Types and design of mine wells. Train schedule Shakhtnaya Kolodeznaya Maintenance of a well structure

K category: Wells

Mine wells

Mine wells are constructed when the depth of the aquifer is approximately 20 m. To pump water from mine wells electric pumps of centrifugal or vibration type are used.

In addition, you can arrange a crane, which is used in case of pump failure.

The well frame (cross section 1 x 1 m, 1.25 x 1.25 m, 1.5 x 1.5 m), depending on the depth, is made of logs with a diameter of 12-18 cm and buried 1.5 cm into the aquifer -2 m.

Pine is used for the above-water part of the mine well, and oak, elm, and alder are used for the lower part.

The crowns are made by fitting the logs and trimming them to make the inner side flat. They are fitted into a groove horizontally, connected with inserted oak tenons vertically, and in the corners - into an oblique paw.

The assembly of the log house is initial stage well construction. After this, the mine and clay castle are marked.

Then the soil is removed to a depth of 1-1.5 m, the assembled frame is lowered into the shaft, a tripod with a pulley is installed and a waterproof clay castle is made, having a depth and width of about 1 m. The clay is compacted.

After this, they dig a shaft, gradually removing soil from all sides to the thickness of the crown and bringing in the logs of new crowns. They are then pressed together with temporary staples.

To prevent the walls of the shaft well from warping and tearing, through 2 parallel bottom logs, every 5 crowns are made 20 cm longer on all sides.

The ends of these logs are placed in nests made in the walls of the shaft.

Mine wells- reliable water capture structures, with the help of which groundwater is collected from a depth of no more than 30 m. They can completely meet the water needs of one or several garden plots. Water flow (well productivity) ranges from 0.5 to 3 m3/h. They are accessible for cleaning, isolated from surface storm drains, easy to operate, and easy to repair. Water can be collected from them using buckets and electric pumps installed on the surface or lowered into wells.

The disadvantage of mine wells is the use of only groundwater, the quality of which does not always meet sanitary and hygienic standards drinking water. In mine wells, with low water extraction rates, water often stagnates and acquires a musty smell. Foreign objects can get into the open well shaft and it can become dirty. But in all cases, the well provides irrigation and technical needs of the farm, and also serves as a reliable source for firefighting.

Mine wells are constructed manually using mine diggers or drilling rigs only by specially trained teams. This safety requirement must be strictly observed. This also applies to cleaning wells during operation. The descent of untrained people into the well shaft is not allowed due to possible wall collapses and air pollution in the mines.

The shaft well consists (Fig. 1) of a head, a shaft limited by side walls, a water intake and a filter. An insulating clay belt is placed around the head to prevent surface waters into the well. The top of the belt is covered with asphalt. The bottom of the well is located in the aquifer and may not reach the aquitard. The water in the well is set at the level groundwater. In this case, the well should be located as far as possible from toilets, places where animals are kept, absorption pits, i.e. those places where contaminants penetrate into groundwater.

Mine wells are dug to the depth of the first aquifer and a water intake section is installed in it. If there is no aquifer, and the water is contained in thin layers of sand, loam, or sandy loam, then a well is made taking into account the penetration of water through the walls of the well and its accumulation at the bottom.

Rice. 1. Mine well

To do this, the walls of the well are secured with logs or rectangular beams measuring 12-18 cm. Typically, the cross-section of the well is taken to be at least 1x1 m in size. Oak, elm, and alder are used as wood. The barrel is attached sequentially from top to bottom. The crowns are prepared on the surface, adjusted and lowered on a cable into the shaft. The well is dug gradually, to the depth of one crown, in order to avoid collapse of the walls.

When constructing wells from concrete rings work is performed in the following order. They tear off the pit to a depth equal to the height of one ring, and freely lower the ring to the bottom of the pit. Then install the second ring on it and fasten them with staples. They deepen the bottom and dig up rocks under the end of the ring. Last under own weight gradually descends. Then a new ring is built up and the described operations for digging the trunk are repeated. Typically, rings with a diameter of 1 are used; 1.25,1.5 m.

In stable rocks, the trunk can be torn off without parallel fastening with concrete rings. Only special teams can do this.

The rock is removed from the well using a bucket on a steel cable, which is wound onto a winch through a roller attached to a tripod. The winch must have a safety locking latch to prevent possible unwinding of the drum.

The most important process in constructing a mine well is the arrangement of its water intake part. It must be borne in mind that when opening water-saturated clean sands, especially quicksand, it is not possible to achieve a water layer depth of more than 75 cm. Greater depths can only be achieved with cohesive rocks, i.e. sandy loams, clayey sands, loams with interlayers and sand. Therefore, in aquiferous sands, you should not excessively extract sand and deepen the well, since after pumping out water, water with sand will intensively flow into the well. The lower rims of the frame or rings may even be torn off and gaps may form in the continuity of the wall fastenings.

The bottom of a sand well must be excavated with forced pumping of water using a bucket or pump. When fastening the walls with a log house, difficulties arise in installing crowns in water-containing sands. In this case, a box of boards or concrete rings is lowered into the shaft. When digging sand, they go deep and create good conditions for water flow. Upon completion of excavation of sand to the required depth, you should stop pumping out the water and immediately fill the bottom with a layer of coarse sand of 20 cm, and on top with pebbles or crushed stone with a layer of the same thickness. A prerequisite is careful isolation of the mine from getting into it. foreign objects, rain, snow and surface water, for which a clay castle is placed around the well and a hatch with a lid is made.

Every spring, the well is carefully inspected and its surface structures are repaired. It is necessary to fill the sagging areas around it with clay, and asphalt or cement the top. The well should be thoroughly pumped. To do this, measure the volume of water contained in it and use a bucket or pump to pump out at least two volumes of water from it. Chemical and bacteriological analyzes of water should be carried out annually. If necessary, according to the conclusion of the sanitary-epidemiological station, the well must be disinfected with a chemical cartridge or other means, followed by pumping water out of it until the odor is completely removed.

Part 2

Mine wells up to 20 m deep (sometimes more) are usually installed in sand or gravelly soils to obtain groundwater from the upper (non-pressure) horizon. The well is a shaft made of brick, concrete, reinforced concrete, rubble stone or wood. Wooden wells are square in plan, while the rest are usually round.

Rice. 1. Mine well made of reinforced concrete rings 1 - flooring for installing a pump column; 2 - paving with crushed stone; 3 - gravel; 4 - coarse sand

The walls of the well must be waterproof at the top to prevent contaminated water from seeping into the well. Bottom part a well, on the contrary, must be made with holes for water to flow in. The upper holes in this part of the well must be at least 0.5-1 m below the dynamic horizon.

In brick and rubble wells, holes can be made by leaving through seams between bricks or stones; In concrete and reinforced concrete wells, to make holes in the masonry, tubes closed with wooden plugs are placed during concreting, which are removed after the well is constructed.

At the bottom of the well, a filter is made of coarse-grained material, poured in layers with a gradual increase in grain size from bottom to top. Upper layer It is advisable to lay it from pebbles measuring 50-100 mm. It is recommended to extend the walls of the well 1 m above the ground surface. A clay castle should be built around the well.

Wooden wells are constructed in the form of a log frame made of logs, hewn from the inside, or from plates.

Wooden wells are usually used only for temporary water supply due to their fragility (the wood soon rots) and due to the fact that they are unsatisfactory in sanitary terms.

Mine wells are most often constructed using the downward method.

Concrete and reinforced concrete wells of small diameter can be made of rings.

It is advisable to construct such wells with a diameter of 1.23 m and a depth of up to 30 m using a factory-made KShK-30 or KShK-25 machine (mine well digger). The machine includes a specially designed drill driven by a motor mounted together with a pile driver and equipment on a trailer. Simultaneously with the excavation of the earth, the reinforced concrete rings of the well are lowered. The penetration speed of the machine reaches 1.15 m/hour.

Rice. 2. Shaft well with radial perforated pipes 1 - vertical centrifugal pump; 2 - perforated pipe; 3- tips; 4 - waterproof layers; 5 - aquifer

It is possible to construct wells with horizontal, radially directed perforated pipes in the form of rays (Fig. 3). In order to capture the underground flow as completely as possible, radial pipes can be laid in two or three tiers. The laying of radial pipes is carried out by pushing them in separate short sections using jacks installed in the shaft well. Such catchments, called radial catchments, are widely used in Western Europe (Switzerland, Hungary, Italy, etc.) and in the USA. A water intake of this type is being built in Warsaw to obtain under-channel river water. Using the experience of the Hungarian People's Republic, Gipro-spetsneft is carrying out work on the introduction of radial catchment areas in our country. Giprokommunvodokanal also envisages radial water intakes in its work.
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When it is not possible to connect to local system water supply due to remoteness or lack thereof, wells are installed.
The lower part of the well is buried in the aquifer. For this purpose, a preliminary survey is carried out. At the bottom of the well, a filter layer of crushed stone, gravel and coarse sand is made with a layer of at least 25 cm.

Wells are constructed from a monolith or from reinforced concrete rings, which can be either round or rectangular.
If there are no problems with wood in the building region, then you can make a well in the form of a log house from half-logs or beams. And if you also decide to build a wooden house, from a log house, then it will all look great.
The walls of the well made of half-logs or beams must be dense and well isolate the well from water pollution by surface runoff, so the upper part of the well should be 80 cm above the ground surface. Around the well it is necessary to make a castle of clay or rich loam 2 m deep and 1 m wide.
Wells can be with manual drive, but to supply water from a well it is better to use commercially available electric pumps designed for autonomous water supply systems. In Fig. Figure 1 shows a section of a well in the form of a wooden log house with vibration pump.

It is advisable to install a water tank with a capacity of 60-120 l if there is a water intake with pumping unit. It can be equipped with an automatic system for turning on and off the electric pump. In this case, the tank must be equipped with a system of supply and discharge, overflow and drain pipelines.

Tube wells

At depth groundwater up to 6 m can be arranged for water supply tube well, but it is necessary to carefully check the quality of ground water for domestic and drinking needs. In such a well, the end of the supply pipe is equipped with a filter and a driving tip with piston pump- column (Fig. 2).
There are two types of tube wells - shallow and deep, the choice of which depends on the depth of the water.
Tube wells are constructed by drilling vertical cylindrical borehole-type openings in the ground. In soft soils, the walls of the well must be strengthened with casing pipes made of steel, asbestos cement or polyethylene. Tube wells are built in deep aquifers. They have a small diameter and can be used to obtain groundwater from both pressure and non-pressure horizons.

Shallow tube well

A well of this type is used in areas where the groundwater level is not too deep - up to 9 m. Such a well is much cheaper than a mine well, and it is much easier to build. Its undoubted advantage is, as a rule, that the water in it does not stagnate or become polluted. Casing pipes intended to strengthen the walls of the well do not need to be inserted into a shallow tube well. Column with piston pump, water-lifting steel gas pipe(diameter 30-50 mm) and filter- these are the components of a shallow tube well. The pump can be made from metal seamless pipe with a diameter of 90 mm and a length of 45 cm. You will also definitely need a bracket for attaching the pipe, 3 steel pipes, a handle, 4 flanges, rubber for valves and gaskets between the flanges, a steel or brass rod with a diameter of 16 mm and a length of 80 cm, mounting details.

Piston pump: principle of operation.

A piston pump can lift water from a depth of 5~6 m and deliver it to a height of 4-5 m. It operates as follows. When the rod moves upward, the upper rubber valve is pressed against the cylinder body, while the lower one opens and allows water to pass through. When the rod goes down, the lower valve adheres to the flange, closing the hole for water to exit through the pipe, while the edges of the rubber gasket at the upper valve are bent to the washer. Water passes through the holes in the washer. The next upward movement of the piston causes the lower valve to open, while the upper one is adjacent to the cylinder walls. As a result, water enters the water-lifting pipe and a new portion of it is supplied from below into the cylinder. When testing the pump, be sure to fill the cylinder with water. The pump is fastened to the pipe flange with bolts (12 mm), the piston parts on the rod with nuts, and the metal rod with a bolt (6 mm). The pipe for lifting water consists of pipe sections 1.5 m long, with threads. Pipe connections are usually made using couplings.

Installation of a shallow tube well

Small tube wells are usually constructed by driving in soft soils where there are no pebbles, crushed stone, etc. If you decide to use this method, it is better to do it in the spring, since it is during this period that the soil is well moistened, which means it can be easily driven. Also, in order to moisten the soil, you can pre-water the place of driving. big amount water. But only in the dry season, when the water level is minimal, can a possible change in the water level in a tube well be correctly taken into account. After the place for the well has been prepared, it is necessary to dig a pit measuring 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 m. A small pit is made at the bottom of the pit. Further water pipe attached to the filter, and then a metal frame weighing 2~3 times greater than the mass of the pipe together with the filter is put on it. Then a metal clamp is secured to the pipe with bolts at a distance of 1 m from the filter.
The second clamp with two blocks is mounted at a distance of 2 m from the filter. A pipe is installed vertically in the center of the pit. After this, the pit is covered with soil, which should be compacted. Then the ends of the rope, thrown over the blocks, are attached to the woman and the driving begins directly. Baba is lifted on a rope and thrown down. Under the influence of her weight, the woman hits the clamp and buries the pipe into the ground. As the pipe deepens, the clamps gradually move upward. Only when the filter is in the aquifer does the plugging stop.
Then you should connect the pump to the end of the pipe remaining on the soil surface. And only after this, a test pumping of water is carried out in order to clean the filter from sand.

Deep tube well

Such wells are usually used when the depth of the aquifer is more than 20 m. It is quite difficult to build a deep well without certain skills and knowledge. A tube well is a borehole whose walls are secured with water casing pipes. Their length is 4-6 m. The pipes are connected using couplings.

Casing

It is better to use steel casing pipes for wells, especially deep ones, as they are not only more reliable than others, but are also easier to connect. The casing pipe consists of individual links. Their length is 2-4 m. Threaded couplings or welding are used to connect steel links. Which method of connecting the links to choose depends on the diameter of the pipe. Thus, it is easier to connect pipes with an internal diameter of 50 mm with couplings, and pipes with a diameter of 100 mm or more - by welding. To connect casing pipe links using welding, it is necessary to cut the pipe into individual links (2-3 m long) with an oxygen cutter. The cutting line should be made with a toe. This is necessary in order to facilitate centering during welding, and also to ensure that the joint does not have large gaps. Each cut must be marked with paint. Centering of the links before welding is carried out using a jig made of two corners or three steel plates, which should be welded to the rods. This will give strength to the connecting seam. If there is no welding or a non-steel casing pipe is used, the links can be connected with bolted steel plates.
Overlay width - 15-30 mm, length - 100-200 mm, thickness - 6~9 mm. Narrow edges of the overlays should be cut at an angle of 30°. This is necessary so that the tool does not cling to the internal gaskets, and the external gaskets do not interfere with the passage of the pipe through the ground. Threads are cut on the internal linings for fastening. The connection of a steel or cast iron casing pipe can be made without internal linings. To do this, you need to cut a thread directly in the wall. If the depth of the well is large, several pipes are lowered into it, the diameter of which is directly dependent on the depth and thickness of the aquifer, as well as on the diameter of the filter and pump.

Mine wells are called because to raise water from such wells, shafts (log houses) are made of wood, concrete or reinforced concrete, stone, brown iron or very well-burnt brick, but not white, which is quickly destroyed by water or dampness. Mine wells consist of a head (upper part), a trunk (the longest part), a water intake part (which is located in the water itself) and a sump (the lower part of the trunk, which is installed in cases where a constant supply of water is required).
Depending on the materials used to construct the shaft, mine wells can be made of wood, concrete, brick, or stone. First of all, let's look at wooden shaft wells (Fig. 3).

Head 6 - ground part. It protects the water in the well from dust, grass, snow, rain, various objects, etc. In winter, it protects the well from freezing and icing. The top of the head must be closed waterproof cover 7 from any material. The lid should tightly cover the well, but at the same time be easy to lift, slide out or rotate around its axis.
The trunk is open, strictly vertical space, i.e. a shaft to the entire depth of the well. To prevent the soil from crumbling from the walls of the mine and to stay firmly on them, it is reinforced with wooden walls, which are called a log house.
The log house consists of crowns 4, cut from dense dry wood. To facilitate the work, the crowns of the log house, logs or plates are marked accordingly. They do the most first lower crown, followed by a second one, etc. The logs and crown plates must be slotted as tightly as possible so that water and various contaminants, including soil, cannot seep between the grooves. Instead of a wooden frame, concrete rings, stone or brickwork or monolithic reinforced concrete. And once again I would like to note: regardless of the material used, the frame or other materials in the well shaft must be laid as tightly as possible so that through them the water supply could not flow and soil water, as well as penetrate dry or water-liquified soil.
The round shape of the trunk is considered the best, but more often it is made square and less often rectangular or hexagonal. The simplest one is square shape trunk Water intake part 2- the lower part of the trunk in which water is collected and stored. Depending on the required amount of water per day, the water intake part is performed different depths(heights). A normal depth is usually considered to be 0.75-1.2 m, but it can be up to 2 m. This part of the well is made of the most durable material that can last for a maximum number of years.
- lower part of the trunk. It is designed to collect required quantity water with a small amount of it entering the well. Because of this, the well must be buried to the required depth below the aquifer.

Instead of a sump, you can increase the water intake part of the log house by arranging it in the form of a tent (Fig. 4).

Key wells, pipe wells, brick wells in the next part of the “Well” series of articles.

Solving the problem of water supply in suburban area, their owners try to use all options, while taking into account the quality of the water that will be supplied to the house, plus the costs spent on the construction of the hydraulic structure. It’s good if there is a natural reservoir near the house, but if there is none, then there are two options: dig a well or drill a well. The second option is more expensive than the first, although the water from the well is cleaner and of better quality. But, as practice shows, many summer residents give their preference to wells, of which there are two types, differing from each other in design features. This is a shaft well and a tube well.

Construction of a shaft well

Basically, wells mine type- these are ordinary structures in the form of a shaft of different sections, usually round, which are dug in the ground and lined around the perimeter durable material. The latter will prevent the soil from falling inside the well shaft and restrain penetration upper layers aquifers and precipitation. Therefore, it is very important that the materials used are durable and can handle for a long time With negative impact water and humidity, plus they themselves did not affect the quality of water in the well.

Construction of a shaft well

Most often, mine wells are lined with brick or stone; in the old days they used logs; today preference is given to plastic structures and reinforced concrete rings. Most important point in the construction of a well of this type, this is the tightness between the joints of the parts of the shaft of the general well structure, because it is the joints that are vulnerable places that are susceptible to leaks.

As for the structure of the shaft well, the structure is divided into three parts:

• At the very bottom there is a water inlet or catch basin. Its height from the bottom of the structure can vary from 1.5 to 4 m. The main function of this part of the well is to collect and filter water, so it is laid at the very bottom bottom filter, consisting of several layers of crushed stone or gravel. Typically, layers are laid depending on the fraction of the material according to the degree of coarsening: the bottom layer, 20-30 cm thick, is crushed stone of a small fraction, the middle layer, 30 cm thick, is of a medium fraction, and the top (30 cm) is large stones.
• The middle part, located above the catchment area, is the well shaft, which protects the structure itself from the collapse of the walls and the entry of contaminants. Essentially this is underground part devices.
• And the top part is the head. This is the above-ground part of the well, which protects it from debris, dust, and natural precipitation entering the trunk, while the head prevents the water in the well from freezing. The upper part is equipped with a roof and a door.

Mine wells of round and rectangular cross-section

Advantages and disadvantages of mine wells

It is impossible to say that mine wells have many advantages over other hydraulic structures. And although this type occurs quite often today, it is just ease of construction. This is precisely the main positive point. The following can be added to the advantages.

• If you choose correctly facing material for the trunk, then we can talk about the long-term operation of the well, which sometimes exceeds 50 years.
• If you use the well constantly, you can forget about such activities as cleaning and repair. Although experts recommend in any case cleaning the structure at least once a year.
• Since the diameter of the shaft is significant, optimally 1 m, almost any pumps can be lowered into it in terms of their size and modifications, which simplifies the selection of pumping equipment.
• But the most important thing is that there is no need to obtain permission to dig a well. The only thing that needs to be done is to register the hydraulic structure, so to speak, to put it on record.

A well made of reinforced concrete rings will last 50 years

Now about the disadvantages.

• Digging a well is both difficult and time-consuming. True, you can use special equipment that will do it all on its own in just a couple of hours. But you'll have to pay for it.
• There is always the possibility that you may encounter an aquifer that turns out to be unfit for drinking.
• If you use the well irregularly, it begins to silt.
• It is very important to carry out the construction process itself correctly, because both the quality of the water inside the catchment basin and the impossibility of penetration of contaminants into the mine will depend on this.

Construction of a mine well

There are two technologies for constructing a mine well, which depend on the soil in which the construction is carried out. If the soil is clayey and strong, that is, there are guarantees that the walls of the shaft will not crumble during excavation work, then the process is carried out directly: the shaft is completely excavated, and then its walls are lined, that is, a shaft is formed. The cladding starts from the bottom.

The second technology is called casing, for which already prepared or finished sections of the trunk are usually used. For example, parts of a trunk assembled from logs or beams, or finished products in the form of reinforced concrete rings. This construction option is used if the soil on the site is unstable and mobile.

Construction of a well shaft

The essence of this technology is that the prepared part of the trunk is installed at the site where the soil is being excavated, and the soil itself is excavated from inside the product. Thus, it goes down gradually. At the same time, the trunk is also gradually expanded by installing the next element on top.

Attention! A very important point regarding the long-term operation of a mine well. Construction with outside need to be waterproofed, what can it be used for? various materials and technology. Eg, bitumen mastic and roofing felt, which is laid in several layers.

Tube well construction

Tube wells used to be found in all villages; they were even simply installed on the streets and called columns. Experts gave them a different name - Abyssinian well or needle-hole. From the name itself it becomes clear that the main element of this building is a pipe that was driven into the ground with a sledgehammer to the required depth. The water supply was provided hand pump installed on top of the pipe.

Tube well construction

Today, of course, many people refuse this technology. That is, they do not drive the pipe into the ground, but first drill a well into which the pipe water supply is lowered. This is probably why this structure is called a needle well, because the structure itself is built according to the principle of constructing a well. And in design, a tube well is not much different from a well. The only difference is the shallow drilling depth.

Attention! If a tube well is being constructed in unstable soils or the drilling depth is significant, then a casing pipe must be installed in the well.

There are two types of tube wells.

1. Shallow laying. Their depth does not exceed 40 m. If the aquifer is located at least 12-15 m, then the pipe can be plugged, taking into account the condition of the soil - it must be soft.
2. Deep laying. Accordingly, the depth should be more than 40 m.

Advantages and disadvantages of a tube well

The advantages include:

• Always pure water due to complete sealing of pipes;
• such a hydraulic structure can be installed right next to the house, but away from sewerage structures;
• The water flow of such a well is very large.

About the cons:

• if the drilling time is chosen incorrectly, then there is a possibility that the well will become shallow in the summer season;
• if it is rarely used, the well will become silted;
• It is important to carry out the installation correctly; even minor violations can lead to depressurization of the pipeline.

Column

Construction technology

It is not difficult to build a tube well with your own hands, the main thing is to strictly follow the recommendations from experts. If the soil at the dacha is soft and the depth does not exceed 15 m, then the pipe can be driven into the ground with an ordinary sledgehammer. Here is the sequence of operations performed.

• First of all, you need to dig a hole 1-2 m deep, rectangular or round section 1.5 m wide.
• The first pipe is installed in the hole in the center, the lower end of which is a point. Almost half the length of this pipe is perforated. In fact, this will be a water collector with a filter.
• The hole is filled with soil. That is, it turns out that the first pipe is already located inside the earth. And it is precisely located at the drilling site.
• Using a sledgehammer, the pipe is driven into the ground until only the threaded connection remains on the surface.
• The second pipe is screwed into the first. And they start hitting it with a sledgehammer, driving it into the ground. In this way, the entire pipe structure is assembled.

Driving the pipe into the ground

Conclusion on the topic

Two types of wells that are still being built today summer cottages. Most often, shaft structures are erected because they are convenient to operate and carry out preventive measures. True, in terms of the construction method they are more complex and costly.

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1.Imperfect (incomplete) well

In such a well, the shaft support does not reach the waterproof underlying layer, and the influx of water occurs through the bottom or side walls;

In this case, there is no need to pass through the free-flow aquifer of such an imperfect well to more than 0.7 of its height. Typically, the water lying below does not provide additional inflow, keeping the flow rate unchanged. Depending on the daily requirement In water, you can lay a well at a shallower depth.

2. Perfect (full) well

The support of the well reaches the waterproof layer, and the influx of water occurs exclusively through the side walls.

3. Perfect well with grenade launcher (sump)

The sump (grand launcher) is made in the underlying water-resistant rock, serving as an additional reservoir to increase the water supply.

Also, the water supply can be increased by tent expansion of the underwater part.

The tent type of reservoir device is used in cases where the thickness of the aquifer is more than 2-3 meters, and when it is less, a sump is equipped.

Rice. 2. Imperfect hip well

The water reserves in the well should not significantly exceed your daily needs. Otherwise, the water may stagnate and rot. That is why an imperfect well with water flow through a bottom filter is considered the optimal water intake structure for individual use. Additional side filters, which are difficult to manufacture, do not provide, in this case, a noticeable increase in water flow. The bottom filter consists of three layers of gravel or crushed stone. Each successive layer uses material with 6–8 times larger fractions. The lower layer in contact with the aquifer is 10 cm thick, the next two are 15 cm thick. In cases of abundant water influx and liquefaction of the aquifer, a bottom filter is poured onto the plank floor with holes or slots, connected from below under the well shaft fastening. The part of the head protruding above ground level is usually 0.6–0.8 m. The clay castle around the well shaft has a depth of 1.0–1.5 m and a width of 0.5 m. It is recommended to build a continuous blind area of ​​concrete on top of the clay castle . Wooden log houses for wells are made from solid logs with a diameter of 15-18 cm, or logs with a diameter of 22 cm, split in half lengthwise. As a rule, a wooden well is built square in plan. Side dimensions range from 0.7 to 1.4 m, most often 1x1 m. The log houses are assembled first on the surface, and then each crown is marked for subsequent correct installation in mine. The crowns of the log house are connected with 10-centimeter dowels, spaced vertically, and to prevent the upper crowns from being separated from the lower ones, they are connected with steel brackets. In the corners of the log house, the logs are mated “in a paw without a trace”, with a root tenon (preferably, but not necessarily). Additionally, for strength, the corners are sewn together with bars, and the logs themselves are sewn together with boards in the middle of each side of the well.

Rice. 3. Corner connection of log beams

The frame is installed directly in the well shaft by one of three possible ways: construction from the bottom, building up from below, or lowering fastening (when the frame of the well is built up as it is immersed in the ground). From the bottom of the mine, a well is erected at a depth well no more than 6 m, if there is no strong influx of water and the walls of the shaft do not crumble. At the bottom of the dug shaft, a base frame is installed for assembling the log house, or the floor is laid on logs (laid along the logs), on which the log house of the well is already being erected. Bottom extension is used in the construction of deep wells. For this method, so-called “fingers” (logs protruding by 40-50 cm) are used on every 4th or 5th crown of the log house, placed in recesses previously dug in the walls of the well shaft (“mortgages” or, in other words, “ stoves"), pressed with jacks and wedged, which ensures reliable fastening without relying on the base. Lowering fastening, also used in the construction of deep wells (6 meters or more) Under the well frame erected in an excavated shaft, the bottom is deepened by 25-30. The soil is removed only from the middle, leaving it in the corners. Then the sides of the frame are wedged with pads, and soil is removed from the corners. After that, it is enough to knock out the linings so that the log house evenly lowers into the shaft under its own weight. With this method, in loose and loose soils, the log house can get stuck or warp. Then, over the upper crown, floorings of boards and logs are installed, on which a significant load is placed, or the log house is upset by blows on the upper crown. The lower part of the log house, in such cases, is equipped cutting knife, and the base of the well shaft expands in the form of a tent. In conditions where the soil is dense and the well is not deep, log houses are sometimes suspended in the well shaft on ropes, half a meter or a meter from the bottom. This is done to facilitate soil sampling. Ropes placed under each middle of the log house, the ends of which are attached in several turns to a frame made of logs, hold the log house due to frictional forces between the turns of the rope and the logs. In order to smoothly lower the frame, you just need to loosen the rope.

Rice. 4. Log house suspended in a shaft on ropes

The sometimes encountered quicksands (aquifers with liquefied sand) require special working methods and skills. First of all, the lowering of the log house is stopped and a second drainage tent is installed at a distance of 0.3-0.4 m from the main tent. At the bottom of the shaft, on four sides, sheet pile bulkheads are installed from boards to a depth of 0.35 m. After removing the soil (without exposing the ends of the sheet pile row), the bulkheads are deepened again and sampling continues. At the same time, water is constantly pumped out. Sometimes it becomes necessary to penetrate an overlying aquifer with a mine in order to isolate it. This is also done using a row of tongue-and-groove boards driven into the outside of the frame and a clay castle between the tongue and the frame of the well.

Wells made of concrete plates are built by analogy with wooden log houses. Cast, most often, with a cross section of 250x70 mm and weighing no more than 35 kg, they do not require the use of special lifting devices. The plates are placed on the solution, connected at the corners by welding or molded ends into a paw. Due to the simplicity of formwork for concrete plates, they are easy to make yourself, required sizes and shapes, then constructing from them wells of the shape you need - square, rectangular, multifaceted and even round (from segments). The height of a standard segment is usually 18 cm.

Stone and brick wells are built from dense, well-burnt red brick, limestone or slate. Large and small stones are placed in separate layers. The bottle is selected very carefully. Rows of masonry are laid out, if possible, with minimal intervals. It is unacceptable for masonry stones to protrude from the internal or outside. To ensure that the seams are bandaged, the stones are placed towards the center of the well with a “poke” (narrow side) so that they are not squeezed inward by the soil. Construction is carried out by building up from the bottom of the shaft, if the depth of the shaft is no more than 5-6 meters, or by lowering, when the masonry is erected on a support shoe. The thickness of brick walls is usually at least 25 cm, rubble - 35 cm. The surface part is plastered, and the underwater part is covered cement mortar 1:2. In order to prevent ruptures of the masonry along the height, reinforcement is carried out with anchor rods. The water intake part of brick and stone wells does not have any fundamental differences from those discussed earlier.

Professional mine wells

Concrete shaft wells are built from monolithic reinforced concrete plates or rings. Construction of a monolithic concrete well, as a rule, is carried out by continuous concreting in finished mine in which the formwork is installed. If the depth of the well is significant, the lowering method can be used, when the shaft is first concreted to a shallow depth, the fastening is raised above the ground to a sufficient height, and then the well shaft is dug to its full depth with the fastening gradually settling. To ensure uniform and guaranteed lowering of the concrete shaft into the well shaft, cutting shoes are used, conical shoes (tapering upward) are equipped with the end of the shaft itself beveled from the inside, reinforced with steel.

After the soil has been removed and the walls of the well have dropped by about two meters, new formwork is installed and the fastening is increased. In order to allow the fresh walls to get stronger, a pause of 7-10 days is maintained, after which work continues in the same order until the aquifer. The use of concrete rings (especially prefabricated ones) significantly reduces the time and facilitates the construction of a well. But you can also cast them yourself. It is advisable to give the lower ring a conical shape with a lower edge beveled from the inside. Shoes with a cutter are installed on the factory rings.

The rings are connected end to end, after which they are fixed with steel brackets 4–5 mm thick and 50–80 mm wide, in order to prevent them from shifting relative to each other. When constructing using the lowering method, there is a possibility of rupture of the ring shells due to possible clamping of their upper part by collapsing soil. To give the rings additional strength, strip steel strips 40–60 mm wide and 5–10 mm thick are used, evenly spaced around the circumference. Such overlays are fastened with steel rod brackets or bolts inserted into holes left during concreting in advance. Steel rods concreted into the walls of the rings, which have ring-shaped bends at the ends for the bolts that fasten the rings, work even more reliably. The inter-end joints of the rings located in the water are sealed either with tarred hemp rope with a diameter of 20 mm, which is placed in a special groove provided in the upper end of the ring by factory molding or with liquid glass. It is enough to embroider the seams between the rings located above the water intake part with ordinary cement mortar in a ratio of 1:3. The water intake part of the well made of reinforced concrete rings is equipped in the same way as other types of wells. In cases where the aquifer is very loose, it is necessary to place a floor made of strong boards under the concrete rings, on which a gravel filter is poured. For additional water flow in thin aquifers, side holes are made in the walls of well rings. From the outside they are covered with sand or gravel. The same functions are performed by installing filters made of large-porous concrete. Such concrete is prepared from cement with gravel or crushed stone in a ratio of 1:6, with a water-cement ratio of 0.3–0.5. The size of the grains of gravel or crushed stone should be no more than 10 times larger than the grains of sand in the aquifer. From such large-porous concrete, two belts of the lower water intake part of the well, 15–20 cm high, are usually formed. Sometimes pre-made brick inserts are laid in the formwork in a checkerboard pattern.

Mine wells are used to lift non-pressure water to the surface from a depth of about 30 meters. This is a rectangular or round shape with strong and reliable fastening of the walls. Mine-type wells consist of an above-ground (head), middle (trunk) and lower water intake parts. They are built from the material at hand, that is, concrete, stone, brick or wood. Coarse sand, gravel, and crushed stone are poured onto the bottom.

Construction of a shaft well for water

Unfortunately, there are no standards or regulatory documents, which determine the method of sinking wells.
A workforce of 2-3 people, a shovel, a crowbar, a sledgehammer and a bucket remain the key to successful well construction.

To obtain a strictly vertical excavation, the shaft is passed without the use of casing. Work is carried out until sand, sandy loam or aquifer appears. The diameter of the trunk is determined by the external size of the concrete rings or the external parameters of the log house, if one is assumed.

So, the trunk goes out onto the water. But before entering the formation, the lower two seams between the rings are sealed from the inside with cement mortar. The face itself is filled with gravel, 20 centimeters thick, which acts as a filter.

Advantages of mine wells

The diameter of the rings greatly facilitates the maintenance of the well, changing the pump and other technical services.
Possibility of raising water in the absence of a pump.

Disadvantages of shaft wells

The water is not clean, especially in the spring.
Minor.

Do-it-yourself construction of mine wells

Constructing a well shaft with your own hands is possible for any person who has the skills of simple construction. Having prepared the necessary entrenching tool and having available, for example reinforced concrete rings, you can begin excavation work. Following the basic sanitary conditions, the location of the well should be at a distance of 25-30 meters from outbuildings, toilets, and other similar structures.

So, for the construction of a shallow well, concrete rings are preferable, internal diameter 0.5 meters.

They need to be lowered one at a time sequentially as the soil is removed. This will allow the rings to lower under their own weight. The seams between the ends of the rings are carefully sealed cement composition. The solution is placed in a molded groove at the end of the ring, the weight of which creates a sealed joint. Distortion of the rings during their descent can be avoided if beams of equal thickness are placed under them at an angle of 90°. In this case, you need to dig up the soil opposite the opposite beam.

If the diameter of the concrete rings is one or more meters, then you will have to use a winch with a tripod. After laying the rings, the bottom of the structure is covered with a layer of sand and river gravel. The upper ring should extend to the surface of the earth at least half a meter. When operating a mine, you should not leave it open to avoid debris and living creatures getting into it. For these purposes, the lid is equipped with a strong lock.

Around the upper ring, the installation of slopes is also mandatory work.

The installation of the gate, handles and, in general, the design of the canopy or canopy depends on the owner’s flight of fancy.