K z ×Z / (n×h),

E n – standardized minimum illumination, lux;

S – area of ​​the illuminated room, m2;

K z – safety factor (according to table 5.1.6);

Z – coefficient of minimum illumination (ratio E avg /E min);

n – number of lamps;

h - luminous flux utilization factor, %.

Table 5.1.6. Safety factor for luminaires using fluorescent lamps.

The luminous flux utilization coefficient h depends on the height of the luminaire h, the type of luminaire, the reflection coefficients of the walls r c and the ceiling r n. Luminous flux coefficient shows what fraction of the lamp flux hits the illuminated surface.

Reflection coefficients are assessed subjectively (see Table 5.1.7), and the room index is determined using the formula:

Table 5.1.7 . The value of the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls.

Table 5.1.8 shows the values ​​of the luminous flux utilization factor h of luminaires with fluorescent lamps, where the combination of reflectance coefficient and room index is most common.

Table 5.1.8. Luminous flux utilization factors of luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

Thus, having calculated the luminous flux Ф and knowing the type of lamp, using Table 5.1.1 you should select a standard lamp that is close in calculated values, then you can determine electrical power the entire lighting system.

In cases where the required luminaire flux is outside the range (-10 ¸ + 20%), then it is necessary to either adjust the number of luminaires n, or change the height of the luminaires.

Counting fluorescent lighting, instead of the number of lamps n, the number of rows N is substituted into the formula, and F should be understood as the luminous flux of lamps in one row.

The number of lamps in a row N is determined as

where Ф 1 is the luminous flux of one lamp.

5.2. Calculation of artificial lighting and placement of lamps in the premises of the industrial safety testing laboratory in the construction of IKBS MGSU.

Calculations of artificial lighting will be made according to the method described above.

Selecting a lighting system.

It was decided that the production premises of the testing laboratory will be equipped with a system of general uniform lighting. This decision was made taking into account the characteristics of the type of activity of the laboratory and the types of testing equipment located in the premises. The operating principle of the testing equipment is based on remote control processes, which minimizes human participation in testing and does not require increased visual attention during testing.

Selecting a light source.

The production premises of the testing laboratory have dimensions: H = 6 m; A= 36 m; H=18 m.

Taking into account the size of the production premises, service life and for reasons of energy saving, fluorescent gas-discharge lamps of the LD-40 type were chosen as the light source. Since the testing methodology does not require increased requirements for color rendering, lamps of the LD-40 type in this case are able to fully ensure the preservation of high staff performance. Lamps of type LD - 40 have high luminous efficiency, long service life (up to 10,000 hours), good color rendering and low temperature.

According to SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”, the work carried out can be classified as category IV, "V" subcategory works (medium contrast on a light background). In accordance with the selected category of visual work, the lowest illumination of the working surface E min is taken to be 200 lux.

It is proposed to use lamps of the ODR type, since the room is intended for direct testing, which means that normal conditions must be maintained.

1. Determination of the safety factor.

The safety factor KZ takes into account the dustiness of the room and the decrease in the luminous flux of lamps during operation. For the production premises of the testing laboratory with gas-discharge lamps, KZ = 1.8 was selected (rooms with average dust emission)

1. Determination of the minimum illumination coefficient Z.

The minimum illumination coefficient Z characterizes the unevenness of illumination. It is a function of many variables and is most dependent on the ratio of the distance between luminaires to the design height (L / h).

When placing luminaires in a line (row), if the most favorable L/h ratio is maintained, it is recommended to take Z = 1.1 for LD type lamps.

1. Determination of luminous flux coefficient η.

To determine the luminous flux utilization factor h, find the room index i and expected reflection coefficients of room surfaces: ceiling r p and walls r with.

According to table 5.1.8 for this room we accept: r p = 50%, r c = 30%,

1. Calculation of room index i.

The room index is determined by the formula:

A, B, h – length, width and estimated height (height of the lamp hanging above the working surface) of the room, m.

,

H– geometric height of the room;

h sv– overhang of the lamp, we accept h St = 0.5 m;

h p– height of the working surface. h p = 1.0 m.

We get h= 4.5 m. and room index i= 2.7.

The luminous flux utilization coefficient is a complex function that depends on the type of lamp, room index, reflectance of the ceiling, walls and floor.

Using Table 5.1.8, we find by interpolation h = 61%.

The illuminated area is accepted equal area premises:

S = AB = 1296 m2.

Distance between lamps L defined as:

L=1.1×4.5=4.95 m.

The value of l was determined from Table 5.1.4 and was taken equal to 1.1 for types of ODR lamps. Thus, we calculate the number of rows of lamps in the room:

N b =18/4.95=3.64.

Number of lamps in a row:

N a =36/4.95=7.27.

We round these numbers to the nearest larger N a =7 and N b =4.

Total number of lamps:

N= N a × N b =7 × 4=28.

Along the width of the room, the distance between the rows is L b = 4.5 m, and the distance from the outer row to the wall is taken to be 0.5 L = 2.25 m. In each row, the distance between the lamps is also taken to be L a = 4.95 m, and the distance from the extreme lamp to the wall will be equal to 0.5L = 2.48 m.

Luminous flux utilization factor in fractions of a unit.

We finally accept N = 28, a multiple of 4 lines of 7 lamps.

Thus, when using lamps of type LD - 40, four in each lamp, the number of lamps required to ensure normal illumination is N = 28

Related information.

Currently, the most common is electric lighting. The light sources for it are incandescent lamps and high-pressure gas-discharge lamps - DRL and low pressure - fluorescent lamps. To create rational lighting, light sources are placed in lighting fixtures, the main purpose of which is to redistribute the light flux, protect the eyes from the glare of open lamps, protect the light source from exposure environment. The light source in a lighting fixture is called a luminaire.

Depending on the nature of the light distribution, lamps are divided into three groups:
1. Direct light fixtures that direct at least 90% of the luminous flux to the lower zone of the room. They have fittings in the form of an opaque (metal) cap, as a result of which, when using these lamps, the ceiling and top part The walls of the room remain dimly lit. Direct light luminaires include: deep emitter, “universal”, oblique light. “alpha”, type OD, type PVL (Fig. 30); They are most often used in industrial premises.

Rice. thirty. Various types lamps. a - station wagon; b - enameled deep emitter; c - mirror deep emitter; g - oblique light; d - solid glass lucetta; e - national lucetta; oh - a ball of milk glass; h - local lighting lamp "alpha".

2. Reflected light luminaires that emit at least 90% of the luminous flux into the upper zone, which, reflected from the ceiling and the upper part of the walls, is evenly distributed throughout the room. In this case, it is necessary that the ceiling and walls have a light color and reflect at least 60-70% of the light flux. From a hygienic point of view, indirect lighting is the most appropriate, since it provides uniform, shadow-free lighting without glare. Reflected light luminaires include ring luminaires (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Ring light.

3. Diffused light fixtures that distribute the luminous flux to both the upper and lower zones of the room and are most often used for lighting public buildings. They create diffused lighting in the room and the shadows are soft. This class of lamps includes: milk ball, solid milk glass lucetta, prefabricated lucetta (see Fig. 30).

In production premises with high humidity air or its intense dustiness, lamps with moisture- or dust-proof fittings are used for lighting, and rooms where there is a danger of explosion are equipped with special lamps with explosion-proof fittings.

Currently, for lighting public and industrial buildings Increasingly, fluorescent lamps are used, which have great advantages over incandescent lamps: thanks to their favorable spectral characteristics, they can be used to create artificial daylight and diffused light distribution in rooms. In addition, they are economically more profitable, since they create higher illumination at the same cost of electricity. Fluorescent lamps are glass tubes (Fig. 32), inside which there are mercury vapor, when passing through them electric current(electrodes are soldered into the tube at both ends) gas discharges occur, resulting in ultraviolet radiation. A layer of so-called phosphors is applied to the tube wall from the inside - minerals(zinc silicate, cadmium tungstate, etc.), which have the ability to glow under the action of ultraviolet rays. The ultraviolet radiation arising in the tube is absorbed by them and transformed into visible light, which enters the surrounding space. Since each phosphor has its own characteristic emission color (green, orange, red, etc.), then, choosing different mixtures, it is possible to obtain lamps of different shades of white light, for example daylight(LD), the spectrum of which approximately corresponds to the light of a light blue sky, white light (LB), having a spectrum close to the light of a sky covered with light clouds, etc. Fluorescent lamps can be connected directly to a 127-220 V network using special starting devices. The main type of lighting fittings for fluorescent lamps, the most rational for lighting schools, offices, drawing offices, etc., is a lamp of the OD type, the SOD type (Fig. 33). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it has a shielding grille with metal strips in the lower part, which protects the eyes from the glare of the lamps and creates a diffuse light distribution.

For more than 20 years, the Belarusian company LLC "Electret" has been manufacturing luminescent and LED lamps. Innovative solutions, constant quality control and competitive prices have allowed us to bring our products to the markets of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus.

Quality and reliability are the main advantages of Electret LLC lamps. And the unique warranty service eliminates the need for the client to dismantle and deliver a failed lamp - we will come and replace it ourselves.

History of the company's development:

1994 One of the directions is the production of electronic ballasts and energy-saving lamps based on them. The first lamps were based on compact fluorescent lamps 9W (holder 2 G 7), intended for cowsheds, pigsties and poultry houses.

1995 The production of anti-vandal energy-saving lamps based on compact fluorescent lamps for entrances has been mastered. The lamps were made of steel, had a specially designed body, and a diffuser made of impact-resistant polycarbonate. Special screws prevented unauthorized access. Installed lamp withstood a weight of 80...90 kg. A large number of These lamps are still installed.

1999 Development and production of lamps for industrial premises, with electronic ballast and 36 and 58 W lamps. Degree of protection - IP54. With an efficient 58/840 lamp, this luminaire has become a hit with businesses light industry. Lamp luminous efficiency - 100 lm/W, service life - 18,000...24,000 hours.

2001 Production of lamps for schools with automatic adjustment of luminous flux. They were installed to replace the standard Soviet-made ShOD 2x65, ShOD2x80. Savings - 70...80%. Further this decision formed the basis of construction regulations. Since 2004, within the framework of the Modernization of Infrastructure in the Social Sphere program in the Republic of Belarus, more than 600 facilities have been completely modernized.

2004 Search effective solutions leads to the creation of lamps using T5 fluorescent lamps. Another hit is coming out - a luminaire for industrial premises 4*54, where 4 thin fluorescent lamps of 54 W each were installed. Light output of lamps is up to 100 lm/W (OSRAM T5 NO 50/840 ES), service life is up to 45,000 hours (OSRAM T5 NO 54/840 XT). The LPP 4x54 lamp (216 W) easily replaces lamps with DRL lamps - 700 W. Taking into account the 4x54 color rendering level, lamps with a 1000 W DRL lamp were replaced. Instant start-up, huge service life - the basis for the mass application of these solutions in industry.

These lamps have also been used to produce recessed luminaires for suspended ceilings such as 4x24, 4x54, etc. Also, linear luminaires for retail premises on 54W lamps went to the masses with a bang.

2005 The problem of maximum efficiency for poultry house lighting has been solved. The use of T5 fluorescent lamps has revolutionized the idea of ​​energy consumption in the poultry industry. Instead of 100 and 75 W incandescent lamps, lamps with 35 W/840 lamps have been introduced into poultry houses. Parameters - more than 100 lm/W, 20,000 hours, smooth adjustment 1...100%. Program control, “sunrise-sunset” is the basis of the legendary Zarya system. The result is that over 4 years, more than 200 poultry houses have been equipped with these solutions.

2008 Output of recessed luminaires using T5 lamps of type 2x14 and 2x24. A 2x14 luminaire with a power consumption of 30 W in terms of luminous flux replaced the mass 4x18 (72 ... 90 W).

2009. The production of lamps using ultra-bright LEDs has been mastered.

2011 Cree MX-6 LEDs have already been installed in lamps by Electret specialists.

2012 LED lamps have begun to be installed in poultry houses. The Zarya lighting system from Electret has become a hit in Belarus. 48 Volts in the poultry house, current control, regulation 0…100%, the world standard - interface 1…10V - all this provided and provides the leadership of the system.

2011-2013 Production of lamps with both fluorescent lamps and diodes.

2014 The constant search for solutions leads to the launch of fixtures with LED arrays for accent lighting - "Track", with a power of 36W.

2014 Production of lamps for retail spaces. Linear luminaire 150 W, 3 m long - a godsend for retail chains. An excellent replacement for outdated lamps of the 4x58 form factor (2x58+2x58).

2016 Experience pushes you to make bold decisions that allow you to easily break away from your competitors - the result - FIRST TIME on the market - AUTOMATION for diode lamps in the HYPER 150 type series. By August, 3 large trading floors were already equipped with these lamps and modes 33/66/100% and one - with adjustment 1...100% of the light sensor. Advantages - light output up to 180 lm/W, diode service life - more than 150,000 hours, additional savings of up to 80%.