Mine well. Construction of wells: do-it-yourself mine well Well made of concrete plates

K category: Wells

Mine wells

Shaft wells are constructed when the depth of the aquifer is approximately 20 m. Centrifugal or vibration-type electric pumps are used to pump water out of mine wells.

In addition, you can arrange a crane, which is used in case of pump failure.

The well frame (cross section 1 x 1 m, 1.25 x 1.25 m, 1.5 x 1.5 m), depending on the depth, is made of logs with a diameter of 12-18 cm and buried 1.5 cm into the aquifer -2 m.

Pine is used for the above-water part of the mine well, and oak, elm, and alder are used for the lower part.

The crowns are made by fitting the logs and trimming them to make the inner side flat. They are fitted into a groove horizontally, connected with inserted oak tenons vertically, and in the corners - into an oblique paw.

The assembly of the log house is initial stage well construction. After this, the mine and clay castle are marked.

Then the soil is removed to a depth of 1-1.5 m, the assembled frame is lowered into the shaft, a tripod with a pulley is installed and a waterproof clay castle is made, having a depth and width of about 1 m. The clay is compacted.

After this, they dig a shaft, gradually removing soil from all sides to the thickness of the crown and bringing in the logs of new crowns. They are then pressed together with temporary staples.

To prevent the walls of the shaft well from warping and tearing, through 2 parallel bottom logs, every 5 crowns are made 20 cm longer on all sides.

The ends of these logs are placed in nests made in the walls of the shaft.

Mine wells- reliable water capture structures with the help of which they take groundwater from a depth of no more than 30 m. They can fully meet the water needs of one or several garden plots. Water flow (well productivity) ranges from 0.5 to 3 m3/h. They are accessible for cleaning, isolated from surface storm drains, easy to operate, and easy to repair. Water can be collected from them using buckets and electric pumps installed on the surface or lowered into wells.

The disadvantage of mine wells is the use of only groundwater, the quality of which does not always meet sanitary and hygienic standards drinking water. In mine wells, with low water extraction rates, water often stagnates and acquires a musty smell. Foreign objects can get into the open well shaft and it can become dirty. But in all cases, the well provides irrigation and technical needs of the farm, and also serves as a reliable source for firefighting.

Mine wells are constructed manually using mine diggers or drilling rigs only by specially trained teams. This safety requirement must be strictly observed. This also applies to cleaning wells during operation. The descent of untrained people into the well shaft is not allowed due to possible wall collapses and air pollution in the mines.

Mine well consists (Fig. 1) of a head, a barrel limited by side walls, a water inlet and a filter. An insulating clay belt is placed around the head to prevent surface waters into the well. The top of the belt is covered with asphalt. The bottom of the well is located in the aquifer and may not reach the aquitard. The water in the well is set at the groundwater level. In this case, the well should be located as far as possible from toilets, places where animals are kept, absorption pits, i.e. those places where contaminants penetrate into groundwater.

Mine wells are dug to the depth of the first aquifer and a water intake section is installed in it. If there is no aquifer, and the water is contained in thin layers of sand, loam, or sandy loam, then a well is made taking into account the penetration of water through the walls of the well and its accumulation at the bottom.

Rice. 1. Mine well

To do this, the walls of the well are secured with logs or rectangular beams measuring 12-18 cm. Typically, the cross-section of the well is taken to be at least 1x1 m in size. Oak, elm, and alder are used as wood. The barrel is attached sequentially from top to bottom. The crowns are prepared on the surface, adjusted and lowered on a cable into the shaft. The well is dug gradually, to the depth of one crown, in order to avoid collapse of the walls.

When constructing wells from concrete rings work is performed in the following order. They tear off the pit to a depth equal to the height of one ring, and freely lower the ring to the bottom of the pit. Then install the second ring on it and fasten them with staples. They deepen the bottom and dig up rocks under the end of the ring. Last under own weight gradually descends. Then a new ring is built up and the described operations for digging the trunk are repeated. Typically, rings with a diameter of 1 are used; 1.25,1.5 m.

In stable rocks, the trunk can be torn off without parallel fastening with concrete rings. Only special teams can do this.

The rock is removed from the well using a bucket on a steel cable, which is wound onto a winch through a roller attached to a tripod. The winch must have a safety locking latch to prevent possible unwinding of the drum.

Most important process construction of a mine well - arrangement of its water receiving part. It must be borne in mind that when opening water-saturated clean sands, especially quicksand, it is not possible to achieve a water layer depth of more than 75 cm. Greater depths can only be achieved with cohesive rocks, i.e. sandy loams, clayey sands, loams with interlayers and sand. Therefore, in aquiferous sands, you should not excessively extract sand and deepen the well, since after pumping out water, water with sand will intensively flow into the well. There may even be separation lower crowns frame or rings and the formation of gaps in the continuity of the fastening walls.

The bottom of a sand well must be excavated with forced pumping of water using a bucket or pump. When fastening the walls with a log house, difficulties arise in installing crowns in water-containing sands. In this case, a box of boards or concrete rings is lowered into the shaft. When digging sand, they go deep and create good conditions for water flow. Upon completion of excavation of sand to the required depth, you should stop pumping out the water and immediately fill the bottom with a layer of coarse sand of 20 cm, and on top with pebbles or crushed stone with a layer of the same thickness. A prerequisite is careful isolation of the mine from getting into it. foreign objects, rain, snow and surface water, for which a clay castle is placed around the well and a hatch with a lid is made.

Every spring, the well is carefully inspected and its surface structures are repaired. It is necessary to fill the sagging areas around it with clay, and asphalt or cement the top. The well should be thoroughly pumped. To do this, measure the volume of water contained in it and use a bucket or pump to pump out at least two volumes of water from it. Chemical and bacteriological analyzes of water should be carried out annually. If necessary, according to the conclusion of the sanitary-epidemiological station, the well must be disinfected with a chemical cartridge or other means, followed by pumping water out of it until the odor is completely removed.

Part 2

Mine wells up to 20 m deep (sometimes more) are usually installed in sand or gravelly soils to obtain groundwater from the upper (non-pressure) horizon. The well is a shaft made of brick, concrete, reinforced concrete, rubble stone or wood. Wooden wells are square in plan, while the rest are usually round.

Rice. 1. Mine well made of reinforced concrete rings 1 - flooring for installing a pump column; 2 - paving with crushed stone; 3 - gravel; 4 - coarse sand

The walls of the well must be waterproof at the top to prevent contaminated water from seeping into the well. Bottom part a well, on the contrary, must be made with holes for water to flow in. The upper holes in this part of the well must be at least 0.5-1 m below the dynamic horizon.

In brick and rubble wells, holes can be made by leaving through seams between bricks or stones; In concrete and reinforced concrete wells, to make holes in the masonry, tubes closed with wooden plugs are placed during concreting, which are removed after the well is constructed.

At the bottom of the well, a filter is made of coarse-grained material, poured in layers with a gradual increase in grain size from bottom to top. It is advisable to lay the top layer of pebbles 50-100 mm in size. It is recommended to extend the walls of the well 1 m above the ground surface. A clay castle should be built around the well.

Wooden wells are constructed in the form of a log frame made of logs, hewn from the inside, or from plates.

Wooden wells are usually used only for temporary water supply due to their fragility (the wood soon rots) and due to the fact that they are unsatisfactory in sanitary terms.

Mine wells are most often constructed using the downward method.

Concrete and reinforced concrete wells of small diameter can be made of rings.

It is advisable to construct such wells with a diameter of 1.23 m and a depth of up to 30 m using a factory-made KShK-30 or KShK-25 machine (mine well digger). The machine includes a specially designed drill driven by a motor mounted together with a pile driver and equipment on a trailer. Simultaneously with the excavation of the earth, the reinforced concrete rings of the well are lowered. The penetration speed of the machine reaches 1.15 m/hour.

Rice. 2. Shaft well with radial perforated pipes 1 - vertical centrifugal pump; 2 - perforated pipe; 3- tips; 4 - waterproof layers; 5 - aquifer

It is possible to construct wells with horizontal, radially directed perforated pipes in the form of rays (Fig. 3). In order to capture the underground flow as completely as possible, radial pipes can be laid in two or three tiers. The laying of radial pipes is carried out by pushing them in separate short sections using jacks installed in the shaft well. Such catchments, called radial catchments, are widely used in countries Western Europe(Switzerland, Hungary, Italy, etc.) and in the USA. A water intake of this type is being built in Warsaw to obtain under-channel river water. Using the experience of the Hungarian People's Republic, Gipro-spetsneft is carrying out work on the introduction of radial catchment areas in our country. Giprokommunvodokanal also envisages radial water intakes in its work.
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To organize water supply on a dacha or cottage plot in the absence of central system For water supply, underground sources are used, which have a number of advantages compared to open reservoirs. And the main one is high quality water that undergoes natural filtration through the ground, therefore suitable for consumption and for household needs.

According to the degree of purification and quality of water, underground sources are divided into:

• soil (formed in the surface soil layer through precipitation; cannot be considered as a permanent source of water supply);
• groundwater (similar in quality and composition to soil water, but with a greater depth; can be used for household needs, and also partially for drinking, subject to thorough cleaning);
• interlayer (considered the purest natural water, located between several waterproof layers of soil; it is most suitable for consumption and for household needs.).

Arrangement on plot of land a mine well will allow you to regularly receive clean artesian water.

What is a shaft well?

The shaft well is by far one of the most common installations on the site. Proper installation and operation allow you to obtain water of excellent quality and taste. With proper installation, a well of this type can be used for a very long time without experiencing any difficulties.

How to choose the right place to install a mine well

It is important to thoroughly study the land before installing a well.

It is recommended to conduct your own observations in summer and spring and determine the place where the least accumulation of melt and rain water occurs. This, in principle, is one of the main criteria for equipping a well. An equally important indicator is the absence of sources of pollution near the future structure. The object must be removed from any building (commercial or residential) at a distance of at least twenty meters.

How to choose a place for a future well according to the “hints” of nature?

To reduce labor costs and time for constructing a mine well, you should choose a place with minimal occurrence groundwater. And nature itself will help you find this place. Firstly, these places have the most lush and vibrant vegetation. Secondly, pay attention to the plants growing in the area. Where there are moisture-loving plants (horsetail, sorrel), as well as constant swarms of mosquitoes and midges, there are deposits of the best water.

How to arrange a mine well on a plot of land?

A shaft well, the construction of which can take at least several days, or even weeks, is used mainly to receive shallow water. Water enters through the walls of the well or through the bottom. This type of water supply can only be used for individual use.

There are several types of mine wells:

• concrete (represents a monolithic structure);
• stone (mostly made of natural stone);
• reinforced concrete (factory reinforced concrete rings are used for construction);
• wood.

If the diameter of the well is small, then it is best to consider the construction of a prefabricated structure from reinforced concrete rings. This is the simplest, most reliable design for installing a water supply system.

In order to prevent melt and rainwater from penetrating into the well, its walls should be made of waterproof materials. The cheapest option would be to install a clay castle; a more expensive option would be to build walls made of brick or concrete.

The best, most reliable, hygienically clean, durable material is reinforced concrete. Today, the most popular method of making a well is to use ready-made ones made in production conditions, reinforced concrete rings.

If you want to make the walls completely sealed, without seams, then it is optimal to use monolithic reinforced concrete.

DIY mine well

A shaft well, the diagram of which can be developed by a specially invited specialist or independently, is considered the most the best option to date. Firstly, concrete is a strong, safe, durable material. Secondly, it is not difficult to make the design on your own.

During the installation of reinforced concrete rings, in order to prevent their shifting, the rings should be fastened to each other in 4-6 places using steel staples. At the fastening points, holes are left into which staples are inserted, the ends of which are bent and “sealed” with a cement solution.

The depth of the well affects the height of the concrete modules. For example, from 40 to 100 cm, the diameter will be from 80 to 100 cm. The wall thickness can be from 9 to 12 cm. If metal reinforcement is used during the installation of the well, then a smaller thickness of the rings is allowed (from 5 to 9 cm) .

Reinforcement of reinforced concrete rings is carried out using steel reinforcing wire. For reinforcing vertical rods, wire with a diameter of 8 to 12 mm is used; for reinforcing horizontal joints, the wire should be from 6 to 8 mm.

Each intersection of the frame requires fastening with wire, the thickness of which does not exceed 2 mm.

Installation of reinforced concrete rings requires digging a shaft, the diameter of which must be larger than the diameter of the ring itself. The walls must be strengthened before laying the first ring, and the bottom must be perfectly compacted and level. The ring descends strictly vertically. After installation, the outer side of the ring is covered with soil and compacted.

Regardless of the depth of the well and its diameter, the height must be at least 70 cm above ground level. It is imperative to build a clay castle around the building, the main purpose of which will be to retain surface (rain or melt) water and prevent its penetration into the well system.

A clay castle is made as follows: around the future well, soil is removed with a width of at least fifty centimeters and a depth of at least one hundred to one hundred and fifty centimeters. The resulting void should be filled with compacted clay.

A mine well can have different depths, which largely depend on the level of groundwater. The minimum depth is at least 3 meters, the maximum can reach up to fifteen meters. Coarse sand, a layer of at least fifteen centimeters, must be placed at the bottom of the well; a thirty-centimeter layer of crushed stone must be laid on top of the sand.

The well should be buried at least one to two meters into the aquiferous soil.

During operation, the shaft well should be cleaned once or twice a year, and before the first start-up it is important to disinfect the system.

The shaft well is constructed using the lowering method. But if you have finance, you can use mechanized method when special equipment with a mechanism is brought to the site, which simultaneously drills and installs reinforced concrete rings with the subsequent formation of a shaft.

In order to increase the flow of water, it is recommended to install holes in the walls of the well.

If the well shaft is made of brick or natural stone, then inter-masonry gaps act as openings. In concrete wells, special slots are made along the entire perimeter of the walls.

If it is planned to install several wells on the site, then it is advisable to connect them together with siphon pipes and place them along one line.

The significant size of a mine well often allows the installation of full-fledged pumping equipment.

1.Imperfect (incomplete) well

In such a well, the shaft support does not reach the waterproof underlying layer, and the influx of water occurs through the bottom or side walls;

In this case, there is no need to pass through the free-flow aquifer of such an imperfect well to more than 0.7 of its height. Typically, the water lying below does not provide additional inflow, keeping the flow rate unchanged. Depending on the daily requirement In water, you can lay a well at a shallower depth.

2. Perfect (full) well

The support of the well reaches the waterproof layer, and the influx of water occurs exclusively through the side walls.

3. Perfect well with grenade launcher (sump)

The sump (grand launcher) is made in the underlying water-resistant rock, serving as an additional reservoir to increase the water supply.

Also, the water supply can be increased by tent expansion of the underwater part.

The tent type of reservoir device is used in cases where the thickness of the aquifer is more than 2-3 meters, and when it is less, a sump is equipped.

Rice. 2. Imperfect hip well

The water reserves in the well should not significantly exceed your daily needs. Otherwise, the water may stagnate and rot. That is why an imperfect well with water flow through bottom filter is considered the optimal water intake structure for personal use. Additional side filters, which are difficult to manufacture, do not provide, in this case, a noticeable increase in water flow. The bottom filter consists of three layers of gravel or crushed stone. Each successive layer uses material with 6–8 times larger fractions. The lower layer in contact with the aquifer is 10 cm thick, the next two are 15 cm thick. In cases of abundant water influx and liquefaction of the aquifer, a bottom filter is poured onto the plank floor with holes or slots, connected from below under the well shaft fastening. The part of the head protruding above ground level is usually 0.6–0.8 m. The clay castle around the well shaft has a depth of 1.0–1.5 m and a width of 0.5 m. It is recommended to build a continuous blind area of ​​concrete on top of the clay castle . Wooden log houses for wells are made from solid logs with a diameter of 15-18 cm, or logs with a diameter of 22 cm, split in half lengthwise. As a rule, a wooden well is built square in plan. Side dimensions range from 0.7 to 1.4 m, most often 1x1 m. The log houses are assembled first on the surface, and then each crown is marked for subsequent correct installation in mine. The crowns of the log house are connected with 10-centimeter dowels, spaced vertically, and to prevent the upper crowns from being separated from the lower ones, they are connected with steel brackets. In the corners of the log house, the logs are mated “in a paw without a trace”, with a root tenon (preferably, but not necessarily). Additionally, for strength, the corners are sewn together with bars, and the logs themselves are sewn together with boards in the middle of each side of the well.

Rice. 3. Corner connection of log beams

The frame is installed directly in the well shaft by one of three possible ways: construction from the bottom, building up from below, or lowering fastening (when the frame of the well is built up as it is immersed in the ground). From the bottom of the mine, a well is erected at a depth well no more than 6 m, if there is no strong influx of water and the walls of the shaft do not crumble. At the bottom of the dug shaft, a base frame is installed for assembling the log house, or the floor is laid on logs (laid along the logs), on which the log house of the well is already being erected. Bottom extension is used in the construction of deep wells. For this method, so-called “fingers” (logs protruding by 40-50 cm) are used on every 4th or 5th crown of the log house, placed in recesses previously dug in the walls of the well shaft (“mortgages” or, in other words, “ stoves"), pressed with jacks and wedged, which ensures reliable fastening without relying on the base. Lowering fastening, also used in the construction of deep wells (6 meters or more) Under the well frame erected in an excavated shaft, the bottom is deepened by 25-30. The soil is removed only from the middle, leaving it in the corners. Then the sides of the frame are wedged with pads, and soil is removed from the corners. After that, it is enough to knock out the linings so that the log house evenly lowers into the shaft under its own weight. With this method, in loose and loose soils, the log house can get stuck or warp. Then, over the upper crown, floorings of boards and logs are installed, on which a significant load is placed, or the log house is upset by blows on the upper crown. The lower part of the log house, in such cases, is equipped cutting knife, and the base of the well shaft expands in the form of a tent. In conditions where the soil is dense and the well is not deep, log houses are sometimes suspended in the well shaft on ropes, half a meter or a meter from the bottom. This is done to facilitate soil sampling. Ropes placed under each middle of the log house, the ends of which are attached in several turns to a frame made of logs, hold the log house due to frictional forces between the turns of the rope and the logs. In order to smoothly lower the frame, you just need to loosen the rope.

Rice. 4. Log house suspended in a shaft on ropes

The sometimes encountered quicksands (aquifers with liquefied sand) require special working methods and skills. First of all, the lowering of the log house is stopped and a second drainage tent is installed at a distance of 0.3-0.4 m from the main tent. At the bottom of the shaft, on four sides, sheet pile bulkheads are installed from boards to a depth of 0.35 m. After removing the soil (without exposing the ends of the sheet pile row), the bulkheads are deepened again and sampling continues. At the same time, water is constantly pumped out. Sometimes it becomes necessary to penetrate an overlying aquifer with a mine in order to isolate it. This is also done using a row of tongue-and-groove boards driven into the outside of the frame and a clay castle between the tongue and the frame of the well.

Wells made of concrete plates are built by analogy with wooden log houses. Cast, most often, with a cross section of 250x70 mm and weighing no more than 35 kg, they do not require the use of special lifting devices. The plates are placed on the solution, connected at the corners by welding or molded ends into a paw. Due to the simplicity of formwork for concrete plates, they are easy to make yourself, required sizes and shapes, then constructing from them wells of the shape you need - square, rectangular, multifaceted and even round (from segments). The height of a standard segment is usually 18 cm.

Stone and brick wells are built from dense, well-burnt red brick, limestone or slate. Large and small stones are placed in separate layers. The bottle is selected very carefully. Rows of masonry are laid out, if possible, with minimal intervals. It is unacceptable for masonry stones to protrude from the internal or outside. To ensure that the seams are bandaged, the stones are placed towards the center of the well with a “poke” (narrow side) so that they are not squeezed inward by the soil. Construction is carried out by building up from the bottom of the shaft, if the depth of the shaft is no more than 5-6 meters, or by lowering, when the masonry is erected on a support shoe. The thickness of brick walls is usually at least 25 cm, rubble walls - 35 cm. The surface part is plastered, and the underwater part is covered with 1:2 cement mortar. In order to prevent ruptures of the masonry along the height, reinforcement is carried out with anchor rods. The water intake part of brick and stone wells does not have any fundamental differences from those discussed earlier.

Professional mine wells

Concrete shaft wells are built from monolithic reinforced concrete plates or rings. Construction of a monolithic concrete well, as a rule, is carried out by continuous concreting in finished mine in which the formwork is installed. If the depth of the well is significant, the lowering method can be used, when the shaft is first concreted to a shallow depth, the fastening is raised above the ground to a sufficient height, and then the well shaft is dug to its full depth with the fastening gradually settling. To ensure uniform and guaranteed lowering of the concrete shaft into the well shaft, cutting shoes are used, conical shoes (tapering upward) are equipped with the end of the shaft itself beveled from the inside, reinforced with steel.

After the soil has been removed and the walls of the well have dropped by about two meters, new formwork is installed and the fastening is increased. In order to allow the fresh walls to get stronger, a pause of 7-10 days is maintained, after which work continues in the same order until the aquifer. The use of concrete rings (especially prefabricated ones) significantly reduces the time and facilitates the construction of a well. But you can also cast them yourself. It is advisable to give the lower ring a conical shape with a lower edge beveled from the inside. Shoes with a cutter are installed on the factory rings.

The rings are connected end to end, after which they are fixed with steel brackets 4–5 mm thick and 50–80 mm wide, in order to prevent them from shifting relative to each other. When constructing using the lowering method, there is a possibility of rupture of the ring shells due to possible clamping of their upper part by collapsing soil. To give the rings additional strength, strip steel strips 40–60 mm wide and 5–10 mm thick are used, evenly spaced around the circumference. Such overlays are fastened with steel rod brackets or bolts inserted into holes left during concreting in advance. Steel rods concreted into the walls of the rings, which have ring-shaped bends at the ends for the bolts that fasten the rings, work even more reliably. The inter-end joints of the rings located in the water are sealed either with tarred hemp rope with a diameter of 20 mm, which is placed in a special groove provided in the upper end of the ring by factory molding or with liquid glass. It is enough to embroider the seams between the rings located above the water intake part with ordinary cement mortar in a ratio of 1:3. The water intake part of the well made of reinforced concrete rings is equipped in the same way as other types of wells. In cases where the aquifer is very loose, it is necessary to place a floor made of strong boards under the concrete rings, on which a gravel filter is poured. For additional water flow in thin aquifers, side holes are made in the walls of well rings. WITH outside they are covered with sand or gravel. The same functions are performed by installing filters from porous concrete. Such concrete is prepared from cement with gravel or crushed stone in a ratio of 1:6, with a water-cement ratio of 0.3–0.5. The size of the grains of gravel or crushed stone should be no more than 10 times larger than the grains of sand in the aquifer. From such large-porous concrete, two belts of the lower water intake part of the well, 15–20 cm high, are usually formed. Sometimes pre-made brick inserts are laid in the formwork in a checkerboard pattern.

Train schedule for Shakhtnaya Kolodeznaya this moment contains 11 trains, the average travel time between these stations is 9 hours 11 m, and the number of stops on this route is 7. Trains running on the Shakhtnaya Kolodeznaya route most often stop at the stations Likhaya, Kamenskaya, Millerovo, Kuteinikovo, Zverevo, schedule according to which is also available on our website. Trains in this direction depart, for example, at 00.56, 01.20, 02.25 from the Shakhtnaya station, and they arrive at the final point Kolodeznaya at 09.00, 10.00, 11.33, respectively, local time. A large number of plying trains on the Shakhtnaya Kolodeznaya schedule indicate that this route is in demand among passengers. The train schedule Shakhtnaya - Kolodeznaya is designed so that you can travel in this direction at night, in the morning, or during the day.
You can buy tickets for the Shakhtnaya - Kolodeznaya train at the ticket office of the nearest station, as well as online.

Water supply for suburban or country house- the task is paramount, and if the housing is located far from the centralized water supply, it can only be solved by installing one’s own well or drinking well. One of the solutions that helps to supply water from an autonomous water source is a tube well or shaft well.

Types of wells for supplying drinking water

Water intake facilities are:

1. Tubular;
2. Mine.

A tubular structure is, simply put, a column, or Abyssinian well, which everyone saw and used in urban settlements or villages. Used to lift water to the surface hand pump, which means that the water that comes from the tube well is shallow. This is a prefabricated structure, its arrangement will take a maximum of 2 working days, and such a well is made by drilling a well or compacting the soil by driving a pipe. That is, final result arrangement of a tube well - a standard well of small depth, which is then equipped with coarse filters and a pump, often electric rather than manual.

When drilling a well in weak or loose soil, as well as when drilling deep, the well is strengthened with casing pipes so that the walls of the hole do not crumble and pollute drinking water. Typically, casing pipes are of small diameter, so they are connected to each other threaded connection, which makes it possible to achieve greater sealing of well joints.

Types of Abyssinian tube wells:

1. Shallow well (hole depth - ≤ 40 m). A well ≤ 9 m deep is equipped by driving a pipe, which will immediately work as a casing. But this can be done in loose (sandy, sandy loam) soil;
2. Deep underground construction (≥ 40 m). A pit with a depth of ≤ 50 m is made using the shock-rope method, wells with a depth of ≥ 50 m are made using a core or rotary method.

The technical requirements for wells are simple:

It is precisely because of the shallow depth that such a structure is not recommended to be drilled next to water closets, gutters, septic tanks and cesspools. You should also (if possible) drill in the highest part of the yard.

Therefore, before drilling a hole for a well, tubular type, it is necessary to conduct geological and geodetic studies of the soil. The results of the research will help not only determine the location of the well, but also choose the drilling method, pipe size, type of coarse filter, pump model, etc.

Important: the space between the casing pipes and the soil must be filled with clay. This compacting layer is called backfill, and acts as a water barrier to prevent groundwater and rainwater from entering the well.

Advantages and disadvantages

1. water in tube well will always be clean, since the well is reliably protected by casing pipes, backfill and a coarse filter, which is mounted at the end of the casing pipe in the form of a perforated tip;
2. The column can be drilled near the house;
3. Water is lifted from the planned horizon;
4. A properly drilled and equipped well provides a full supply of clean drinking water.

Flaws:

1. If the water horizon lies too close (above 7 meters), then it will be impossible to get a gadfly from it;
2. The choice of season for drilling or piercing a well affects the correct depth of the well. If you choose the wrong time for constructing a well (for example, during rains), you can see how your well becomes shallow and water flows out of it;
3. The well must work constantly: if you abandon it, the well will silt up;
4. The accuracy of installation of casing pipes must be very high - inaccurate joining may result in depressurization of the seams and silting of the well.

Basic principles of tube well construction

In soft soil, pipes are simply driven into the ground with a sledgehammer. To make the pipes enter more smoothly, the soil is periodically moistened. Operations are carried out as follows:

1. In the designated location (after research), a leader hole with a diameter of up to 1.5 m and a depth of up to 1.5-2 m is dug;
2. A clamp and a coarse filter are mounted on the first pipe, as well as a steel frame to add weight to the structure;
3. The next clamp must be mounted 2 meters above the filter;
4. The pipe is installed in the center of the hole, covered with soil and compacted;
5. The pipe is clogged by lowering a woman on a rope.

How is a mine water intake well constructed?

This type of shaft well can also be easily made with your own hands. Usually a well is constructed at the same time as digging a pit and strengthening its walls. The types of mine hydraulic structures are determined by different building materials that are used to strengthen the pit:

1. Wooden walls;
2. Brick or stone walls;
3. Made of plastic;
4. From reinforced concrete structures.

Mine wells with walls made of reinforced concrete pipes are the most popular due to their ease of construction and long service life. The weight of pipes or reinforced concrete rings forces the use of a crane to lower concrete elements into the pit, but the long service life of such a well justifies all the costs.

Important: a mine-type well must be protected from high water and precipitation. The protection consists of a layer of bitumen and roll waterproofing(roofing felt or polyethylene). Pipe joints and waterproofing seams are also coated with bitumen.

How does a shaft type well work?

The head should be above ground level to protect against debris and negative temperatures, since the head is insulated. Main components of the design:

1. A water inlet, which is located in the lower part and serves to receive and filter water;
2. A mine shaft, which is located in the ground and serves to protect against the collapse of the walls of the well, as well as to protect drinking water from groundwater and precipitation;
3. The head protects the well from debris and water freezing; the design must have protective roof and a gate for emergency manual lifting of water.

Design advantages:

1. Long maintenance-free service life - more than 50-70 years;
2. Mine construction is cheaper than drilling Well construction;
3. Easy water purification;
4. The large diameter of the shaft allows you to automate the lifting of water using any type of pump - deep, centrifugal or vibration;
5. There is no need to obtain permits - after completion of construction, it is enough to register the well with the BTI.

Flaws:

1. Time and labor costs for construction are higher than for similar processes in tube well equipment;
2. The hydraulic structure must be cleaned and disinfected annually;
3. Constant pumping or withdrawal of water is necessary to prevent siltation of the mine;
4. The quality of drinking water is determined by the installation of a reliable filter;
5. Poor sealing of pipe joints and well waterproofing seams leads to contamination.

How to build a well

It is best to dig a pit for water intake in late autumn or early winter, since groundwater at this time reaches its maximum level, and there is no risk of detecting high water, and the pit itself can be made much deeper than planned, which will allow you to have a much higher daily drinking water supply water.

Digging a pit and assembling a well structure is carried out in the following sequence:

1. The hole is dug with a shovel with a short handle so that you can conveniently throw the soil up - a long handle will not allow you to turn the shovel in a narrow hole. The initial depth is 0.5-1.0 m and the diameter is 1 m;
2. The first hole is lowered into this leader hole using a winch or crane. reinforced concrete ring or pipe;
3. Digging a well pit continues by excavating soil under the ring, which will be found below under its own mass;
4. After the first part of the concrete casing has settled to a depth of 1 meter, the second ring or pipe is lowered from above. Reinforced concrete rings are connected to each other with steel brackets, under which holes of the required diameter are drilled with a hammer drill. Seams and joints are sealed with bitumen or sealant;
5. The following rings are mounted in the same way. The set of rings is completed when the bottom of the pit begins to be actively moistened. As long as opportunities allow, water can be scooped up or pumped out while continuing to deepen the well, but if there is an abundant supply of water, excavation work should be stopped;
6. The bottom of the well is covered with washed savage stone different sizes, which will act as a primary coarse filter. Layer thickness – up to half a meter;
7. Waterproofing work consists of coating the top three concrete rings with hot bitumen or mastic, as well as two or three layers of rolled waterproofing - roofing felt or thick polyethylene;
8. The blind area around the pit is made from a mixture of sand and crushed stone or gravel, upper layer The blind area is made of clay, which will act as a waterproof lock. A layer of concrete is poured on top of the clay, which should have a slope of 2-3 0 from the well outwards;
9. Mounted on the head rafter system, roof, roofing is being laid, emergency gate is being installed;

The most optimal and verified element for the construction of a shaft well are reinforced concrete rings up to one meter high, the Ø of reinforced concrete rings is 1-1.2 meters. Such elements can be moved using a hoist or manual winch, that is, you do not need to rent a crane.