Professional and special vocabulary. Professional and terminological vocabulary

Relevance: When parents come home and start talking to each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their conversation is mainly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.

I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, the topic “Professional vocabulary of my parents” became relevant for me, which is why I chose it.

Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the phrase “professional vocabulary”.

Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?

Find out what my parents' job is. Be present at my parents’ workplace and write down words that are unfamiliar to me.

Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Observe how often mom and dad use professional words at home.

Object of study: mother, father.

While doing the work I set hypothesis: Professional vocabulary is needed for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.

Research methods:questioning of students of grade 6 “b” of MBOU “Secondary School No. 1” with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.

Self-education is a difficult matter,

and improving its conditions -

one of the sacred duties of every person,

because there is nothing more important

as the education of oneself and one's neighbors.

Socrates

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians thin wire becomes a hair.

Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.

There are three ways to develop professionalism:

– Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.

– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. A trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

– Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. For example, the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.

Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.

Professional vocabulary- this is vocabulary characteristic of a given professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.

"Balda"(a heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.

"Galley"(kitchen on the ship), cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors

Professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively reinterpreted words and expressions, characteristic of many professions, taken from general circulation. Professionalism is given in explanatory dictionaries marked “special”, sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physics, medicine, mathematics, astronomer. etc.

Professionalisms- a range of conventional expressions of a profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic dignity of the text (L.I. Timofeev).

Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.

Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word “hat” (a general title for several notes) is used in the speech of printers, in everyday life “hat” is a headdress; “slopes” - wheel tires (driver’s); “piggy” - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)

Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology:

Professionalism required:

For better understanding people of the same profession.

For convenience of explanation of the term.

To understand professionalism in the 6th grade Russian language course.

For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary.

To be able to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts

Professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.

Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology

Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, not literary.

There is a lot of confusion, vagueness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. We should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise vocabulary, normative in nature, and their share in the literary vocabulary is enormous.

The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. a commonly used word in a figurative meaning can be used as a term, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

Despite the fact that in some scientific sources professionalisms and professional jargon are defined almost identically, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargons, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between “us” and “strangers”, a sign of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.

Professional jargons are more familiar, emotional and expressive compared to professionalisms. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.

Like jargon, professionalism is corporate vocabulary, it is used to recognize “our own people” (a doctor is a doctor, a physicist is a physicist, etc.). but unlike slang, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. The same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, jargon, or professionalism. For example, everyone understands the word work, i.e. any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common usage, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things; for chemists, gold is one of the elements of Mendeleev’s periodic table with its own properties, and for economists, gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.

Imagery, expressiveness, and emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.

Chapter 3. My parents' work

My mother works at the Central District Hospital as the chief nurse.

I attended my mother's work.

In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, liuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.

Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.

Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).

Disco - siren and emergency lights on.

In the field of specialized and professional communication and exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is explained by the nature of her information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the quality result of their joint work.

Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).

Granny-narushka is an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.

BNVPB is a blockade of the lower branch of the right bundle branch, an abbreviation often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.

Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksyukha, Oksana.

Batseshnik is a patient who has been diagnosed with both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Deadwood - a ward with bedridden patients. See Lounger.

Galochka with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.

Accordion - apparatus artificial ventilation lungs (ventilator) with manual drive. They brought the client in on an accordion - the ambulance delivered the patient connected to a ventilator.

Pull the esophagus - perform transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) electrical cardiac stimulation. See CHPECSnut.

Childhood - children's department hospitals.

Disco - siren and emergency lights on. See Color music.

Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.

Starting a patient - restoring sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.

Load the patient - administer psychotropic drugs.

Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See Fiddler.

Caesarean - women after surgery caesarean section.

The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.

Clinic - clinical death. See Stop.

Canned food - patients who are in a department (usually a surgical department) on a conservative basis, i.e. non-surgical treatment.

Ksyukha is the same as Tug. See Oksana.

Bedbed - a bedridden patient.

A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis due to strabismus.

The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.

Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.

Magnolia - magnesium sulfate - a drug used to reduce blood pressure. Intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate is very painful.

Flicker, Mertsukha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.

Tinsel - film for single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands and unfolds like a serpentine.

Kaltenbrunner's anesthesia is insufficient pain relief. See Operation under crycaine.

Violation is an acute disorder of cerebral circulation.

A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be corrected by radiofrequency ablation.

Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.

UFO - a motionless object; most often a patient in a coma.

An operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words “scream” and “novocaine”.

The stop is the same as the Clinic.

Paratroopers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.

Overinfusing a patient means administering too many intravenous solutions, most often through an IV.

Submarine - revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of a strong antipsychotic droperidol and a diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of proserine, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.

Waif is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.

Soak the grandmother - to achieve the release of urine through the catheter after surgery or an acute condition accompanied by cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units this is a very anticipated event.

Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.

Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.

Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology it is used a large number of tools similar to metalworking tools: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.

Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.

Glass - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.

Shoot, knock - restore the functioning of the heart using an electrical discharge from a defibrillator.

Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the dorsum of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.

TV - fluoroscopy.

Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

Chatter - atrial flutter.

Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation devices (ALVs). Place on the tube - intubate the patient.

Platypus is a medical student doing a nursing internship. Usually he is entrusted with servicing bedridden patients, including bringing in and taking out “ducks”.

Ears - phonendoscope.

Trunk is the same as Trumpet. Inserting a trunk is the same as placing it on a pipe.

Chelyuskin residents, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.

Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.

Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (device for recording ECG).

Sword swallower - patient with metal foreign bodies gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.

The jugular is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.

Shitty asshole - patient with diarrhea

"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages

Negro - a stranger brought in to help transport the patient to the car

Breathe - perform mechanical ventilation

"ass" - enter intramuscularly

“skull (stomach, kidney) by the window” - a client is lying on a bed by the window, diagnosed with a TBI (appendix, kidney disease).

Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.

"The Last Chuck" is a drug.

“Play a war game” - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.

"Field of Miracles" - service area.

“Pick mushrooms” - go on duty.

“Mom is calling for lunch” - the dispatcher returns for lunch.

"Enema room" - the manager's office.

"Tinsel" - ECG film.

“Warm up” - get up at night under a lantern and write a map.

“Rats” are random night passers-by, witnesses.

“Whose back to rub” - who am I in line for?

“Drag on the snot” - use a raincoat stretcher.

"Boy" is the driver.

"Girl" is an ambulance.

"Wheelbarrow" - a gurney.

"Kindergarten" - sobering-up station.

"Indians" are cops.

"Banker" is a homeless person

Light music - siren, flashing lights (with light music)

Yelp - call back

Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)

Gift - homeless (bring a gift)

"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter

"yellow suitcase" - medical storage box

"BTR" - ambulance transport

"magnet" - magnesium sulfate

"vitamin A" - aminazine

"pilot, driver" - drove

"wheezy" - walkie-talkie

"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit

Flushka - fluorography,

Ray - fracture of the radius,

Fiza - physical. solution,

Film - ECG,

Dropper - dropper, system,

Tube - endotracheal tube,

Tube - tuberculosis.

Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts; these are terms (from the Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology. For example

being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other communication situations, because every statement is constructed taking into account its addressee.

inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to funny things.

The logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms over time become commonly used words. A clear example of such processes is the massive spread of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; In the last decade, the following words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.

Many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and corresponding languages), are used in different types activities

when isolating professionalisms as part of the vocabulary of the national language, distinguishing them from common words and jargon, researchers face considerable difficulties associated with constant development, updating vocabulary, diversity functional styles and contexts of word use.

professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or part of it.

However, Tolstoy cares about his general reader, for which he resorts to “translation”, an explanation in parentheses of words that may be incomprehensible.

The average reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and needs a real commentary on the texts. it is necessary, for example, to explain that ....etc.

What unites the speech of the characters and the narrator is the proximity of professionalisms and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets

professionalisms are often used when depicting comic contradictions and characters - in satirical and humorous works. One type of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself an expert can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular his command of terminology and professional vocabulary.

in the novel and Ilfa and Evg. Petrov's "The Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", makes numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his template texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. The employees of the Stanok newspaper hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of Lapis on the wall, surrounding it with a mourning border. The essay began like this: “the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack...” Already from this phrase, snide fellow journalists doubted Lapis’ knowledge of the meaning of the word “jack.”

they ask him:

"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.

- so... falling, in a word...

- the jack falls. notice everything! The jack is falling rapidly!..”

and Lapis is brought a volume of the Brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - “one of the machines for lifting significant weights” (chapter xxix. “author of the Gavriliad”).

the work of many writers testifies to the fact that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. it has a prominent place in the arsenal of stylistic means.

Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard,” i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are contrasted with terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: these are informal synonyms of official scientific names.

The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; using these words one can identify “their own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral, meaning “spare typed up texts”; clogged font - “erased, worn-out font; font that has been in typed proofs for a long time”; tail - " bottom edge books"; header - "large title"; marashka - "marriage in the form of a square", etc. In the acting environment there are many specific professional expressions: to abandon or leave the text means "to quickly repeat it with a partner"; to go through the text with your feet - "to say the text , moving around the stage"; do not give the bridge to someone - "complete some scene emotionally yourself.”

The closer any area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become generally known and become common words. Thus, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from among specialists in the field of computer technology have become widespread. Among them there are old words with new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, hardware), and neologisms, mainly borrowings from the English language (spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).

In the Russian language, along with common vocabulary, there are words and expressions used by groups of people united by the nature of their activities, i.e. by profession. This professionalism .

Professionalisms are characterized by greater differentiation in the designation of tools and means of production, in the names of specific objects, actions, persons, etc. They are widespread mainly in the colloquial speech of people of one profession or another, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always with the mark “professional”. In newspaper and magazine texts, as well as in works of art, they usually perform a nominative function, and also serve as a figurative and expressive means.

Thus, in the professional speech of actors they use a complex abbreviated name chief executive; in colloquial speech of builders and repairmen the professional name is used overhaul capital; maintenance personnel of computer centers are called machinists And eveem people; on fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchiki etc.

According to the method of education, we can distinguish:

1) actual lexical professionalisms, which arise as new, special names. For example, in this way the above word arose in the speech of professional fishermen shkershchik from the verb shkerat- “gut the fish”; in the speech of carpenters and joiners names various types plane: kalevka, zenzubel, tongue and groove etc.;

2) lexical-semantic professionalisms, arising in the process of developing a new meaning of the word and its rethinking. This is how, for example, professional meanings of words arose in the speech of printers: Christmas trees or paws- a type of quotation marks; a cap- a common title for several publications, corral- spare, additional set not included in the next issue; In the speech of hunters, professional names for the tails of animals differ: for deer - kuyruk, burdock, at the wolf - log, at the fox - pipe, the beaver has shovel, the squirrel has furry, at the hare - flower, bunch, burdock etc.;

3) lexical and word-formative professionalisms, which include words like spare tire- spare mechanism, part for something; chief manager - chief director, etc., in which either a suffix or a way of adding words, etc. are used.

Professionalisms are usually not widely used in literary languages, i.e. their scope of use remains limited.

TO terminological vocabulary These include words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts or objects in any field of science, technology, agriculture, art, etc. Unlike common words, which can have multiple meanings, terms within a particular science are usually unambiguous. They are characterized by a clearly limited, motivated specialization of meaning.

The development of science and technology, the emergence of new branches of science is always accompanied by the abundant appearance of new terms. Therefore, terminology is one of the most mobile, fast-growing and rapidly changing parts of the national vocabulary (compare only some of the names of new sciences and branches of production: automation, allergology, aeronomy, biocybernetics, bionics, hydroponics, holography, cardiac surgery, cosmobiology and many other sciences related to space exploration, plasma chemistry, speleology, ergonomics etc.).

The ways of forming terms are different. For example, it is observed terminology words existing in the language, i.e. scientific rethinking of the well-known lexical meaning. This process goes in two ways:

1) by abandoning the generally accepted lexical meaning and giving the word a strict, precise name, for example: signal in information theory “changing physical quantity, displaying messages";

2) through the full or partial use of those features that serve as the basis for the lexical meaning of a word in popular use, i.e. name by similarity, contiguity, etc., for example: hole- defect electron in nuclear physics; drapery- a type of aurora form; neck - intermediate part of the machine shaft, etc.

Note that the expressive-emotional meanings inherent in words with diminutive suffixes usually disappear during terminology. Wed. Also: tail(for tools, devices), paw(part of a machine frame; instrument part), etc.

The following methods are widely used to form terms:

- compounding: nuclear-powered icebreaker, smoke eliminator, crank, current rotator;

- affixation method: casting, lining, constellation, melting, heater;

- addition of foreign language elements: air, auto, bio and etc.

Widely used method terminology of phrases: elementary particles, primary radiation, cosmic rays, optical density, space medicine and etc.

Foreign borrowings play a major role in terminological systems. For a long time, many Dutch and English nautical terms have been known; Italian and French musical, art, and literary terms; Latin and Greek terms are found in all sciences. Many of these terms are international.

Dissemination of scientific and technical terminology, its penetration into different areas life leads to the fact that in language, along with the process terminology common words, the reverse process is also observed - the development of terms in the literary language, i.e. their determinologization. For example, the frequent use of philosophical, art, literary, physical, chemical, medical, industrial and many other terms has made them words in common use, for example: abstraction, argument, dialectics, materialism, thinking, concept, consciousness; concert, plot, style; amplitude, battery, contact, circuit, reaction, resonance; analysis, vitamin deficiency, diagnosis, immunity, x-ray; nylon, combine, conveyor, motor; incandescence, soldering, recoil, filtering and etc.

Determinologized words are widely used in different styles of speech: colloquial, bookish (in journalism, works of art, etc.). Along with them, professionalisms and terms are often used. However, the excessive saturation of artistic and journalistic works with scientific and technical terminology reduces their value and was condemned back in the late 20s and early 30s by A.M. Gorky, who wrote: “There is no need to abuse workshop terminology, or the terms should be explained. This definitely needs to be done, because it gives the book wider distribution and makes it easier to assimilate everything that is said in it.”

Slang vocabulary

Different from dialectal and professional vocabulary are special words with which individual social groups of people, according to the conditions of their social status and the specifics of the environment, denoted objects or phenomena that already had names in the common literary language. This vocabulary is called slang . Its variety is argot vocabulary has an even more limited scope of use and is also not part of the literary language.

Especially a lot of jargon arose before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, which is explained by an attempt to artificially create a special variety of language by introducing specific elements and thereby somewhat separate the people of their circle from other speakers of the national Russian language.

Thus arose, for example, Russian-French salon jargon nobles, merchant jargon etc. For example: plaisir- in the meaning of “pleasure, fun”, promenade- meaning “walk”; sentiments- meaning “excessive sensitivity”, Magarych- in the meaning of “a treat on the occasion of concluding a profitable deal”, etc.

Sometimes slang vocabulary appeared in educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia, for example: in Bursat slang slammed, squealed, whistled meaning "stole" burnt meaning "deceived" fell asleep in the meaning of “failed the exam”, etc. (see N.G. Pomyalovsky in “Essays on the Bursa”).

In Soviet times, the social essence of jargons changed, and their understanding also changed. In the modern Russian language there are only a few words of “slang-colored” vocabulary, which are either related to the facts of professional speech, or are characteristic feature age group of a generation, predominantly young. For example,

- slur among printers, “foreign imprint on the print”, goat(s) among printers there is “omission of text in prints”;

- goat pilots have an “involuntary jump in the plane when landing”, "Annushka", "Ilyusha", "Duck"(U-2 biplane) - names of aircraft;

- spurs, cheat sheet, control, cock(five) and others for schoolchildren;

- wheel - wheels(vehicle), bullshit(nonsense, worthless evidence), filonit(sit back), shine, strength, iron, amazing(perfect), like a bayonet(required) - among young people.

The use of jargon in speech is not always justified. Therefore, the question arises about the protection of the modern literary language (see in more detail the article by Yu. Dolin “The question of the ecology of the modern literary language and its protection” in Appendix 21).

Exercise:

Find jargon in the article “Musical Shock” (see Appendix 22) and determine their meaning.

The use of such vocabulary clogs the language and should be prevented in every possible way. In the language of fiction, elements of slang (argotically) colored vocabulary are sometimes used in limited quantities to characterize the speech of some characters (see the works of G. Medynsky, D. Granin, V. Shukshin, Yu. Nagibin, etc.).

1.4.3 Test questions to consolidate the material

1. What groups of vocabulary of the modern Russian language do you know in terms of the scope of its use?

2. Define dialect vocabulary.

3. Tell us about the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical-semantic features of dialect vocabulary.

4. Tell us about the use of dialect vocabulary in speech, in literary works, and journalism.

5. Define professional vocabulary.

6. What groups are professionalisms divided into according to the method of their formation? Tell us about each of them.

7. Tell us about the use of professional vocabulary in speech, in literary works, and journalism.

8. What words belong to terminological vocabulary?

9. Name the ways of forming terms.

10. Tell us about the use of terms in speech, in literary works, and journalism.

11. Define slang vocabulary.

12. What jargons do you know? Give examples of slang vocabulary.

13. Tell us about the use of slang vocabulary in speech, in literary works, and journalism.

Special vocabulary identifies words and expressions used by groups of people united by their type of activity (profession), in various fields of production, techniques, which, however, have not become commonly used - the so-called professionalisms. Their status is quite complex, because some experts: a) identify them with terms, b) refer them to units of craft vocabulary; c) to special vocabulary of a non-nominative nature (verbs, adverbs, adjectives); d) unstandardized special vocabulary, limited to the oral speech of professionals in informal settings, and often having emotionally expressive connotations. Unlike terms - the official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Professionalisms serve to designate different production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. For example, technical professionalisms: charge d'un atelier, calcul des tolérances, gestion de l'entreprise, escompte, par itération; theatrical: armoire a sons = piano de l"orchestre, baisser le torchon = baisser le rideau, un tunnel = longue tirade dans le texte, faire de la baraque = donner un mauvais spectacle, boire ta lasse = connaоtre l"insucci complet; artists: croîte = peinture qui n"est pas au goît du peintre, navet = peinture horrible, cro-queton = croquis.

For example, in the speech of printers, professionalisms are used: cul-de-lampe - a graphic decoration at the end of a book, moustache - an ending with a thickening in the middle. Professionalisms are characterized by significant differentiation in the designation of special concepts, tools and means of production, the names of objects, actions, and so on. For example, in meteorology, in accordance with the different types of snowflakes, there are several names: astérique- asterisk ,aiguille- needle, hйrisson- hedgehog, lame- record.

Professionalisms are either created anew using original or borrowed word-formation means according to general linguistic models, or (which is observed quite often) are the result of a rethinking of general literary words. According to the method of education, we can distinguish:
1) actually lexical professionalisms that emerge as new, special names. For example, in this way the names of various types of planes arose in the speech of carpenters and joiners : moulure- kalevka, enlive-carry- zenzubel, etc.;

2) lexical-semantic professionalisms that arise in the process of developing a new meaning of the word and its rethinking. This is how, for example, professional meanings of words arose in the speech of printers: sapins - Christmas trees or oreilles - paws - a type of quotation marks; In the speech of hunters, professional names for the tails of animals differ: for a wolf - byche, at the fox - tube, at the beaver - pelle, the hare - fleur, faisceau etc.;
3) lexical-word-formative professionalisms, which include words like spare wheel - spare mechanism, part of something; glavrezh - chief director, etc., in which either a suffix or a way of adding words, etc. is used.

4) One of the ways to develop professionalism is compression: when a word is eliminated from a compound name, which transfers its functional and semantic meaning to the remaining word, complicating its content. A distinctive feature of such names is brevity and semantic capacity (cf.: hydraulic brake drive system - hydraulique).

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. A special group includes technicalisms - highly specialized names used in the field of technology. They are characterized by great detail in the designation of special concepts, tools, production processes, and materials. Thus, horse breeders distinguish horses by purpose: de trait- harness, de selle- riding, de bвt- pack, and the first in harness: limonier- indigenous, de renfort- attached; in the speech of carpenters and joiners, the tool for planing boards, the plane, has varieties: varlope- jointer, riflard- sherhebel. In professional speech, logs and boards are distinguished by size, shape and are called: bois carrе- timber, dosse- croaker, etc.

Professionalisms often have expressiveness, which makes them similar to jargon. So bus drivers, truck drivers, passenger cars the steering wheel is called a steering wheel, printers call the sign adopted on a letter - quotation marks, by their appearance, figuratively called fir-trees (“”), paws (“”), a general headline in a newspaper is called a header.

A variety of professionalisms are professional jargons that are not capable of acquiring a normative character, and their convention is clearly felt by speakers. It has a reduced expressive connotation and is used only in the oral speech of people of the same profession. For example, engineers jokingly call a self-recording device “ cafard" - "a sneaker." Sometimes slang professionalisms pass into the national language, while remaining stylistically reduced; For example, avoir le trac"to be afraid" from theatrical jargon or barbouiller“smear” from artists’ jargon. Professional slang words, as a rule, have neutral synonyms that are devoid of colloquial connotations and have a precise terminological meaning.

Professional vocabulary includes words containing semes of disapproval, neglect, contempt: tubercle - senior duty officer, pile on marriage, pale, etc., which bring them closer to jargon. Professionalisms bordering on jargon are used as spectacular reception speech contrast. Such professional titles are associated with the communication process in labor activity. Imagery is a characteristic feature of professionalism in all areas of production. Uncodified professional vocabulary is outside the literary norm, therefore, like colloquial or slang words, it is usually placed in quotation marks in the text. But nowadays the norm has become looser; quotation marks are not always used to highlight professionalism.

In works of art, as well as in newspaper and magazine texts, professionalisms, as a rule, perform a nominative function, and also serve as a figurative and expressive means. Certain professionalisms, often of a reduced stylistic sound, become part of the commonly used vocabulary: travail par saccades- assault. IN fiction professionalisms are used by writers with a specific stylistic task: as a characterological means when describing the lives of people associated with any production.

Covering the life of society, newspapers cannot but touch on the scientific and professional aspects. Materials of this type use vocabulary that makes up the sublanguage of the national language, “its subsystem, including special words necessary only for a given profession.” Moreover, the more complex the purposeful activity of people, the more isolated their special language, or sublanguage, is from the general language, therefore the use of special vocabulary in the texts of newspaper publications requires careful selection and a deliberate approach to it. The introduction of professionalism into the text as a modeling function is used not only in the speech characteristics of the characters, but also in the journalist’s author’s speech. This technique allows you to show the author’s involvement in the problem he is writing about, his competence in this area. The text, which includes professionalisms, becomes similar to oral speech. This allows the reader to feel like a participant in the events and delve deeper into their essence. A professional name in a newspaper text is used to stylize the text, i.e. to bring it as close as possible to the reality of the professional and production sphere of human activity about which the author writes, thus ensuring realism. Therefore, professionally oriented words are often found in interviews, where they create the speech characteristics of heroes. The unedited text should reflect the reality of live speech, and professionalism only emphasizes its situational nature.

Scope of use of professional vocabulary

Professionalisms, in contrast to their commonly used equivalents, serve to distinguish between closely related concepts used in a certain type of human activity. Thanks to this, professional vocabulary is indispensable for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader. However, the informative value of narrowly professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation trade newspapers and is not justified in publications aimed at a wide readership.

As a product of practice, professionalism makes speech concrete and easily digestible not only by ordinary representatives of a particular industry, but by a wide range of people in contact with this environment. It is preferred to a term that gives a scientific generalized name, often using foreign language roots, to objects, phenomena, and actions. Professional titles allow you to quickly and easily get acquainted with the production, and emotional and professionalism makes this process interesting. These qualities of professionalism become necessary for journalists who seek to attract the attention of the mass reader to a certain professional area and to the problems in it.

Narrowly professional words are usually not widely used in literary languages, that is, the scope of their use remains limited. Most often, this is the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession, since professionalisms are semi-official names (and this is one of their differences from terms) entrenched in the language of a certain profession. Sometimes they are a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always with the mark “professional”.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

FEDERAL AGENCY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Irkutsk State University communication lines

Transbaikal Institute of Railway Transport

Chita College of Railway Transport

Test work in Russian language

USE OF PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY IN SPEECH

Plan

1. PROFESSIONAL SPEECH AND ITS LEXICAL COMPOSITION

1.1 The concept of “professional speech”

1.2 Lexical component of professional speech

1.3 Professional speech and professional communication

2. CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY

2.1 The concept of professional vocabulary and terminology

2.2 Use of professional vocabulary in literary language

2.3 Stylistically unjustified use of professionalisms

3. Read the text. Give a description according to the plan: topic and main idea, type of speech, style of speech

1. PROFESSIONAL SPEECH AND ITS LEXICAL COMPOSITION

1.1 The concept of “professional speech”

IN scientific research in linguistics, language teaching methods, etc., the term “professional speech” is constantly used. Authors especially often refer to this definition in last years, when the problems of studying professional speech are actively discussed. But with rare exceptions, no clear, substantiated definition of the concept of “professional speech” is given. In the latest edition of the encyclopedia “Russian Language” there is no such concept as “professional speech”. Professional speech is called “special speech”, which is included in the literary language, namely in those areas of it “that reflect the narrow language practice of people in certain specialties.” This speech, as indicated in the encyclopedia article, is determined, first of all, by the current terminology characteristic of a particular profession. In addition, this speech has “its own characteristics” in the field of vocabulary, word formation, phraseology, and sometimes in stress and form. The characteristics of this special speech “do not contradict ... the general system of the literary language.”

1.2 Lexical component of professional speech

When discussing business problems in an informal or less formal setting, a significant part of the vocabulary of modern economists is occupied by professionalisms (by which we mean informal names for phenomena and concepts of business life). This group is extensive and unites units that can be systematized by structure, origin, level of entry into the literary language, etc. d.

One of the definitions of professionalism is given by N.K. Garbovsky, who believes that there are 2 classes of professionally colored units of the lexical and phraseological level, namely, special professional terminology and uncodified language units that arise and function mainly in the colloquial speech of specialists on professional topics in conditions of informal communication. These last units are usually called professionalisms.

1.3 Professional speech and professional communication

The professional speech of any field is also determined by its repertoire of genres, although the same genres can be used in the professional speech of different specialties, but at the same time, each specialty has its own most important genres and specific laws of composition and speech design of general genres.

The complexity and multifaceted nature of people’s professional activities presuppose significant variability in the forms of speech communication, and with a fairly broad view of things, all speech genres that have developed in the process of communication in professional field activities can be defined as professional speech. In other words, all communication related to professional activity, regardless of whether it occurs in written or oral form, in an official or informal setting, that is, communication as a special, auxiliary type of activity that ensures the implementation of the main professional activity and is subordinate to its goals as goals activities of a higher order, and there is professional speech.

2. CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY

2.1 The concept of professional vocabulary and terminology

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of human activity, which, however, have not become commonly used. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc. Unlike terms that are official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character.

For example, in the oral speech of printers there are professionalisms: ending - “a graphic decoration at the end of a book”, tendril - “an ending with a thickening in the middle”, tail - “the lower outer margin of the page, as well as the lower edge of the book, opposite the head of the book.”

2.2 Use of professional vocabulary in literary language

professionalism stylistic vocabulary language

Under certain conditions, professionalisms find application in literary language. Thus, with insufficiently developed terminology, professionalisms often play the role of terms. In this case, they are found not only in oral, but also in written speech. When using professionalisms in a scientific style, authors often explain them in the text (So-called light hay enjoys a well-deserved bad reputation as low-nutrient food, with significant consumption of which cases of brittle bones in animals have been observed).

Professionalism is not uncommon in the language of large-circulation, trade newspapers (Putting down the cars after the dissolution of the train and diverting shunting means for this, ...disbanding the train with the pushing of another). The advantage of professionalisms over their commonly used equivalents is that professionalisms serve to distinguish between related concepts, objects that for a non-specialist have one common name. Thanks to this, special vocabulary for people of the same profession is a means of precise and concise expression of thoughts. However, the informative value of narrowly professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, the use of professionalisms in newspapers requires caution.

2.3 Stylistically unjustified use of professionalisms

The inclusion of professionalisms in the text is often undesirable. Thus, the use of highly specialized professionalism cannot be justified in a newspaper article. For example: At a mine, the leveling of horizons and the slopes of roads are carried out very untimely - only a specialist can explain what he meant

In book styles, professional vocabulary should not be used because of its colloquial tone. For example: It is necessary to ensure that the charging of the furnaces does not exceed two hours, and the melting in the furnace lasts no longer than 6 hours and 30 minutes (better: It is necessary to ensure that the loading of the furnaces lasts no more than two hours, and the melting - six and a half).

3. Read the text. Give a description of the plan: theme and basisthought, type of speech, style of speech

The language of the people is the best, never fading and always re-blooming the flower of their entire spiritual life. The entire people and their entire homeland are spiritualized in language. In it, the sky of the fatherland, its air, is transformed into thought, into a picture, into sound, physical phenomena, its climate, its fields, mountains and valleys, its storms and thunderstorms. In the bright, transparent depths of the folk language, not only the nature of the native country is reflected, but also the entire history of spiritual life.

Topic: Language of the people,

Main idea: Love for the Motherland,

Type of speech: Narration,

Speech style: Artistic.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Definition of professional vocabulary

This type of vocabulary is special words or figures of speech, expressions that are actively used by any person. These words are a little isolated, since they are not used by a large mass of the country’s population, only by a small part of it that has received a specific education. Words of professional vocabulary are used to describe or explain production processes and phenomena, tools of a particular profession, raw materials, final result labor and the rest.

The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation

There are several important questions regarding different aspects of professionalism that linguists are still studying. One of them: “What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the national language system?”

Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria it does not fit the characteristics of commonly used vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication between people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take a fairly long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. Today, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.

The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology

Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are differentiated on the basis of their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently; the language of modern technology and science refers to this concept. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the times of craft production.

The concepts also differ in terms of their official use. Terminology is used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, and specialized institutions. In other words, it is the official language of a specific science. The vocabulary of professions is used “semi-officially”, that is, not only in special articles or scientific works. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to understand what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.

The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
Special vocabulary is limited conversational style- the terms do not depend on the usual style of communication.
A certain range of deviations from the norm of professional communication is a clear correspondence to the norms of professional language.

Based on the listed characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts are inclined to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit - system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).

Types of words in professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:

professionalism;
technicalisms;
professional slang words.

Lexical units that are not strictly scientific in nature are called professionalisms. They are considered “semi-official” and are needed to designate any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.

Technicalisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.

Professional slang words are characterized by reduced expressive coloring. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical and can only be understood by a specialist in a particular field.

In what cases is professional vocabulary used in literary language?

Varieties of special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and sometimes professionalisms, technicalities and professional jargon can replace terms when poorly developed language specific science.

But there is a danger in the widespread use of professionalisms in periodicals - it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish between concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly; the meaning and style are lost for the reader.