home · Installation · Mine wells. Mine well - DIY construction. Disadvantages of shaft wells

Mine wells. Mine well - DIY construction. Disadvantages of shaft wells

Mine wells are used to lift non-pressure water to the surface from a depth of about 30 meters. This is a rectangular or round shape with strong and reliable fastening of the walls. Wells mine type consist of above-ground (head), middle (trunk) and lower water intake parts. They are built from the material at hand, that is, concrete, stone, brick or wood. Coarse sand, gravel, and crushed stone are poured onto the bottom.

Construction of a shaft well for water

Unfortunately, there are no standards or regulatory documents, which determine the method of sinking wells.
A workforce of 2-3 people, a shovel, a crowbar, a sledgehammer and a bucket remain the key to successful well construction.

To obtain a strictly vertical excavation, the shaft is passed without the use of casing. Work is carried out until sand, sandy loam or aquifer appears. The diameter of the trunk is determined by the external size of the concrete rings or the external parameters of the log house, if one is assumed.

So, the trunk goes out onto the water. But before entering the formation, the lower two seams between the rings are sealed from the inside with cement mortar. The face itself is filled with gravel, 20 centimeters thick, which acts as a filter.

Advantages of mine wells

The diameter of the rings greatly facilitates the maintenance of the well, changing the pump and other technical services.
Possibility of raising water in the absence of a pump.

Disadvantages of shaft wells

The water is not clean, especially in the spring.
Minor.

Do-it-yourself construction of mine wells


Constructing a well shaft with your own hands is possible for any person who has the skills of simple construction. Having prepared the necessary entrenching tool and having available, for example, iron concrete rings, you can start earthworks. Following the basic sanitary conditions, the location of the well should be at a distance of 25-30 meters from outbuildings, toilets, and other similar structures.

So, for the construction of a shallow well, concrete rings are preferable, internal diameter 0.5 meters.

They need to be lowered one at a time sequentially as the soil is removed. This will allow the rings to lower under their own weight. The seams between the ends of the rings are carefully sealed cement composition. The solution is placed in a molded groove at the end of the ring, the weight of which creates a sealed joint. Distortion of the rings during their descent can be avoided if beams of equal thickness are placed under them at an angle of 90°. In this case, you need to dig up the soil opposite the opposite beam.

If the diameter of the concrete rings is one or more meters, then you will have to use a winch with a tripod. After laying the rings, the bottom of the structure is covered with a layer of sand and river gravel. The upper ring should extend to the surface of the earth at least half a meter. When operating a mine, you should not leave it open to avoid debris and living creatures getting into it. For these purposes, the lid is equipped with a strong lock.

Around the upper ring, the installation of slopes is also mandatory work.

The installation of the gate, handles and, in general, the design of the canopy or canopy depends on the owner’s flight of fancy.

3.3.1. Mine wells are designed to obtain groundwater from the first free-flowing aquifer from the surface. Such wells are a round or square shaft

shapes and consist of a head, a trunk and a water intake part.

If it is impossible to maintain this distance, the location of water intake structures in each specific case consistent with the center of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.

3.3.2. The head (the above-ground part of the well) serves to protect the shaft from clogging and pollution, as well as for observation, water lifting, water intake and must be at least 0.7 - 0.8 meters above the ground surface.

3.3.3. The well head must have a lid or a reinforced concrete ceiling with a hatch, also closed with a lid. The top of the head is covered with a canopy or placed in a booth.

3.3.4. Along the perimeter of the well head there should be a “castle” made of well-pressed and thoroughly compacted clay or rich loam with a depth of 2 meters and a width of 1 meter, as well as a blind area of ​​stone, brick, concrete or asphalt with a radius of at least 2 meters with a slope of 0.1 meters from the well towards the ditch (tray). There should be a fence around the well, and a bench for buckets should be placed near the well.

3.3.5. The shaft (shaft) serves for the passage of water-lifting devices (buckets, buckets, scoops, etc.), and also, in some cases, for placing water-lifting mechanisms. The walls of the shaft must be dense, well insulating the well from the penetration of surface runoff, as well as high water.

3.3.6. For lining the walls of a well, concrete or reinforced concrete rings are primarily recommended. In their absence, the use of stone, brick, and wood is allowed. The stone (brick) for lining the walls of the well must be strong, without cracks, non-staining water and laid in the same way as concrete or reinforced concrete rings on cement mortar(high grade cement that does not contain impurities).

3.3.7. When constructing log houses, certain types of wood must be used in the form of logs or beams: for the crowns of the surface part of the log house - spruce or pine, for the water intake part of the log house - larch, alder, elm, oak. The timber must be of good quality, cleared of bark, straight, healthy, without deep cracks and wormholes, not infected with fungus, harvested 5 to 6 months in advance.

3.3.8. The water intake part of the well serves for the influx and accumulation of groundwater. It should be buried in the aquifer to better open the formation and increase the flow rate. To ensure a large flow of water into the well, the lower part of its walls can have holes or be arranged in the form of a tent.

3.3.9. To prevent soil from bulging out from the bottom of the well by rising flows of groundwater, the appearance of turbidity in the water and to facilitate cleaning, the bottom of the well should be filled with return filter.

3.3.10. To descend into the well during repairs and cleaning, cast iron brackets must be embedded in its walls, which are staggered at a distance of 30 cm from each other.

3.3.11. Lifting water from mine wells carried out using various devices and mechanisms. The most acceptable from a hygienic point of view is the use of pumps of various designs (manual and electric). If it is not possible to equip a well with a pump, it is permissible to install a gate with one or two handles, a gate with a wheel for one or two buckets, a “crane” with a public, firmly attached bucket, etc. The size of the bucket should approximately correspond to the volume of the bucket so that water can be poured from it into the buckets did not present any difficulties.

On this moment The train schedule board in the direction Shakhtnaya - Kolodeznaya consists of 20 trains long distance. Trains make stops at large stations (such as Shakhtnaya, Kolodeznaya), the schedule of which can be viewed on our website. The average travel time covered by rolling stock between these stations is 9 hours 15 minutes.

All trains can be divided into morning and afternoon. The first passenger train that departs at night on the Russian Railways route Adler - Tambov, number 460C, departs at 0:56 am. from Shakhtnaya station and at 9 hours 0 minutes. he arrives at Kolodeznaya station. For example, night train number 049CH leaves Shakhtnaya station at 01:20:00 and arrives at the platform at 10:00:00 at Kolodeznaya station. The daytime and last, in turn, long-distance train goes under number 513C. Departs from Shakhtnaya at 14:11. and accordingly arrives at 23 hours 8 minutes. to Kolodeznaya station.

On our website there is a correct online schedule in the direction Shakhtnaya - Kolodeznaya on given time. Due to possible changes in the schedule of Russian Railways trains on the Shakhtnaya - Kolodeznaya route, we recommend that you contact additional information V help services railway stations, where you can also purchase tickets for the desired train.

A mine well intended for household needs is a source of water, which is a structure that allows you to collect underground water. Water is taken from it in several ways. This is the simplest water intake structure of all types of wells.

A well is a shaft located vertically. It may have a round or square section. The dug shaft must pass through the aquifers of the soil, its bottom is open. To secure the side walls, a waterproof material is used:

  • concrete or reinforced concrete;
  • tree;
  • brick samples;
  • plastic.

Gravel is poured at the bottom of the shaft, the layer of which should be 30 cm. The height of the shaft walls above the ground is approximately 1 m. The structures are built taking into account the slope of the terrain, that is, above all sources of pollution on the surface of the soil or in its thickness.

A distance of 30-50 m must be maintained between the source of various contaminants and the shaft, which eliminates unforeseen repairs of mine wells and their disinfection. The presence of a possible source of pollution located above the shaft requires a distance between it and the mine of more than 80-100 m, and sometimes 120-150 m is required.

There should be a clay castle with a blind area around the trunk to prevent leakage dirty water outside the structure and along its walls. To make a clay castle around a well, you need to dig a hole 2 m deep and 1 m wide. To fill it, a rich clay composition is used.

The structure on the ground is equipped with a blind area on top of the castle, maintaining a radius of 2 m. Sand is added, the layer of which is filled with cement or concrete mortar. In this case, the slope is taken into account, which allows water and precipitation to be diverted away from the structure. For withdrawal storm water SanPiN requires the construction of a special ditch for drainage and interception of contaminated water flow. The standards provide for the construction of fences around well structures, which makes it possible to limit the access of cars and various vehicles.

Types and installation methods

The construction of shaft wells can be carried out various methods. Open way involves laying the box or rings from bottom to top. This method should be used if the well is built on heavy clay soil.

After digging a mine whose size exceeds the cross-section plastic pipes, a large layer of crushed stone should be poured onto the bottom of the trunk. Then you can proceed to installing the rings, treating the edges with a waterproof sealant. They must be connected to each other by twisting. The gap between the plastic pipe and the ground wall must be filled with sand or crushed stone.

If you use the closed “lowering” method from top to bottom, then it is suitable for constructing wells on light sandy soils. In practice, digging a deep shaft is not possible, so first a hole 1 m deep is made. After this, the first plastic ring, which has the highest rigidity coefficient, is installed in it.

The product must protrude above ground level. Then the first rings are sealed and the earth is excavated. In this case, the pipe is lowered to the desired upper level. The edge of the second ring should be no higher than 10 cm above the ground.

The sequential connection of rings and stage-by-stage excavation make it possible to level the well to the required depth to the level of underground groundwater. After the device bottom filter and filling the mine with bulk building materials The gaps between the product and the walls of the shaft should be sealed.

Reliable well structures mine type, which are built when aquifers occur at a depth of approximately 20 m, are necessary for a stable water supply to the areas. When pumping out water, special electric pumps are used, which can be divided into centrifugal and vibration. If such a device breaks down, it can be replaced with a crane.

To make a well, logs 12-18 cm in diameter are used. To arrange it bottom part, the following tree species are used: elm, oak, alder. The upper (above-water) part is made of pine.
When making crowns, the logs are adjusted:

  • horizontally into the groove;
  • vertically by connecting using inserted oak tenons;
  • in the corners using the “oblique paw” method.

At the same time, it is necessary to trim the logs onto a plane with inside.
The assembly of the log house should be done at the initial stage of constructing the well. Then the mine with a clay castle is marked. Next, the soil is removed to a depth of 1-1.5 m, after which the frame can be lowered. The remaining stages of the well are reduced to the following actions:

  • a tripod with a chain hoist is installed;
  • a waterproof clay castle with parameters of depth and width of 1 m is being constructed;
  • The clay is compacted;
  • a shaft is dug with a uniform selection of land, taking into account the thickness of the crown;
  • the logs are pressed against each other using temporary clamps.

Before building a shaft well, you should make every 5 crowns longer by 20 cm through 2 logs from below, which have a parallel direction. This will prevent them from warping and possible tears. The ends of the logs will need to be placed in nests made in the walls of the shaft.

Requirements for constructing wells

The use of shaft and tube wells makes it possible to provide water to one area or several. Water flow refers to the productivity of the structure, which is 0.5-3 m³/h. The wells are accessible for cleaning, protected from stormwater, convenient to use, and easy to repair. The best type soils for constructing a mine well with a depth of 20 m or more are usually sandy or gravelly soils.

To collect water from the mine, buckets and electric pumps are used, installed on the surface or lowered into wells. The disadvantage of the structure is the exploitation of only groundwater, the quality of which does not always meet SanPiN standards. A mine well, which has a low water extraction rate, may become contaminated.

Stagnant water causes it to acquire an unpleasant musty odor. In an open well shaft there may be foreign objects. In any case, the structure meets the needs of the farm in technically, allows you to water plants, and is a reliable source for firefighting.

Digging an adit for a structure is usually carried out by mine well diggers. This work is also carried out by trained teams using drilling rigs. Untrained people should not be allowed to work in well shafts, as collapse of the walls and gas contamination may occur. The requirements for the construction of mine wells must be strictly observed. This also applies to the cleaning of structures during their operation.

Structural components of the structure

The shaft well consists of the following main elements:

  • head;
  • trunk limited by side walls;
  • water intake;
  • filter.

The head is a ground part that should rise above the ground, protecting the water intake from contamination. The presence of a blind cover allows you to protect the head from mechanical contamination trunk with various debris and tree leaves.

The barrel, which is the body of the shaft, is made of 1000 mm plastic rings with external stiffeners. To equip the shaft, a corrugated mine well pipe can be used, the diameter of which is 315-600 mm. The functions of the bottom filter of the structure are reduced to water intake.

The walls on top of the well are usually waterproof, which prevents dirty water from seeping into the well. In its lower part there are holes for receiving water. The holes in the trunk at the top are located lower than the horizon level (at least 0.5-1 m).

Brick structures have holes for receiving water, which depend on the presence of through seams between the bricks. Wells made of concrete and reinforced concrete are laid by concreting. The holes and tubes for receiving water are first closed with wooden plugs, and after the shaft is constructed they are removed.

The bottom of the well shaft is equipped with a special filter made of coarse-grained material. It is poured in layers, while the grain fraction gradually increases from bottom to top. To lay the top layer, pebbles with a fraction of 50-100 mm are used. The walls of the shaft are raised 1 m above the ground level. A clay castle is built around the structure.

SNiP provides for the installation of an insulating clay belt around the head. It allows you to protect the well drinking water from ingress of surface water. Asphalt is used to cover the top of the belt.

The bottom of the structure must be located in the aquifer, and it does not reach the aquitard. The water in the mine must be installed at ground level. The well must be placed as far as possible from places where animals are kept, toilets, suction pits, i.e. those places where groundwater contaminants may penetrate.

The principle of the structure

Mine wells are dug to the depth of the first aquifers, in which the water receiving part is installed. In their absence, the shaft is constructed so that water penetrates into it through the walls of the well and accumulates at its bottom. Water should fill thin layers of sand, loam, and sandy loam.

The walls of the structure are strengthened with logs or rectangular beams measuring 12-18 cm. Usually a well is prepared, the cross-sectional size of which is more than 1x1 m. To equip the shaft, use the following types tree species: oak, elm, alder. The trunk is strengthened from top to bottom, and crowns are pre-prepared on the surface of the ground. Then they need to be adjusted and lowered into the mine on a cable. Reinforced concrete or plastic rings are also used for its arrangement.

Digging of the well is carried out evenly to the depth of the 1st crown, which avoids wall collapses. The construction of wells from wood is carried out in the form of a log house made of logs, hewn from the inside, or from plates. Wood wells are usually used for temporary water supply as they are short-lived as the wood can quickly rot. Therefore, such structures are not satisfactory in sanitary terms.

The common method used for constructing shaft wells is, in most cases, sinking. A shaft well with a small cross-section can be equipped not only by installing wooden log house. Concrete, reinforced concrete and plastic rings are suitable for this.

For the construction of mines with a cross-section of 1.23 m, the depth of which reaches 30 m, the production of mine well diggers KShK 25 or 30 has been launched. The machine is equipped with a drill driven by a special engine. Drilling with this device involves not only excavating the earth, but also lowering the rings of the future well.

The machine has a penetration speed of 1.15 m/hour, which can only be achieved if geological conditions allow. When choosing a place where the well will be placed, be sure to take into account the requirements of SanPiN. This requires comfortable and safe operation structures.

Preparation for the construction of a mine well

Before digging a new shaft or upgrading an old shaft, it is necessary to agree with a team of workers. Specialists will be able to efficiently perform all operations, during which hydrogeological conditions and depth of occurrence will be taken into account groundwater and soil type. Before analysis, it may be necessary to conduct exploratory drilling using hand drill or special drilling equipment. This will allow you to accurately determine a suitable location for water intake of the required depth.

The data obtained, on the basis of which an estimate for the construction of the structure is drawn up, will make it possible to develop a well plan taking into account the expected types of work, quantity necessary materials, the set of tools involved and the equipment used. Plastic rings or pipes may be needed as materials for arranging the barrel.

When choosing plastic products, it is necessary to take into account that manufactured rings may have different degrees of rigidity. They are selected depending on the depth of the well shaft. The lower they need to be installed, the more rigid the products should be. As a result, as you rise to the surface, the rigidity of the rings decreases. Products may have different sizes. For example, plastic rings with a diameter of 315 mm are widely used.

Well construction procedure

The construction of wells from concrete rings is carried out in the following order:

  • a pit is dug with a depth equal to the height of the 1st ring;
  • the ring falls freely to the bottom of the shaft;
  • the next ring is installed on the 1st, which should be used as a support for the 2nd;
  • staples are used to fasten products;
  • the bottom is deepened with simultaneous digging of rocks under the end of the product.

Each subsequent ring is evenly lowered under own weight. Then several steps are taken to install all the rings in the shaft, and each stage (similar to the previous one) must be completed simultaneously with digging the shaft. If the soil type is stable, then parallel fastening concrete products not required.

Only workers with experience should be engaged in digging mines, since not everyone can extract soil with a bucket. The mine well design requires a careful approach to its implementation. A special tripod with a roller attached to it is first prepared. An iron cable should be wound through it onto a winch, which should be equipped with a safety locking latch to prevent possible unwinding of the drum.

The entire process of building a well comes down to digging a shaft and improving its water intake. The opening of water-saturated sands, including quicksand, does not allow reaching the depth of the aquifer layer, which is more than 75 cm, therefore, in water-bearing sands, one should not engage in excessive sand extraction and re-deepening of the well. This can lead to the fact that after pumping out water, water and sand will begin to flow into the mine. In this case they can move away lower crowns log house (or ring) with the subsequent formation of gaps in the walls of the trunk.

Conditions of construction and operation

SNiP provide for the installation of wells made of plastic pipes in areas where seismic activity prevails no higher than 7 points on the Richter scale. The design temperature should not be lower than 50°C. Soils for the construction of plastic wells must be dry, not heaving, and have a density of 1.8 t/m³. Their natural humidity water saturation should be 2.0.

In areas where there are water-saturated soils, the construction of wells is only possible on a concrete base with a width of more than 150 mm. The operation of fiberglass wells requires adherence to certain rules associated with periodic cleaning of the walls and bottom of the shaft. SNiP require timely maintenance of bottom filters and water pumps. In this case, the neck of the structure must have a special lid, and it should always be kept closed.

The cost of a new building or reconstruction of an old one depends on the following factors:

  • prices of plastic pipes, determined by the diameter, height of the product and stiffness coefficient;
  • cost of delivering pipes to the site;
  • prices and quantities of water-resistant sealant, which allows connecting the rings to each other;
  • prices pumping equipment, bottom filter;
  • the cost of cleaning the shaft and pumping the well;
  • the cost of electrician services to connect the pump.

Remuneration for diggers is a separate expense column, which will depend on the complexity of the work performed. This item includes the following types of operations:

  • digging a mine in an open way;
  • digging to the depth of the 1st ring and then inserting the product;
  • cleaning the water intake concrete column before installing the stocking when restoring an old structure.

Work related to digging or restoring a well can be carried out both in cold and warm periods; only the beginning of snow melting should be avoided. It is better to equip wetlands with wells in the autumn-winter period. The construction of a well, its inspection and repair must be accompanied by a systematic check for the presence of gas in the shaft, for which a lighted candle or a bunch of grass is lowered into the shaft before descending. There is gas if the fire goes out. Next, the gas should be removed by burning it out with a bunch of grass or by sweeping it out by repeatedly lowering a bucket or tub into the well.

Well maintenance

Digging the bottom of a sand well requires forced pumping of water using a pump or a special container. Fastening the walls of the trunk with a log house can cause certain difficulties associated with the construction of crowns in water-containing sands. In this case, you will need to lower a wooden or plastic box or concrete rings into the shaft. They should be buried during digging, which creates acceptable conditions for water intakes.

When sand excavation is completed, water is pumped out to the required depth. The bottom of the shaft is then covered with coarse sand in a layer of 20 cm. Pebbles or crushed stone are laid on top of it in a layer of equal thickness.

A prerequisite for constructing a shaft (in accordance with SanPiN requirements) is to isolate the shaft from the entry of various foreign objects into it. Precipitation (rain, snow) and surface water. To do this, a clay castle is built around the structure, and a special hatch with a lid is placed on top.

SNiP standards require once a year in the spring to inspect the mine and repair the surface of the shaft. It is necessary to promptly fill with clay the places that have sagged around. They must be paved or cemented on top. If contaminated, mine wells should be thoroughly pumped, which involves determining the volume of water they contain. According to the requirements of SNiP, if necessary, mine wells must be disinfected after chemical and bacteriological analysis of the water.