Sequence of turmoil. The last period of the Troubles. Consequences of the Time of Troubles for Russia

TROUBLES (TIME OF TROUBLES) - a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

The first period, the beginning of the Time of Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many contenders. The son of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the Tsar’s wife, received power; his policies led to the discontent of the people.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself False Dmitry, the saved son of Ivan the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized as quite for the most part population of the country, and in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Rus' and was recognized as the tsar. But his support for serfdom caused violent discontent among the peasants, and his too independent policy led to the displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited.

The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov. The militia consisted of people from all strata. Not only peasants, but also serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, and townspeople took part in the uprising. But, in the battle of Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.

The people's outrage only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army he had assembled moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both kings, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.

But Shuisky also failed to retain power for long. He was captured and forced to become a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav, on August 17, 1610. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued.

The third period of the Troubles is the time of struggle against the invaders. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired a national character. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles.

The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the emergence of a new dynasty on the Russian throne - the Romanovs. At the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.

Causes of the Troubles in Russia

The end of the Rurik dynasty.

Enslavement of peasants, increased tax oppression.

The struggle between the boyars and the tsarist government - the first sought to preserve and increase traditional privileges and political influence, the second - to limit these privileges and influence.

The difficult economic situation of the country. The conquests of Ivan the Terrible and Livonian War required significant strain on production forces. The forced movement of service people and the ruin of Novgorod the Great had a rather negative impact on the country's economy. The situation was catastrophically aggravated by the famine of 1601–1603, which ruined thousands of large and small farms

Deep social discord in the country. The existing system was rejected by the masses of runaway peasants, slaves, impoverished townspeople, Cossack freemen and city Cossacks, as well as a significant part of the service people

Consequences of the oprichnina, which undermined respect for authority and law

Consequences of the 17th century turmoil in Russia

Its first, most severe consequence was the terrible ruin and desolation of the country; many cities and villages lay in ruins. Were ruined Agriculture, crafts, trading life died out.

Russia's territorial unity was largely restored, although the Baltic Sea coast and the lands of Smolensk were lost

Inside political life state, the role of the nobility and the upper classes of the town increased significantly. Power was restored in the form of an autocratic monarchy.

The position of the nobility was strengthened.

Russia's independence was preserved.

The Romanov dynasty began to rule.

Ticket 6. Transformations of Peter I: pros and cons.

All internal government activities Peter can be conditionally divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725.
The peculiarity of the first stage was haste and not always thought out, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War. The reforms were aimed primarily at raising funds for the Northern War, were carried out by force and often did not lead to the desired result. In addition to government reforms, at the first stage, extensive reforms were carried out to change the cultural way of life. In the second period, reforms were more systematic and aimed at interior design states.
REFORM

Military naval

Administrative

3. Transformations in the field of culture, science and everyday life

Church

5. Transformations in the field of economics

In general, Peter's reforms were aimed at strengthening Russian state and the introduction of the ruling stratum to European culture with the simultaneous strengthening absolute monarchy. By the end of the reign of Peter the Great, a powerful Russian empire, headed by an emperor who had absolute power. During the reforms, the technical and economic lag of Russia from a number of other European countries was overcome, access to the Baltic Sea was won, and transformations were carried out in many areas of life Russian society. At the same time, the popular forces were extremely exhausted, the bureaucratic apparatus expanded, and the preconditions were created (Decree on Succession to the Throne) for a crisis of supreme power, which led to the era of “palace coups.”

He was overthrown from the Russian throne in 1610. He was sent to a monastery, and they did it by force. After this, the period of Boyar rule begins - the so-called Seven Boyars. The end includes, in addition to boyar rule, an invitation to the throne of the Polish prince Vladislav, foreign intervention in the territory of Rus', the creation of a people's militia and the accession of a new dynasty.

In some historiography, the end of the Troubles is not associated with 1613, when he was elected to the throne. Many historians extend the Time of Troubles until 1617-1618, when truces were concluded with Poland and Sweden. Namely Deulinskoe with Poland and the Stolbovsky peace with the Swedes.

Period of Troubles

After the overthrow of Shuisky's rule, the boyars took power into their own hands. Several noble boyar families, led by Mstislavsky, took part in the administration. If we evaluate the activities of the Seven Boyars, then its policy looked treacherous in relation to its country. The boyars openly decided to surrender the state to the Poles. In surrendering the country, the Seven Boyars proceeded from class preferences. At the same time, the army of False Dmitry II was heading towards Moscow, and these were the “lower classes” of society. And the Poles, although they were Catholics and did not belong to the Russian nation, were still closer in class terms.

On August 17, 1610, an agreement was signed between the two states on the territory of the Polish army. The agreement implied - to call the son of the Polish king Vladislav to the Russian throne. But in this agreement there were several points that significantly limited the power of the prince, namely:

1. The prince converts to Orthodoxy;
2. No contact with the Pope about Vladislav's faith is prohibited;
3. Execute Russians who deviate from the Orthodox faith;
4. The prince marries a Russian Orthodox girl;
5. Russian prisoners must be released.

The terms of the agreement were accepted. Already on August 27, the capital of the Russian state swears allegiance to the prince. The Poles entered Moscow. Those close to False Dmitry II learned about this. A conspiracy was organized against him, he was killed.

During the oath of Moscow to the prince, the Polish king SigismundIII and his army stood at Smolensk. After the oath of office, the Russian embassy was sent there, its head was Filaret Romanov. The purpose of the embassy is to bring Vladislav to the capital. But then it turned out that SigismundIII himself wanted to take the Russian throne. He did not inform the ambassadors about his plans, he simply began to stall for time. And at this time, the boyars opened the doors of Moscow for the Poles who were near the city.

Events at the end of the Time of Troubles

The events of the end began to develop rapidly. A new government arose in Moscow. He was assigned the role of managing the state until Vladislav arrived in the city. It was headed by the following people:

• Boyarin M. Saltykov;
• Merchant F. Andronov.

Particular attention should be paid to Andronov. For the first time, a city person, in this case a merchant, appeared in the state apparatus. From this we can conclude that the wealthy part of Moscow’s citizens were in favor of Vladislav’s rule and actively promoted his candidacy. At the same time, realizing that Sigismund was in no hurry to send Vladislav to the throne, the ambassadors began to put pressure on Sigismund. This led to their arrest and they were then sent to Poland.

In 1610, the Time of Troubles entered the phase of the liberation struggle. Everything has become easier. Now it was not Russian forces that were confronting each other, but an open confrontation between Poles and Russians. This also included the religious segment - the struggle between Catholics and Orthodox. The main force in this struggle among the Russians was the zemstvo militias. They arose in counties, volosts and cities, gradually the militias grew stronger and were subsequently able to provide fierce resistance to the interventionists.

Patriarch Hermogenes took a very tough position towards the Poles. He was categorically against their stay in the capital, and was also against the Polish prince on the Russian throne. He was an ardent fighter against intervention. Hermogenes would play an important role in the liberation struggle, which would begin in 1611. The presence of the Poles in Moscow gave impetus to the beginning of the national liberation movement.

The first militia of the Time of Troubles

It is worth noting that those territories where militias arose were long accustomed to independently governing their territories. In addition, in these territories there was not such a large social stratification, there was no clear division between rich and poor. We can say that this movement was patriotic. But not everything is so perfect. The merchants who lived there did not want the Poles to rule the state at all. This state of affairs had a negative impact on trade.

In 1610-1611 The first zemstvo militia arose during the Time of Troubles. This militia had several leaders:

• Lyapunov brothers - Prokipiy and Zakhar;
• Ivan Zarutsky - formerly in the camp of False Dmitry II, favorite of Marina Mnishek (wife);
• Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy.

The leaders had an adventurous character. It is worth noting that the time was adventurous in itself. In March 1611, the militia decided to take Moscow by storm. It was not possible to do this, but the city was placed under blockade.

Within the militia, a conflict arose between representatives of the Cossacks and the nobility. The Poles took advantage of this conflict. They sent a letter stating that Prokopiy Lyapunov was supposed to enter into an agreement with them. Lyapunov could not justify himself, and was killed. The militia eventually disintegrated.

The end and consequences of the Time of Troubles

Some territories swore allegiance to little Ivan Dmitrievich - the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek. But there is a version that the boy’s father was Ivan Zarutsky. Ivan had the nickname “raven”, as he was the son of the Tushinsky thief. At the same time, a new militia begins to take shape. It was headed by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

Initially, Minin raised funds and equipped the infantry. And Prince Pozharsky led the army. Dmitry Pozharsky was a descendant of Vsevolod the Big Nest. It can be judged that Dmitry had very extensive rights to take the Russian throne. In addition, it is worth saying that this militia marched on Moscow under the coat of arms of the Pozharsky family. The movement of the new militia swept the Volga region, the army arrived in the city of Yaroslavl. Alternative government bodies were created there.

In August 1612, a militia army was near Moscow. Pozharsky managed to persuade the Cossacks to help the militia. The combined army struck the Poles, then the militia entered the city. It took a long time to take the Kremlin. Only on October 26 (November 4) he was surrendered by the Poles, and their lives were guaranteed. The prisoners were divided between the Cossacks and the militia. The militia kept their word, but the Cossacks did not. The captured Poles were killed by the Cossacks.

In February 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a 16-year-old boy to reign. This is the story of the end of the troubled period.

End of the Time of Troubles video

Causes of the Troubles

Ivan the Terrible had 3 sons. He killed the eldest in a fit of anger, the youngest was only two years old, the middle one, Fedor, was 27. After the death of Ivan IV, it was Fedor who had to rule. But Fyodor had a very soft character, he was not suitable for the role of a king. Therefore, during his lifetime, Ivan the Terrible created a regency council under Fyodor, which included I. Shuisky, Boris Godunov and several other boyars.

In 1584, Ivan IV died. Officially, Fyodor Ivanovich began to rule, in fact, Godunov. In 1591, Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, died. There are many versions of this event: one says that the boy himself ran into a knife, the other says that it was on the orders of Godunov that the heir was killed. A few more years later, in 1598, Fyodor also died, leaving no children behind.

So, the first reason for the unrest is the dynastic crisis. The last member of the Rurik dynasty has died.

The second reason is class contradictions. The boyars sought power, the peasants were dissatisfied with their position (they were forbidden to move to other estates, they were tied to the land).

The third reason is economic devastation. The country's economy was not doing well. In addition, every now and then there were crop failures in Russia. The peasants blamed the ruler for everything and periodically staged uprisings and supported the False Dmitrievs.

All this prevented the reign of any one new dynasty and worsened the already terrible situation.

Events of the Troubles

After the death of Fyodor, Boris Godunov (1598-1605) was elected tsar at the Zemsky Sobor.

He led a fairly successful foreign policy: continued the development of Siberia and southern lands, strengthened its position in the Caucasus. In 1595, after a short war with Sweden, the Treaty of Tyavzin was signed, which stated that Russia would return the cities lost to Sweden in the Livonian War.

In 1589, the patriarchate was established in Russia. This was a great event, since thanks to this the authority of the Russian Church increased. Job became the first patriarch.

But, despite Godunov’s successful policy, the country was in a difficult situation. Then Boris Godunov worsened the situation of the peasants by giving the nobles some benefits in relation to them. The peasants had a bad opinion of Boris (not only is he not from the Rurik dynasty, but he also encroaches on their freedom, the peasants thought that it was under Godunov that they were enslaved).

The situation was aggravated by the fact that the country experienced crop failure for several years in a row. The peasants blamed Godunov for everything. The king tried to improve the situation by distributing bread from the royal barns, but this did not help matters. In 1603-1604, the uprising of Khlopok took place in Moscow (the leader of the uprising was Khlopok Kosolap). The uprising was suppressed, the instigator was executed.

Soon Boris Godunov had new problem– there were rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry survived, that it was not the heir himself who was killed, but his copy. In fact, it was an impostor (monk Gregory, in life Yuri Otrepiev). But since no one knew this, people followed him.

A little about False Dmitry I. He, having enlisted the support of Poland (and its soldiers) and promised the Polish Tsar to convert Russia to Catholicism and give Poland some lands, moved towards Russia. His goal was Moscow, and along the way his ranks increased. In 1605, Godunov died unexpectedly, Boris’s wife and his son were imprisoned upon the arrival of False Dmitry in Moscow.

In 1605-1606, False Dmitry I ruled the country. He remembered his obligations to Poland, but was in no hurry to fulfill them. He married a Polish woman, Maria Mniszech, and increased taxes. All this caused discontent among the people. In 1606, they rebelled against False Dmitry (the leader of the uprising was Vasily Shuisky) and killed the impostor.

After this, Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610) became king. He promised the boyars not to touch their estates, and also hastened to protect himself from the new impostor: he showed the remains of Tsarevich Dmitry to the people in order to suppress rumors about the surviving prince.

The peasants revolted again. This time it was called the Bolotnikov uprising (1606-1607) after the leader. Bolotnikov was appointed royal governor on behalf of the new impostor False Dmitry II. Those dissatisfied with Shuisky joined the uprising.

At first, luck was on the side of the rebels - Bolotnikov and his army captured several cities (Tula, Kaluga, Serpukhov). But when the rebels approached Moscow, the nobles (who were also part of the uprising) betrayed Bolotnikov, which led to the defeat of the army. The rebels retreated first to Kaluga, then to Tula. The tsarist army besieged Tula, after a long siege the rebels were finally defeated, Bolotnikov was blinded and soon killed.

During the siege of Tula, False Dmitry II appeared. At first he was heading with a Polish detachment to Tula, but upon learning that the city had fallen, he went to Moscow. On the way to the capital, people joined False Dmitry II. But they could not take Moscow, just like Bolotnikov, but stopped 17 km from Moscow in the village of Tushino (for which False Dmitry II was called the Tushino thief).

Vasily Shuisky called on the Swedes for help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II. Poland declared war on Russia, False Dmitry II became unnecessary for the Poles, as they switched to open intervention.

Sweden helped Russia a little in the fight against Poland, but since the Swedes themselves were interested in conquering Russian lands, at the first opportunity (the failure of the troops led by Dmitry Shuisky) they got out of Russian control.

In 1610, the boyars overthrew Vasily Shuisky. A boyar government was formed - the Seven Boyars. Soon that same year, the Seven Boyars called the son of the Polish king, Vladislav, to the Russian throne. Moscow swore allegiance to the prince. This was a betrayal of national interests.

The people were outraged. In 1611, the first militia was convened, led by Lyapunov. However, it was not successful. In 1612, Minin and Pozharsky gathered a second militia and moved towards Moscow, where they united with the remnants of the first militia. The militia captured Moscow, the capital was liberated from the interventionists.

The end of the Time of Troubles

In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was convened, at which a new tsar was to be chosen. The contenders for this place were the son of False Dmitry II, and Vladislav, and the son of the Swedish king, and finally, several representatives of the boyar families. But Mikhail Romanov was chosen as tsar.

Consequences of the Troubles:

1. Deterioration of the country's economic situation
2. Territorial losses (Smolensk, Chernigov lands, part of Corellia

22-10-2017, 18:13 |

The history of our state has a lot important events. refers to just such. This period of time is from 1604 to 1613. became predetermining for the further development of Russia. This is a time of struggle for power, in which many contenders participated. The winner was an unremarkable young man of 16, who had neither military nor political skills. It was . It's hard to even imagine how it would have turned out further fate countries, everything would turn out differently. But, as you know, “history does not know the subjunctive mood.”

Time of Troubles chronology in the table

So, it all began, perhaps, with death. at the time of his death he had only two heirs - Tsarevich Fyodor and Tsarevich Dmitry. was in poor health, but since he was much older than Dmitry, after the death of his father he ascended the throne. However, his reign was short-lived and he died in 1598. And even earlier, in 1591, under mysterious circumstances, this event was named in history as the “Uglik drama.” Thus, from 1598 a political crisis began in the country, which would last about 15 years. It was the dynastic crisis after death that became the beginning of the Time of Troubles.

The first period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table

The struggle for the Moscow throne (from the accession of Boris Godunov to the assassination of False Dmitry I)

1598 – Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the end of the Rurik dynasty. The Zemsky Sobor elects Boris Godunov (1598-1605) to the kingdom.

1600 – The first rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. Godunov's imprisonment of Dmitry's former teacher, Bogdan Belsky. The Polish embassy of Lev Sapieha to Moscow (late 1600 - early 1601) and his intrigues among the boyars dissatisfied with Godunov.

1601 – Famine years in Russia (1601-1603). Imprisonment of the Romanov brothers, rivals with Godunov. Law banning the export of peasants from small to large owners.

1603 – Fighting near Moscow with Cotton Crookshank’s gang. In Poland, the Vishnevetsky family puts forward the impostor False Dmitry I.

1604 – Meeting of False Dmitry I with the Polish king Sigismund III in Krakow (March). The impostor's conversion to Catholicism and his second meeting with the king (April). Entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Moscow State(autumn). They occupied Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk, Belgorod, Liven. The siege of Basmanov by the Pretender in Novgorod-Seversky and the defeat (December 21) of the army of F. Mstislavsky, which was moved to help Basmanov.

1605 – Defeat of the Pretender at Dobrynichi (January 20) and his flight to Putivl. Unsuccessful siege of Rylsk and Krom by the governors of Godunov. Death of Tsar Boris Godunov (April 13). Transition of Basmanov's army to the side of the Pretender (May 7). The campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow through Orel and Tula. Reading of the Pretender's letter by Pleshcheev and Pushkin in Moscow and the arrest of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich by Muscovites (June 1). Murder of Tsar Feodor and his mother (June 10). Entry of False Dmitry I into Moscow (June 20). His royal crowning (July 21)

1606 – Reception by False Dmitry of the papal embassy of Rangoni in Moscow (February). Wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mnishek (May 8). Boyar rebellion in Moscow and the murder of the Pretender (May 17).

The second period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table

Destruction of state order (rule of Vasily Shuisky)

1606 – Accession of Vasily Shuisky. The new tsar’s kiss of the cross states that he will carry out all the most important matters only on the advice of the boyars. Speech against Shuisky Bolotnikov and the Lyapunov militia. Having taken the village of Kolomenskoye (October), Bolotnikov tries to besiege Moscow. A quarrel between the noble and peasant armies near Moscow, the Lyapunovs going over to Shuisky’s side (November 15). The defeat of Bolotnikov in the battle near the village of Kotly (December 2) and his flight from Moscow to Kaluga.

The battle between Bolotnikov's army and the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner

1607 – Bolotnikov’s breakthrough from Kaluga to Tula, his plans to march on Moscow again (spring). The siege of Bolotnikov in Tula (June 30 - October 1) and the suppression of his rebellion. Appearance of False Dmitry II in Starodub; occupation of Bryansk, Kozelsk and Orel.

1608 – False Dmitry II’s campaign against Moscow and his occupation of Tushino (early July). The beginning of the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra by Sapieha (September 23).

1609 – The first attempt to overthrow Shuisky in Moscow (G. Sumbulov and V. Golitsyn, February 17). The alliance of Tsar Vasily with the Swedes on the terms of concession to those of Korela (end of February). Tushino attacks on Moscow (June). The campaign of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardi from Novgorod to Moscow in order to free it from the siege of False Dmitry II. Their capture of Tver (July 13) and Pereyaslavl. Polish king Sigismund III declares war on Russia and besieges Smolensk (from September 16).

Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) 17th century

1610 – Sapieha’s retreat from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (January 12). The collapse of the Tushino camp. Agreement between the former Tushins and Sigismund on the recognition of Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar under conditions limiting his power (February 4). Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga (February). Death of Skopin-Shuisky (April 23). Victory of the Polish Hetman Zholkiewski over Russian troops at Klushin (June 24). Return of False Dmitry II to Moscow (July 11). Deposition of Shuisky (July 17).

The third period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table

An attempt to restore order (from the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky to the election of Mikhail Romanov)

1610 – Approach to Moscow of the Polish army of Zholkiewski (July 24). The Seven Boyars in Moscow, its oath to Prince Vladislav (August 17). Departure from the capital of the Russian embassy for negotiations with Sigismund III. The occupation of Moscow by the Poles (the night of September 20-21, supposedly for the defense of the capital from False Dmitry II). Sigismund's intention is to personally take the Moscow throne, and not give it to his son. Murder of False Dmitry II (December 11).

1611 – The battle of the Poles with the Muscovites and the burning of Moscow by Polish soldiers (March 19). The approach of Lyapunov’s militia to Moscow (late March) and its connection with the Cossacks. Arrest of the Russian embassy by Sigismund III (April). Capture of Smolensk by Sigismund (June 3) and Novgorod by the Swedes (July 8). The Swedes proclaim Prince Philip the Russian Tsar. The “sentence of June 30, 1611” worked out by the first militia to protect the interests of service people. Murder of Lyapunov (July 25), zemstvo militias break with the Cossacks and leave Moscow. Newsletter across Russia